List of Byzantine emperors

2554: 466: 534: 686: 4714: 2891: 4855: 3795: 3617: 67: 4681: 5084: 4972: 4904: 4765: 4440: 5157: 4129: 4933: 4489: 4007: 2285: 4387: 4247: 4088: 3841: 2053: 4596: 4291: 4524: 4326: 4196: 3678: 644: 3292: 1867: 1551: 875: 3362: 362: 4815: 1613: 822: 1765: 1395: 1720: 974: 2364: 5001: 2700: 779: 1449: 3148: 1922: 3098: 3328: 2971: 2228: 2020: 3481: 3044: 3407: 2588: 1237: 3194: 2142: 1496: 2636: 2398: 2750: 2511: 3446: 723: 3745: 3533: 2937: 2180: 2096: 2845: 2323: 1204: 3890: 7999: 1985: 1816: 4634: 3957: 912: 4046: 1664: 1063: 5171: 2436: 1340: 1101: 585: 2783: 5040: 5357:, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1993, p. 72: "Hereditary succession to the throne was a custom or a convenience in Byzantium, not an inviolable principle. Emperors, particularly in the later period, would take pains to nominate their sons as co-emperors, for the rule of a dynasty made for stability and continuity. But in theory, the road to the throne was a 4170:. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising. 2553: 3316:

The second son of Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor on 30 March 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially

208:

as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance

2315:

Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named"

1851:

Born on 7 November 630, the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat

3568:

by Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a

3521:

The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in June 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her

4960:

Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the

4318:

Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father from 19 July 1203. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204, and was strangled on 8

307:" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was " in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. 3241: 4661:

Son of Michael VIII, born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army, and his reign saw the collapse of the Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son

3473:

The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her.

4239:

and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III. He was later restored to the throne by the Crusaders and Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204 and died in January 1204, perhaps of poison.

5028:

Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the

325:, however, was not a formal part of the Empire's governance, hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable or unchallengeable requirement of for office at the time. 4034:

Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son

2879:

811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III, who crowned him co-emperor on 26 May 866. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the

2172:

Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippicus, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippicus. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.

4429:, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in Easter 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the 3009:, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine re-asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons on 27 January 945. His reign was marked by struggles with 4516:

Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into Albania.

2580:

Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to abdicate, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after.

752:

Born on 18 April/23 May 359, the son of Valentinian I. Emperor of the West, he inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens and appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East. Assassinated on 25 August 383 during the rebellion of

465: 4425:(or Theodore himself, it is uncertain) was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the city and later fled to 1434:. Nephew of Justin I, raised to co-emperor on 1 April 527. Succeeded on Justin I's death. Attempted to restore the western territories of the Empire, reconquering Italy, North Africa and parts of Spain. Also responsible for the 3225:

925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes

4741:

Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by

533: 1902:

Born in 652, co-emperor since 13 April 654, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He called the

496:

Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper

1801:, named co-emperor on 4 July 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name 685: 3075:. After becoming the emperor's father-in-law, he successively assumed higher offices until he crowned himself senior emperor. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of 674:

Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of

2045:

Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontius after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706.

2963:

Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game.

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His precise date of birth is uncertain, but the balance of available evidence supports a birthdate in January 840. The son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother

2615:

Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January 844. Reigned with eldest son

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Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor since 14 April 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders,

3434:

Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April 1042, along with her sister

3128:

The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch

2473:, she married Leo IV on 3 November 768 and was crowned empress on 17 December. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. In 787 she called the 1959:

Born in 669, son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to

565:

Born in May 332, grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, became legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Killed on campaign against

2918:

Born on 19 September 866, either the legitimate son of Basil I or the illegitimate son of Michael III. Co-emperor since 6 January 870. Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in

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clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager

4231:

Born in September 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent

1754:. Named co-emperor on 22 January 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager 1094:

on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after.

5138:, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the 3712:. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared emperor on 8 June 1057; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael. He resigned in 1059 and died 2206:

A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

6168: 4081:, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. 3355:

Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later.

807:

Born on 11 January 347, in Spain. Aristocrat and military leader, brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East. He reunited the whole Empire after defeating

4808:, raised by John VI to co-emperor, was also deposed in 1357. John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, but in 1371 he was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty. 6878: 3652:(hence his first sobriquet). Crowned emperor by Theodora on 22 August 1056. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059. 1028:, and the first one to legislate in Greek. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the 3392:

Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch

4474:, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace and Macedonia at the expense of the 4276:

Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the

1485:. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife 3868:

Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother,

4707:

Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.

4353:

Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they

437:

period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the

1294:

and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the

4926:

Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII.

4713: 3091:, who died soon after) as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by them and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 June 948. 901:

Born on 10 April 401, the only son of Arcadius; proclaimed Augustus on 10 January 402. Succeeded upon the death of his father. As a minor, the praetorian prefect

3001:

Son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother,

1153:

and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before

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in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (

4627:

on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261.

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and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under

2819:

in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.

4551:

Born on 25 December 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by

3013:

in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the

1642:

Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

5832: 4800:, who was crowned co-emperor. The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V in 1354, during 4559:, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in August 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him 6091: 3872:, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–71. Senior emperor in 1071–78, he named his son 1230:

General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477

3187:. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes. 3273:, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance with 2731:, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of 7987: 6341: 6242: 4586: 2501: 4889:. He deposed his father on 12 August 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given 3984:

Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the

7675: 6252: 6185: 5219: 2835: 6200: 6195: 1654: 1330: 7276: 6262: 6237: 3947: 3668: 2218: 1589:. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582. Named his son 321:

were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the medieval period. The principle or formal requirements for

7627: 7610: 6267: 6247: 4623:

Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces

4186: 2890: 2690: 17: 7326: 7172: 7144: 6788: 6780: 6257: 6190: 3927:. He was proclaimed emperor on 7 January and crowned on 27 March or 3 April. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the 3735: 8038: 7522: 6883: 5407: 3772:

Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons

4792:

Only son of Andronikos III, he had not been crowned or declared heir at his father's death, a fact which led to the outbreak of a

3285:. Basil also expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium. 3023:", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft ( 9422: 8563: 7371: 3227: 712:

Born in 328. A soldier of the Roman army, he was appointed Emperor of the East by his elder brother Valentinian I. Killed at the

232:

in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the

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co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died

3281:. Bulgaria was finally subdued in 1018 after over 20 years of war, interrupted only by sporadic warfare in Syria against the 1706: 9390:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

8570: 7527: 7386: 6674: 4845: 4801: 4793: 4667: 5134:. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan, 9193: 6518: 4844:, he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the 2271: 418:

of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the

7856: 7269: 5419: 5209: 3269:

Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil was born in 958. The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful

2391:

Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.

1912: 622:. Captain of the guards under Julian, elected by the army upon Julian's death. Died on journey back to Constantinople. 5073:

on 19 January 1421, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the

9417: 7957: 6523: 5864: 5818: 5798: 5767: 5736: 5705: 5674: 5610: 5579: 5548: 5517: 5490: 5459: 5184: 4167: 2543:(general finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the 445:. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold 5067:

Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full

4122:. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed. 4073:

Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother

7020: 6077: 3071:

An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general

2776:

Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Crowned co-emperor on 12 May 821, he succeeded on his father's death.

1090:

Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to

9159: 9142: 8969: 8957: 7992: 7814: 6346: 6114: 5229: 4854: 4074: 3873: 1904: 1149:, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of 5372: 9130: 8922: 8884: 8844: 8811: 7962: 7952: 7824: 7745: 7563: 7431: 7003: 6947: 6868: 6735: 5789: 5758: 5727: 5696: 5665: 5601: 5570: 5539: 5481: 5450: 5432:

History of Humanity – Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries, Vol. IV,

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and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in

3777: 3278: 2617: 2086: 902: 139: 3826:

and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the

9345: 9171: 8998: 8964: 8928: 8817: 7819: 7809: 7724: 7479: 7264: 6044: 5224: 5194: 4036: 2942: 2812: 2670:. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of 224:

continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from

6699: 4000:. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092. 8986: 8031: 7893: 7861: 7765: 7474: 7446: 7254: 6793: 4624: 3794: 419: 3616: 308: 9407: 9067: 8746: 8212: 7617: 7259: 7106: 6863: 6614: 5886: 5377: 3373: 3367: 1590: 1025: 5083: 3883:. His reign saw the devaluation of the Byzantine currency by 25%, hence his nickname "minus-a-quarter". 2013:, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706. 66: 9412: 9377: 9333: 9311: 9262: 9149: 8940: 8709: 7937: 7883: 7622: 7494: 7484: 7184: 7064: 6942: 6873: 6761: 6730: 6573: 5928: 5204: 5095: 5089: 4971: 4903: 4764: 4719: 4671: 3895: 2923: 2671: 1431: 194: 113: 76: 4439: 9284: 9252: 9077: 8257: 8016: 7797: 7321: 7177: 6962: 6853: 6740: 5934: 5916: 4860: 4639: 4118:

Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother,

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by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled

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in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.

9294: 9247: 8794: 8441: 7096: 6848: 6335: 6214: 5958: 5324: 4601: 4556: 4445: 4128: 3026: 2474: 1975: 1710: 1033: 438: 411: 5507: 4932: 4488: 9102: 9082: 8856: 8736: 8024: 8002: 7426: 7152: 6972: 6858: 5162: 4386: 4246: 4232: 4087: 3869: 3840: 3823: 3785: 3648: 3486: 3436: 3393: 2489:

to Christian practice. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 August 803.

2284: 2147: 2052: 1501: 1056:(Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken. 5430:

p. 183, Karayannopoulous, Yanis, "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce",

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bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.

9372: 9351: 9257: 8047: 7927: 7517: 7359: 6803: 6609: 6583: 6578: 6351: 6327: 6323: 6290: 6050: 5910: 5854: 5199: 5189: 5139: 5123: 4686: 4663: 3020: 2539: 2353:. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who 2082: 1442:, or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations. 812: 182: 35: 4523: 4325: 4195: 3677: 3396:, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover 9306: 9301: 9277: 9272: 9188: 9025: 9013: 8784: 8409: 7645: 7499: 6689: 6599: 6563: 6448: 6178: 6173: 6008: 6002: 5045: 5006: 4820: 4805: 4797: 4560: 4358: 4236: 4134: 3831: 3318: 3088: 3084: 2426: 2354: 1726: 1024:, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the 634: 367: 352: 322: 201: 103: 31: 4882:

Son of John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 April 1348 and raised to co-emperor

4595: 3451: 2270:, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the 9289: 9237: 9097: 9072: 9037: 8952: 8866: 8716: 8547: 7888: 7871: 7692: 7451: 7416: 7299: 7236: 7231: 6766: 6709: 6026: 5900: 5896: 4938: 4494: 4422: 3750: 3598: 3412: 3291: 3153: 3138: 3072: 2927: 2756: 2675: 2275: 2233: 1437: 1287: 1242: 1182: 1029: 861: 713: 676: 643: 361: 260: 221: 178: 1550: 8: 9220: 9205: 9183: 9118: 9107: 9062: 9008: 8498: 8436: 8399: 6798: 6714: 6704: 6568: 6331: 6319: 6206: 5640: 5310:

By this time Latin had long fallen out of everyday use in the Eastern part of the Empire.

5119: 5074: 4479: 4392: 4254: 4093: 3827: 3800: 3333: 3049: 1702: 1178: 1143:, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to 518: 451:, and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of 407: 157: 5434:

M. A. Al-Bakhit, L. Bazin, S. M. Cissoko and M. S. Asimov, Editors, UNESCO, Paris (2000)

5403: 4848:

on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.

3361: 1719: 874: 9267: 9210: 9154: 9136: 9125: 9087: 9057: 8935: 8653: 8557: 8307: 8276: 8269: 7876: 7866: 7740: 7411: 7294: 7211: 7074: 6426: 6406: 6386: 6376: 6142: 6014: 5293: 5260: 4977: 4909: 4770: 4743: 4296: 4078: 3962: 3846: 3781: 3773: 3622: 3492: 3274: 3109: 2982: 2831: 2641: 2363: 1315: 1295: 1145: 865: 769: 514: 244: 4814: 1866: 9232: 9178: 9019: 8917: 8892: 8741: 8603: 8339: 8324: 8202: 8170: 7998: 7932: 7837: 7770: 7750: 7718: 7650: 7637: 7558: 7553: 7304: 7069: 6919: 6438: 6391: 6381: 6371: 5970: 5794: 5784: 5763: 5753: 5732: 5722: 5701: 5691: 5670: 5660: 5606: 5596: 5575: 5565: 5544: 5534: 5513: 5486: 5476: 5455: 5445: 5415: 4051: 3574: 3570: 3282: 3080: 3006: 2873: 2699: 2593: 2369: 1798: 1764: 1755: 1612: 1557: 1291: 1279: 1049: 821: 298: 297:

continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival

143: 5130:

under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under

1713:. Replaced Latin with Greek as the official language of administration in the East. 1394: 1381: 501:. Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between 9362: 9339: 9242: 9215: 9200: 9166: 9092: 9052: 9042: 8767: 8694: 8664: 8527: 8482: 8477: 8349: 7802: 7595: 7543: 7489: 7456: 7406: 7199: 7189: 6967: 6655: 6547: 6470: 6453: 6431: 6416: 6401: 6315: 6100: 6038: 5984: 5952: 5659:

Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". In

5252: 5030: 4529: 4430: 4377: 4331: 4281: 4201: 4119: 4012: 3683: 3298: 3231: 3199: 3002: 2544: 1853: 1806: 1705:. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the 1698: 1486: 1377: 1068: 1015: 973: 864:. Theodosius' eldest son Arcadius became emperor in the East while his younger son 857: 856:

was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire, later referred to as the

591: 539: 509:. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original 403: 5115: 5000: 3327: 2970: 2263: 2227: 2019: 1012:

origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic

212:

The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the

9003: 8993: 8902: 8689: 8597: 8585: 8579: 8431: 8252: 8222: 8165: 8145: 7947: 7780: 7760: 7755: 7710: 7700: 7660: 7655: 7605: 7600: 7381: 6987: 6904: 6899: 6639: 6629: 6465: 6459: 6443: 6421: 6411: 6396: 5964: 5940: 5922: 5127: 4747: 4552: 3997: 3590: 3270: 2977: 2896: 2732: 2441: 1960: 1448: 1002: 979: 778: 566: 266: 5810: 3480: 3439:. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August 1042. 3406: 3147: 3043: 1921: 941:

Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the

8897: 8861: 8806: 8699: 8622: 8520: 8514: 8446: 8426: 8180: 8140: 7785: 7665: 7398: 7157: 7051: 7037: 6836: 6540: 6295: 4357:

forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later

4277: 3924: 3130: 3097: 3076: 2587: 2404: 2296: 2186: 1872: 1540: 1311: 1299: 1236: 1194: 1157:

in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the

1107: 964: 754: 523: 472: 456: 447: 275: 229: 216:

following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to

186: 174: 4576: 3193: 2131:

origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the

9401: 9367: 9327: 8871: 8679: 8487: 7705: 7582: 7548: 7286: 7221: 7194: 7079: 6694: 6634: 5978: 5841: 5248: 4426: 3993: 3594: 3134: 3033: 3010: 2291: 2141: 1908: 1751: 1053: 881: 650: 4361:

by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December 1205.

2635: 2397: 9112: 8907: 8839: 8834: 8824: 8647: 8509: 8150: 7466: 7441: 7421: 7226: 7204: 7059: 6307: 6302: 6136: 5859: 5721:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine IX Monomachos". In

5444:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine I the Great". In

5176: 4962: 4475: 3989: 3889: 3586: 2516: 2058: 2025: 1933: 1928: 1593:

as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at

1274: 853: 784: 510: 506: 217: 213: 193:) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the 6069: 5327:, emperor in the West (317–340). More rarely, he is instead enumerated as 4674:

as co-emperor and was then deposed outright. He died on 13 February 1332.

3445: 2510: 815:, on 6 September 394. The last emperor to rule both halves of the Empire. 8976: 8851: 8801: 8726: 8300: 8247: 8190: 7967: 7942: 7436: 7246: 7013: 6619: 6604: 5752:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Michael IX Palaiologos". In

5281: 5131: 4841: 4582: 3744: 3532: 2936: 2788: 2179: 2101: 2095: 1821: 1802: 1400: 1269: 1186: 722: 240: 5297: 4965:

as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.

2844: 2322: 1495: 1203: 527:, and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him. 9032: 8947: 8912: 8877: 8789: 8704: 8464: 8457: 8404: 8384: 8329: 8294: 8287: 8232: 8197: 8060: 7241: 7101: 7091: 6924: 6914: 6624: 5881: 5256: 5069: 4994:

Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in February 1391.

3564:

1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to

3523: 3104: 2881: 2749: 2705: 2560: 2482: 2478: 2329: 1771: 1586: 1535: 1385: 1210: 1174: 1154: 498: 430: 303: 8046: 3175:

The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born

1984: 1815: 8779: 8731: 8641: 8628: 8415: 8344: 8317: 8312: 8281: 8227: 8175: 8110: 8105: 7790: 7670: 7162: 7030: 6977: 6909: 5996: 5382: 5135: 4890: 4633: 3956: 3919: 3578: 2267: 2128: 1670: 1594: 1582: 1455: 1427: 1190: 1045: 945: 911: 459:. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors. 452: 318: 272: 255: 205: 5762:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1367–1368. 5543:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1206–1207. 4421:, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother 4045: 1663: 1062: 9047: 8829: 8721: 8674: 8634: 8616: 8536: 8471: 8451: 8421: 8394: 8389: 8374: 8364: 8334: 8242: 8237: 8185: 8160: 8155: 8120: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 7316: 7216: 7167: 7025: 6957: 6745: 5891: 5408:

Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace

5122:

since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the

4894: 4755: 4373: 3943: 3928: 3664: 3246: 2926:, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under 2435: 2350: 2132: 1991: 1857: 1750:

Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife

1346: 1339: 1278:) when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager 1100: 1037: 949: 828: 808: 502: 434: 426: 285: 225: 5700:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. 5690:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In

5669:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503. 5454:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 498–500. 8981: 8684: 8591: 8504: 8359: 8135: 7682: 7568: 7509: 7008: 6982: 6660: 5274: 4367: 4182: 3985: 3582: 3133:. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against 3015: 2919: 2850: 2728: 2010: 1307: 1303: 1170: 1158: 1140: 1041: 1009: 948:, sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of 918: 729: 584: 395: 290: 220:

in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The

5033:

to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.

3931:

clan. He retired to a monastery where he died in the same year.

3240: 505:, favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the 8753: 8610: 8492: 8264: 8130: 7311: 7086: 6952: 4751: 3731: 3565: 3397: 2816: 2470: 1619: 1166: 692: 442: 237: 5574:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2223. 3822:

Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager

2782: 312: 8354: 8125: 8115: 8095: 5793:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 505. 5731:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 504. 5485:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 524. 2736: 2089:

as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.

1162: 1150: 1044:

in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the

1021: 5783:

Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". In

2429:

and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.

1489:, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine. 852:

on 16 January 383. On the death of Theodosius I in 395, the

848:

Born in 377/378, the eldest son of Theodosius I; proclaimed

8100: 8090: 7590: 4577:

Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)

2486: 1048:

as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter

283:. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek 233: 1181:

to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the

1032:, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an 5533:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In

5259:

to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of

5039: 4039:

co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father.

3277:, and after suppressing the revolts, he embarked on his 2815:

until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle

2678:. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian. 1856:, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of 204:, the first Christian emperor, who rebuilt the city of 3601:

between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.

1189:

stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the

905:

was regent in 408–414. He died in a riding accident.

5152: 1709:

to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the

228:; the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western 4796:between his regents and his father's closest aide, 1544:and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death. 3317:among the military aristocracy, many of whom were 1969: 628: 346: 5840: 5475:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Constantius II". In 5349: 5347: 5114:The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess 9399: 5605:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 4670:, he was first forced to recognize his grandson 4433:as the strongest of the Greek successor states. 3221:Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born 2825: 2495: 5595:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In 3937: 3658: 2884:, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire. 1805:co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the 1538:, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named 763: 6460:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 5344: 4587:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 4368:Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261) 4176: 3788:was regent until the accession of Romanus IV. 2502:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty 1648: 1324: 177:in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the 8032: 6085: 5826: 5658: 5532: 5443: 5255:. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and 5220:List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin 4284:captivity (confined to a monastery) in 1211. 3834:in June 1072 and exiled. He died soon after. 3725: 2836:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 2212: 1290:. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the 270:were also used. Their names were preceded by 27:Roman emperors in the East from 330 from 1453 5751: 5373:"European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire" 4245: 2739:to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the 2684: 1655:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1331:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 6099: 5720: 5689: 3948:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3669:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3607: 3577:. His reign was marked by invasions by the 3024: 2219:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty 1435: 1013: 958: 8039: 8025: 6092: 6078: 5833: 5819: 4961:Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given 4187:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty 3019:. He is notable for his promotion of the " 2691:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty 2434: 777: 5629:. Bedford/St. Martin's, 9th edition. 2012 5278:had become a part of the imperial title: 3736:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty 2922:(Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the 2626: 1963:, whence he recovered his throne in 705. 1603: 1302:. His reign was also marked by the first 575: 289:(Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant 5263:is a purely historiographical invention. 4478:, Bulgaria and the rival Greek state of 422:in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern 7348: 5639: 5594: 5564:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In 5563: 5505: 5474: 5323:, whereby the regnal numbering follows 5279: 3079:in the East. Romanos promoted his sons 14: 9400: 5782: 5370: 5355:Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 3400:failed. He died after a long illness. 1797:Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife 8020: 7916: 7347: 7132: 6824: 6491: 6112: 6073: 5814: 5286:Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 5282:"Flavius : a Nicety of Protocol" 5215:List of Roman and Byzantine empresses 5118:, he was born on 8 February 1405. As 4555:until his assassination, and then by 4166:, a nephew of John II by his brother 3996:and the establishment of independent 3632:Μιχαὴλ Βρίγγας ὁ Στρατιωτικός/ὁ Γέρων 3137:and the recovery of Crete by general 7133: 4746:, his reign saw defeats against the 1161:, saw off challenges against him by 6835: 3569:number of monasteries, chiefly the 3308:15 December 1025– 12 November 1028 2349:General and son-in-law of Leo III, 2272:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1314:with Persia over the foundation of 1286:" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his 24: 5790:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5759:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5728:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5697:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5666:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5602:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5571:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5540:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5482:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5451:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5210:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 4832:8 February 1347– 10 December 1354 1913:First Arab Siege of Constantinople 455:as "New Rome", popularly known as 25: 9434: 7958:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 5424: 5397: 5185:Family tree of Byzantine emperors 5100:Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος 4618:(23 years, 11 months and 10 days) 2663:General of Armenian origin, born 2419:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 1833:Heraclius Constantinus (Constans) 1809:in September 641 (or early 642). 1707:Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628 1473:(12 years, 10 months and 21 days) 996:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 802:(15 years, 11 months and 29 days) 513:was built. Constantius appointed 264:", although other titles such as 7997: 6051:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica 6033:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors 5169: 5155: 5082: 5062:(23 years, 4 months and 10 days) 5038: 4999: 4970: 4931: 4921:(10 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4902: 4877:(2 years, 10 months and 19 days) 4853: 4813: 4763: 4712: 4701:(26 years, 4 months and 21 days) 4679: 4656:(45 years, 5 months and 13 days) 4632: 4594: 4522: 4487: 4438: 4385: 4324: 4289: 4194: 4127: 4086: 4068:(37 years, 5 months and 16 days) 4044: 4029:(24 years, 7 months and 24 days) 4005: 3992:, as well as the arrival of the 3979:(37 years, 4 months and 14 days) 3955: 3912:(2 years, 11 months and 29 days) 3888: 3839: 3793: 3784:as co-emperors. After his death 3743: 3676: 3615: 3555:(12 years, 6 months and 30 days) 3531: 3479: 3444: 3405: 3360: 3326: 3311:(2 years, 10 months and 28 days) 3290: 3264:(49 years, 11 months and 5 days) 3239: 3192: 3146: 3096: 3042: 2969: 2935: 2913:(25 years, 8 months and 12 days) 2889: 2867:(18 years, 11 months and 5 days) 2843: 2781: 2771:(12 years, 3 months and 18 days) 2748: 2698: 2634: 2586: 2552: 2509: 2477:which condemned the practice of 2396: 2386:(4 years, 11 months and 25 days) 2362: 2321: 2310:(34 years, 2 months and 27 days) 2283: 2250:(24 years, 2 months and 24 days) 2226: 2178: 2140: 2094: 2051: 2018: 1983: 1920: 1865: 1830:Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος (Κώνστας) 1814: 1763: 1718: 1662: 1637:(7 years, 10 months and 12 days) 1611: 1576:(20 years, 3 months and 14 days) 1549: 1522:(3 years, 10 months and 19 days) 1494: 1447: 1421:(38 years, 7 months and 13 days) 1393: 1338: 1259:(27 years, 2 months and 28 days) 1235: 1202: 1099: 1061: 972: 910: 896:(42 years, 2 months and 27 days) 873: 843:(13 years, 3 months and 14 days) 820: 721: 707:(14 years, 4 months and 12 days) 684: 642: 583: 532: 464: 433:, who had begun ushering in the 389:(30 years, 9 months and 27 days) 360: 197:who claimed the imperial title. 65: 6347:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 6169:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 5776: 5745: 5714: 5683: 5652: 5632: 5619: 5588: 5557: 5526: 5313: 5304: 5230:History of the Byzantine Empire 5109:(4 years, 4 months and 23 days) 5023:(34 years, 4 months and 5 days) 4897:, dying there on 28 June 1385. 4835:(7 years, 10 months and 2 days) 4787:(35 years, 1 month and 28 days) 4750:but successes in Europe, where 4511:(3 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4339:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας ὁ "Μούρτζουφλος" 4271:(8 years, 3 months and 10 days) 4218:(9 years, 6 months and 27 days) 3863:(6 years, 5 months and 23 days) 3700:(2 years, 2 months and 21 days) 3387:(7 years, 7 months and 28 days) 3350:(5 years, 4 months and 30 days) 3170:(6 years, 3 months and 25 days) 2996:(46 years, 5 months and 3 days) 2805:(25 years, 8 months and 4 days) 2658:(7 years, 5 months and 14 days) 2533:(8 years, 8 months and 26 days) 2524:Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός/ὁ Λογοθέτης 2457:(5 years, 2 months and 12 days) 2076:(6 years, 2 months and 14 days) 1970:Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) 1905:Third Council of Constantinople 1685:(30 years, 4 months and 6 days) 1384:. Officer and commander of the 629:Valentinianic dynasty (364–379) 491:(24 years, 1 month and 25 days) 347:Constantinian dynasty (306–363) 200:The following list starts with 9423:Byzantine Empire-related lists 7432:Great Palace of Constantinople 7173:Patriarchate of Constantinople 6492: 5645:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 5499: 5468: 5437: 5364: 5266: 5242: 4698:21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320 4546:(3 years, 4 months and 9 days) 3304:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 3123:(3 years, 4 months and 6 days) 2987:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2722:(8 years, 9 months and 7 days) 2316:by hostile later chroniclers. 2122:(1 year, 6 months and 30 days) 1907:which condemned the heresy of 936:(6 years, 5 months and 2 days) 560:(1 year, 7 months and 23 days) 301:in Western Europe, the title " 13: 1: 5506:Wickham, Christopher (2009). 5337: 5272:By the 4th century, the name 5225:Family tree of Roman emperors 5195:List of Trapezuntine emperors 4883: 4564: 4563:and imprisoned. John IV died 4468: 4415: 4160: 4146: 4107: 3877: 3713: 3706: 3561: 3222: 3176: 2876: 2826:Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) 2664: 2610:(1 year, 9 months and 9 days) 2496:Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) 2463: 2256: 2068: 1948: 1891: 1838: 1786: 1691: 1528: 1479: 1370: 1265: 1136: 1005: 983:"the Great" and "the Butcher" 616: 398: 7894:University of Constantinople 7475:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 6825: 6625:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 6314:Byzantine successor states ( 5627:A History of World Societies 5359:carriere ouverte aux talents 5353:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, 5088: 5081: 5044: 5037: 5005: 4998: 4976: 4969: 4937: 4930: 4908: 4901: 4859: 4852: 4819: 4812: 4769: 4762: 4718: 4711: 4697: 4685: 4678: 4638: 4631: 4600: 4593: 4528: 4521: 4493: 4486: 4444: 4437: 4391: 4384: 4330: 4323: 4295: 4288: 4253: 4244: 4200: 4193: 4133: 4126: 4092: 4085: 4050: 4043: 4011: 4004: 3961: 3954: 3938:Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185) 3894: 3887: 3845: 3838: 3799: 3792: 3749: 3742: 3682: 3675: 3659:Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059) 3621: 3614: 3589:in the East, the revolts of 3537: 3530: 3485: 3478: 3450: 3443: 3411: 3404: 3366: 3359: 3332: 3325: 3296: 3289: 3245: 3238: 3198: 3191: 3152: 3145: 3102: 3095: 3048: 3041: 2975: 2968: 2941: 2934: 2895: 2888: 2861: 2849: 2842: 2787: 2780: 2754: 2747: 2704: 2697: 2640: 2633: 2592: 2585: 2558: 2520:"Genikos" or "the Logothete" 2515: 2440: 2433: 2402: 2368: 2327: 2320: 2289: 2282: 2232: 2225: 2184: 2177: 2146: 2139: 2100: 2093: 2081:Returned on the throne with 2057: 2050: 2024: 2017: 1989: 1982: 1926: 1919: 1871: 1864: 1837: 1820: 1813: 1769: 1762: 1735:Heraclius novus Constantinus 1724: 1717: 1668: 1661: 1617: 1610: 1555: 1548: 1500: 1493: 1453: 1446: 1411:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 1399: 1392: 1344: 1337: 1272:, he was a palace official ( 1241: 1234: 1208: 1201: 1105: 1098: 1067: 1060: 978: 971: 916: 909: 879: 872: 868:became emperor in the West. 826: 819: 783: 776: 764:Theodosian dynasty (379–457) 727: 720: 690: 683: 648: 641: 589: 582: 538: 531: 470: 463: 420:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 366: 359: 81:6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453 7: 7564:Saint Catherine's Monastery 6620:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 6615:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 6113: 5887:Crisis of the Third Century 5378:Washington State University 5148: 4840:A maternal relative of the 4177:Angelid dynasty (1185–1204) 3854:Μιχαὴλ Δούκας "Παραπινάκης" 3516:(1 year, 7 months, 20 days) 3037:) he compiled for his son. 2351:Count of the Opsician Theme 1732:Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος 1649:Heraclian dynasty (610–695) 1325:Justinian dynasty (518–602) 1169:, and secured peace in the 1026:Patriarch of Constantinople 209:of Greek instead of Latin. 10: 9439: 9312:Constantine XI Palaiologos 9263:Andronikos III Palaiologos 9150:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 7953:Neo-Byzantine architecture 7917: 6574:Comes sacrarum largitionum 5205:List of Byzantine usurpers 4625:reconquered Constantinople 4580: 4371: 4180: 3941: 3729: 3726:Doukid dynasty (1059–1081) 3662: 3628:"Stratiotikos" / "the Old" 3255:Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος 2829: 2688: 2499: 2216: 2213:Isaurian dynasty (717–802) 1973: 1652: 1328: 962: 767: 632: 350: 254:of all Emperors preceding 195:various usurpers or rebels 30:For Roman emperors before 29: 18:List of Byzantine Emperors 9388: 9320: 9285:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 9253:Andronikos II Palaiologos 9078:Constantine IX Monomachos 8766: 8663: 8546: 8373: 8211: 8059: 7980: 7923: 7912: 7833: 7733: 7691: 7636: 7581: 7536: 7523:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 7508: 7465: 7397: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7343: 7285: 7143: 7139: 7128: 7050: 6996: 6935: 6892: 6844: 6831: 6820: 6779: 6754: 6723: 6682: 6673: 6648: 6592: 6556: 6509: 6502: 6498: 6487: 6360: 6276: 6223: 6154: 6125: 6121: 6108: 5874: 5849: 4574: 4365: 4174: 3935: 3917:Born in 1001, he was the 3723: 3656: 3605: 3497:Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3114:Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2823: 2743:, reinforced iconoclasm. 2741:Muslim conquest of Sicily 2685:Amorian dynasty (820–867) 2682: 2624: 2493: 2210: 1967: 1938:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος 1915:, and died of dysentery. 1697:as the eldest son of the 1646: 1601: 1322: 956: 761: 626: 573: 379:Fl. Valerius Constantinus 344: 163: 149: 135: 127: 119: 109: 99: 94: 90: 86: 64: 60: 53: 45: 9418:Lists of medieval people 9248:Michael VIII Palaiologos 7097:Droungarios of the Fleet 5410:" in Armstrong, Pamela. 5371:Hooker, Richard (2007). 5235: 4462:(32 years and 11 months) 3608:Non-dynastic (1056–1057) 3027:De administrando imperio 2475:Second Council of Nicaea 1897:(16 years and 10 months) 1846:(26 years and 10 months) 1711:Muslim conquest of Syria 1183:western line of emperors 959:Leonid dynasty (457–518) 439:First Ecumenical Council 46:Emperor and Autocrat of 9103:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 8737:Tiberius II Constantine 7611:Early Byzantine mosaics 6973:Domestic of the Schools 5913:(27 BC–AD 68) 5512:. Penguin. p. 90. 5509:The inheritance of Rome 5251:were never used in the 5163:Byzantine Empire portal 4409:(16 years and 6 months) 4355:captured Constantinople 3870:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3824:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3649:stratiotikos logothetes 3646:A court bureaucrat and 3394:John the Orphanotrophos 2301:Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος 1130:(14 years and 8 months) 1122:(11 months and 11 days) 1052:to the Isaurian leader 987:Λέων ὁ Μέγας / Μακέλλης 9258:Michael IX Palaiologos 7928:Byzantine commonwealth 6690:Praetorian prefectures 6610:Logothetes tou genikou 6584:Quaestor sacri palatii 6579:Comes rerum privatarum 6352:Fall of Constantinople 6291:Sack of Constantinople 6027:Western Roman emperors 5959:Year of the 6 Emperors 5935:Year of the 5 Emperors 5929:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 5917:Year of the 4 Emperors 5911:Julio-Claudian dynasty 5855:List of Roman emperors 5412:Authority in Byzantium 5280:Cameron, Alan (1988). 5200:List of Roman usurpers 5190:List of Roman emperors 5124:Principality of Achaea 4989:(4 months and 30 days) 4868:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4736:(13 years and 22 days) 4727:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4647:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4348:(2 months and 16 days) 4335:Doukas "Mourtzouphlos" 4250: 3817:(3 years and 9 months) 3767:(7 years and 6 months) 3546:Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος 3025: 3021:Macedonian Renaissance 2627:Non-dynastic (813–820) 2540:Logothetes tou genikou 2344:(2 years and 5 months) 1792:(8 months and 25 days) 1745:(3 months and 14 days) 1604:Non-dynastic (602–610) 1436: 1113:Ζήνων (Ταρασικοδίσσας) 1014: 813:Battle of the Frigidus 747:(5 months and 10 days) 610:(7 months and 21 days) 576:Non-dynastic (363–364) 481:Fl. Iulius Constantius 401:272 as the son of the 36:List of Roman emperors 9352:Thessalonian emperors 9346:Trapezuntine emperors 9307:John VIII Palaiologos 9302:Manuel II Palaiologos 9273:John VI Kantakouzenos 9189:Andronikos I Komnenos 9026:Constantine Lekapenos 8054:and empresses regnant 7628:Komnenian renaissance 7623:Macedonian period art 7528:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 7500:Walls of Thessaloniki 6600:Logothetes tou dromou 6215:Twenty Years' Anarchy 6179:Valentinianic dynasty 6174:Constantinian dynasty 6045:Emperors of Trebizond 6009:Valentinianic dynasty 6003:Constantinian dynasty 5075:Union of the Churches 4955:(5 months and 3 days) 4828:Ἰωάννης Καντακουζηνός 4806:Matthew Kantakouzenos 4798:John VI Kantakouzenos 4794:destructive civil war 4313:(6 months and 8 days) 4249: 4226:(6 months and 8 days) 3903:Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης 3522:death. She nominated 3506:(1 month and 22 days) 3468:(1 month and 22 days) 3459:Ζωὴ ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3429:(4 months and 8 days) 3216:(6 years and 30 days) 3066:(24 years and 3 days) 2575:(2 months and 4 days) 2109:Φιλιππικός (Βαρδάνης) 1976:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1727:Heraclius Constantine 1512:Tiberius Constantinus 1509:Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος 1364:(9 years and 23 days) 1318:. He died childless. 1225:(1 year and 7 months) 635:Valentinianic dynasty 550:Fl. Claudius Iulianus 547:Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ Ἀποστάτης 353:Constantinian dynasty 323:hereditary succession 202:Constantine the Great 9290:John VII Palaiologos 9238:Theodore II Laskaris 9098:Constantine X Doukas 9038:Nikephoros II Phokas 7825:Units of measurement 7559:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 7452:Pammakaristos Church 7300:Corpus Juris Civilis 7251:Missionary activity 6710:Exarchate of Ravenna 6536:Imperial bureaucracy 5901:Eastern Roman Empire 5897:Western Roman Empire 5641:Norwich, John Julius 5414:. Routledge. p. 72. 5319:Often enumerated as 5140:final Ottoman attack 5096:Dragases Palaiologos 4668:protracted civil war 4423:Constantine Laskaris 3850:Doukas "Parapinakes" 3279:conquest of Bulgaria 3179:912 to the powerful 3073:Leo Phokas the Elder 2958:(1 year and 26 days) 2924:Sack of Thessalonica 2676:Byzantine Iconoclasm 2276:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1438:corpus juris civilis 1408:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας 1282:. He was nicknamed " 1250:Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος 862:Western Roman Empire 714:Battle of Adrianople 677:cerebral haemorrhage 669:(1 month and 2 days) 376:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας 222:Western Roman Empire 179:Eastern Roman Empire 9221:Theodore I Laskaris 9206:Alexios III Angelos 9184:Alexios II Komnenos 9108:Romanos IV Diogenes 9063:Romanos III Argyros 9009:Romanos I Lekapenos 7349:Culture and society 7212:Ecumenical councils 6715:Exarchate of Africa 6705:Quaestura exercitus 6569:Magister officiorum 6564:Praetorian prefects 6207:Byzantine Dark Ages 5647:. Guild Publishing. 5385:on 24 February 1999 5120:Despot of the Morea 5053:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 5014:Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4984:17 September 1390 – 4946:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4778:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4557:Michael Palaiologos 4213:12 September 1185 – 4142:Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός 4105:24 September 1180 – 3828:Battle of Manzikert 3758:Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας 3641:(1 year and 8 days) 3251:"the Bulgar-Slayer" 3207:Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς 2858:Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών 2713:Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου 2201:(less than 2 years) 2167:(less than 2 years) 2157:Artemius Anastasius 2154:Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος 2085:support. Named son 2033:Τιβέριος (Ἀψίμαρος) 1881:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος 1703:Heraclius the Elder 1534:, commander of the 1426:Born in 482/483 at 1179:Theodoric the Great 247:(25 December 800). 9408:Byzantine emperors 9340:Britannic emperors 9334:Palmyrene emperors 9268:John V Palaiologos 9211:Alexios IV Angelos 9160:Constantine Doukas 9155:Alexios I Komnenos 9143:Constantine Doukas 9126:Michael VII Doukas 9088:Michael VI Bringas 8654:Romulus Augustulus 8277:Trebonianus Gallus 8270:Herennius Etruscus 8052:Byzantine emperors 7766:Flags and insignia 7412:Baths of Zeuxippus 7295:Codex Theodosianus 7185:Oriental Orthodoxy 6143:Later Roman Empire 6039:Emperors of Nicaea 6015:Theodosian dynasty 5985:Britannic emperors 5785:Kazhdan, Alexander 5754:Kazhdan, Alexander 5723:Kazhdan, Alexander 5692:Kazhdan, Alexander 5661:Kazhdan, Alexander 5597:Kazhdan, Alexander 5566:Kazhdan, Alexander 5535:Kazhdan, Alexander 5477:Kazhdan, Alexander 5446:Kazhdan, Alexander 5261:Byzantine emperors 5018:16 February 1391 – 4978:John V Palaiologos 4952:17 September 1390 4910:John V Palaiologos 4744:John Kantakouzenos 4694:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4651:11 December 1282 – 4609:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4251: 4235:. He was deposed, 4151:12 September 1185 4065:24 September 1180 3762:23 November 1059 – 3695:1 September 1057 – 3638:30/31 August 1057 3526:as her successor. 3424:10 December 1041 – 3420:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης 3374:"the Paphlagonian" 3345:15 November 1028 – 3275:Vladimir I of Kiev 3031:) and ceremonies ( 2874:Theme of Macedonia 2862:24 September 867 – 2832:Macedonian dynasty 2381:14 September 775 – 2357:and tonsured him. 2274:and initiated the 1951:10 July 685 – 695 1566:Mauricius Tiberius 1563:Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος 1296:Revolt of Vitalian 1146:comes domesticorum 770:Theodosian dynasty 515:Constantius Gallus 245:Holy Roman emperor 236:coronation of the 173:The foundation of 100:First monarch 9413:Lists of monarchs 9395: 9394: 9233:John III Vatatzes 9179:Manuel I Komnenos 8918:Michael I Rangabe 8762: 8761: 8604:Petronius Maximus 8203:Severus Alexander 8171:Septimius Severus 8014: 8013: 7976: 7975: 7933:Byzantine studies 7908: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7719:Alexander Romance 7577: 7576: 7554:Nea Moni of Chios 7417:Blachernae Palace 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7305:Code of Justinian 7153:Eastern Orthodoxy 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7046: 7045: 6920:Scholae Palatinae 6816: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6781:Foreign relations 6775: 6774: 6669: 6668: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6282:(1204–1453) 6067: 6066: 6062: 6061: 5971:Illyrian emperors 5953:Barracks emperors 5404:Morrisson, Cécile 5146: 5145: 5110: 5063: 5024: 4990: 4986:16 February 1391 4956: 4922: 4878: 4836: 4802:another civil war 4788: 4737: 4702: 4666:co-emperor. In a 4657: 4619: 4615:11 December 1282 4547: 4543:25 December 1261 4512: 4506:3 November 1254 – 4502:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4463: 4410: 4400:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4349: 4343:27 January 1204 – 4314: 4272: 4227: 4219: 4155: 4114: 4069: 4030: 3980: 3913: 3864: 3818: 3768: 3701: 3697:22 November 1059 3691:Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός 3642: 3575:Mangana Monastery 3571:Nea Moni of Chios 3556: 3517: 3510:11 January 1055 – 3507: 3493:"the Purple-born" 3469: 3455:"the Purple-born" 3430: 3388: 3384:10 December 1041 3378:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγών 3351: 3312: 3283:Fatimid Caliphate 3265: 3261:15 December 1025 3217: 3211:11 December 969 – 3171: 3139:Nikephoros Phokas 3124: 3110:"the Purple-born" 3067: 3061:17 December 920 – 3057:Ῥωμανὸς Λεκαπηνός 3007:Nicholas Mystikos 2997: 2959: 2914: 2868: 2806: 2802:24 September 867 2772: 2723: 2717:25 December 820 – 2659: 2611: 2576: 2534: 2481:and restored the 2458: 2420: 2414:8 September 780 – 2387: 2345: 2311: 2307:14 September 775 2251: 2202: 2168: 2123: 2077: 2041: 2005: 1955: 1898: 1847: 1793: 1746: 1686: 1638: 1632:23 November 602 – 1577: 1523: 1474: 1468:14 November 565 – 1422: 1365: 1292:Byzantine coinage 1260: 1226: 1197:with the papacy. 1131: 1123: 1086: 997: 937: 897: 844: 803: 793:Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας 748: 708: 670: 611: 600:Claudius Iovianus 561: 492: 390: 299:Holy Roman Empire 171: 170: 144:Blachernae Palace 110:Last monarch 16:(Redirected from 9430: 9243:John IV Laskaris 9216:Alexios V Doukas 9201:Isaac II Angelos 9167:John II Komnenos 9093:Isaac I Komnenos 9053:Constantine VIII 9043:John I Tzimiskes 8770:Byzantine Empire 8544: 8543: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8001: 7914: 7913: 7857:Imperial Library 7803:Byzantine Greeks 7544:Daphni Monastery 7495:Panagia Chalkeon 7490:Hagios Demetrios 7457:Prison of Anemas 7407:Basilica Cistern 7365: 7364: 7356: 7355: 7345: 7344: 7200:West Syriac Rite 7190:Alexandrian Rite 7141: 7140: 7134:Religion and law 7130: 7129: 7065:Maritime themata 7021:Palaiologan army 6874:Military manuals 6842: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6680: 6679: 6656:Megas logothetes 6507: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6362:By modern region 6283: 6230: 6229:(717–1204) 6161: 6123: 6122: 6110: 6109: 6101:Byzantine Empire 6094: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6070: 5877: 5876: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5381:. Archived from 5368: 5362: 5351: 5331: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5270: 5264: 5253:Byzantine Empire 5246: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5142:on 29 May 1453. 5126:and brought the 5108: 5104:6 January 1449 – 5101: 5086: 5061: 5059:31 October 1448 5054: 5042: 5031:Battle of Ankara 5022: 5015: 5003: 4988: 4974: 4954: 4947: 4935: 4920: 4906: 4888: 4885: 4876: 4872:12 August 1376 – 4869: 4857: 4834: 4829: 4817: 4786: 4779: 4767: 4758:were recovered. 4735: 4728: 4716: 4700: 4695: 4683: 4655: 4648: 4636: 4617: 4613:1 January 1259 – 4610: 4598: 4569: 4566: 4545: 4541:16 August 1258 – 4538: 4537:Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις 4526: 4510: 4503: 4491: 4473: 4470: 4461: 4459:3 November 1254 4454: 4453:Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης 4442: 4431:Empire of Nicaea 4420: 4417: 4408: 4401: 4389: 4378:Empire of Nicaea 4347: 4340: 4328: 4312: 4310:27 January 1204 4305: 4293: 4270: 4263: 4225: 4224:27 January 1204 4217: 4210: 4209:Ἰσαάκιος Ἄγγελος 4198: 4165: 4162: 4153: 4149:September 1183 – 4148: 4143: 4131: 4120:Maria of Antioch 4112: 4109: 4102: 4101:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 4090: 4067: 4060: 4059:Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός 4048: 4028: 4024:15 August 1118 – 4021: 4020:Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός 4009: 3978: 3971: 3970:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 3959: 3911: 3904: 3892: 3882: 3879: 3862: 3858:1 October 1071 – 3855: 3843: 3816: 3812:1 January 1068 – 3809: 3808:Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης 3797: 3766: 3759: 3747: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3680: 3640: 3636:31 August 1056 – 3633: 3619: 3563: 3554: 3552:11 January 1055 3547: 3535: 3515: 3505: 3498: 3483: 3467: 3460: 3448: 3428: 3421: 3409: 3386: 3379: 3364: 3349: 3342: 3330: 3310: 3305: 3299:Constantine VIII 3294: 3263: 3259:10 January 976 – 3256: 3243: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3196: 3178: 3169: 3167:11 December 969 3162: 3150: 3122: 3118:9 November 959 – 3115: 3100: 3065: 3063:20 December 944 3058: 3046: 3030: 3005:, and Patriarch 3003:Zoe Karbonopsina 2995: 2988: 2973: 2957: 2950: 2939: 2912: 2905: 2893: 2878: 2866: 2859: 2854:"the Macedonian" 2847: 2804: 2800:20 January 842 – 2797: 2796:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος 2785: 2770: 2763: 2752: 2721: 2714: 2702: 2674:in 813. Revived 2669: 2666: 2657: 2655:25 December 820 2650: 2638: 2609: 2602: 2590: 2574: 2567: 2556: 2545:Battle of Pliska 2532: 2528:31 October 802 – 2525: 2513: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2449: 2438: 2418: 2411: 2400: 2385: 2383:8 September 780 2378: 2366: 2343: 2336: 2325: 2309: 2302: 2297:"the Dung-named" 2287: 2261: 2258: 2249: 2242: 2230: 2200: 2193: 2182: 2166: 2159: 2144: 2121: 2117:4 November 711 – 2114: 2098: 2075: 2070: 2062:"the Slit-nosed" 2055: 2039: 2034: 2022: 2003: 1998: 1987: 1953: 1950: 1943: 1934:"the Slit-nosed" 1924: 1896: 1893: 1886: 1869: 1845: 1841:5 November 641 – 1840: 1835: 1818: 1791: 1788: 1781: 1767: 1744: 1737: 1722: 1699:Exarch of Africa 1696: 1693: 1684: 1682:11 February 641 1677: 1666: 1636: 1629: 1615: 1575: 1573:27 November 602 1568: 1553: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1514: 1498: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1465: 1451: 1441: 1420: 1418:14 November 565 1413: 1397: 1378:Justiniana Prima 1375: 1372: 1363: 1356: 1342: 1267: 1258: 1251: 1239: 1224: 1217: 1206: 1193:resulted in the 1173:by enticing the 1138: 1129: 1121: 1117:29 January 474 – 1114: 1103: 1084: 1077: 1065: 1019: 1016:magister militum 1007: 995: 991:7 February 457 – 988: 976: 935: 928: 914: 895: 888: 877: 858:Byzantine Empire 842: 838:17 January 395 – 835: 824: 801: 797:19 January 379 – 794: 781: 746: 739: 725: 706: 699: 688: 668: 661: 646: 621: 618: 609: 607:17 February 364 602: 587: 559: 555:3 November 361 – 552: 536: 490: 483: 468: 400: 388: 381: 364: 328: 327: 279:and followed by 258:was officially " 69: 49: 43: 42: 21: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9384: 9328:Gallic emperors 9316: 9004:Constantine VII 8785:Constantine III 8772: 8769: 8758: 8667: 8659: 8598:Valentinian III 8586:Constantius III 8580:Priscus Attalus 8564:Constantine III 8550: 8542: 8432:Valerius Valens 8377: 8369: 8215: 8207: 8166:Didius Julianus 8146:Marcus Aurelius 8063: 8055: 8045: 8015: 8010: 8007: 7972: 7948:Cyrillic script 7919: 7900: 7845: 7829: 7729: 7711:Digenes Akritas 7687: 7632: 7573: 7537:Other locations 7532: 7504: 7461: 7393: 7382:Cross-in-square 7350: 7331: 7281: 7135: 7116: 7042: 6992: 6988:Varangian Guard 6931: 6905:East Roman army 6900:Late Roman army 6888: 6827: 6808: 6771: 6750: 6719: 6665: 6644: 6640:Epi ton deeseon 6630:Epi tou eidikou 6588: 6552: 6494: 6475: 6462: 6365: 6363: 6356: 6342:Palaiologan era 6284: 6281: 6272: 6243:Nikephorian era 6231: 6228: 6219: 6162: 6160:(330–717) 6159: 6150: 6130: 6117: 6104: 6098: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6020: 5990: 5979:Gallic emperors 5965:Gordian dynasty 5946: 5941:Severan dynasty 5923:Flavian dynasty 5870: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5657: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5425: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5321:Constantine III 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5271: 5267: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5128:Duchy of Athens 5105: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4985: 4980: 4951: 4950:14 April 1390 – 4945: 4944: 4917: 4913:(second reign) 4912: 4886: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4827: 4826: 4784:12 August 1376 4783: 4777: 4776: 4748:Ottoman emirate 4732: 4726: 4725: 4703: 4693: 4692: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4589: 4579: 4567: 4553:George Mouzalon 4542: 4536: 4535: 4508:16 August 1258 4507: 4501: 4500: 4471: 4458: 4457:December 1221 – 4452: 4451: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4380: 4370: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4309: 4304:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4303: 4302: 4267: 4262:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4261: 4260: 4223: 4222:1 August 1203 – 4221: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4189: 4179: 4163: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4110:September 1183 4106: 4100: 4099: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3998:Crusader states 3976:15 August 1118 3975: 3969: 3968: 3950: 3940: 3908: 3907:27 March 1078 – 3902: 3901: 3880: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3814:1 October 1071 3813: 3807: 3806: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3738: 3728: 3716: 3709: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3610: 3591:George Maniakes 3551: 3545: 3544: 3512:31 August 1056 3511: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3383: 3382:11 April 1034 – 3377: 3376: 3372: 3346: 3341:Ῥωμανὸς Ἀργυρός 3340: 3339: 3303: 3302: 3271:Basil Lekapenos 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3213:10 January 976 3212: 3206: 3205: 3166: 3165:16 August 963 – 3161:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς 3160: 3159: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3062: 3056: 3055: 2993:9 November 959 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983:Porphyrogenitus 2981: 2978:Constantine VII 2954: 2948: 2947: 2909: 2908:29 August 886 – 2903: 2902: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2838: 2828: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2768:20 January 842 2767: 2766:2 October 829 – 2761: 2760: 2733:Thomas the Slav 2727:Born in 770 at 2718: 2712: 2711: 2693: 2687: 2667: 2654: 2649:Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος 2648: 2647: 2629: 2620:as co-emperor. 2606: 2605:2 October 811 – 2600: 2599: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2504: 2498: 2466: 2454:31 October 802 2453: 2452:19 August 797 – 2447: 2446: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2341:2 November 743 2340: 2334: 2333: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2259: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2221: 2215: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2163: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2118: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2073:4 November 711 2072: 2071:21 August 705 – 2065:(second reign) 2064: 2032: 2031: 1996: 1995: 1978: 1972: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1911:, repelled the 1890: 1889:September 668 – 1882: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1842: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1789:5 November 641 1785: 1776: 1775: 1741: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1694: 1681: 1680:5 October 610 – 1675: 1674: 1657: 1651: 1633: 1624: 1623: 1606: 1581:Born in 539 at 1572: 1571:14 August 582 – 1564: 1562: 1561: 1531: 1518: 1517:5 October 578 – 1510: 1508: 1507: 1482: 1469: 1460: 1459: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1373: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1333: 1327: 1306:raids into the 1255: 1249: 1248: 1221: 1220:9 January 475 – 1215: 1214: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1081: 1075: 1074: 993:18 January 474 992: 986: 985: 967: 961: 933:27 January 457 932: 931:25 August 450 – 923: 922: 892: 886: 885: 839: 833: 832: 799:17 January 395 798: 792: 791: 788: 772: 766: 744:19 January 379 743: 734: 733: 703: 697: 696: 665: 657: 655: 654: 637: 631: 619: 606: 598: 596: 595: 578: 567:Sassanid Persia 556: 548: 546: 545: 488:3 November 361 487: 479: 477: 476: 385: 377: 375: 374: 371: 355: 349: 82: 80: 74: 56: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9436: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9393: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9287: 9282: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9164: 9152: 9147: 9123: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9083:Theodora (III) 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8979: 8974: 8962: 8950: 8945: 8933: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8898:Constantine VI 8895: 8890: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:Theodosius III 8859: 8854: 8849: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8807:Constantine IV 8804: 8799: 8787: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8665:Eastern Empire 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548:Western Empire 8541: 8540: 8533: 8521:Magnus Maximus 8517: 8515:Valentinian II 8512: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8447:Constantius II 8444: 8442:Constantine II 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8141:Antoninus Pius 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8064:27 BC – AD 235 8057: 8056: 8044: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8021: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7480:Byzantine Bath 7477: 7471: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7399:Constantinople 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Byzantine Rite 7149: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7038:Grand domestic 7035: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7004:Komnenian army 7000: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6879:Military units 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6849:Battle tactics 6845: 6839: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6541:Medieval Greek 6533: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6510: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6296:Fourth Crusade 6287: 6285: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:Macedonian era 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6186:Theodosian era 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6118: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6030: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844:by time period 5842:Roman emperors 5838: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5775: 5768: 5744: 5737: 5713: 5706: 5682: 5675: 5651: 5631: 5618: 5611: 5587: 5580: 5556: 5549: 5525: 5518: 5498: 5491: 5467: 5460: 5436: 5423: 5420:978-1409436089 5396: 5363: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5325:Constantine II 5312: 5303: 5265: 5249:Regnal numbers 5240: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5166: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5112: 5102: 5091:Constantine XI 5087: 5079: 5078: 5065: 5057:21 July 1425 – 5055: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5016: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4982: 4981:(third reign) 4975: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4948: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4918:14 April 1390 4914: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4880: 4870: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4830: 4818: 4810: 4809: 4790: 4782:15 July 1341 – 4780: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4739: 4729: 4721:Andronikos III 4717: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4696: 4684: 4676: 4675: 4672:Andronikos III 4659: 4649: 4637: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4611: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4549: 4539: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4465: 4455: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4412: 4406:November 1221 4402: 4390: 4382: 4381: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4351: 4345:12 April 1204 4341: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4308:19 July 1203 – 4306: 4294: 4286: 4285: 4278:Fourth Crusade 4274: 4266:8 April 1195 – 4264: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4229: 4211: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4157: 4144: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4103: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4063:8 April 1143 – 4061: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4022: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3982: 3974:1 April 1081 – 3972: 3960: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3925:Anatolic Theme 3915: 3905: 3897:Nikephoros III 3893: 3885: 3884: 3866: 3860:24 March 1078 3856: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3810: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3770: 3760: 3748: 3740: 3739: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3703: 3693: 3681: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3634: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3558: 3550:12 June 1042 – 3548: 3540:Constantine IX 3536: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3499: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3426:20 April 1042 3422: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3380: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3347:11 April 1034 3343: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3267: 3257: 3244: 3236: 3235: 3219: 3209: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3173: 3163: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3131:Joseph Bringas 3126: 3116: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3077:John Kourkouas 3069: 3059: 3047: 3039: 3038: 2999: 2989: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2940: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2906: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2870: 2864:29 August 886 2860: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2798: 2792:"the Drunkard" 2786: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2764: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2725: 2719:2 October 829 2715: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2661: 2651: 2645:"the Armenian" 2639: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2603: 2601:Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ 2591: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2572:2 October 811 2568: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2536: 2526: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2500:Main article: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2460: 2450: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2416:19 August 797 2412: 2405:Constantine VI 2401: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2379: 2377:Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος 2367: 2359: 2358: 2347: 2337: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2253: 2245:25 March 717 – 2243: 2241:Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος 2237:"the Isaurian" 2231: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2194: 2187:Theodosius III 2183: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2145: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2115: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2079: 2066: 2056: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1946: 1945:(first reign) 1925: 1917: 1916: 1900: 1887: 1874:Constantine IV 1870: 1862: 1861: 1849: 1836: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1795: 1782: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1748: 1738: 1723: 1715: 1714: 1688: 1678: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1634:5 October 610 1630: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1579: 1569: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1525: 1519:14 August 582 1515: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1476: 1470:5 October 578 1466: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1424: 1414: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1376:at Bederiana ( 1367: 1357: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1300:Acacian Schism 1262: 1254:11 April 491 – 1252: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1218: 1207: 1199: 1198: 1195:Acacian Schism 1133: 1119:9 January 475 1115: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1078: 1066: 1058: 1057: 999: 989: 977: 969: 968: 965:Leonid dynasty 960: 957: 954: 953: 939: 929: 915: 907: 906: 899: 889: 878: 870: 869: 846: 836: 825: 817: 816: 805: 795: 782: 774: 773: 765: 762: 759: 758: 755:Magnus Maximus 750: 742:9 August 378 – 740: 726: 718: 717: 710: 702:28 March 364 – 700: 689: 681: 680: 672: 662: 656:Οὐαλεντινιανός 647: 639: 638: 630: 627: 624: 623: 613: 603: 588: 580: 579: 577: 574: 571: 570: 563: 553: 543:"the Apostate" 537: 529: 528: 494: 484: 473:Constantius II 469: 461: 460: 457:Constantinople 392: 382: 365: 357: 356: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 332: 230:historiography 187:Ottoman Empire 175:Constantinople 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 114:Constantine XI 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 77:Constantine XI 70: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9435: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9387: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8965:Theodora (II) 8963: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8873: 8872:Constantine V 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8857:Anastasius II 8855: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8680:Theodosius II 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8488:Valentinian I 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8411: 8410:Constantine I 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Constantius I 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Encyclopedias 7850: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7776:Hellenization 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734:Everyday life 7732: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7706:Acritic songs 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7549:Hosios Loukas 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7342: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Monophysitism 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Armenian Rite 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7127: 7113: 7112:Naval battles 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:Protasekretis 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Komnenian era 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201:Heraclian era 6199: 6197: 6196:Justinian era 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5802: 5800:0-19-504652-8 5796: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5769:0-19-504652-8 5765: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5738:0-19-504652-8 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5707:0-19-504652-8 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5676:0-19-504652-8 5672: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5649:, p. 311 5646: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5612:0-19-504652-8 5608: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5581:0-19-504652-8 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5550:0-19-504652-8 5546: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5519:9780670020980 5515: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5492:0-19-504652-8 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5461:0-19-504652-8 5457: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5330: 5329:Heraclius II. 5326: 5322: 5316: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5167: 5164: 5153: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5116:Helena Dragaš 5113: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020:21 July 1425 5017: 5011: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4916:1 July 1379 – 4915: 4911: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4862:Andronikos IV 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4824:Kantakouzenos 4823: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4733:15 June 1341 4731:24 May 1328 – 4730: 4724: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4641:Andronikos II 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4466: 4464: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4268:18 July 1203 4265: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4215:8 April 1195 4212: 4206: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4158: 4156: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026:8 April 1143 4023: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994:First Crusade 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909:1 April 1081 3906: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3752:Constantine X 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3722: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Leo Tornikios 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3513: 3503:12 June 1042 3500: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3465:12 June 1042 3462: 3456: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3416:"the Caulker" 3415: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3155:Nikephoros II 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:Sayf al-Dawla 3132: 3127: 3125: 3120:15 March 963 3117: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3034:De ceremoniis 3029: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3011:Sayf al-Dawla 3008: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2709:"the Amorian" 2708: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2662: 2660: 2653:11 July 813 – 2652: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2570:26 July 811 – 2569: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2305:18 June 741 – 2304: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2292:Constantine V 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2238: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2198:25 March 717 2195: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2149:Anastasius II 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127:A general of 2126: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2009:General from 2008: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Monothelitism 1906: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1877:"the Younger" 1875: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1834: 1827: 1826:"the Bearded" 1824: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1784:11 February – 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Fabia Eudokia 1749: 1747: 1740:11 February – 1739: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1689: 1687: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1526: 1524: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1416:1 April 527 – 1415: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1366: 1361:1 August 527 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:heterochromia 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1082:November 474 1079: 1076:Λέων ὁ μικρός 1073: 1071: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1054:Tarasicodissa 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1004: 1000: 998: 990: 984: 982: 975: 970: 966: 955: 951: 947: 944: 940: 938: 930: 927: 921: 920: 913: 908: 904: 900: 898: 890: 884: 883: 882:Theodosius II 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 845: 837: 831: 830: 823: 818: 814: 810: 806: 804: 796: 790: 787: 780: 775: 771: 760: 756: 751: 749: 741: 738: 732: 731: 724: 719: 715: 711: 709: 704:9 August 378 701: 695: 694: 687: 682: 678: 673: 671: 666:28 March 364 664:26 February – 663: 660: 659:Valentinianus 653: 652: 651:Valentinian I 645: 640: 636: 625: 614: 612: 605:27 June 363 – 604: 601: 594: 593: 586: 581: 572: 568: 564: 562: 554: 551: 544: 542: 535: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 485: 482: 475: 474: 467: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414:. Proclaimed 413: 409: 406: 405: 397: 393: 391: 384:25 July 306 – 383: 380: 373: 370: 369:Constantine I 363: 358: 354: 343: 339: 336: 333: 330: 329: 326: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 274: 269: 268: 263: 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 166: 162: 159: 156: 153:Unspecified, 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 104:Constantine I 102: 98: 93: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73: 72:Last to reign 68: 63: 59: 52: 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:Constantine I 19: 9295:Andronikos V 9293: 9276: 9224: 9192: 9170: 9158: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9117: 9111: 9024: 9018: 9012: 8985: 8968: 8956: 8939: 8927: 8921: 8908:Nikephoros I 8883: 8882: 8876: 8843: 8840:Justinian II 8835:Tiberius III 8825:Justinian II 8816: 8810: 8793: 8745: 8717:Anastasius I 8708: 8652: 8648:Julius Nepos 8640: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8562: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8519: 8510:Theodosius I 8497: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8427:Maximinus II 8414: 8316: 8299: 8286: 8280: 8268: 8256: 8189: 8151:Lucius Verus 8051: 7717: 7485:Hagia Sophia 7467:Thessalonica 7442:Hagia Sophia 7422:Chora Church 7360:Architecture 7237:Great Schism 7227:Paulicianism 7205:Miaphysitism 7060:Karabisianoi 6513: 6364:or territory 6324:Thessalonica 6308:Latin Empire 6303:Frankokratia 6278: 6238:Isaurian era 6225: 6156: 6141: 6137:Roman Empire 6127: 6032: 5860:Roman Empire 5788: 5778: 5757: 5747: 5726: 5716: 5695: 5685: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5634: 5626: 5625:McKay/Hill, 5621: 5600: 5590: 5569: 5559: 5538: 5528: 5508: 5501: 5480: 5470: 5449: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5411: 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5383:the original 5376: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5306: 5292:(1): 26–33. 5289: 5285: 5273: 5268: 5244: 5177:Lists portal 5107: 5106:29 May 1453 5090: 5068: 5060: 5046: 5021: 5007: 4987: 4963:Thessalonica 4953: 4939: 4919: 4875: 4874:1 July 1379 4861: 4833: 4821: 4785: 4771: 4734: 4720: 4699: 4687: 4654: 4653:24 May 1328 4640: 4616: 4603:Michael VIII 4602: 4544: 4530: 4509: 4495: 4476:Latin Empire 4460: 4446: 4407: 4393: 4346: 4332: 4311: 4297: 4269: 4255: 4216: 4202: 4152: 4136:Andronikos I 4135: 4111: 4094: 4066: 4052: 4027: 4013: 3990:Seljuk Turks 3977: 3963: 3918: 3910: 3896: 3861: 3847: 3815: 3801: 3765: 3764:23 May 1067 3751: 3698: 3684: 3647: 3639: 3623: 3599:Great Schism 3587:Seljuk Turks 3553: 3539: 3514: 3504: 3487: 3466: 3452: 3427: 3413: 3385: 3368: 3348: 3334: 3321:and exiled. 3309: 3297: 3262: 3247: 3214: 3200: 3168: 3154: 3121: 3103: 3064: 3050: 3032: 3014: 2994: 2991:6 June 913 – 2976: 2956: 2953:11 May 912 – 2943: 2911: 2904:Λέων ὁ Σοφός 2897: 2872:Born in the 2865: 2851: 2803: 2789: 2769: 2755: 2720: 2706: 2656: 2642: 2608: 2607:11 July 813 2594: 2573: 2559: 2538: 2531: 2530:26 July 811 2518:Nikephoros I 2517: 2455: 2442: 2417: 2410:Κωνσταντῖνος 2403: 2384: 2373:"the Khazar" 2370: 2342: 2328: 2308: 2290: 2248: 2247:18 June 741 2234: 2199: 2185: 2165: 2162:4 June 713 – 2156: 2148: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2074: 2060:Justinian II 2059: 2038: 2027:Tiberius III 2026: 2002: 1990: 1952: 1940: 1929:Justinian II 1927: 1895: 1894:10 July 685 1884:Constantinus 1883: 1873: 1844: 1843:15 July 668 1832: 1822: 1790: 1778: 1777:Ἡρακλεωνᾶς, 1770: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1683: 1669: 1635: 1626: 1618: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1539: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1471: 1462: 1454: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1362: 1359:9 July 518 – 1353: 1345: 1283: 1275:silentiarius 1273: 1257: 1244:Anastasius I 1243: 1223: 1209: 1144: 1128:9 April 491 1126:August 476 – 1120: 1106: 1091: 1083: 1080:18 January – 1072:"the Little" 1069: 1008:400, and of 994: 980: 942: 934: 925: 917: 894: 893:28 July 450 880: 854:Roman Empire 849: 841: 827: 800: 786:Theodosius I 785: 745: 736: 728: 705: 691: 667: 658: 649: 608: 599: 590: 558: 557:26 June 363 549: 540: 522: 511:Hagia Sophia 507:Nicene Creed 489: 486:22 May 337 – 480: 471: 446: 423: 415: 402: 387: 378: 368: 317: 302: 294: 284: 280: 271: 265: 259: 249: 218:Theodosius I 214:Roman Empire 211: 199: 190: 172: 164:Pretender(s) 154: 140:Great Palace 75: 71: 40: 9354:(1224–1242) 9348:(1204–1461) 9137:Konstantios 9014:Christopher 8987:Constantine 8977:Michael III 8958:Constantine 8941:Constantine 8923:Theophylact 8852:Philippicus 8802:Constans II 8727:Justinian I 8623:Severus III 8571:Constans II 8325:Claudius II 8301:Silbannacus 8248:Gordian III 8223:Maximinus I 8191:Diadumenian 7968:Megali Idea 7943:Byzantinism 7646:Agriculture 7437:Hagia Irene 7270:Kievan Rus' 7247:Mount Athos 7070:Cibyrrhaeot 7014:Vestiaritai 6869:Mercenaries 6746:Catepanates 6605:Sakellarios 6524:Family tree 6449:Mesopotamia 6268:Angelid era 6248:Amorian era 6053:(1224–1246) 6047:(1204–1461) 6041:(1204–1261) 6035:(395–1453) 5997:Tetrarchies 5865:Family tree 5257:patronymics 5132:Turahan Bey 5049:Palaiologos 5010:Palaiologos 4942:Palaiologos 4887: 1352 4864:Palaiologos 4842:Palaiologoi 4774:Palaiologos 4723:Palaiologos 4690:Palaiologos 4643:Palaiologos 4605:Palaiologos 4583:Palaiologos 4568: 1305 4496:Theodore II 4472: 1192 4419: 1174 4256:Alexios III 4164: 1118 3899:Botaneiates 3881: 1090 3874:Constantine 3848:Michael VII 3782:Konstantios 3717: 1061 3710: 1005 3463:21 April – 3335:Romanos III 3089:Christopher 3087:(alongside 3085:Constantine 2955:6 June 913 2910:11 May 912 2790:Michael III 2672:Constantine 2618:Theophylact 2264:Germanikeia 2119:3 June 713 2103:Philippicus 2029:(Apsimarus) 1941:Iustinianus 1823:Constans II 1803:Constans II 1742:25 May 641 1505:Constantine 1503:Tiberius II 1461:Ἰουστῖνος, 1404:"the Great" 1402:Justinian I 1352:Ἰουστῖνος, 1270:Dyrrhachium 1256:9 July 518 1222:August 476 1187:Monophysite 1085:(10 months) 1036:to recover 924:Μαρκιανός, 891:1 May 408 – 789:"the Great" 735:Γρατιανός, 478:Κωνστάντιος 408:Constantius 386:22 May 337 372:"the Great" 241:Charlemagne 191:symbasileis 131:29 May 1453 9402:Categories 9131:Andronikos 9119:Nikephoros 9068:Michael IV 9033:Romanos II 8953:Theophilos 8948:Michael II 8929:Staurakios 8913:Staurakios 8885:Nikephoros 8878:Artabasdos 8790:Heraclonas 8747:Theodosius 8705:Basiliscus 8465:Nepotianus 8458:Magnentius 8452:Constans I 8405:Severus II 8385:Diocletian 8330:Quintillus 8295:Aemilianus 8288:Volusianus 8233:Gordian II 8198:Elagabalus 8061:Principate 7963:Third Rome 7889:University 7872:Philosophy 7862:Inventions 7725:Historians 7693:Literature 7676:Varangians 7518:San Vitale 7447:Hippodrome 7427:City Walls 7327:Mutilation 7322:Hexabiblos 7242:Bogomilism 7232:Iconoclasm 7102:Megas doux 7092:Greek fire 7075:Aegean Sea 6948:Kleisourai 6925:Excubitors 6915:Bucellarii 6767:Despotates 6736:Kleisourai 6675:Provincial 6519:Coronation 6493:Governance 6258:Doukid era 6191:Leonid era 5955:(235–284) 5882:Principate 5338:References 5070:autokrator 4688:Michael IX 4664:Michael IX 4581:See also: 4404:May 1205 – 4394:Theodore I 4372:See also: 4319:February. 4298:Alexios IV 4181:See also: 4095:Alexios II 3942:See also: 3802:Romanos IV 3778:Andronikos 3730:See also: 3663:See also: 3624:Michael VI 3597:, and the 3542:Monomachos 3524:Michael VI 3501:21 April – 3369:Michael IV 3105:Romanos II 2949:Ἀλέξανδρος 2900:"the Wise" 2882:Paulicians 2830:See also: 2757:Theophilos 2707:Michael II 2689:See also: 2668: 755 2566:Σταυράκιος 2561:Staurakios 2483:veneration 2479:iconoclasm 2467: 752 2339:June 741 – 2335:Ἀρτάβασδος 2330:Artabasdos 2260: 685 2217:See also: 2196:late 715 – 2105:(Bardanes) 2037:698 – 705 2001:695 – 698 1954:(10 years) 1772:Heraclonas 1695: 575 1653:See also: 1591:Theodosius 1587:Cappadocia 1536:Excubitors 1532: 535 1483: 520 1386:Excubitors 1374: 450 1329:See also: 1216:Βασιλίσκος 1211:Basiliscus 1185:. His pro- 1175:Ostrogoths 1155:Basiliscus 1034:expedition 963:See also: 860:, and the 840:1 May 408 768:See also: 633:See also: 620: 332 499:Magnentius 431:Diocletian 351:See also: 304:Autokrator 158:hereditary 123:11 May 330 48:the Romans 9373:Classical 9358:Empresses 9342:(286–296) 9336:(267–273) 9330:(260–274) 9073:Michael V 8999:Alexander 8812:Heraclius 8780:Heraclius 8732:Justin II 8642:Glycerius 8629:Anthemius 8499:Procopius 8437:Martinian 8416:Maxentius 8345:Florianus 8318:Saloninus 8313:Gallienus 8282:Hostilian 8258:Philip II 8228:Gordian I 8176:Caracalla 8111:Vespasian 8106:Vitellius 7791:Octoechos 7671:Silk Road 7163:Hesychasm 7031:Paramonai 6978:Hetaireia 6910:Foederati 6799:Diplomacy 6794:Diplomats 6700:Provinces 6529:Empresses 6332:Trebizond 6128:Preceding 6029:(395–476) 6017:(378–455) 6011:(364–392) 6005:(305–363) 5999:(293–313) 5987:(286–297) 5981:(260–274) 5973:(268–284) 5967:(238–244) 5943:(193–235) 5937:(192–193) 5389:25 August 5136:Mehmed II 5077:in 1439. 5047:John VIII 5008:Manuel II 4891:Selymbria 4846:civil war 4333:Alexios V 4154:(2 years) 4113:(3 years) 3964:Alexios I 3920:strategos 3786:his widow 3579:Pechenegs 3414:Michael V 3203:Tzimiskes 3185:Theophano 3053:Lekapenos 3051:Romanos I 2944:Alexander 2595:Michael I 2268:Commagene 2192:Θεοδόσιος 2164:late 715 2112:Filepicus 2040:(7 years) 2004:(3 years) 1779:Heraclius 1676:Ἡράκλειος 1671:Heraclius 1595:Chalcedon 1583:Arabissus 1456:Justin II 1432:Macedonia 1428:Tauresium 1310:and by a 1246:"Dicorus" 1191:Henotikon 1046:Isaurians 1040:from the 946:Pulcheria 926:Marcianus 903:Anthemius 887:Θεοδόσιος 737:Gratianus 453:Byzantium 331:Portrait 319:Dynasties 293:, though 291:sovereign 273:Imperator 256:Heraclius 206:Byzantium 150:Appointer 136:Residence 128:Abolition 120:Formation 9368:Usurpers 9363:Augustae 9321:See also 9226:Nicholas 9048:Basil II 8845:Tiberius 8830:Leontius 8818:Tiberius 8795:Tiberius 8773:610–1453 8768:Eastern/ 8722:Justin I 8675:Arcadius 8635:Olybrius 8617:Majorian 8558:Honorius 8537:Eugenius 8472:Vetranio 8422:Licinius 8395:Galerius 8390:Maximian 8375:Dominate 8365:Numerian 8335:Aurelian 8308:Valerian 8253:Philip I 8243:Balbinus 8238:Pupienus 8186:Macrinus 8161:Pertinax 8156:Commodus 8121:Domitian 8086:Claudius 8081:Caligula 8076:Tiberius 8071:Augustus 7884:Scholars 7877:Rhetoric 7867:Medicine 7842:Learning 7741:Calendar 7618:Painters 7317:Basilika 7255:Bulgaria 7217:Arianism 7168:Hayhurum 7145:Religion 7107:Admirals 7026:Allagion 6958:Droungos 6864:Generals 6826:Military 6789:Treaties 6695:Dioceses 6514:Emperors 6427:Sardinia 6407:Dalmatia 6387:Bulgaria 6377:Anatolia 6336:Theodoro 6330: / 6326: / 6318: / 5931:(96–192) 5892:Dominate 5643:(1988). 5406:(2013) " 5298:41540754 5149:See also 4940:John VII 4895:appanage 4756:Thessaly 4533:Laskaris 4498:Laskaris 4449:Vatatzes 4447:John III 4396:Laskaris 4374:Laskaris 4233:Bulgaria 4203:Isaac II 4138:Komnenos 4097:Komnenos 4055:Komnenos 4053:Manuel I 4016:Komnenos 3988:and the 3966:Komnenos 3944:Komnenos 3929:Komnenos 3804:Diogenes 3687:Komnenos 3665:Komnenos 3585:and the 3573:and the 3488:Theodora 3437:Theodora 3248:Basil II 2928:Simeon I 2813:Theodora 2762:Θεόφιλος 2135:troops. 2133:Opsician 2129:Armenian 2087:Tiberius 1997:Λεόντιος 1992:Leontius 1858:Mizizios 1854:Syracuse 1463:Iustinus 1430:(Taor), 1382:Dardania 1354:Iustinus 1347:Justin I 1298:and the 1092:Augustus 1038:Carthage 1001:Born in 950:gangrene 866:Honorius 850:Augustus 834:Ἀρκάδιος 829:Arcadius 809:Eugenius 679:in 375. 597:Ἰοβιανός 524:Caesares 503:Arianism 435:Dominate 427:Licinius 424:Augustus 416:Augustus 404:Augustus 394:Born at 295:Augustus 286:Basileus 281:Augustus 261:Augustus 238:Frankish 226:Augustus 181:, which 155:de facto 55:Imperial 9378:Eastern 9278:Matthew 9172:Alexios 9020:Stephen 8982:Basil I 8867:Leo III 8742:Maurice 8685:Marcian 8668:395–610 8592:Joannes 8551:395–480 8505:Gratian 8378:284–610 8360:Carinus 8340:Tacitus 8216:235–285 8136:Hadrian 7993:Outline 7938:Museums 7838:Science 7815:Slavery 7771:Gardens 7751:Cuisine 7683:Dynatoi 7651:Coinage 7638:Economy 7606:Mosaics 7569:Mystras 7510:Ravenna 7372:Secular 7260:Moravia 7009:Pronoia 6983:Akritai 6968:Tagmata 6943:Themata 6884:Revolts 6854:Battles 6762:Kephale 6731:Themata 6661:Mesazon 6503:Central 6439:Maghreb 6392:Corsica 6382:Armenia 6372:Albania 6115:History 5925:(69–96) 5919:(68–69) 5787:(ed.). 5756:(ed.). 5725:(ed.). 5694:(ed.). 5663:(ed.). 5599:(ed.). 5568:(ed.). 5537:(ed.). 5479:(ed.). 5448:(ed.). 5275:Flavius 4822:John VI 4561:blinded 4531:John IV 4359:blinded 4300:Angelos 4282:Nicaean 4258:Angelos 4237:blinded 4205:Angelos 4183:Angelos 4079:Hungary 4037:Alexios 4014:John II 3986:Normans 3923:of the 3832:blinded 3774:Michael 3685:Isaac I 3626:Bringas 3583:Balkans 3581:in the 3337:Argyros 3319:blinded 3228:crushed 3081:Stephen 3016:dynatoi 2920:Saracen 2852:Basil I 2735:, lost 2729:Amorium 2597:Rangabe 2427:blinded 2355:blinded 2235:Leo III 2011:Isauria 1961:Cherson 1799:Martina 1756:Martina 1625:Φωκᾶς, 1558:Maurice 1308:Balkans 1284:Dikoros 1280:Ariadne 1268:430 at 1171:Balkans 1159:Vandals 1141:Isauria 1139:425 in 1050:Ariadne 1042:Vandals 1010:Bessian 943:Augusta 919:Marcian 811:at the 730:Gratian 448:solidus 396:Naissus 309:Ῥωμαῖοι 267:Dominus 185:to the 95:Details 9140:& 9116:& 9023:& 8994:Leo VI 8970:Thekla 8926:& 8893:Leo IV 8815:& 8754:Phocas 8710:Marcus 8695:Leo II 8611:Avitus 8528:Victor 8493:Valens 8483:Jovian 8478:Julian 8350:Probus 8285:& 8265:Decius 8213:Crisis 8131:Trajan 8003:Portal 7918:Impact 7798:People 7746:Cities 7596:Enamel 7377:Sacred 7312:Ecloga 7178:Saints 7087:Dromon 6963:Bandon 6953:Tourma 6936:Middle 6859:Beacon 6741:Bandon 6724:Middle 6593:Middle 6548:Senate 6471:Thrace 6454:Serbia 6432:Sicily 6417:Greece 6402:Cyprus 6320:Epirus 6316:Nicaea 6226:Middle 6103:topics 5880:Early 5797: 5766: 5735: 5704: 5673: 5609: 5578: 5547: 5516: 5489: 5458: 5418: 5296: 4893:as an 4772:John V 4752:Epirus 4480:Epirus 4427:Nicaea 3754:Doukas 3732:Doukas 3566:Lesbos 3398:Sicily 3201:John I 3181:Phokas 3157:Phokas 2898:Leo VI 2817:Bardas 2471:Athens 2448:Εἰρήνη 2371:Leo IV 2083:Bulgar 1807:Senate 1620:Phocas 1541:Caesar 1487:Sophia 1304:Bulgar 1177:under 1167:Verina 1070:Leo II 698:Οὐάλης 693:Valens 592:Jovian 541:Julian 519:Julian 443:Nicaea 412:Helena 340:Notes 337:Reign 276:Caesar 34:, see 8936:Leo V 8903:Irene 8690:Leo I 8355:Carus 8126:Nerva 8116:Titus 8096:Galba 8048:Roman 7988:Index 7820:Death 7810:Women 7781:Music 7761:Dress 7756:Dance 7701:Novel 7661:Trade 7656:Mints 7601:Glass 7591:Icons 7387:Domes 7265:Serbs 7080:Samos 6893:Early 6683:Early 6557:Early 6466:Syria 6444:Malta 6422:Italy 6412:Egypt 6397:Crete 6328:Morea 6157:Early 5961:(238) 5294:JSTOR 5236:Notes 4467:Born 4414:Born 4168:Isaac 4159:Born 4075:Isaac 3705:Born 3560:Born 2737:Crete 2643:Leo V 2487:icons 2462:Born 2443:Irene 2255:Born 1690:Born 1627:Focas 1527:Born 1478:Born 1369:Born 1264:Born 1163:Illus 1151:Aspar 1135:Born 1022:Aspar 1003:Dacia 981:Leo I 615:Born 334:Name 252:title 234:papal 9292:(w. 9275:(w. 9223:(w. 9194:John 9191:(w. 9169:(w. 9157:(w. 9128:(w. 9110:(w. 9011:(w. 8984:(w. 8967:(w. 8955:(w. 8938:(w. 8920:(w. 8881:(w. 8842:(w. 8809:(w. 8792:(w. 8744:(w. 8707:(w. 8700:Zeno 8567:(w. 8524:(w. 8315:(w. 8279:(w. 8267:(w. 8255:(w. 8188:(w. 8181:Geta 8101:Otho 8091:Nero 8050:and 7786:Lyra 7666:silk 7277:Jews 7052:Navy 6997:Late 6837:Army 6804:Wars 6755:Late 6649:Late 6279:Late 5899:and 5795:ISBN 5764:ISBN 5733:ISBN 5702:ISBN 5671:ISBN 5607:ISBN 5576:ISBN 5545:ISBN 5514:ISBN 5487:ISBN 5456:ISBN 5416:ISBN 5391:2015 5361:..." 4754:and 4585:and 4376:and 4185:and 3946:and 3780:and 3734:and 3667:and 3593:and 3232:Rus' 3230:the 3083:and 2834:and 1316:Dara 1165:and 1108:Zeno 1030:West 517:and 410:and 311:and 250:The 183:fell 167:None 9113:Leo 9058:Zoe 8304:(?) 7583:Art 7287:Law 3453:Zoe 2485:of 2469:in 2262:in 1852:to 1380:), 1312:war 521:as 441:at 315:). 313:Rûm 243:as 9404:: 9134:, 9017:, 5638:* 5375:. 5346:^ 5290:47 5288:. 5284:. 4884:c. 4804:. 4570:. 4565:c. 4482:. 4469:c. 4416:c. 4161:c. 4147:c. 4108:c. 3878:c. 3830:, 3776:, 3719:. 3714:c. 3707:c. 3562:c. 3223:c. 3177:c. 3141:. 2930:. 2877:c. 2665:c. 2547:. 2464:c. 2278:. 2266:, 2257:c. 2069:c. 1949:c. 1892:c. 1860:. 1839:c. 1787:c. 1758:. 1701:, 1692:c. 1597:. 1585:, 1529:c. 1480:c. 1371:c. 1266:c. 1137:c. 1020:, 1006:c. 952:. 757:. 716:. 617:c. 569:. 399:c. 142:, 9298:) 9281:) 9229:) 9197:) 9175:) 9163:) 9146:) 9122:) 9029:) 8990:) 8973:) 8961:) 8944:) 8932:) 8889:) 8848:) 8821:) 8798:) 8750:) 8713:) 8575:) 8532:) 8321:) 8291:) 8273:) 8261:) 8194:) 8040:e 8033:t 8026:v 6338:) 6334:– 6322:– 6209:" 6205:" 6093:e 6086:t 6079:v 5834:e 5827:t 5820:v 5803:. 5772:. 5741:. 5710:. 5679:. 5615:. 5584:. 5553:. 5522:. 5495:. 5464:. 5393:. 5300:. 38:. 20:)

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