1129:
855:
485:
138:
556:
1208:
131:
31:
1157:, an Inca waystation, on the road between San Pedro de Atacama and Inca territories in present-day Bolivia. This interpretation is not mutually exclusive with the former. The whole Licancabur complex was one of the most important in the region, and may have been part of a wider regional religious centre. The archaeological sites on Licancabur are sometimes interpreted to be part of a lookout system for the region, or as a symbol of Inca dominance in the San Pedro de Atacama area. The
1078:. The flank lava flows are the most recent activity. There are no known historical or Holocene eruptions, and the preservation of Inca ruins in the summit crater implies that it has been inactive for 600–1000 years. However, the elevated temperatures of the summit crater lake imply there is still heat in the volcano, and lava flows overran 13,240 ± 100 years old shorelines at Laguna Verde.
1137:
Licancabur, which was not permanently inhabited. Both Inca and local pottery styles have been found there. From Tambo de
Licancabur, a zig-zag path led up to the mountain, along which there are further Inca structures from which Tambo de Licancabur was visible; today the path is largely destroyed or blocked by
4013:
Godoy, Benigno; Wörner, Gerhard; Le Roux, Petrus; de Silva, Shanaka; Parada, Miguel Ángel; Kojima, Shoji; González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Morata, Diego; Polanco, Edmundo; Martínez, Paula (July 2017). "Sr- and Nd- isotope variations along the
Pleistocene San Pedro – Linzor volcanic chain, N. Chile: Tracking
869:
and large day-night temperature differences. On the summit, daytime temperatures range between 5 – −25 °C (41 – −13 °F) and nighttime temperatures between −25 – −40 °C (−13 – −40 °F). Annual mean precipitation at
Licancabur is estimated to reach 360 millimetres
1058:
distinguishable through their appearance and chemistry: The basal unit, which crops out at the western and northeastern foot of the volcano and are the most primitive magmas; the intermediate unit, which forms most of its western and southern sectors; and the upper unit, which forms the central cone
495:
Licancabur is a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) high and 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) wide uneroded symmetrical cone with steep slopes. The mountain dominates its surroundings. The summit at 5,916 metres (19,409 ft) elevation is capped by a 500 metres (1,600 ft)-400 metres (1,300 ft) wide
3460:
Cavieres, Lohengrin A.; Arroyo, Mary T.K.; Posadas, Paula; Marticorena, Clodomiro; Matthei, Oscar; Rodríguez, Roberto; Squeo, Francisco A.; Arancio, Gina (2002). "Identification of priority areas for conservation in an arid zone: application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in the vascular flora
1085:
deems it a low-hazard volcano, Chile's 68th most dangerous volcano out of 87 as of 2023. Future eruptive processes will probably involve the emission of lava or pyroclastic flows from the summit and the flanks of
Licancabur, especially the western one. The volcano is remote from inhabited areas and
1094:
Prehistoric manmade constructions are widespread on the mountains of the region, including
Licancabur and Juriques. The complex on Licancabur includes multiple structures with mostly semicircular or rectangular shapes and a ceremonial platform, all in the eastern part of the crater. The structures
1226:
Licancabur is frequently climbed from the
Bolivian side. It can be ascended year round, although more caution is needed during winter. Ascents take six hours, descents about half that. There is a wide panorama from the summit. Bad weather can develop quickly, and ascending Licancabur is difficult
1136:
Another site, Tambo de
Licancabur or Tambo Licancabur, lies at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) elevation on the northeastern foot of Licancabur. It consists of over a hundred man-made structures and a 70 metres (230 ft) long public square. More than a hundred people could stay at Tambo de
4056:
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; le Roux, Petrus; Godoy, Benigno; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Menzies, Andrew (November 2019). "The great escape: Petrogenesis of low-silica volcanism of
Pliocene to Quaternary age associated with the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of northern Chile
3928:
Giovanelli, Riccardo; Darling, Jeremy; Sarazin, Marc; Yu, Jennifer; Harvey, Paul; Henderson, Charles; Hoffman, William; Keller, Luke; Barry, Don; Cordes, James; Eikenberry, Stephen; Gull, George; Harrington, Joseph; Smith, J. D.; Stacey, Gordon; Swain, Mark (1 July 2001).
504:
in the crater is one of the highest lakes in the world. The western slopes are better developed than the eastern. The total volume of the volcano is about 35 cubic kilometres (8.4 cu mi) or 44 cubic kilometres (11 cu mi), formed by layers of
1199:, and the mountain vigorously defends against violations of its summit; allegedly the 1953 Calama earthquake was in retaliation for the ascent of the mountain in that year. Whether there are legends of Inca treasury associated with Licancabur is unclear.
4095:
Grandjean, D.; DRISS, F.; SERGHERAERT, R.; VALETTE, J.; MICHEL, A.; LUIGI, R. (1996). "CONSEQUENCES BIOLOGIQUES ET NUTRITIONNELLES DU TRAVAIL EN HAUTE ALTITUDE CHEZ LE CHIEN DE RECHERCHE: EXPEDITION SCIENTIFIQUE CHIENS DES CIMES-LICANCABUR 1996".
3372:
Cabrol, N. A.; Grin, E. A.; McKay, C. P.; Friedmann, I.; Diaz, G. Chong; Demergasso, C.; Kisse, K.; Grigorszky, I.; Ocampo
Friedmann, R.; Hock, A.; Fike, D. A.; Tambley, C.; Escudero, L.; Murbach, M. S.; Devore, E.; Grigsby, B. H. (March 2003).
369:
for religious and cultural ceremonies, and are among the most important in the region. The mountain is the subject of a number of myths, which view it as the husband of another mountain, the hiding place of Inca or the burial of an Inca king.
4404:
1191:'s mythology it is a source of water. In another myth Licancabur is the tomb of a legless Inca king that was carried around the region in a litter. A final tale says that once, the crater lake had fresh water. When Inca fled from
591:. The subduction is still ongoing at a rate of 6.6 centimetres per year (2.6 in/year) and is responsible for the volcanism in the Andes, as fluids emanating from the downgoing plate trigger melting within the overlying
1218:
The mountain was first ascended by the Inca or the
Atacameno people. The first documented ascent was by Severo Titichoca in November 1884, and the first by Westerners in 22 November 1953 by a group of engineers in
3395:
3551:
1172:
until the 20th century. Licancabur was important in local cultural rituals, and is to this day used in culturally important events. At least one burial in a local cemetery was oriented to Licancabur.
418:"mountain"; it may refer to the archaeological sites at the mountain. The name of the volcano has also been translated as "upper village". Other names are Licancáguar, Licancaur (which is another
524:
emanate from the summit crater and surround the cone, reaching distances of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the summit west of Licancabur. The flows are 10–50 metres (33–164 ft) thick
466:
5005:
3912:
917:
at low elevations. There is a vertical structure, with cushion plants and tussocks dominating between 3,850–4,200 metres (12,630–13,780 ft) elevation, widely spaced
4364:
Montgomery, K.; Mundt, C.; Thonier, G.; Tellier, A.; Udoh, U.; Barker, V.; Ricks, R.; Giovangrandi, L.; Davies, P.; Cagle, Y.; Swain, J.; Hines, J.; Kovacs, G. (2004).
4076:"EL NORTE GRANDE DURANTE EL CICLO DEL SALITRE: LA POLÍTICA SALITRERA Y LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EN LA FORMACIÓN DE UN ESPACIO TRANSFRONTERIZO (BOLIVIA Y CHILE, 1880–1929)"
1059:
and represents the most differentiated magmas. The older flows are found north and west of Licancabur, overlap with flows from Sairecabur and are partly buried by
4643:"Patrimonio, museos y arqueología: de la visibilidad de los pueblos indígenas a la institucionalización de los estudios arqueológicos en el Norte Grande de Chile"
768:-like suite, and are less crystalline than rocks of other CVZ volcanoes. The lavas were highly viscous, explaining why the Licancabur cone is so steep. The main
4296:"Geochemical variations in igneous rocks of the Central Andean orocline (13 S to 18 S): Tracing crustal thickening and magma generation through time and space"
5076:
Tibaldi, A.; Bonali, F.L.; Corazzato, C. (March 2017). "Structural control on volcanoes and magma paths from local- to orogen-scale: The central Andes case".
5489:
970:
3643:
3452:
3218:
3980:
Gjorup, Davi Feital; Francelino, Marcio Rocha; Michel, Roberto Ferreira Machado; Senra, Eduardo Osório; Schaefer, Carlos Ernesto G.R. (October 2019).
6220:
3550:
Chen, Bin; Cabrol, Nathalie; McKay, Christopher P.; Shi, Chao; Gu, Claire; Newhouse, Rebecca; Zhang, Jin; Lam, Tuling; Pei, Qibing (28 August 2008).
1244:
741:
cut through the basement in southeast direction and probably influenced the growth of Licancabur and Juriques. Some faults were active during the
4664:"Capítulo 6. Áreas naturales protegidas, frontera y turismo en los Andes: comparaciones entre la región araucano-norpatagónica y la circumpuneña"
4948:
4405:"A Sacred Mountain and the Art of "Impression Management": Analyzing a Mining Company's Encounter With Indigenous Communities in Atacama, Chile"
1141:. Tambo de Licancabur has been interpreted either as a site where, during festivities, people who could not ascent the mountain congregated – a
1101:(no mortar). Reports in 1887 and 1955 mention piles of wood. A semicircle of stones surrounding an upright stone has been compared to an altar,
3789:
3676:"Interregional interactions across the Southern Andes: Yavi-Chicha ceramic circulation in northern Chile during the Late pre-Hispanic periods"
1169:
701:
tectonic block that originated separately from South America. Between 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and 30 kilometres (19 mi) depth is the
1023:
5472:
4662:
Porcaro, Tania; Vejsbjerg, Laila; Benedetti, Alejandro (2018), Núñez, Paula; Núñez, Andrés; Tamagnini, Marcela; Matossian, Brenda (eds.),
1195:
to Licancabur, they hid their treasures. The waters of the lake turned bitter and its colour green. Ascending the mountain was considered
646:
and has a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide summit crater; the two volcanoes form an offset in the volcanic chain. Farther south next to
481:
between Argentina and Chile pass along the southern foot of Licancabur. In 1953, a road led to 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) elevation.
334:
emanate from the edifice and have a young appearance. Although no historic eruptions of the volcano are known, lava flows extending into
3419:"Los movimientos de los cazadores y recolectores en la Cordillera de Los Andes, entre la latitud 21º y 26º y longitud 67º 00' y 70º 22'"
87:
5521:
5017:
4796:
6190:
5009:
4332:
6255:
5169:"La tradición surandina del desierto: Etnobotánica del área del Salar de Atacama (Provincia de El Loa, Región de Antofagasta, Chile)"
1260:
that exists on Earth, and present-day conditions at the lakes around Licancabur may resemble these that formerly existed at lakes on
6185:
4075:
921:
between 2,700–3,100 metres (8,900–10,200 ft), and the highest plant density found between these belts. Some areas are used as
4886:
3653:"Aplicación de la metodología de valoración biogeográfica "LANBIOEVA" a las agrupaciones vegetales altoandinas de Atacama (Chile)"
473:
is 32 kilometres (20 mi) west of Licancabur while the adjacent region in Bolivia is largely uninhabited. The border crossing
5105:
Torres, Constantino Manuel; Repke, David B.; Chan, Kelvin; McKenna, Dennis; Llagostera, Agustin; Schultes, Richard Evans (1991).
1097:
6250:
3814:
3674:
Echenique, Ester; Nielsen, Axel E.; Avila, Florencia; Hayashida, Frances; Uribe, Mauricio; Gilstrap, William (November 2021).
5267:
5248:
4918:
Sepúlveda Rivera, Isabel; Molina Otárola, Raúl; Delgado-Serrano, María del Mar; Guerrero Ginel, José Emilio (December 2015).
4675:
4171:
3728:
3301:
454:
535:
The landscape around the volcano consists of basins separated by mountain chains. At the northeastern foot of Licancabur is
3651:
Díaz Sanz, Mª Cristina; Lozano Valencia, Pedro José; Roxana, Lebuy Castillo; Meaza Rodriguez, Guillermo (11 October 2022).
1179:, and the two are considered paramount mountains which protect the local communities and fertilize the ground during their
831:
6200:
5167:
Villagrán, Carolina; Castro, Victoria; Sánchez, Gilberto; Romo, Marcela; Latorre, Claudio; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe (1998).
4515:
4211:
Kussmaul, S.; Hörmann, P.K.; Ploskonka, E.; Subieta, T. (April 1977). "Volcanism and structure of southwestern Bolivia".
3396:"Mitigation of environmental extremes as a possible indicator of extended habitat sustainability for lakes on early Mars"
4295:
4043:
González, Maria A; Tello, Graciela; Fracchia, Diego; Solis, Natalia G. (January 2008). "Peligros geológicos en Jujuy".
3848:"Application of the Landsat Thematic Mapper to the identification of potentially active volcanoes in the central Andes"
5197:
4919:
4482:
599:(CVZ) extends from southern Peru over Bolivia to Chile and Argentina, it features the highest volcanoes in the world (
6245:
6240:
6215:
6205:
4385:
3129:(Report). Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Ambiental 17 (in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería
1299:
at Licancabur can reach values exceeding 40 have drawn scrutiny, as such high UV indices may not be plausible within
3375:
The Licancabur Project: Exploring the Limits of Life in the Highest Lake on Earth as an Analog to Martian Paleolakes
2489:
890:
the snowline may have decreased to 4,000–4,800 metres (13,100–15,700 ft) elevation but there is no evidence of
53:
3777:
5486:
3123:
604:
5293:
Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Feister, Uwe; Häder, Donat-Peter; Piazena, Helmut; Grin, Edmond A.; Klein, Andreas (2014).
3745:"Uyuni, capital turística de Bolivia. Aproximaciones antropológicas a un fenómeno visual posmoderno desbordante"
870:(14 in), decreasing to 200 metres (660 ft) at its base, but is highly variable in space and time. The
130:
6235:
6230:
5514:
882:, which extends to the Andes. Owing to the dry climate, snow cover on Licancabur is ephemeral and there are no
3124:
Peligros Volcánicos de la zona norte de Chile, Regiones de Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta y Atacama
1926:
611:
provinces on Earth. Licancabur is part of the southern CVZ, where there are over a thousand volcanoes. Older (
6210:
6195:
5481:
1128:
4537:"Pastoralism and the Non-Pastoral World in the Late Pre-Columbian History of the Southern Andes (1000–1535)"
3931:"The Optical/Infrared Astronomical Quality of High Atacama Sites. I. Preliminary Results of Optical Seeing"
3791:
El volcán Licancabur −22°56'S, 67°53'W, segunda región de Antofagasta-: Geología, petrografía y mineralogía
80:
4692:"ZONACION ALTITUDINAL DE LA VEGETACION EN EL NORTE ARIDO CHILENO, A LA LATITUD DEL TROPICO DE CAPRICORNIO"
2209:
361:
occur on the mountain, both on its summit and at its northeastern foot. They were built presumably by the
6225:
3607:
3338:
3143:
211:
3418:
1175:
There are several legends tied to the mountain: The male Licancabur was married to female Quimal in the
709:
that extends under the southern Altiplano and to Licancabur. At the volcano, the basement is covered by
5977:
5546:
4691:
1067:. Activity at Licancabur impacted the environment at Laguna Verde, causing changes in water chemistry.
5042:
4462:"Prospecciones arqueológicas en la reserva "Eduardo Avaroa" (Sud Lípez, Departamento Potosí, Bolivia)"
5864:
5507:
4955:
4432:
Diving at extreme altitude: dive planning and execution during the 2006 High Lakes Science Expedition
3982:"Pedoclimate monitoring in the periglacial high mountain soils of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile"
3652:
1184:
933:
702:
532:
deposit is found on the western side of Licancabur. The slopes of the mountain are notably unstable.
429:. The Inca conquered the region in the 14th century, with the Spaniards following in the 16th; today
4143:
3802:
3572:
4191:
937:
547:. Southwest of Licancabur are the Vilama and San Pedro rivers, which flow to San Pedro de Atacama.
6047:
5279:
El Licancabur tiene su historia, todos los cerros la tienen. Mitos, leyendas y fábulas altoandinas
4887:"PAISAJES MINERO-METALÚRGICOS INCAICOS EN ATACAMA Y EL ALTIPLANO SUR DE TARAPACÁ (NORTE DE CHILE)"
3881:"El viaje a Quillagua de Ricardo Latcham en 1932: notas y reflexiones desde un manuscrito inédito"
4439:
4196:
3708:
3260:
1153:
964:
6067:
4483:"ARQUEOLOGÍA, TURISMO Y COMUNIDADES ORIGINARIAS: UNA EXPERIENCIA EN NOR LÍPEZ (POTOSÍ, BOLIVIA)"
4460:
Nielsen, Axel E.; Vázquez, María Magdalena; Avalos, Julio C.; Angiorama, Carlos Ignacio (1999).
4370:
The 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
3531:"A la Sombra del Socompa: Ascensos a las Cimas de los volcanes Rosado, Mellado y Socompa Caipis"
647:
5729:
5469:
5458:
4577:
3675:
1286:
Other elevations have been reported, including heights exceeding 6,000 metres (20,000 ft).
1018:
993:
988:
560:
536:
465:
of Bolivia; the border goes over Licancabur. Less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south is the
335:
199:
4461:
3707:
Farrington, Ian (2022-12-31), Hayashida, Frances M.; Troncoso, Andrés; Salazar, Diego (eds.),
5719:
5679:
5147:
3637:
3446:
3317:
3212:
1300:
596:
285:
65:
6042:
5987:
5459:
Alcances sobre flora y vegetación de la Cordillera de Los Andes : Región de Antofagasta
5025:
3981:
3354:
854:
6052:
6022:
5919:
5794:
5656:
5530:
5427:
5349:
5338:"Response: "Comment on Record solar UV irradiance in the tropical Andes, by Cabrol et al.""
5306:
5085:
4917:
4849:
4808:
4594:
4344:
4307:
4220:
4151:
4122:
4023:
3993:
3952:
3859:
3826:
3687:
3398:. In Hoover, Richard B.; Levin, Gilbert V.; Rozanov, Alexei Y.; Davies, Paul C. W. (eds.).
3382:
3350:
2378:
2215:
1932:
1274:
1212:
976:
887:
866:
584:
470:
426:
301:
6082:
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5904:
4954:(Report) (in Spanish). Santiago: Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from
4670:, Aperturas (in Spanish), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina: Editorial UNRN, pp. 153–197,
4144:"UV and Life Adaptation Potential on Early Mars: Lessons From Extreme Terrestrial Analogs"
462:
8:
6007:
5611:
3363:
358:
187:
5431:
5353:
5310:
5107:"Snuff Powders from Pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and Contextual Analysis"
5089:
4985:
4853:
4812:
4598:
4348:
4311:
4224:
4155:
4126:
4027:
3997:
3956:
3880:
3863:
3830:
3691:
3554:. In Hoover, Richard B.; Levin, Gilbert V.; Rozanov, Alexei Y.; Davies, Paul C. (eds.).
3386:
3281:
6140:
5972:
5699:
5184:
5134:
4920:"Aguas, Riego y Cultivos: Cambios y Permanencias en los Ayllus de San Pedro de Atacama"
4873:
4757:
4606:
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4282:
4163:
3942:
3620:
3430:
3378:
3247:
3200:
3187:
3156:
1176:
1071:
946:
879:
698:
674:
458:
4949:
Retiro de cuerpos humanos de exhibición del Museo Arqueológico de San Pedro de Atacama
4771:
Inca rituals and sacred mountains: a study of the world's highest archaeological sites
4668:
Araucania-Norpatagonia II : La fluidez, lo disruptivo y el sentido de la frontera
4642:
3847:
3483:
6130:
6087:
6062:
5924:
5601:
5566:
5551:
5445:
5402:
5379:
McKenzie, Richard L.; Bernhard, Germar; Madronich, Sasha; Zaratti, Francesco (2015).
5367:
5324:
5263:
5244:
5219:
5176:
5155:
5126:
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4906:
4865:
4824:
4749:
4699:
4671:
4650:
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4523:
4502:
4469:
4421:
4391:
4381:
4274:
4232:
4167:
4083:
4035:
3968:
3900:
3871:
3764:
3744:
3724:
3625:
3594:
3538:
3513:
3434:
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3239:
3192:
3161:
1009:
982:
827:
757:
686:
678:
588:
351:
5214:
5059:
4931:
4902:
4498:
3930:
3815:"Genesis of adakite-like lavas of Licancabur volcano (Chile—Bolivia, Central Andes)"
6145:
6135:
6057:
6037:
5992:
5869:
5834:
5596:
5571:
5435:
5392:
5357:
5314:
5209:
5118:
5093:
5054:
4927:
4898:
4857:
4816:
4741:
4627:
4602:
4548:
4494:
4452:
4416:
4373:
4352:
4315:
4228:
4159:
4130:
4062:
4031:
4001:
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3896:
3892:
3867:
3834:
3756:
3716:
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3615:
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3495:
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3426:
3405:
3358:
3289:
3182:
3151:
1778:
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1158:
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1043:
670:
624:
544:
529:
510:
265:
3760:
3577:
Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER
3552:"Mix and match: enhanced Raman spectroscopy instrumentation in field applications"
1081:
Licancabur is considered to be potentially active owing to its good preservation.
822:
at 50–100 kilometres (31–62 mi) depth, which in turn leads to melting in the
342:
and there may be residual heat in the mountain. The volcano has primarily erupted
5962:
5934:
5799:
5621:
5561:
5493:
5476:
5381:"Comment on "Record solar UV irradiance in the tropical Andes, by Cabrol et al.""
4066:
1116:
1086:
pyroclastic fallout would be of limited extent. Impacts may extend to Argentina.
807:
are found within the rocks. Unlike many neighbouring volcanoes, Licancabur lacks
734:
600:
540:
501:
488:
450:
297:
6027:
5097:
4580:(Report). Hoyas hidrográficas de Chile (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aguas.
3530:
3293:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1773:
528:, and feature structures like ridges, levees and blocks several metres thick. A
425:
It is one of the best known volcanoes of Bolivia and Chile and can be seen from
5854:
5779:
5006:"La Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa cumple 47 años de creación"
4783:
4632:
4615:
4377:
4186:
3838:
3699:
1532:
1165:
1027:
871:
819:
718:
655:
572:
484:
478:
434:
430:
385:
366:
339:
168:
5440:
5415:
4820:
4711:
Reinhard, Johan (1983). "High altitude archaeology and Andean mountain gods".
4134:
3474:
304:
which is among the highest lakes in the world, caps the volcano. There are no
6179:
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5709:
5449:
5406:
5397:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5294:
5223:
5180:
5159:
5130:
5068:
4966:
4939:
4910:
4869:
4828:
4753:
4703:
4654:
4560:
4527:
4506:
4473:
4331:
McKenzie, Richard; Liley, Ben; Kotkamp, Michael; Disterhoft, Patrick (2017).
4278:
4087:
3972:
3904:
3768:
3650:
3629:
3598:
3542:
3517:
3438:
3329:
3288:(in German), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 38–89,
3272:
3243:
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2153:
2076:
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815:
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631:
592:
497:
293:
289:
270:
235:
204:
102:
89:
30:
6102:
5581:
3589:
2655:
6150:
6112:
5889:
5829:
5754:
4774:
4720:
4663:
4552:
4443:
4395:
4323:
4105:
4048:
4047:(in Spanish). Asociación Geológica Argentina. pp. 443–464 – via
3394:
Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Hock, Andrew N. (13 September 2007).
2743:
2741:
2739:
2323:
2311:
1694:
1692:
1432:
1430:
1220:
1192:
941:
906:
823:
474:
309:
242:
226:
4616:"Four new species of Isepeolini (Hymenoptera; Apidae) from northern Chile"
4113:
Guest, John Edward (April 1968). "Banded Pumice in a Chilean Ignimbrite".
2299:
2257:
2245:
2187:
2185:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1207:
6107:
5957:
5824:
5819:
5809:
5749:
5556:
4989:
4970:
3947:
3813:
Figueroa, Oscar; Déruelle, Bernard; Demaiffe, Daniel (28 February 2009).
3798:
3175:"Pachamama y desarrollo: paisajes conflictivos en el Desierto de Atacama"
2567:
2233:
1992:
1968:
1665:
1653:
1082:
951:
895:
773:
730:
643:
616:
576:
555:
419:
362:
316:
5188:
5168:
4784:"Sacred Mountains, Ceremonial Sites and Human Sacrifice among the Incas"
4568:
4536:
4442:: American Academy of Underwater Sciences. pp. 155–167 – via
4286:
4266:
3508:
3251:
3227:
3204:
3174:
3035:
2736:
1689:
1590:
1588:
1427:
6017:
5844:
5804:
5774:
5684:
5651:
5646:
5606:
5138:
5106:
4761:
4729:
4366:"Lifeguard – a personal physiological monitor for extreme environments"
3720:
3665:
2182:
2165:
2141:
2030:
2028:
2004:
1415:
1180:
997:
955:
899:
875:
769:
710:
651:
635:
608:
580:
525:
319:
274:
73:
58:
4877:
4837:
4730:"Sacred Mountains: An Ethno-Archaeological Study of High Andean Ruins"
4514:
Nielsen, Axel E.; Berenguer, José; Sanhueza, Cecilia (December 2006).
4356:
4267:"Vestigios arqueológicos incaicos en las cumbres de la zona atacameña"
3563:
3499:
3409:
2963:
1793:
1791:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1522:
1520:
1161:
passed at the foot of the volcano, making the site easily accessible.
5967:
5952:
5929:
5894:
5874:
5859:
5714:
5694:
4795:
Rondanelli, Roberto; Molina, Alejandra; Falvey, Mark (1 March 2015).
4319:
4241:
4005:
2335:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1585:
1142:
1138:
1121:
1055:
898:
phenomena occur on Licancabur. The region likely has Earth's highest
835:
777:
738:
722:
714:
694:
682:
666:
521:
331:
5576:
5457:
Trivelli Jolly, Miguel Ángel; Huerta Pizarro, Jorge Antonio (2014).
4745:
4242:"El santuario incaico del Licancabur: (Prov. de Antofagasta, Chile)"
3399:
2700:
2501:
2272:
2117:
2040:
2025:
1013:
6155:
6092:
6002:
5839:
5769:
5764:
5734:
5704:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5616:
5499:
5122:
4861:
3964:
2951:
1788:
1568:
1517:
1296:
1256:
The environment around Licancabur may be the closest equivalent to
1183:. In the local Atacameno mythology the mountain controls fire (and
1112:
1047:
1031:
814:
The magmas that built Licancabur formed through melting of altered
800:
785:
753:
742:
690:
659:
639:
620:
568:
433:
and tourism are increasingly important. Research on animal health,
343:
323:
278:
192:
6032:
5909:
3573:"Un Sol Interior: Vulcanología Lickanantay en el Salar de Atacama"
2545:
2543:
2093:
1904:
1902:
1865:
1863:
1704:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
842:
would explain trace element patterns. The magmas were stored in a
500:. The 70 by 90 metres (230 ft × 300 ft) freshwater
5997:
5914:
5899:
5884:
5789:
5759:
5591:
5586:
4986:"NUEVO RANKING DE RIESGO ESPECÍFICO DE VOLCANES ACTIVOS DE CHILE"
4481:
Nielsen, Axel; Calcina, Justino; Quispe, Bernardino (July 2003).
2289:
2287:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1188:
1108:
1064:
1051:
1005:
926:
922:
891:
883:
792:
765:
733:
composition. Ignimbrites crop out in gorges south of Licancabur.
726:
612:
327:
305:
5416:"An Inside Sun: Lickanantay Volcanology in the Salar de Atacama"
4647:
Diálogo Andino – Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina
4094:
4055:
3459:
3259:
Bobylyova, E. S.; Сергеевна, Бобылева Елена (15 December 2016).
2770:
2768:
2087:
1782:
1544:
1538:
1403:
6072:
6012:
5879:
5814:
5784:
5744:
5724:
5689:
5661:
4210:
4014:
the influence of the upper crustal Altiplano-Puna Magma Body".
2540:
2528:
2197:
2159:
2129:
1899:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1630:
1001:
910:
858:
839:
808:
804:
761:
347:
249:
43:
4885:
Salazar, Diego; Berenguer, José; Vega, Gabriela (March 2013).
4330:
3673:
2921:
2329:
2317:
2284:
1980:
1953:
1938:
1605:
1603:
1442:
5739:
5626:
4459:
4363:
3521:
3011:
2867:
2831:
2792:
2765:
2718:
2518:
2516:
1562:
1376:
1196:
1103:
959:
918:
914:
788:
514:
282:
175:
4455:(Report) (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente.
3911:
3879:
Garrido, Francisco; Ballester, Benjamín (30 December 2021).
2661:
1815:
1677:
662:, forming ignimbrites that are now buried under Licancabur.
630:
The volcanic chain continues north across Portezuelo Chaxas
312:. Numerous animal species and plants live on the mountain.
6167:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
5336:
Häder, Donat-P.; Feister, Uwe; Cabrol, Nathalie A. (2015).
5281:(in Spanish). San Pedro de Atacama: Ediciones del Desierto.
4074:
González Miranda, Sergio; Leiva Gómez, Sandra (June 2016).
4073:
3979:
3778:
LICANCABUR, AN ANDESITIC VOLCANO OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL ANDES
3142:
Aros, Francisco F; Ibaceta, Claudio Alberto Galeno (1994).
2821:
2819:
2305:
2266:
2251:
1659:
1600:
1261:
1257:
506:
438:
231:
5166:
4782:
Reinhard, Johan; Ceruti, Maria Constanza (December 2006).
4042:
4012:
3927:
2927:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2599:
2597:
2573:
2513:
2429:
2239:
2052:
1998:
1974:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1671:
1421:
874:
is one of the driest on Earth. The arid climate is due to
826:
that gives rise to the Licancabur magmas. Assimilation of
4661:
4333:"Peak UV: Spectral contributions from cloud enhancements"
3484:"Inca Mountaintop Shrines and Glaciers in the High Andes"
3265:
RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics
2999:
2584:
2582:
2495:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2221:
1887:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1620:
1618:
1481:
1312:
A species of cuckoo bee has been named after the volcano.
638:. To the southeast is 5,704 metres (18,714 ft) high
4513:
3812:
3776:
Figueroa, Oscar A.; Deruelle, Bernard (September 1996).
3608:"Cultura y naturaleza en la cuenca del Salar de Atacama"
3371:
3343:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
3041:
3023:
2975:
2816:
2747:
2191:
2176:
2147:
2019:
1594:
1505:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
288:, it has a prominent, 5,916-metre (19,409 ft)-high
5198:"Los Caminos Ceremoniales en los Apus del Tawantinsuyu"
3935:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3339:"Public Buildings of North Chile's Desert Architecture"
3098:
3086:
3074:
2903:
2843:
2780:
2753:
2724:
2679:
2636:
2614:
2612:
2594:
2555:
2390:
1742:
1393:
1391:
1243:
Direct measurement with Google Earth, Line Ruler tool,
1089:
5104:
5075:
5008:(in Spanish). SERNAP. 13 December 2020. Archived from
4794:
4436:
American Academy of Underwater Sciences 26th Symposium
4294:
Mamani, M.; Worner, G.; Sempere, T. (1 January 2010).
3571:
Chocobar, Sonia Ramos; Tironi, Manuel (20 July 2023).
3556:
Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XI
3377:. 34th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
3261:"Structural-and-Semantic Analysis of Oronyms of Chile"
3064:
3062:
3047:
2987:
2969:
2939:
2891:
2879:
2579:
2419:
2417:
2359:
2341:
2278:
2123:
2064:
2046:
2034:
1914:
1875:
1803:
1725:
1615:
273:
on the border between Bolivia and Chile, south of the
4946:
4585:
Oppenheimer, Clive (March 1993). "Mines in the sky".
3401:
Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X
2957:
2855:
2804:
2465:
2441:
1493:
1349:
1326:
1303:
even accounting for UV radiation reflected by clouds.
623:
systems are concentrated in the main volcanic chain.
441:-like environments has been conducted at Licancabur.
16:
Stratovolcano on the border between Bolivia and Chile
5487:
Licancabur, cerca de Marte – Mercuria Calama article
4884:
4480:
4429:
3709:"Chapter 13 Perspectives on Understanding Qullasuyu"
2706:
2624:
2609:
2105:
1797:
1579:
1526:
1388:
5043:"Los ceques: Código de canales en el Cusco Incaico"
4293:
3788:Figueroa, Oscar; Déruelle, Bernard (October 1997).
3059:
2453:
2414:
2402:
2099:
5295:"Record solar UV irradiance in the tropical Andes"
4453:Fauna silvestre: Alrededores del volcán Licancabur
3549:
3258:
2498:, 6. 5. 3. Las anp de la región circumpuneña (rc).
2477:
1550:
1409:
799:are subordinate. Crystals often form aggregates.
5024:(in Spanish). Bolivian government. Archived from
4690:Quintanilla, Vicente Guillermo (1 January 1976).
3282:"Naturgeographische Faktoren, Prozesse und Räume"
3121:
2549:
1986:
1962:
1947:
1854:
1842:
1698:
6177:
4614:Packer, Laurence; Graham, Liam (December 2020).
4142:Häder, Donat-Peter; Cabrol, Nathalie A. (2018),
3878:
3797:. 8th Chilean Geological Congress (in Spanish).
3787:
3775:
2507:
2203:
2135:
1908:
1869:
1647:
1475:
1382:
1227:owing to the unstable slopes of the upper cone.
1223:, which reached the summit from the northwest.
457:of the Andes. Politically, it is located in the
4801:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4466:Relaciones – Sociedad Argentina de Antropología
3845:
3715:, University of Texas Press, pp. 241–260,
3657:Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles
2293:
5414:Ramos Chocobar, Sonia; Tironi, Manuel (2022).
4947:Sepúlveda, T.; Ayala, P.; Aguilar, C. (2008).
4781:
4768:
4213:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4045:Relatorio del 17º Congreso Geológico Argentino
4016:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3885:Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural
3642:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3570:
3451:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3393:
3279:
3217:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3017:
2873:
2837:
2798:
2774:
1683:
1609:
905:Plants growing on Licancabur include grasses,
444:
5515:
5258:Dillehay, Tom D.; Netherly, Patricia (1998).
4430:Morris, R.; Berthold, R.; Cabrol, N. (2007).
1146:
737:associated with the Calama-Olacapato-El Toro
658:. The Chaxas lava dome was active during the
4967:"VOLCANES ALREDEDOR DE SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA"
4613:
3846:Francis, P.W.; De Silva, S.L. (April 1989).
3461:of the Antofagasta region, northern Chile".
3148:Cuadernos de Arquitectura. Habitar el Norte.
2435:
1107:. The summit sites were presumably used for
1034:, but as of 2018 no progress had been made.
1024:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
756:are the main rocks at Licancabur, with some
4984:
4965:
4689:
4584:
4141:
3680:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
3315:
3141:
2933:
2561:
2522:
2353:
2227:
2058:
1893:
1767:
1755:
1487:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
379:
5522:
5508:
3743:Fernández, Damir Galaz-Mandakovic (2014).
3706:
3280:Borsdorf, Axel; Stadel, Christoph (2013),
3122:Amigo, A.; Bertin, D.; Orozco, G. (2012).
2673:
1273:Licancabur is explicitly mentioned in the
1095:may have had had roofs and are built like
563:at more than 4,000 m (13,123 ft) elevation
5439:
5396:
5361:
5318:
5213:
5058:
5040:
4631:
4420:
3946:
3742:
3664:
3619:
3605:
3588:
3529:Ceruti, Maria Constanza (December 2012).
3507:
3416:
3362:
3186:
3155:
3029:
3005:
2396:
1511:
1026:. In Chile, there were plans to create a
865:The climate is cold, dry, windy with low
849:
6221:International mountains of South America
4838:"Licancabur: Mountain of the Atacameños"
4727:
4710:
4575:
4403:Moraga, Anita Carrasco (November 2010).
4264:
4239:
3336:
2849:
2825:
2786:
2759:
2730:
2694:
2603:
2588:
2070:
1920:
1499:
1206:
1127:
1054:erosion. There are three generations of
853:
554:
483:
292:. A 400–500-metre (1,300–1,600 ft)
4835:
4641:Pizarro, José Antonio González (2010).
4640:
4534:
3337:Butelski, Kazimierz (1 December 2020).
3225:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3053:
2945:
2909:
2897:
2649:
2496:Porcaro, Vejsbjerg & Benedetti 2018
2372:
1881:
1809:
1736:
1660:González Miranda & Leiva Gómez 2016
1624:
1370:
1343:
665:The volcano is on the edge between the
422:), Tata Likanku and Volcán de Atacama.
6178:
5145:
5041:Sherbondy, Jeanette E. (2 June 1986).
5016:
5004:
4450:
4402:
4300:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3528:
3481:
3172:
3068:
3042:Nielsen, Berenguer & Sanhueza 2006
2993:
2981:
2885:
2861:
2748:Nielsen, Berenguer & Sanhueza 2006
2630:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2423:
2408:
2192:Figueroa, Déruelle & Demaiffe 2009
2177:Figueroa, Déruelle & Demaiffe 2009
2148:Figueroa, Déruelle & Demaiffe 2009
2020:Figueroa, Déruelle & Demaiffe 2009
1397:
1022:). The Bolivian sector is part of the
373:
5503:
5195:
4112:
3917:Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen
2810:
2618:
2111:
1042:The volcano formed mostly during the
861:and vegetation in front of Licancabur
264:
5529:
5239:Biggar, Cathy; Biggar, John (2001).
5146:Vaisse, Emilio F. (1 January 1895).
4769:Reinhard, J.; Ceruti, M. C. (2010).
4516:"El Qhapaqñan entre Atacama y Lípez"
3986:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
3558:. Vol. 7097. pp. 320–334.
3417:Calamatta, George Serracino (1975).
3404:. Vol. 6694. pp. 335–346.
3316:Brackebusch, Luis (1 January 1893).
2342:Rondanelli, Molina & Falvey 2015
2279:Tibaldi, Bonali & Corazzato 2017
2124:Tibaldi, Bonali & Corazzato 2017
2047:Tibaldi, Bonali & Corazzato 2017
2035:Tibaldi, Bonali & Corazzato 2017
1090:Archaeology and religious importance
1074:took place at some point, producing
5262:(in Spanish). Editorial Abya Yala.
5196:Vitry, Christian (September 2020).
4797:"The Atacama Surface Solar Maximum"
4372:. Vol. 3. pp. 2192–2195.
4185:
2958:Sepúlveda, Ayala & Aguilar 2008
2534:
1830:
1719:
1436:
1164:The mountain was worshipped by the
1037:
929:occur at the foot of the volcano.
13:
5385:Frontiers in Environmental Science
5342:Frontiers in Environmental Science
5299:Frontiers in Environmental Science
4607:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1993.tb00983.x
4164:10.1016/b978-0-12-809935-3.00009-8
3621:10.22199/S07181043.1994.0011.00011
3431:10.22199/S07181043.1975.0003.00005
3228:"Ein Frühlingsfest der Atacameños"
3188:10.22199/S07181043.1997.0013.00006
3157:10.22199/S07198590.1994.0004.00006
2707:Salazar, Berenguer & Vega 2013
1798:Morris, Berthold & Cabrol 2007
1580:Morris, Berthold & Cabrol 2007
1527:Nielsen, Calcina & Quispe 2003
1211:Licancabur, seen from the town of
1125:) are associated with Licancabur.
615:) volcanoes are widespread, while
137:
14:
6267:
5286:
5152:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
5148:"Glosario de la lengua atacameña"
4734:Mountain Research and Development
4696:Revista de Geografía Norte Grande
4409:Mountain Research and Development
4246:Anales de Arqueología y Etnología
4148:From Habitability to Life on Mars
3322:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
3318:"La cordillera chileno-arjentina"
2662:Geographischer Monatsbericht 1887
2100:Mamani, Worner & Sempere 2010
6256:Sacred mountains of the Americas
4422:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00065.1
4036:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.030
467:Llano del Chajnantor Observatory
338:have been dated to 13,240 ± 100
136:
129:
29:
6186:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region
5232:
5215:10.4067/S0717-73562020005001802
5060:10.36901/allpanchis.v18i27.1008
4932:10.4067/S0718-10432015000200012
4903:10.4067/S0717-73562013000100004
4499:10.4067/S0717-73562003000200018
4098:Recueil de médecine vétérinaire
2550:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1987:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1963:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1948:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1855:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1843:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1699:Amigo, Bertin & Orozco 2012
1306:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1250:
1132:Ruins at the foot of Licancabur
605:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
322:and has been active during the
6191:Volcanoes of Potosí Department
4520:Intersecciones en antropología
4150:, Elsevier, pp. 233–248,
3913:"Geographischer Monatsbericht"
3897:10.54830/bmnhn.v70.n2.2021.206
3612:Estudios Atacameños (En línea)
3488:Journal of Glacial Archaeology
3423:Estudios Atacameños (En línea)
3364:10.1088/1757-899x/960/2/022059
1410:Bobylyova & Сергеевна 2016
1237:
748:
543:between the Altiplano and the
539:. The mountain is part of the
1:
6251:Five-thousanders of the Andes
4104:(11–12): 601–621 – via
3852:Remote Sensing of Environment
3463:Biodiversity and Conservation
1439:, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
1319:
394:means "people" or "town" and
48:5,916 m (19,409 ft)
4836:Rudolph, William E. (1955).
4233:10.1016/0377-0273(77)90016-6
4067:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105162
3872:10.1016/0034-4257(89)90117-X
3659:(in European Spanish) (94).
3614:(in Spanish) (11): 179–185.
3144:"Alguien llamado Licancabur"
2508:Figueroa & Déruelle 1997
2216:Sepúlveda Rivera et al. 2015
2204:Figueroa & Déruelle 1997
2136:Figueroa & Deruelle 1996
1933:Sepúlveda Rivera et al. 2015
1909:Figueroa & Deruelle 1996
1870:Figueroa & Déruelle 1997
1648:Figueroa & Déruelle 1997
1610:Cabrol, Grin & Hock 2007
1476:Figueroa & Deruelle 1996
1383:Garrido & Ballester 2021
1277:that establishes the border.
7:
5260:La Frontera del Estado Inca
5241:The Andes: A Trekking Guide
5098:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.01.005
3606:Contreras, Ernesto (1994).
3294:10.1007/978-3-8274-2458-7_2
3267:(in Russian) (2): 123–127.
3226:Barthel, Thomas S. (1959).
2294:Francis & De Silva 1989
2088:González-Maurel et al. 2019
491:at the bottom of the crater
445:Geography and geomorphology
10:
6272:
6201:Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia
5420:Frontiers in Earth Science
4633:10.1186/s40850-020-00052-8
4378:10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1403640
4337:AIP Conference Proceedings
4265:Le Paige, Gustavo (1978).
4240:Le Paige, Gustavo (1966).
3839:10.1016/j.crte.2008.11.008
3819:Comptes Rendus. Géoscience
3700:10.1007/s12520-021-01451-9
3482:Ceruti, Constanza (2016).
3232:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
3114:
3018:Chocobar & Tironi 2023
2874:Reinhard & Ceruti 2006
2838:Reinhard & Ceruti 2010
2799:Reinhard & Ceruti 2006
2775:Reinhard & Ceruti 2010
1684:Borsdorf & Stadel 2013
932:The fauna includes birds (
832:fractional crystallization
642:, which formed during the
550:
315:Licancabur formed atop of
70:12.6 km (7.8 mi)
6164:
6121:
5943:
5670:
5537:
5441:10.3389/feart.2022.909967
4821:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00175.1
4698:(in Spanish) (5): 17–39.
4578:2a. Región de Antofagasta
4535:Nielsen, Axel E. (2009).
4451:Möller, Patricia (2003).
4135:10.1017/S0016756800052559
3761:10.22403/UQROOMX/TYP16/06
3425:(in Spanish) (3): 19–39.
3150:(in Spanish) (4): 30–35.
1202:
1050:, and bears no traces of
1030:including Licancabur and
934:black-hooded sierra finch
880:South Pacific Anticyclone
846:, where crystals formed.
703:Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
520:Young-looking black-grey
241:
225:
220:
210:
198:
186:
181:
167:
159:
123:
118:
79:
64:
52:
42:
37:
28:
23:
6246:Quaternary South America
6241:Holocene stratovolcanoes
6206:Stratovolcanoes of Chile
5398:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00026
5363:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00068
5320:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00019
4728:Reinhard, Johan (1985).
4192:Global Volcanism Program
3535:Cuadernos Universitarios
2436:Packer & Graham 2020
1230:
938:black-winged ground dove
894:activity on Licancabur.
627:erupts every few years.
437:, telecommunication and
346:, with small amounts of
5277:Mena, Mauricio (2018).
5154:(in Spanish): 527–556.
5018:"Atractivos turísticos"
4713:American Alpine Journal
4576:Niemeyer, Hans (1980).
4440:Dauphin Island, Alabama
4197:Smithsonian Institution
3624:(inactive 2024-08-16).
3590:10.55467/reder.v7i2.125
3475:10.1023/A:1016001714358
3433:(inactive 2024-08-16).
3355:2020MS&E..960b2059B
3324:(in Spanish): 565–578.
3191:(inactive 2024-08-16).
3173:Barros, Alonso (1997).
2934:Aros & Ibaceta 1994
2523:Häder & Cabrol 2018
2059:Häder & Cabrol 2018
965:Liolaemus audituvelatus
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
380:
5944:Southern Volcanic Zone
5730:Andagua volcanic field
5538:Northern Volcanic Zone
5465:(Report) (in Spanish).
4553:10.3167/np.2009.130202
2240:Giovanelli et al. 2001
1722:, General Information.
1672:Giovanelli et al. 2001
1563:Montgomery et al. 2004
1215:
1147:
1133:
1019:Telmatobius vilamensis
994:Andean hairy armadillo
989:Liolaemus puritamensis
862:
850:Climate and vegetation
564:
513:. There are traces of
492:
449:The volcano is in the
262:Spanish pronunciation:
150:Location of Licancabur
6236:Polygenetic volcanoes
6231:Volcanic crater lakes
6122:Austral Volcanic Zone
6048:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
5720:Huambo volcanic field
5671:Central Volcanic Zone
5470:Licancabur, tour 2003
3808:on November 18, 2016.
2922:Echenique et al. 2021
2385:Díaz Sanz et al. 2022
1539:Grandjean et al. 1996
1422:Villagrán et al. 1998
1210:
1131:
857:
607:, one of the largest
597:Central Volcanic Zone
558:
487:
455:Cordillera Occidental
286:Central Volcanic Zone
266:[likaŋkaˈβuɾ]
103:22.83389°S 67.88361°W
6216:Bolivia–Chile border
6211:Subduction volcanoes
6196:Andean Volcanic Belt
5657:Licto volcanic field
5111:Current Anthropology
4719:: 54–67 – via
2574:González et al. 2008
2510:, pp. 322, 325.
2330:McKenzie et al. 2017
2318:McKenzie et al. 2017
2160:Kussmaul et al. 1977
1783:Cavieres et al. 2002
1275:Treaty of Valparaiso
1213:San Pedro de Atacama
1115:feasts. Notably, no
977:Liolaemus constanzae
888:Last Glacial Maximum
867:atmospheric pressure
648:Portezuelo del Cajon
585:South American Plate
471:San Pedro de Atacama
427:San Pedro de Atacama
359:archaeological sites
277:volcano and west of
108:-22.83389; -67.88361
5432:2022FrEaS..10.9967R
5354:2015FrEnS...3...68H
5311:2014FrES....2...19C
5173:Estudios Atacameños
5090:2017Tectp.699...16T
4924:Estudios atacameños
4854:1955GeoRv..45..151R
4842:Geographical Review
4813:2015BAMS...96..405R
4599:1993GeolT...9...66O
4349:2017AIPC.1810k0008M
4312:2010GSAB..122..162M
4271:Estudios Atacameños
4225:1977JVGR....2...73K
4156:2018fhlm.book..233H
4127:1968GeoM..105..177G
4115:Geological Magazine
4080:Estudios atacameños
4061:. 346–347: 105162.
4057:(21°10′-22°50′S)".
4028:2017JVGR..341..172G
3998:2019PPPr...30..310G
3957:2001PASP..113..789G
3864:1989RSEnv..28..245F
3831:2009CRGeo.341..310F
3713:Rethinking the Inka
3692:2021ArAnS..13..212E
3387:2003LPI....34.1393C
3179:Estudios Atacameños
2719:Nielsen et al. 1999
2537:, Eruptive History.
1935:, pp. 189–190.
1247:, 16 September 2024
886:. During the local
828:continental crustal
374:Name and importance
99: /
6226:Mountains of Chile
6043:Carrán-Los Venados
5988:Nevados de Chillán
5973:Descabezado Grande
5492:2012-03-04 at the
5475:2012-07-17 at the
5012:on 1 October 2023.
3721:10.7560/323854-017
3666:10.21138/bage.3248
3379:League City, Texas
2970:Torres et al. 1991
2306:Gjorup et al. 2019
2267:Gjorup et al. 2019
2252:Gjorup et al. 2019
1595:Cabrol et al. 2003
1301:Earth's atmosphere
1216:
1177:Cordillera Domeyko
1134:
1072:explosive eruption
971:Liolaemus barbarae
947:Rhinella spinulosa
878:of air within the
863:
699:Arequipa-Antofalla
693:age, forming the "
565:
559:Licancabur across
493:
459:Antofagasta Region
330:. Three stages of
38:Highest point
6173:
6172:
5983:Nevado de Longaví
5925:Cueros de Purulla
5905:Cordón del Azufre
5567:Nevado del Tolima
5269:978-9978-04-977-8
5250:978-0-9536087-1-3
5028:on 1 October 2023
4677:978-987-3667-99-2
4357:10.1063/1.4975570
4173:978-0-12-809935-3
3730:978-1-4773-2386-1
3564:10.1117/12.802772
3500:10.1558/jga.34465
3410:10.1117/12.731506
3303:978-3-8274-2457-0
2984:, pp. 87–88.
1999:Godoy et al. 2017
1975:Godoy et al. 2017
1187:water), while in
1076:pyroclastic flows
1010:southern vizcacha
983:Liolaemus fabiani
764:. They define an
758:basaltic andesite
713:from the Chaxas,
687:sedimentary rocks
634:, beginning with
589:Peru-Chile Trench
463:Potosí Department
461:of Chile and the
352:basaltic andesite
255:
254:
6263:
6168:
6038:Mocho-Choshuenco
5572:Nevado del Huila
5531:Andean volcanoes
5524:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5466:
5453:
5443:
5410:
5400:
5375:
5365:
5332:
5322:
5282:
5273:
5254:
5227:
5217:
5202:Chungará (Arica)
5192:
5163:
5142:
5101:
5072:
5062:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5013:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4962:
4961:on 19 July 2020.
4960:
4953:
4943:
4914:
4891:Chungará (Arica)
4881:
4832:
4791:
4778:
4765:
4724:
4707:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4658:
4637:
4635:
4610:
4581:
4572:
4531:
4510:
4487:Chungará (Arica)
4477:
4456:
4447:
4426:
4424:
4399:
4360:
4327:
4320:10.1130/B26538.1
4306:(1–2): 162–182.
4290:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4236:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4138:
4109:
4091:
4070:
4052:
4039:
4009:
4006:10.1002/ppp.2029
3976:
3950:
3948:astro-ph/0103345
3924:
3908:
3875:
3842:
3809:
3807:
3801:. Archived from
3796:
3784:
3782:
3772:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3703:
3670:
3668:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3623:
3602:
3592:
3567:
3546:
3525:
3511:
3478:
3469:(7): 1301–1311.
3456:
3450:
3442:
3413:
3390:
3368:
3366:
3333:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3276:
3255:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3190:
3169:
3159:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:SERNAGEOMIN 2023
2559:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2357:
2354:Quintanilla 1976
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2228:Quintanilla 1976
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1894:Quintanilla 1976
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:, Photo Gallery.
1828:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1768:Brackebusch 1893
1765:
1759:
1756:SERNAGEOMIN 2024
1753:
1740:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:Chen et al. 2008
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1488:Oppenheimer 1993
1485:
1479:
1473:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1347:
1341:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1295:Claims that the
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1150:
1117:human sacrifices
1061:debris avalanche
1044:Late Pleistocene
1038:Eruption history
671:Salar de Atacama
567:Starting in the
545:Salar de Atacama
530:debris avalanche
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
383:
268:
263:
245:
171:
140:
139:
133:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
33:
21:
20:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6123:
6117:
5945:
5939:
5935:Ojos del Salado
5865:Aguas Calientes
5672:
5666:
5562:Nevado del Ruiz
5539:
5533:
5528:
5496:– (In Spanish).
5494:Wayback Machine
5482:Lake Licancabur
5477:Wayback Machine
5456:
5413:
5378:
5335:
5292:
5289:
5276:
5270:
5257:
5251:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5031:
5029:
4995:
4993:
4975:
4973:
4958:
4951:
4926:(51): 185–206.
4788:Archeoastronomy
4746:10.2307/3673292
4682:
4680:
4678:
4541:Nomadic Peoples
4388:
4255:
4253:
4201:
4199:
4178:
4176:
4174:
3805:
3794:
3780:
3755:(16): 147–173.
3749:Teoría y Praxis
3735:
3733:
3731:
3635:
3634:
3444:
3443:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3210:
3209:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2680:
2674:Farrington 2022
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:, pp. 5–6.
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:, pp. 2–3.
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1785:, p. 1303.
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1569:
1565:, p. 2194.
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1350:
1342:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1255:
1251:
1245:User:Sesquideus
1242:
1238:
1233:
1205:
1092:
1040:
852:
751:
721:volcanoes, and
697:domain" of the
601:Ojos del Salado
553:
541:drainage divide
502:Licancabur Lake
489:Licancabur Lake
451:Puna de Atacama
447:
384:comes from the
376:
298:Licancabur Lake
261:
243:
169:
163:Chile / Bolivia
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
141:
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5855:Purico complex
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5484:
5479:
5467:
5454:
5411:
5376:
5333:
5288:
5287:External links
5285:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5255:
5249:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5208:(3): 509–521.
5193:
5164:
5143:
5123:10.1086/204014
5117:(5): 640–649.
5102:
5078:Tectonophysics
5073:
5049:(in Spanish).
5038:
5014:
5002:
4988:(in Spanish).
4982:
4969:(in Spanish).
4963:
4944:
4915:
4882:
4862:10.2307/212227
4848:(2): 151–171.
4833:
4807:(3): 405–418.
4792:
4779:
4766:
4740:(4): 299–317.
4725:
4708:
4687:
4676:
4659:
4638:
4611:
4582:
4573:
4532:
4522:(7): 217–234.
4511:
4493:(2): 369–377.
4478:
4468:(24): 95–124.
4457:
4448:
4427:
4415:(4): 391–397.
4400:
4386:
4361:
4328:
4291:
4262:
4248:(in Spanish).
4237:
4208:
4183:
4172:
4139:
4121:(2): 177–184.
4110:
4092:
4071:
4053:
4040:
4010:
3992:(4): 310–329.
3977:
3965:10.1086/322135
3925:
3909:
3887:(in Spanish).
3876:
3843:
3825:(4): 310–318.
3810:
3785:
3773:
3740:
3729:
3704:
3671:
3648:
3603:
3579:(in Spanish).
3568:
3547:
3526:
3479:
3457:
3414:
3391:
3369:
3334:
3313:
3302:
3277:
3256:
3223:
3170:
3139:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:, p. 152.
3097:
3095:, p. 166.
3085:
3083:, p. 159.
3073:
3058:
3046:
3044:, p. 232.
3034:
3030:Sherbondy 1986
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 183.
3006:Contreras 1994
2998:
2996:, p. 393.
2986:
2974:
2972:, p. 642.
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2912:, p. 165.
2902:
2890:
2888:, p. 268.
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2828:, p. 305.
2815:
2813:, p. 513.
2803:
2791:
2779:
2764:
2752:
2750:, p. 222.
2735:
2723:
2721:, p. 100.
2711:
2709:, p. 103.
2699:
2678:
2676:, p. 244.
2666:
2664:, p. 155.
2654:
2652:, p. 156.
2635:
2623:
2621:, p. 517.
2608:
2606:, p. 302.
2593:
2578:
2576:, p. 459.
2566:
2554:
2539:
2527:
2525:, p. 163.
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2413:
2401:
2397:Calamatta 1975
2389:
2377:
2375:, p. 170.
2358:
2346:
2344:, p. 416.
2334:
2322:
2310:
2308:, p. 312.
2298:
2296:, p. 250.
2283:
2271:
2269:, p. 310.
2256:
2254:, p. 311.
2244:
2242:, p. 789.
2232:
2220:
2218:, p. 189.
2208:
2206:, p. 326.
2196:
2194:, p. 315.
2181:
2179:, p. 317.
2164:
2152:
2150:, p. 314.
2140:
2138:, p. 566.
2128:
2116:
2114:, p. 177.
2104:
2102:, p. 170.
2092:
2075:
2063:
2061:, p. 157.
2051:
2039:
2024:
2022:, p. 311.
2003:
2001:, p. 173.
1991:
1979:
1977:, p. 172.
1967:
1952:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1911:, p. 564.
1898:
1886:
1884:, p. 161.
1874:
1872:, p. 324.
1859:
1847:
1835:
1814:
1812:, p. 164.
1802:
1800:, p. 156.
1787:
1772:
1770:, p. 567.
1760:
1741:
1739:, p. 151.
1724:
1703:
1701:, Hoja 3 de 5.
1688:
1676:
1674:, p. 791.
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 322.
1629:
1627:, p. 160.
1614:
1599:
1584:
1582:, p. 155.
1567:
1555:
1543:
1541:, p. 607.
1531:
1529:, p. 371.
1516:
1514:, p. 157.
1512:Fernández 2014
1504:
1492:
1480:
1478:, p. 563.
1441:
1426:
1414:
1412:, p. 126.
1402:
1400:, p. 545.
1387:
1375:
1373:, p. 154.
1348:
1346:, p. 153.
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1288:
1279:
1266:
1249:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1204:
1201:
1091:
1088:
1039:
1036:
1028:protected area
872:Atacama Desert
851:
848:
750:
747:
656:Purico complex
575:and later the
573:Farallon Plate
552:
549:
479:Chile Route 27
446:
443:
435:remote sensing
431:mountaineering
386:Kunza language
375:
372:
367:Atacama people
281:. Part of the
253:
252:
247:
239:
238:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
173:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
149:
143:
142:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
83:
77:
76:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6268:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Michinmahuida
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:San Francisco
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Aucanquilcha
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Hualca Hualca
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:(6° N – 3° S)
5536:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5175:(16): 7–105.
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5053:(27): 39–74.
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4897:(1): 83–103.
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:(36): 15–32.
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:Geology Today
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4387:0-7803-8439-3
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4343:(1): 110008.
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4219:(1): 73–111.
4218:
4214:
4209:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:(in French).
4099:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:(52): 11–29.
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3919:(in German).
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:(2): 022059.
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:(in German).
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3181:(13): 75–94.
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3056:, p. 29.
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3032:, p. 66.
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 80.
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2948:, p. 33.
2947:
2942:
2936:, p. 31.
2935:
2930:
2924:, p. 18.
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2900:, p. 25.
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2876:, p. 15.
2875:
2870:
2864:, p. 70.
2863:
2858:
2852:, p. 50.
2851:
2850:Le Paige 1966
2846:
2840:, p. 97.
2839:
2834:
2827:
2826:Reinhard 1985
2822:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2801:, p. 14.
2800:
2795:
2789:, p. 39.
2788:
2787:Le Paige 1978
2783:
2777:, p. 93.
2776:
2771:
2769:
2762:, p. 56.
2761:
2760:Reinhard 1983
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2733:, p. 41.
2732:
2731:Le Paige 1978
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2697:, p. 49.
2696:
2695:Le Paige 1966
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2633:, p. 73.
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:Reinhard 1985
2600:
2598:
2591:, p. 38.
2590:
2589:Le Paige 1978
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2552:, p. 16.
2551:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2438:, p. 10.
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2399:, p. 29.
2398:
2393:
2387:, p. 23.
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2356:, p. 34.
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2281:, p. 19.
2280:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2230:, p. 30.
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2162:, p. 88.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2126:, p. 28.
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:, p. 37.
2072:
2071:Le Paige 1978
2067:
2060:
2055:
2049:, p. 23.
2048:
2043:
2037:, p. 18.
2036:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1923:, p. 59.
1922:
1921:Niemeyer 1980
1917:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1896:, p. 28.
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1857:, p. 39.
1856:
1851:
1845:, p. 37.
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1686:, p. 78.
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1662:, p. 19.
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1553:, p. 11.
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1500:Butelski 2020
1496:
1490:, p. 66.
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1424:, p. 26.
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1385:, p. 39.
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:deposits and
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:) and toads (
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
860:
856:
847:
845:
844:magma chamber
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:oceanic crust
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:orthopyroxene
794:
790:
787:
783:
782:clinopyroxene
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:magma chamber
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:mountain pass
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:. The Andean
594:
593:asthenosphere
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
557:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
498:summit crater
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
387:
382:
371:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
313:
311:
308:owing to the
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:summit crater
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:stratovolcano
267:
259:
251:
248:
246:
244:Easiest route
240:
237:
236:pre-Columbian
233:
230:
228:
224:
219:
215:
213:
212:Last eruption
209:
206:
205:Stratovolcano
203:
201:
200:Mountain type
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
180:
177:
174:
172:
166:
162:
158:
132:
122:
117:
112:
84:
82:
78:
75:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6028:Quetrupillán
5890:Llullaillaco
5849:
5755:Huaynaputina
5462:
5423:
5419:
5388:
5384:
5345:
5341:
5302:
5298:
5278:
5259:
5240:
5233:Bibliography
5205:
5201:
5172:
5151:
5114:
5110:
5081:
5077:
5050:
5046:
5030:. Retrieved
5026:the original
5021:
5010:the original
4994:. Retrieved
4974:. Retrieved
4956:the original
4923:
4894:
4890:
4845:
4841:
4804:
4800:
4787:
4775:eScholarship
4773:– via
4770:
4737:
4733:
4721:Google Books
4716:
4712:
4695:
4681:, retrieved
4667:
4646:
4623:
4619:
4593:(2): 66–68.
4590:
4586:
4547:(2): 17–35.
4544:
4540:
4519:
4490:
4486:
4465:
4444:Academia.edu
4435:
4431:
4412:
4408:
4369:
4340:
4336:
4324:Academia.edu
4322:– via
4303:
4299:
4273:(6): 36–52.
4270:
4254:. Retrieved
4249:
4245:
4216:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4190:
4187:"Licancabur"
4177:, retrieved
4147:
4118:
4114:
4106:ResearchGate
4101:
4097:
4079:
4058:
4049:ResearchGate
4044:
4019:
4015:
3989:
3985:
3941:(785): 789.
3938:
3934:
3920:
3916:
3891:(2): 21–42.
3888:
3884:
3855:
3851:
3822:
3818:
3803:the original
3790:
3752:
3748:
3734:, retrieved
3712:
3683:
3679:
3656:
3638:cite journal
3611:
3583:(2): 73–87.
3580:
3576:
3555:
3534:
3520:– via
3509:11336/129777
3491:
3487:
3466:
3462:
3447:cite journal
3422:
3400:
3374:
3346:
3342:
3321:
3307:, retrieved
3285:
3264:
3238:(1): 25–45.
3235:
3231:
3213:cite journal
3178:
3147:
3131:. Retrieved
3105:Rudolph 1955
3100:
3093:Rudolph 1955
3088:
3081:Rudolph 1955
3076:
3054:Nielsen 2009
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2960:, p. 7.
2953:
2946:Barthel 1959
2941:
2929:
2917:
2910:Rudolph 1955
2905:
2898:Pizarro 2010
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2755:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2669:
2657:
2650:Rudolph 1955
2626:
2569:
2557:
2530:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2462:, p. 5.
2455:
2443:
2431:
2426:, p. 4.
2411:, p. 7.
2404:
2392:
2380:
2373:Rudolph 1955
2349:
2337:
2332:, p. 2.
2325:
2320:, p. 1.
2313:
2301:
2274:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2090:, p. 3.
2066:
2054:
2042:
1994:
1989:, p. 7.
1982:
1970:
1965:, p. 6.
1950:, p. 5.
1928:
1916:
1889:
1882:Rudolph 1955
1877:
1850:
1838:
1810:Rudolph 1955
1805:
1763:
1737:Rudolph 1955
1679:
1667:
1655:
1625:Rudolph 1955
1612:, p. 4.
1597:, p. 1.
1558:
1546:
1534:
1507:
1502:, p. 7.
1495:
1483:
1417:
1405:
1378:
1371:Rudolph 1955
1344:Rudolph 1955
1308:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1252:
1239:
1225:
1221:Chuquicamata
1217:
1193:white people
1174:
1163:
1152:
1135:
1120:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1069:
1041:
1017:
992:), mammals (
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:), lizards (
950:), insects (
945:
942:Puna tinamou
931:
913:at high and
904:
864:
824:mantle wedge
813:
752:
664:
629:
566:
561:Laguna Verde
537:Laguna Verde
534:
519:
511:pyroclastics
494:
475:Paso de Jama
448:
424:
377:
356:
336:Laguna Verde
326:, after the
314:
310:arid climate
257:
256:
227:First ascent
170:Parent range
18:
6124:(49°–55° S)
6108:Mate Grande
5958:Tupungatito
5946:(33°–46° S)
5825:Olca-Paruma
5820:Irruputuncu
5810:Tata Sabaya
5750:Pichu Pichu
5680:Quimsachata
5673:(14°–27° S)
5557:Cerro Bravo
5463:SAG (Chile)
4990:SERNAGEOMIN
4971:SERNAGEOMIN
4620:BMC Zoology
4022:: 172–186.
3858:: 245–255.
3799:Antofagasta
3686:(11): 212.
3069:SERNAP 2023
2994:Moraga 2010
2982:Barros 1997
2886:Ceruti 2012
2862:Ceruti 2016
2631:Ceruti 2016
2484:SERNAP 2020
2472:Möller 2003
2460:Möller 2003
2448:Möller 2003
2424:Möller 2003
2409:Möller 2003
1398:Vaisse 1895
1083:SERNAGEOMIN
956:cuckoo bees
952:butterflies
925:. Isolated
896:Periglacial
774:plagioclase
749:Composition
731:rhyodacitic
711:ignimbrites
673:basin. The
644:Pleistocene
617:Pleistocene
577:Nazca Plate
526:block lavas
420:orthography
320:ignimbrites
317:Pleistocene
302:crater lake
296:containing
188:Age of rock
106: /
81:Coordinates
54:Parent peak
6180:Categories
6068:Hornopirén
6053:Casablanca
6023:Villarrica
6018:Sollipulli
5978:Cerro Azul
5850:Licancabur
5845:Sairecabur
5805:Guallatiri
5795:Parinacota
5775:Purupuruni
5685:Auquihuato
5652:Tungurahua
5647:Chimborazo
5607:Reventador
5582:Doña Juana
5047:Allpanchis
4683:2024-03-19
4179:2024-03-19
3736:2024-03-19
3309:2024-03-19
2811:Vitry 2020
2619:Vitry 2020
2112:Guest 1968
1320:References
1181:copulation
1151:– or as a
1148:corpahuasi
1139:landslides
1056:lava flows
998:chinchilla
944:), frogs (
900:insolation
876:subsidence
830:rocks and
811:deposits.
770:phenocryst
723:lava domes
705:, a giant
679:intrusions
652:Cerro Toco
636:Sairecabur
609:ignimbrite
603:) and the
583:under the
581:subducting
579:have been
522:lava flows
381:Licancabur
332:lava flows
275:Sairecabur
258:Licancabur
144:Licancabur
74:Sairecabur
59:Sairecabur
24:Licancabur
6088:Corcovado
6008:Lonquimay
5968:Calabozos
5953:Tupungato
5930:Incahuasi
5895:Lastarria
5875:Chiliques
5715:Sabancaya
5695:Sara Sara
5612:Pichincha
5547:Paipa-Iza
5450:2296-6463
5407:2296-665X
5372:2296-665X
5329:2296-665X
5305:(19): 1.
5243:. Andes.
5224:0717-7356
5181:0716-0925
5160:0717-8883
5131:0011-3204
5084:: 16–41.
5069:2708-8960
5032:1 October
4940:0718-1043
4911:0717-7356
4870:0016-7428
4829:0003-0007
4754:0276-4741
4704:0718-3402
4655:0716-2278
4561:0822-7942
4528:1850-373X
4507:0717-7356
4474:1852-1479
4279:0716-0925
4088:0718-1043
3973:1538-3873
3905:0719-935X
3783:(Report).
3769:1870-1582
3630:0718-1043
3599:0719-8477
3543:2250-7124
3518:2050-3407
3494:: 59–78.
3439:0718-1043
3330:0717-8883
3286:Die Anden
3273:2411-1236
3244:0044-2666
3197:0716-0925
3166:0719-8590
1185:San Pedro
1166:Atacameno
1159:Inca road
1143:base camp
1122:capacocha
836:amphibole
801:Xenoliths
778:amphibole
772:phase is
754:Andesites
739:lineament
715:La Pacana
695:Antofalla
683:Paleozoic
677:contains
667:Altiplano
378:The name
119:Geography
94:67°53′1″W
91:22°50′2″S
66:Isolation
44:Elevation
6156:Fueguino
6141:Aguilera
6093:Mentolat
6003:Callaqui
5840:Zapaleri
5770:Yucamane
5765:Tutupaca
5735:Chachani
5705:Coropuna
5700:Solimana
5642:Quilotoa
5637:Cotopaxi
5632:Illiniza
5617:Antisana
5490:Archived
5473:Archived
5189:25674713
4996:18 March
4976:18 March
4569:43123848
4396:17272160
4287:25674576
4256:18 March
4202:18 March
3252:25840568
3205:25674662
3133:18 March
2535:GVP 2024
1831:GVP 2024
1720:GVP 2024
1437:GVP 2024
1297:UV index
1113:solstice
1065:moraines
1048:Holocene
1032:El Tatio
927:wetlands
923:pastures
884:glaciers
786:titanium
776:, while
743:Holocene
691:Mesozoic
675:basement
669:and the
660:Pliocene
640:Juriques
621:Holocene
569:Jurassic
477:and the
388:, where
357:Several
344:andesite
328:ice ages
324:Holocene
306:glaciers
279:Juriques
221:Climbing
193:Holocene
160:Location
72:to
6131:Lautaro
6083:Chaitén
6063:Calbuco
5998:Copahue
5915:Peinado
5900:Lazufre
5885:Socompa
5790:Taapaca
5760:Ticsani
5602:Cayambe
5592:Azufral
5587:Galeras
5552:Romeral
5428:Bibcode
5350:Bibcode
5307:Bibcode
5139:2743701
5086:Bibcode
4850:Bibcode
4809:Bibcode
4790:: 1–43.
4762:3673292
4595:Bibcode
4345:Bibcode
4308:Bibcode
4252:: 49–50
4221:Bibcode
4152:Bibcode
4123:Bibcode
4024:Bibcode
3994:Bibcode
3953:Bibcode
3923:. 1887.
3860:Bibcode
3827:Bibcode
3688:Bibcode
3389:. 1393.
3383:Bibcode
3351:Bibcode
3115:Sources
1189:Socaire
1109:equinox
1052:glacial
1006:guanaco
892:glacial
818:in the
793:olivine
784:, iron-
766:adakite
727:dacitic
654:of the
613:Miocene
587:in the
551:Geology
269:) is a
216:Unknown
182:Geology
6151:Burney
6146:Reclus
6136:Viedma
6113:Hudson
6073:Huequi
6058:Osorno
6013:Llaima
5993:Antuco
5880:Aracar
5870:Lascar
5860:Pacana
5835:Azufre
5815:Isluga
5785:Tacora
5780:Casiri
5745:Ubinas
5725:Ampato
5690:Firura
5662:Sangay
5597:Chiles
5577:Puracé
5448:
5405:
5370:
5348:: 68.
5327:
5266:
5247:
5222:
5187:
5179:
5158:
5137:
5129:
5067:
5022:SERNAP
4992:. 2023
4938:
4909:
4878:212227
4876:
4868:
4827:
4760:
4752:
4702:
4674:
4653:
4567:
4559:
4526:
4505:
4472:
4394:
4384:
4285:
4277:
4170:
4086:
4059:Lithos
3971:
3903:
3767:
3727:
3628:
3597:
3541:
3516:
3437:
3328:
3300:
3271:
3250:
3242:
3203:
3195:
3164:
1203:Ascent
1098:pircas
1014:vicuña
1002:culpeo
919:shrubs
911:yareta
902:rate.
859:Llamas
840:garnet
809:sulfur
805:gabbro
789:oxides
762:dacite
735:Faults
719:Purico
625:Lascar
571:, the
515:lahars
348:dacite
283:Andean
6033:Lanín
5963:Maipo
5910:Galán
5800:Lauca
5740:Misti
5627:Soche
5622:Aliso
5185:JSTOR
5135:JSTOR
4959:(PDF)
4952:(PDF)
4874:JSTOR
4758:JSTOR
4626:(1).
4565:JSTOR
4283:JSTOR
3943:arXiv
3806:(PDF)
3795:(PDF)
3781:(PDF)
3522:EBSCO
3248:JSTOR
3201:JSTOR
3127:(PDF)
1231:Notes
1197:taboo
1154:tambo
1104:ushnu
960:flies
915:cacti
415:cauri
409:caure
397:cábur
391:lican
176:Andes
6103:Macá
5446:ISSN
5403:ISSN
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