530:, to whose ruling dynasty the Mermnads were connected by marriage: Alyattes's great-grandfather had married one of his daughters to the Ephesian tyrant Melas the Elder: Alyattes's grandfather Ardys had married his daughter Lyde to a grandson of Melas the Elder named Miletus (Lyde would later marry her own brother Sadyattes, and Alyattes would be born from this marriage); and Alyattes himself married one of his own daughters to the then tyrant of Miletus, a descendant of Miletus named Melas the Younger, and from this union would be born Pindar of Ephesus. One of the daughters of Melas the Younger might have in turn married Alyattes and become the mother of his less famous son, Pantaleon. Thanks to these close ties, Ephesus had never been subject to Lydian attacks and was exempt from paying tribute and offering military support to Lydia, and both the Greeks of Ephesus and the Anatolian peoples of the region, that is the Lydians and Carians, shared in common the temple of an Anatolian goddess equated by the Greeks to their own goddess Artemis. Lydia and Ephesus also shared important economic interests which allowed Ephesus to hold an advantageous position between the maritime trade routes of the Aegean Sea and the continental trade routes going through inner Anatolia and reaching Assyria, thus acting as an intermediary between the Lydian kingdom which controlled access to the trade routes leading to the inside of Asia and the Greeks inhabiting the European continent and the Aegean islands, and allowing Ephesus to profit from the goods transiting across its territory without fear of any military attack by the Lydians. These connections in turn provided Lydia with a port through which it could have access to the Mediterranean Sea.
885:, but the inhabitants of the city managed to successfully repel him with the help of the Colophonian cavalry. Following Alyattes's defeat, the Lydian kingdom and the city of Clazomenae concluded a reconciliation agreement which allowed Lydian craftsmen to operate in Clazomenae and allowed the kingdom of Lydia itself to participate in maritime trade, most especially in the olive oil trade produced by the craftsmen of Clazomenae, but also to use the city's port to export products manufactured in Lydia proper. Soon after capturing Smyrna and his failure to capture Clazomenae, Alyattes summoned the Colophonian cavalry to Sardis, where he had them massacred in violation of hospitality laws and redistributed their horses to Lydian cavalrymen, following which he placed Colophon itself under direct Lydian rule. The reason for Alyattes's breaking of the friendly relations with Colophon are unknown, although the archaeologist
874:
of Smyrna to export their products and import grain, Lydian craftsmen being allowed to settle in
Smyrniot workshops, and Alyattes having provided funding to the inhabitants of the city for the construction of their temple of Athena. Alyattes was thus able to acquire a port which gave the Lydian kingdom permanent access to the sea and a stable source of grain to feed the population of his kingdom through this attack. Smyrna was placed under the direct rule of a member of the Mermnad dynasty, and Alyattes had new fortification walls built for Smyrna from around 600 to around 590 BCE. Although under direct Lydian rule Smyrna's temple of Athena and its houses were rebuilt and the city was not forced to provide the Lydian kingdom with military troops or tribute, Smyrna itself was in ruins, and it would only be around 580 BCE, under the reign of Alyattes's son Croesus, that Smyrna would finally start to recover.
578:(citing Xenophilos, who wrote the history of Lydia), Lyde was the wife and sister of Alyattes, the ancestor of Croesus. Lyde's son, Alyattes, when he inherited the kingdom from his father, committed the terrible crime of tearing the clothes of respectable people and spitting on many. She too held her son back as much as she could and placated those who were insulted with kind words and actions. She showed all his compassion to her son and made him feel great love for himself. When she believes that he is loved enough and abstains from food and other things, citing his illness as an excuse, Xenophilos accompanies his mother that he does not eat in the same way and has changed enough to be extremely honest and fair (someone).Alyattes after seeing this becomes a changed man.
1684:,"Λύδη . Ταύτην φησὶν Ξενόφιλος, ὁ τὰς Λυδικὰς ἱστορίας γράψας, γυναῖκά τε καὶ ἀδελφὴν εἶναι Ἀλυάτεω (sic.) τοῦ Κροίσου προπάτορος. Ταύτης υἱὸς Ἀλυάτης (sic.) διαδεξάμενος τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς βασιλείαν ἐγένετο δεινῶς ὑβριστής, ὡς καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ἀξιολόγων ἀνδρῶν περισχίσαι καὶ προσπτύειν πολλοῖς. Αὐτὴ δὲ τὸν μὲν υἱὸν ὅσον ἐδύνατο κατέστελλεν, τοὺς δὲ ὑβριζομένους καὶ λόγοις χρηστοῖς καὶ ἔργοις ἠμείβετο. Πᾶσαν δὲ τῷ υἱῷ φιλοφροσύνην προσφέρουσα εἰς στοργὴν ἑαυτῆς πολλὴν αὐτὸν περιέτρεψε. Νομίσασα δὲ αὐτάρκως ἀγαπᾶσθαι, σκηψαμένη ἀσθένειαν σίτου καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀπέσχετο, τὸν δὲ παρεδρεύοντα καὶ ὁμοίως ἀσιτοῦντα κατασταλῆναι καὶ εἰς τοῦτο μεταβάλλεσθαι, ὥστε, φησίν, ὀρθότατον καὶ δικαιότατον αὐτὸν γενέσθαι."
370:
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506:, and a treaty of friendship as well as one of military alliance was concluded between Lydia and Miletus whereby, since Miletus lacked auriferous and other metallurgic resources while cereals were scarce in Lydia, trade of Lydian metal in exchange of Milesian cereal was initiated to seal these treaties, according to which Miletus voluntarily provided Lydia with military auxiliaries and would profit from the Lydian control of the routes in inner Anatolia, and Lydia would gain access to the markets and maritime networks of the Milesians in the Black Sea and at
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1029:. The tomb of Alyattes was excavated by the Prussian Consul General Ludwig Peter Spiegelthal in 1853, and by American excavators in 1962 and the 1980s, although by then it had been broken in and looted by tomb robbers who left only alabastra and ceramic vessels. Before it was plundered, the tomb of Alyattes would likely have contained burial gifts consisting of furniture made of wood and ivory, textiles, jewellery, and large sets of solver and gold bowls, pitchers, craters, and ladles.
746:, with the possibility that he may have rebuilt this city and placed a Phrygian ruler there: Pteria's strategic location would have been useful in protecting the Lydian Empire from attacks from the east, and its proximity to the Royal Road would have made of the city an important centre from which caravans could be protected. Phrygia under Lydian rule would continue to be administered by its local elites, such as the ruler of Midas City who held Phrygian royal titles such as
934:
1036:, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. The weight of either precious metal could not just be weighed so they contained an imprint that identified the issuer who guaranteed the value of its contents. Today we still use a token currency, where the value is guaranteed by the state and not by the value of the metal used in the coins. Almost all coins used today descended from his invention after the technology passed into Greek usage through
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834:- it is very likely that a number of these populations had already been conquered under Alyattes, especially since information is attested only about the relations between the Lydians and the Phrygians in both literary and archaeological sources, and there is no available data concerning relations between the other mentioned peoples and the Lydian kings. The only populations Herodotus claimed were independent of the Lydian Empire were the
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1025:, in a large tumulus measuring sixty metres in height and of a diameter of two hundred and fifty metres. The tomb consisted of an antechamber and a chamber with a door separating them, was built of well fitted and clamped large marble blocks, its walls were finely finished on the inside, and it contained a now lost
881:, which included a military alliance according to which the city had to offer the service of its famous and feared cavalry, which was itself made up of the aristocracy of Colophon, to the Lydian kingdom should Alyattes request their help. Following the capture of Smyrna, Alyattes attacked the Ionian city of
873:
In 600 BCE, Alyattes resumed his military activities in the west, and the second Ionian city he attacked was Smyrna despite the Lydian kings having previously established good relations with the
Smyrniotes in the aftermath of a failed attack of Gyges on the city, leading to the Lydians using the port
889:
has suggested that
Alyattes might have concluded a treaty of friendship and a military alliance with Colophon to secure the city's non-interference in his military operations against the other Greek cities on the western coast of Asia Minor, but Colophon first violated these agreements with Alyattes
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with the
Carians and the Mysians because they believed these three peoples descended from three brothers. These alliances between the Lydian kings and the various Carian dynasts required the Lydian and Carian rulers had to support each other, and to solidify these alliances, Alyattes married a woman
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empires, and according to which the Lydian king imposed on the vassal rulers a "treaty of vassalage" which allowed the local
Phrygian rulers to remain in power, in exchange of which the Phrygian vassals had the duty to provide military support and sometimes offer rich tribute to the Lydian kingdom.
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raids and used the lack of a centralised
Phrygian state and the traditionally friendly relations between the Lydian and Phrygian elites to extend Lydian rule eastwards to Phrygia. Lydian presence in Phrygia is archaeologically attested by the existence of a Lydian citadel in the Phrygian capital of
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in the east. The kings of Lydia and of the former
Phrygian kingdom had already entertained friendly relations before the destruction of the latter by the Cimmerians. After defeating the Cimmerians, Alyattes took advantage of the weakening of the various polities all across Anatolia by the Cimmerian
501:
started by
Sadyattes. Alyattes's war with Miletus consisted largely of a series of raids to capture the Milesians' harvest of grain, which were severely lacking in the Lydian core regions. These hostilities lasted until Alyattes's sixth year (c. 630 BCE), when he finally made peace with the city's
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But there is one building to be seen there which is more notable than any, saving those of Egypt and
Babylon. There is in Lydia the tomb of Alyattes the father of Croesus, the base whereof is made of great stones and the rest of it of mounded earth. It was built by the men of the market and the
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as having been set as the border between the two kingdoms appears to have been a retroactive narrative construction based on symbolic role assigned by Greeks to the Halys as the separation between Lower Asia and Upper Asia as well as on the Halys being a later provincial border within the
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In
Polyaenus' account of the defeat of the Cimmerians, he claimed that Alyattes used "war dogs" to expel them from Asia Minor, with the term "war dogs" being a Greek folkloric reinterpretation of young Scythian warriors who, following the Indo-European passage rite of the
960:, an Iranian people who had expelled the majority of the Scythians from Western Asia after participating in the destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. After the majority of the Scythians were expelled by the Medes during that decade out of Western Asia and into the
1000:, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus. The border between the Lydian and Median empires was fixed at a yet undetermined location in eastern Anatolia; the Graeco-Roman historians' traditional account of the
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and rebuilt two temples of Athena in Assesos and then made peace with Miletus, is a largely legendary account of these events which appears to not be factual. This legendary account likely arose as a result of Alyattes's offerings to the sanctuary of Delphi.
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might have also been either killed during another Cimmerian attack in 653 BCE or deposed that year for his inability to successfully protect Lydia from the Cimmerian incursions. Alyattes thus succeeded his father Sadyattes amidst extreme turmoil in 635 BCE.
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With the defeat of the Cimmerians having created a power vacuum in Anatolia, Alyattes continued his expansionist policy in the east, and of all the peoples to the west of the Halys River whom Herodotus claimed Alyattes's successor Croesus ruled over - the
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artificers and the prostitutes. There remained till my time five corner-stones set on the top of the tomb, and on these was graven the record of the work done by each kind: and measurement showed that the prostitutes' share of the work was the greatest.
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entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia until they were themselves expelled by the
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Alyattes was the son of the king Sadyattes of Lydia and his sister and queen, Lyde of Lydia, both the children of the king Ardys of Lydia. Alyattes ascended to the kingship of Lydia during period of severe crisis: during the 7th century BCE, the
2161:"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in
846:. Modern estimates nevertheless suggest that it is not impossible that the Lydians might have subjected Lycia, given that the Lycian coast would have been important for the Lydians because it was close to a trade route connecting the
758:(commander of the armies), but were under the authority of the Lydian kings of Sardis and had a Lydian diplomatic presence at their court, following the framework of the traditional vassalage treaties used since the period of the
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from the Carian aristocracy with whom he had a son, Croesus, who would eventually succeed him. These connections established between the Lydian kings and the Carian city-states ensured that the Lydians were able to control
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Alyattes's offering to Delphi might have been sent to please the sanctuary of Apollo and the Delphains, especially the priests, to impress the Greek visitors of the sanctuary, and to influence the oracle to advise to
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The status of Gordion and Dascylium is however less clear, and it is uncertain whether they were also ruled by local Phrygian kings vassal to the Lydian king, or whether they were directly ruled by Lydian governors.
405:). Bury and Meiggs concluded that Ardys and Sadyattes reigned through an unspecified period in the second half of the 7th century BC, but they did not propose dates for Alyattes except their assertion that his son
1040:- a Greek princess from Cyme who was likely one of his wives (assuming he was referred to a dynastic 'Midas' because of the wealth his coinage amassed and because the electrum was sourced from Midas' famed river
2217:: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in
480:, except for its citadel. It is probable that Ardys was killed during this Cimmerian attack or was deposed in 637 BC for being unable to protect Lydia from the Cimmerian attacks, and Ardys's son and successor
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that these Scythian refugees be handed to him, a war broke out between the Median and Lydian Kingdoms in 590 BCE which was waged in eastern Anatolia beyond Pteria. This war lasted five years, until a
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Immediately after this first victory of his over the Cimmerians, Alyattes expelled from the Lydian borderlands a final remaining pocket of Cimmerian presence who had been occupying the nearby city of
393:. Herodotus 1.16, 1.25, 1.86 gave reign lengths for Gyges' successors, but there is uncertainty about these as the total exceeds the timespan between 652 (probable death of Gyges, fighting the
416:
records, Anthony Spalinger has convincingly deduced dated Gyges's death to 644 BCE, and Alexander Dale has consequently dated Alyattes's reign as starting in c. 635 BCE and ending in 585 BCE.
968:. These Scythians left Median-ruled Transcaucasia and fled to Sardis, because the Lydians had been allied to the Scythians. After Alyattes refused to accede to the demands of the Median king
1392:
A. Ramage, "Golden Sardis", King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. 18.
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Alyattes died shortly after the Battle of the Eclipse, in 585 BCE itself, following which Lydia faced a power struggle between his son Pantaleon, born from a Greek woman, and his other son
865:, although the reason for this intervention is yet unknown. Alyattes's son Croesus, as governor of Adramyttium, had to provide his father with Ionian Greek mercenaries for this war.
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and its contents had been removed by early plunderers of the tomb. All that was left were some broken alabaster vases, pottery and charcoal. On the summit of the mound were large
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XXI (2018) no. 497, auctioned for USD 2750. This particular coin does not bear an inscription, but it is from the same punch as contemporary coins which have the inscription
1409:. Robert W. Wallace, "KUKALIM, WALWET, and the Artemision Deposit: Problems in Early Anatolian Electrum Coinage: Studies in Money and Exchange" in: Peter G. Van Alfen (ed.)
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La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
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La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
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550:. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Alyattes's offerings consisted of a large silver crater and an iron crater-stand which had been made by welding by
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by supporting Clazomenae with its cavalry against Alyattes's attack, prompting the Lydian king to retaliate by massacring the mounted aristocracy of Colophon.
980:(hence called the Battle of the Eclipse) opposing the Lydian and Median armies, which both sides interpreted as an omen to end the war. The Babylonian king
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964:, a war broke out between the Median Empire and another group of Scythians, probably members of a splinter group who had formed a kingdom in what is now
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in 1854, who found that it covered a large vault of finely cut marble blocks approached by a flat-roofed passage of the same stone from the south. The
1021:, born from a Carian noblewoman, out of which the latter emerged successful. The tomb of Alyattes is located in Sardis at the site now called
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In the south, Alyattes continued what had been the Lydian policy since Gyges's reign of maintaining alliances with the city-states of the
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from Western Asia in the 600s BCE. This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom
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Alyattes had inherited more than one war from his father, and soon after his ascension and early during his reign, with
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1108: — a large mound of earth with a substructure of huge stones. (38.5723401, 28.0451151) It was excavated by
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Alyattes's eastern conquests extended the Lydian Empire till the Upper Euphrates according to the scholar
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succeeded him in 560 BC. The timespan 560–546 BC for the reign of Croesus is almost certainly accurate.
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as the governor of Adramyttium, and he soon expelled these last remaining Cimmerians from Asia Minor.
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476:, attacked Lydia. They defeated the Lydians again and for a second time sacked the Lydian capital of
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Unlike with the other Greek cities of Anatolia, Alyattes always maintained very good relations with
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were defeated, Sardis was sacked, and Gyges was killed, following which he was succeeded by his son
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1316:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"
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acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of Cyaxares's son
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2177:. Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 33.
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514:'s account of Alyattes's illness, caused by Lydian troops' destruction of the temple Athena in
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This cites A. von Ölfers, "Über die lydischen Königsgräber bei Sardes," Abh. Berl. Ak., 1858.
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through alliances with Carian dynasts ruling over fortified settlements, such as Mylasa and
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1724:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
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At some point in the later years of his reign, Alyattes conducted a military campaign in
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The status of the other Ionian Greek cities on the western coast of Asia Minor, that is
722:. Lydian troops might have been stationed in the aforementioned locations as well as in
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credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of Alyattes, whom
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meant "lion-ness" (i.e. the state of being a lion), and was composed of the Lydian term
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suggests that Alyattes's control of Phrygia might have extended to the east of the
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956:. This expansionism brought the Lydian Empire in conflict in the 590s BCE with the
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The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World
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Like his great-grandfather Gyges, Alyattes also dedicated lavish offerings to the
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275:). Alyattes is therefore sometimes mentioned as the originator of coinage, or of
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2447:[THE DOG WARRIORS: Werewolves and Scythian invasions in Asia Minor].
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Alyattes also initially initiated friendly relations with the Ionian city of
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Dates for the Mermnad kings are uncertain and are based on a computation by
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714:, as well as Lydian architectural remains in northwest Phrygia, such as in
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However, based on an analysis of sources contemporary with Gyges, such as
2444:"LES GUERRIERS-CHIENS: Loups-garous et invasions scythes en Asie Mineure"
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A relief depicting mounted Lydian warriors on slab of marble from a tomb.
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2670:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 776.
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ever built", with a diameter of 360 meters and a height of 61 meters.
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Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll
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was moreso an important site for Lydia because it was situated near
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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for one century, and to facilitate this he re-founded the city of
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Alyattes started his reign by continuing the hostilities with the
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256:. He died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son
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2490:(2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.).
1950:"The Western Expansion of the Median 'Empire': A Re-Examination"
1496:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
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XV no. 1241 (3 January 2012). Auctioned in 2013 for CHF 25000. (
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Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace
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1993:. First U.S. Edition: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 182.
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1056:
technique and stamped with a lion's head, the symbol of the
666:, would ritually take on the role of wolf- or dog-warriors.
1072:
Section of the tomb of Alyattes. It is "one of the largest
1068:
914:
894:
615:
453:. In 637 BCE, during the seventh regnal year of Ardys, the
264:
2225:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 12.
1621:
1592:
2078:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
1900:
1161:
from the 8th century B.C., such as the tomb of Alyattes.
1052:= 168 grains of wheat). The coins were produced using an
924:
Lydia's borders under the reign of Alyattes's son Croesus
349:), meaning "lion", to which was added an abstract suffix
1774:
1702:
554:, thus combining Lydian and Ionian artistic traditions.
373:
Electrum trite, Alyattes, Lydia, 610-560 BC. (inscribed
1432:
Wallace, “KUKALIṂ”, pl. 1, 1–4 = Weidauer Group XVIII,
619:
An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors
1786:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1145:
were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the
753:
747:
488:
389:(1975) who estimated c.687–c.652 BC for the reign of
2701:
2338:(1975) . Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey (eds.).
1423:
659:
350:
336:
330:
312:
212:
153:
1968:: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria. pp. 1–12.
1604:
1096:Alyattes' tomb still exists on the plateau between
1048:symbolism). He standardised the weight of coins (1
468:, under their king Kobos, and in alliance with the
2442:
2419:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland);
1722:
1494:
1256:
1044:); she was also likely the mother of Croesus (see
271:(and his successor Croesus was the first to issue
868:
232:; reigned c. 635-585 BC), sometimes described as
2767:
2586:
2098:Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia
1894:
1032:He created the first coins in history made from
441:. In 644 BCE, the Cimmerians, led by their king
1962:Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia
627:approval and in alliance with the Lydians, the
2544:(1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In
610:
2262:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
2192:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1373:"Summary of Herodotus | First Floor Tarpley"
356:
342:
322:
205:
143:
2219:Bénisti, Mireille; K, Thanikaimony (2003).
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1413:, American Numismatic Society (2006) 37–49.
2437:
2393:
2250:
1792:
1768:
1651:Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars
1473:
1461:
1449:
1141:Some authors have suggested that Buddhist
518:, and which was cured after he heeded the
263:Alyattes was the first monarch who issued
2486:
2334:
2276:
1944:
1882:
1850:
1780:
1708:
1598:
1492:
1479:
1405:is inscribed on some of the coins of the
1359:
445:, attacked Lydia for the third time. The
35:Coin of Alyattes. Circa 620/10-564/53 BC.
2656:
2310:
2218:
2187:On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of
2138:
1798:
1720:
1693:
1648:
1534:
1501:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1247:
1245:
1087:
1079:
1067:
932:
928:
919:
769:
614:
368:
2540:
2044:
1636:
652:claim finally defeated the Cimmerians.
581:
287:The most likely etymology for the name
2768:
2132:
2094:
1988:
1906:
1811:
1559:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1251:
569:
533:
2121:
2071:
1991:Sapiens: a Brief History of Humankind
1242:
2356:
2196:History of Indian and Indonesian art
2026:from the original on 22 January 2010
1615:
1313:
842:, who had already been conquered by
700:
357:
293:derives it, via a form with initial
2222:Stylistics of Buddhist art in India
2170:
1832:from the original on 9 October 2022
1580:from the original on 9 October 2022
1296:
1104:to the north of the Lydian capital
949:, who identified Alyattes with the
718:, and in the Phrygian Highlands at
13:
2453:Review of the History of Religions
2013:
1982:
1659:University of North Carolina Press
1353:
489:Initial relations with the Ionians
460:tribe who had migrated across the
14:
2807:
2677:
2449:Revue de l'histoire des religions
2360:(1988). "The Eastern Greeks". In
697:, where rich mines were located.
419:
2644:
2193:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972).
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
29:
16:King of Lydia (c.635 - c.585 BC)
2791:7th-century BC monarchs in Asia
2786:6th-century BC monarchs in Asia
2702:
2405:The Cimmerians in the Near East
2400:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
2207:
2181:
2171:Rao, P. R. Ramachandra (2002).
2155:
2144:
2115:
2088:
2065:
2038:
2007:
1938:
1907:Leloux, Kevin (December 2016).
1844:
1714:
1687:
1675:
1642:
1467:
1455:
1173:Alyattes tumulus reconstitution
1084:Tomb of Alyattes, 19th century.
154:
2520:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1952:. In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.;
1493:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978).
1443:
1422:Interpreted as the given name
1416:
1395:
1386:
1365:
1227:Weidauer Group XVII, 108 var.
1221:
869:Later wars against the Ionians
1:
2746:
2612:The Cambridge Ancient History
2562:The Cambridge Ancient History
2370:The Cambridge Ancient History
2286:The Cambridge History of Iran
1741:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
1214:
681:. Alyattes installed his son
364:
236:, was the fourth king of the
52:
2594:(1991). "The Scythians". In
2320:. Rutgers University Press.
1895:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1424:
754:
748:
429:, a nomadic people from the
351:
337:
331:
313:
308:), itself originally from a
304:
289:
228:
213:
7:
2610:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2560:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2095:Taylor, Richard P. (2000).
2045:Mundall, Robert A. (2002).
1989:Harari, Yuval Noah (2015).
1909:"The Battle of the Eclipse"
1655:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
1438:Classical Numismatics Group
1258:"Notes on Two Lydian Texts"
1237:Classical Numismatics Group
976:occurred in 585 BCE during
611:Wars against the Cimmerians
10:
2812:
2620:Cambridge University Press
2570:Cambridge University Press
2421:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
2378:Cambridge University Press
2294:Cambridge University Press
2243:
1649:Mikalson, John D. (2003).
660:
646:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
343:
323:
298:
222:
206:
144:
2754:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2699:
2342:. London: Penguin Books.
2317:The Empire of the Steppes
2101:. ABC-CLIO. p. 381.
2051:Columbia Academic Commons
1275:10.1515/kadm.1996.35.1.49
1209:Alyattes tomb inner vault
996:with Alyattes's daughter
185:
175:
163:
137:
117:
101:
89:
85:
75:
65:
48:
40:
28:
23:
2689:22 December 2012 at the
2072:Ratte, Philippe (1993).
1721:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
1332:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008
1314:Dale, Alexander (2015).
1197:Alyattes tomb passageway
1012:
705:Alyattes turned towards
252:, and great-grandson of
2667:Encyclopædia Britannica
1682:Tractatus de mulieribus
1092:Tomb of Alyattes today.
1063:
742:to include the city of
576:Tractatus de mulieribus
397:) and 547/546 (fall of
282:
2496:New Haven, Connecticut
2074:"The Tomb of Atyattes"
2047:"The birth of coinage"
2020:A History of the World
2016:"Gold Coin of Croesus"
1812:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1560:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1474:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1462:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1450:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1253:Browne, Gerald Michael
1185:Alyattes tomb entrance
1139:
1093:
1085:
1077:
942:
925:
775:
620:
378:
2524:Yale University Press
2465:10.3406/rhr.1993.1478
1128:
1091:
1083:
1071:
936:
929:War against the Medes
923:
844:Neo-Babylonian Empire
773:
618:
372:
108:Plain of Sardis (now
2622:. pp. 547–590.
2572:. pp. 619–665.
2380:. pp. 196–221.
2280:(1985). "Media". In
2125:Rude Stone Monuments
1821:(PhD). Vol. 2.
1569:(PhD). Vol. 1.
1126:described the tomb:
582:Relations with Caria
2588:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
2526:. p. 146-153.
2260:A History of Greece
1856:"Alyattes of Lydia"
1823:University of Liège
1661:. p. 115-116.
1571:University of Liège
570:Lyde of Lydia story
534:Offerings to Delphi
2296:. pp. 94–95.
2122:Fergusson, James.
1885:, p. 125-126.
1639:, p. 643-655.
1407:Artemision deposit
1094:
1086:
1078:
943:
926:
776:
621:
379:
2764:
2763:
2755:Succeeded by
2693:by Jona Lendering
2684:Alyattes of Lydia
2629:978-1-139-05429-4
2604:Hammond, N. G. L.
2600:Edwards, I. E. S.
2579:978-1-139-05429-4
2554:Hammond, N. G. L.
2550:Edwards, I. E. S.
2533:978-1-588-39205-3
2488:Ivantchik, Askold
2439:Ivantchik, Askold
2430:978-3-727-80876-0
2395:Ivantchik, Askold
2387:978-0-521-23447-4
2366:Hammond, N. G. L.
2303:978-0-521-20091-2
2282:Gershevitch, Ilya
2128:. pp. 31–32.
2000:978-0-06-231609-7
1975:978-9-990-93968-2
1958:Rollinger, Robert
1946:Rollinger, Robert
1771:, p. 95-125.
1729:World Archaeology
1668:978-0-807-82798-7
1007:Achaemenid Empire
982:Nebuchadnezzar II
701:Eastern conquests
631:under their king
462:Thracian Bosporus
195:
194:
159:
2803:
2751:
2748:
2731:Preceded by
2721:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2671:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2633:
2583:
2537:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2446:
2434:
2410:
2391:
2353:
2331:
2307:
2278:Diakonoff, I. M.
2273:
2237:
2236:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:10.7916/D8Q531TK
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2014:Dowler, Amelia.
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1809:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1602:
1601:, p. 94-55.
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1498:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:, pp. 82–83
1447:
1441:
1428:, equivalent to
1427:
1420:
1414:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1260:
1249:
1240:
1225:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1137:
937:The Median king
887:John Manuel Cook
757:
751:
663:
662:
552:Glaucus of Chios
433:who had invaded
360:
359:
354:
348:
347:
340:
334:
328:
327:
325:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
316:
307:
301:
300:
292:
231:
226:
216:
211:
210:
208:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
157:
156:
151:
149:
148:
147:
146:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
61:
57:
54:
33:
21:
20:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2796:Mermnad dynasty
2766:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2691:Wayback Machine
2680:
2675:
2660:, ed. (1911). "
2645:
2643:
2630:
2614:. Vol. 3.
2580:
2564:. Vol. 3.
2534:
2477:
2475:
2431:
2415:, Switzerland;
2408:
2388:
2372:. Vol. 3.
2350:
2328:
2304:
2288:. Vol. 2.
2270:
2256:Meiggs, Russell
2246:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2212:
2208:
2186:
2182:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2070:
2066:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1852:Lendering, Jona
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1810:
1799:
1793:Ivantchik 1993b
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1769:Ivantchik 1993a
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1622:
1614:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1558:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1491:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1312:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1138:
1136:Herodotus 1-93.
1135:
1066:
1015:
931:
871:
703:
613:
584:
572:
536:
491:
431:Eurasian Steppe
422:
403:Cyrus the Great
367:
319:Lydian alphabet
285:
238:Mermnad dynasty
202:Lydian language
170:Mermnad dynasty
150:
145:
130:
126:
113:
106:
94:
59:
55:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Kings of Lydia
2778:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2726:Regnal titles
2723:
2722:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2678:External links
2676:
2674:
2673:
2658:Chisholm, Hugh
2635:
2634:
2628:
2608:Sollberger, E.
2596:Boardman, John
2584:
2578:
2558:Sollberger, E.
2546:Boardman, John
2538:
2532:
2516:United Kingdom
2484:
2459:(3): 305–330.
2435:
2429:
2386:
2362:Boardman, John
2354:
2348:
2332:
2326:
2312:Grousset, René
2308:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2215:Gisbert Combaz
2213:Commenting on
2206:
2180:
2154:
2151:Herodotus 1-93
2143:
2131:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2064:
2037:
2006:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1937:
1919:(2). Polemos.
1899:
1897:, p. 567.
1887:
1883:Diakonoff 1985
1872:
1843:
1797:
1785:
1783:, p. 151.
1781:Ivantchik 2006
1773:
1761:
1735:(2): 129–138.
1713:
1711:, p. 126.
1709:Diakonoff 1985
1701:
1686:
1674:
1667:
1641:
1620:
1618:, p. 197.
1603:
1599:Diakonoff 1985
1591:
1533:
1513:10.2307/599752
1507:(4): 400–409.
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1415:
1394:
1385:
1364:
1360:Herodotus 1975
1352:
1295:
1241:
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1014:
1011:
947:Igor Diakonoff
930:
927:
870:
867:
728:Afyonkarahisar
702:
699:
612:
609:
583:
580:
571:
568:
535:
532:
490:
487:
421:
420:Life and reign
418:
387:Russell Meiggs
366:
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248:, grandson of
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2776:585 BC deaths
2774:
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2653:public domain
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2609:
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2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:Taylor, T. F.
2589:
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2543:
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2508:United States
2505:
2504:New York City
2501:
2500:United States
2497:
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2462:
2458:
2454:
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2440:
2436:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:(in French).
2406:
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2401:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2349:0-14-051260-8
2345:
2341:
2340:The Histories
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:0-8135-1304-9
2323:
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2305:
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2232:9788173052415
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2158:
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2147:
2141:, p. 776
2140:
2139:Chisholm 1911
2135:
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
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1996:
1992:
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1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:Roaf, Michael
1951:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1922:
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1914:
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1694:Grousset 1970
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801:Paphlagonians
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2638:Attribution:
2637:
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1814:
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1732:
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1582:. Retrieved
1562:
1524:. Retrieved
1504:
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1457:
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1433:
1429:
1418:
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1367:
1362:, p. 46
1355:
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1323:
1319:
1286:. Retrieved
1269:(1): 49–52.
1266:
1262:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1151:Indus valley
1140:
1129:
1122:
1102:river Hermus
1095:
1038:Hermodike II
1031:
1016:
944:
892:
876:
872:
860:
850:region, the
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736:Kerkenes Daǧ
704:
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573:
556:
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464:and invaded
435:Western Asia
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380:
374:
329:). The name
286:
267:, made from
262:
233:
197:
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2542:Mellink, M.
2423:(Germany).
2358:Cook, J. M.
2252:Bury, J. B.
1925:2268/207259
1378:16 November
1345:10 November
1326:: 151–166.
1114:sarcophagus
1110:Spiegelthal
1098:Lake Gygaea
1002:Halys River
832:Pamphylians
752:(king) and
740:Halys River
687:Adramyttium
675:Adramyttium
605:Aphrodisias
542:of the god
504:Thrasybulus
66:Predecessor
2770:Categories
2750: 635
2199:. p.
2084:(1): 1–12.
1754:5 November
1696:, p.
1584:5 December
1526:25 October
1288:9 November
1215:References
1120:of stone.
966:Azerbaijan
903:Teichiussa
883:Clazomenae
793:Mariandyni
724:Hacıtuğrul
720:Midas City
470:Cimmerians
427:Cimmerians
395:Cimmerians
383:J. B. Bury
365:Chronology
345:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤
273:gold coins
234:Alyattes I
58: – c.
56: 635
2752:–585 BCE
2734:Sadyattes
2616:Cambridge
2566:Cambridge
2441:(1993b).
2417:Göttingen
2397:(1993a).
2374:Cambridge
2336:Herodotus
2290:Cambridge
2258:(1975) .
2174:Amaravati
2030:6 January
1616:Cook 1988
1401:The name
1340:165043567
1283:162312829
1159:Phoenicia
1124:Herodotus
1058:Mermnadae
1054:anvil die
1027:crepidoma
986:Syennesis
905:, Melie,
840:Cilicians
812:Thracians
785:Phrygians
749:lawagetai
716:Dascylium
671:Antandrus
650:Polyaenus
629:Scythians
560:Periander
512:Herodotus
508:Naucratis
482:Sadyattes
305:Waluáttēs
299:Ϝαλυάττης
246:Sadyattes
180:Sadyattes
132:Pantaleon
76:Successor
70:Sadyattes
2740:King of
2703:Walweteś
2687:Archived
2662:Alyattes
2478:26 April
2473:23671794
2413:Fribourg
2368:(eds.).
2314:(1970).
2024:Archived
1960:(eds.).
1948:(2003).
1930:30 April
1854:(2003).
1827:Archived
1575:Archived
1255:(1996).
1134:—
1100:and the
1046:croeseid
1042:Pactolus
1034:electrum
1023:Bin Tepe
994:Astyages
978:a battle
970:Cyaxares
951:Biblical
939:Cyaxares
907:Erythrae
879:Colophon
828:Aeolians
797:Chalybes
764:Assyrian
755:wanaktei
691:Atarneus
625:Assyrian
497:city of
472:and the
466:Anatolia
455:Thracian
443:Lygdamis
352:-at(t)a-
332:Walweteś
314:Walweteś
290:Aluáttēs
277:currency
269:electrum
229:Aluáttēs
224:Ἀλυάττης
214:Walweteś
198:Alyattes
155:Walweteś
110:Bin Tepe
41:King of
24:Alyattes
2758:Croesus
2720:585 BCE
2712:dynasty
2710:Mermnad
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2455:].
2284:(ed.).
2244:Sources
2163:Eritrea
2022:. BBC.
1149:to the
1019:Croesus
998:Aryenis
990:Cilicia
911:Phocaea
899:Lebedus
836:Lycians
824:Dorians
820:Ionians
816:Carians
809:Bithyni
789:Mysians
781:Lydians
760:Hittite
712:Gordion
707:Phrygia
683:Croesus
588:Carians
564:Corinth
528:Ephesus
516:Assesos
502:tyrant
499:Miletus
474:Lycians
447:Lydians
407:Croesus
358:𐤠𐤯𐤠-
295:digamma
258:Croesus
165:Dynasty
128:Croesus
124:Aryenis
105:585 BCE
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1233:WALWEL
1229:Triton
1157:or in
1143:stupas
1118:phalli
1106:Sardis
1074:tumuli
1050:stater
856:Cyprus
854:, and
852:Levant
848:Aegean
830:, and
744:Pteria
730:, and
695:Astyra
679:Aeolis
661:kóryos
642:Strabo
633:Madyes
601:Pedasa
592:Mylasa
548:Delphi
544:Apollo
540:oracle
520:Pythia
495:Ionian
478:Sardis
458:Treres
399:Sardis
375:KUKALI
310:Lydian
186:Mother
176:Father
139:Lydian
102:Burial
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2742:Lydia
2718:Died:
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2189:Amrit
2167:Lydia
1966:Padua
1865:7 May
1836:1 May
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1819:(PDF)
1745:JSTOR
1578:(PDF)
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1517:JSTOR
1430:Gyges
1425:Kukaś
1336:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1155:Lydia
1013:Death
958:Medes
863:Caria
805:Thyni
732:Konya
638:Medes
597:Caria
451:Ardys
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391:Gyges
338:walwe
265:coins
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250:Ardys
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