686:
314:
849:
214:
961:
1198:
947:
794:(1979). Kepping also extended Nishida's theory of two different types of Tangut language, proposing that one style of language represented the "common language" and the other style of language represented a "ritual language" that had been created by Tangut shamans for ritual purposes prior to the adoption of Buddhism. Terent'ev-Katanskij went on to produce a treatise on the technical features of Tangut books (1981). Another influential Russian scholar was Mikhail Sofronov, who in 1968 published an influential
1210:
282:
1184:
367:
672:
296:
99:
1160:
1238:
1148:
989:
1003:
1224:
660:
975:
1172:
648:
636:
622:
342:. Khara-Khoto had been abruptly abandoned at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and, partially covered by sand, it had remained largely untouched for over 500 years. Inside a large stupa outside the city walls Kozlov discovered a hoard of some 2,000 printed books and manuscripts, mostly in Chinese and Tangut, as well as many pieces of Tangut Buddhist art, which he sent back to the
788:, which was especially noteworthy because the texts were written in a cursive form of the Tangut script which was very hard to read. Kepping, whose early research made important contributions to the understanding of Tangut grammar, went on to translate the Tangut translation of the Chinese military treatise
168:
However, Zhang's identification of the Tangut script was not widely known, and more than a half a century later scholars were still debating what the unknown script at the Cloud
Platform was. The Cloud Platform, which had been built in 1343–1345 as the base for a pagoda, was inscribed with Buddhist
771:
was a thousand-page manuscript draft dictionary of Tangut, which was the first modern dictionary of Tangut to be published, and opened up the study of Tangut texts to a new generation of scholars. During the 1960s a group of young scholars at the
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in Leningrad, led
463:
and the other dictionaries, Ivanov was able to compile a short dictionary of about 3,000 Tangut characters. His dictionary was completed in 1918, but it was not published due to the political instability of the time. Ivanov deposited the manuscript of his dictionary at the
Asiatic Museum, but he
801:
In addition to working on the Tangut language and script, scholars such as
Kychanov and Kepping also made important contributions to the understanding of Tangut history, society and religion. In 1968 Kychanov published an historical sketch of the Tangut state that provided the first systematic
221:
Bushell, a physician at the
British Legation in Beijing from 1868 to 1900, was a keen numismatist, and had collected a number of coins issued by the Western Xia state with inscriptions in the Tangut script. In order to read the inscriptions on these coins he attempted to decipher as many Tangut
495:
to work at the
Institute of Oriental Studies in Leningrad, where he worked on a dictionary of Tangut based on the lexical materials found at Khara-Khoto. However, in late autumn 1937, before his dictionary was ready for publication, he and his Japanese wife were arrested and executed, thereby
325:
The paucity of surviving Tangut texts and inscriptions, and in particular the lack of any dictionary or glossary of the language, meant that it was difficult for scholars to go beyond the preliminary work on the decipherment of Tangut by
Bushell and Morisse. The breakthrough in Tangut studies
230:. In 1896 he published a list of thirty-seven Tangut characters with their corresponding meaning in Chinese, and using this key he was able to decipher the four-character inscription on one of his Western Xia coins as meaning "Precious Coin of the Da'an period " (corresponding to the Chinese
729:
in the mid-1950s, and went on to become the pre-eminent
Japanese scholar of Tangut for the next fifty years. In 1964–1966 Nishida produced a monumental work on the reconstruction of Tangut phonology and decipherment of Tangut characters, which included a dictionary of about 3,000 characters.
1065:
Established
Tangutologists have also continued to make important contributions. Li Fanwen published a revised and extended edition of his Tangut-Chinese dictionary (2008), and Kychanov and Arakawa produced a Tangut-Russian-English-Chinese dictionary (2006). In 2021 Han Xiaomang published a
904:. However, the leading expert on Western Xia history and the Tangut people in the USA is Ruth W. Dunnell. In 1988 Dunnell made a study and translation of a bilingual Tangut and Chinese inscription on a stele erected in 1094, and in 1996 she published an influential book entitled
38:, especially as seen through the study of contemporaneous documents written by the Tangut people themselves. As the Tangut language was written in a unique and complex script and the spoken language became extinct, the cornerstone of Tangut studies has been the study of the
444:). Ivanov published a number of articles on the Tangut script between 1909 and 1920, which helped disseminate knowledge of the Tangut script, and encouraged other scholars to study the language. In 1916, based on the material published by Ivanov, the German orientalist
859:
A number of important archaeological discoveries were made in China during this period, perhaps the most significant being the discovery of various historical and religious artefacts, as well as a number of Tangut manuscripts and printed texts, in the ruins of the
877:
Tangut
Buddhism has also been an important topic of study for Chinese scholars. In 1988 Shi Jinbo produced an influential overview of Tangut Buddhism and Tangut Buddhist art. Another scholar in this field is Xie Jisheng, who has made studies of Tangut
614:
raging in the Far East, and political repression in the Soviet Union, Tangut studies ground to a halt in China, Japan and the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. With the onset of World War II Tangut studies stagnated in Europe and America as well.
739:(1975–1977) and Tangut ritual poems (1986). In order to explain the fact that in some ritual poems each line was written twice using different vocabulary and different grammatical structures, Nishida proposed that there were two different Tangut
940:(1972) in which he analysed the structure of the Tangut script, and assigned a four-digit 'Telecode' number to each Tangut character in an early attempt to assign standard codes to characters for use in computer processing of Tangut text.
246:(1844–1899), a diplomat at the French Legation in Beijing, was studying the bilingual Tangut-Chinese Liangzhou Stele, and in 1898, a year before his death, he published two important articles on the Tangut script and the Liangzhou Stele.
275:. By comparing the Tangut version of the sutra with the corresponding Chinese version of the sutra, Morisse was able to identify some 200 Tangut characters, and deduce some grammatical rules for Tangut, which he published in 1904.
378:(1878–1937) worked on the preservation and identification of the hundreds of books and manuscripts that were written in the Tangut script, and it was not long before he discovered a bilingual Chinese-Tangut glossary called the
743:: most Tangut text represented the language of the ordinary Tangut people (the "red-faced people"), but the ritual poems represented the language of the ruling class (the "black-headed people"), the latter preserving a
776:, started to study and translate the huge hoard of Tangut texts that had been brought back from Khara-Khoto nearly half a century earlier. One of the main fruits of this research was a scholarly edition by Kychanov,
587:
in the US, focussed their attention on several manuscripts from Khara-Khoto that had Tibetan phonetic glosses to Tangut texts, which enabled them to reconstruct some of the phonetic features of Tangut.
491:
languages, but after he met Ivanov in China in 1925 he started to work on the study of the Tangut texts from Khara-Khoto and the decipherment of the Tangut script. In 1929 Nevsky moved back to the
448:(1874–1934) published a study of the Tangut language in which he attempted to reconstruct the pronunciations of some characters, and in which he proposed that the Tangut language belonged to the
346:
in Saint Petersburg for preservation and study. The material was subsequently transferred to the Asiatic Museum of the Academy of Sciences, which later became the Saint Petersburg branch of the
1082:
351:
81:(1644–1912) all knowledge of the Tangut language and script had been lost, and no examples or descriptions of the Tangut script had been preserved in any surviving Chinese books from the
402:) which he immediately realised was the key to deciphering the Tangut language. He later discovered three monolingual Tangut dictionaries and glossaries among the Khara-Khoto material:
874:, which is thought to have been printed during the second half of the 12th century, and is believed to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type.
354:). It was the discovery of this unprecedented hoard of Tangut material by Kozlov that led to the development of Tangutology as a separate academic discipline within the field of
347:
1081:
in 1994. As of 7 May 2022 the online IDP database included 4,230 catalogue entries for Tangut manuscripts and printed texts held at the British Library in London, the
559:
dedicated to these texts was published in 1932, with articles written by a variety of Chinese, Japanese and Russian scholars (Luo Fucheng, Wang Jingru, Ishihama Juntarō (
153:, and so concluded that the corresponding inscription in an unknown script must be the native Western Xia script; and hence the unknown writing in the same style on the
1018:
Since the late 1990s a new generation of Tangutologists has emerged. In China, a number of young scholars have made important contributions to Tangutology: Sun Bojun
818:, so it was not until the second half of the 1970s that any significant research on Tangut was published. One of the first of a new generation of Tangutologists was
685:
57:. The Tangut script, which was devised in 1036, was widely used in printed books and on monumental inscriptions during the Western Xia period, as well as during the
708:
It was more than ten years after the end of World War II before there was a resurgence in Tangut studies. The first post-war scholar to turn his hand to Tangut was
253:(d. 1910), an interpreter at the French Legation in Beijing, who made progress in deciphering the Tangut script by comparing the text of the Chinese version of the
802:
overview of Tangut history. Kepping studied the relationship between state and religion during the Western Xia, and advocated the theory that the practice of
822:, who started his career excavating fragments of Tangut epitaphs from the Western Xia imperial tombs during the early 1970s, then published a study of the
1560:
Xixia Version of the Lotus Sutra from the Collection of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
932:
in the British Museum's Stein Collection, and edited a facsimile compilation of Tangut Buddhist texts in nine volumes, published in 1971 under the title
1141:
version 9.0, which has enabled the display of Tangut text on the internet, and facilitated the digitalization and textual analysis of Tangut documents.
2106:
1307:
250:
197:(1815–1887) wrote an influential paper entitled "An ancient Buddhist inscription at Keu-yung Kwan" in which he asserted that the unknown script was
536:, 1896–1921) shared the family's interest in Tangut, and wrote an influential handbook on the Tangut script when he was just eighteen years old.
595:(1891–1974) had started to study the thousands of Tangut manuscript fragments that had been recovered from Khara-Khoto between 1913 and 1916 by
1911:
2112:
1583:
539:
Further discoveries of Tangut texts were made in China, most notably a cache of Buddhist sutras in five pottery jars that were unearthed in
271:) with that of three volumes of a manuscript of the Tangut version which had been discovered in Beijing in 1900 during the aftermath of the
1058:
1531:
Heishuicheng Manuscripts Collected in the St.Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
908:
in which she examined the relationship between the Tanguts and their neighbours, and the role of the Buddhism in the Tangut state.
870:
845:
comparative linguistics, worked on Tangut phonology, and provided the phonetic reconstructions for Li Fanwen's 1997 dictionary.
1768:
1736:
1653:
1755:(2012). "The Pillar of Tangutology: E.I. Kychanov's Contribution and Influence on Tangut Studies". In Popova, Irina (ed.).
826:
in 1976, and went on to publish the first comprehensive Tangut-Chinese dictionary in 1997. Other young scholars included
573:
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, a number of scholars, including Nevsky in Russia, Laufer in Germany, Wang Jingru
960:
584:
1818:[The earliest surviving wooden movable type in the world: A study of Tangut books printed with movable type].
1538:
1355:
239:). This was the first time that an unknown Tangut text, albeit only four characters in length, had been translated.
1044:
has attempted to reconstruct a hypothetical ancestor to the Tangut language which he calls Pre-Tangut. In France,
113:
The earliest modern identification of the Tangut script occurred in 1804, when a Chinese scholar called Zhang Shu (
85:, Yuan or Ming dynasties. It was not until the 19th century that the Tangut language and script were rediscovered.
17:
924:
during the 1960s. He identified a unique Tangut translation of a Chinese work on military strategy ascribed to
1849:
1074:
385:
114:
1069:
The ability for scholars around the world to study original Tangut documents has been greatly improved by the
946:
868:
in 1991 after it had been illegally blown up. These included a previously unknown Tangut Buddhist text, the
726:
677:
476:
313:
1934:
1683:
1473:(1932). "Livres reçus: N. A. Nevskii, Očerk istorii tangutovedenya ("Histoire des études sur le si-hia")".
1098:
671:
343:
194:
154:
103:
1973:
1926:
1675:
1327:
848:
740:
193:), but only the first five of these six were known to Chinese and Western scholars at the time. In 1870
898:
worked on Tangu foreign relations, and in 1982 he published a study of the Tangut-Chinese glossary, the
1522:
449:
1761:
Tanguts in Central Asia: a collection of articles marking the 80th anniversary of Prof. E. I. Kychanov
784:(1969). Kolokolov and Kychanov had previously worked on an edition of the Tangut translations of the
1197:
755:
In the Soviet Union, Tangut studies were given a kickstart by the posthumous publication of Nevsky's
552:
508:(1866–1940) met Ivanov in Saint Petersburg, and he was allowed to make a copy of nine pages from the
213:
205:(1844–1908) published a paper demonstrating conclusively that the unknown script was in fact Tangut.
65:(1368–1644). The latest known examples of Tangut writing are Buddhist inscriptions dated 1502 on two
1052:
has continued the work of Grinstead in the study of Tangut manuscripts from Khara-Khoto held at the
780:, V. S. Kolokolov, and A. P. Terent'ev-Katanskij of the Tangut monolingual rhyming dictionary, the
611:
375:
1954:"Tangut (Xīxià) Orthography and Unicode : Research notes toward a Unicode encoding of Tangut"
464:
took it back home in 1922, and it disappeared after his arrest and execution in 1937, a victim of
1892:
1785:
1705:(1986). "西夏語『月々楽詩』の研究" [Study of the Tangut language 'Poem on Pleasure of Every Month'].
1430:
1408:
1183:
453:
287:
202:
1492:
Morisse, G. (1904). "Contribution preliminaire à l'étude de l'écriture et de la langue Si-hia".
2128:
1641:
1607:
1256:
1130:
1104:
In 2010 the Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences started to publish a quarterly journal entitled
1040:
has concentrated on Tangut phonology, and produced a rhyming dictionary of Tangut. In the US,
861:
842:
295:
281:
66:
1237:
1977:
1209:
830:, Bai Bin and Huang Zhenhua, who together produced an important study and translation of the
744:
374:
After the arrival of the Khara-Khoto material in Saint Petersburg in autumn 1909, sinologist
1791:
1261:
1159:
1070:
131:, 1781–1847) observed that the Chinese text of a Chinese-Tangut bilingual inscription on a
1891:
Kepping, Ksenia (2003). "Zhuge Liang's «The general's garden» in the Mi-Nia translation".
8:
1147:
815:
580:
186:
158:
2100:
1845:
1371:
Dunnell, Ruth (1992). "The Hsia Origins of the Yüan Institution of Imperial Preceptor".
1189:
1037:
974:
906:
The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Foundation in Eleventh-Century Xia
178:
1905:
1223:
1002:
659:
1126:), which is the first regular academic journal devoted exclusively to Tangut studies.
988:
526:, 1885–1960), in 1924. Luo Fucheng also published the first facsimile edition of the
301:
243:
2005:
1870:
1823:
1764:
1732:
1649:
1534:
1494:
Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1351:
1319:
1243:
1134:
1045:
1041:
900:
838:
480:
479:(1892–1937). Nevsky had been resident in Japan since 1915, where he had studied the
380:
170:
2133:
1724:
1501:
1171:
1138:
1109:
1086:
966:
883:
803:
785:
773:
735:
722:
355:
150:
1631:
647:
635:
2067:
1645:
1345:
1090:
1078:
1053:
814:
In China, Tangut studies were slower to resume, and progress was hindered by the
691:
621:
445:
272:
242:
At about the same time as Bushell was working on Tangut numismatic inscriptions,
136:
39:
1433:(1895–1896). "The Hsi Hsia Dynasty of Tangut, their Money and Peculiar Script".
1036:
has attempted to define the orthographic forms of Tangut characters. In Japan,
512:, which he published in China in the same year. He met Ivanov again in 1922 in
222:
characters as possible by comparing the Chinese and Tangut texts on a bilingual
1997:
1790:[Precious sutras beneath the ruins of an ancient pagoda] (in Chinese).
1702:
1671:
1603:
1554:
1452:
1030:
has made studies of Tibetan phonetic glosses of Tangut texts; and Han Xiaomang
980:
952:
921:
917:
777:
709:
600:
592:
496:
bringing a brutal end to the study of the Tangut language in the Soviet Union.
339:
198:
182:
174:
1953:
1757:Тангуты в Центральной Азии: сборник статей в честь 80-летия проф. Е.И.Кычанова
2122:
2009:
1827:
1637:
1323:
1215:
1049:
894:
In America there have been few scholars working on Tangut. During the 1970s
488:
484:
465:
190:
54:
43:
35:
1505:
1048:
has furthered the understanding of the verb in Tangut language. In the UK,
2095:
1633:
Gerard Clauson's Skeleton Tangut (Hsi Hsia) Dictionary: A facsimile edition
1470:
806:
by the Emperor and Empress was central to the running of the Tangut state.
492:
366:
327:
146:
82:
78:
62:
58:
2049:[Tangut Research] (in Chinese). Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences
265:
98:
53:(1038–1227) in northwestern China, which was eventually overthrown by the
2023:
1558:
1229:
925:
895:
764:
698:
596:
469:
335:
331:
255:
102:
Mid 14th century Tangut Buddhist text inscribed on the inner wall of the
50:
1393:
Ikeda, Takumi (2006). "Exploring the Mu-nya people and their language".
1350:. Volume 27 of Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology. Brill. p. 21.
308:
2044:
1271:
627:
505:
34:
is the study of the culture, history, art and language of the ancient
1811:
1752:
994:
827:
819:
227:
1266:
1024:
has worked on Tangut translations of Sanskrit texts; Tai Chung-pui
725:
who started off by studying the Tangut Buddhist inscription on the
520:, which was subsequently published by his eldest son, Luo Fucheng (
260:
879:
865:
790:
548:
544:
513:
249:
The third European in China to undertake the study of Tangut was
162:
107:
70:
61:(1271–1368), but the language became extinct sometime during the
348:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1117:
1094:
540:
393:
122:
1707:京都大学文学部紀要 (Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters Kyoto University)
1435:
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
223:
132:
74:
1073:
of Tangut manuscripts from Khara-Khoto and elsewhere by the
1066:
dictionary of Tangut characters and words in nine volumes.
1584:"Tangut Studies at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts"
2113:
Tangut Studies at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
1871:"Buddhism and State Foundation in Eleventh Century Xia"
551:, and form the nucleus of the Tangut collection of the
2000:(2010–2011). "The Impact of IDP on Dunhuang Studies".
1846:"A Review of Tangut Buddhism, Art and Textual Studies"
699:
The resurgence of Tangut studies (1950s through 1990s)
330:
discovered the abandoned Western Xia fortress city of
1976:. Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures at the
1411:(Oct 1899). "The Tangut script in the Nank'ou Pass".
1013:
309:
The development of Tangut studies (1908 to the 1930s)
2101:
A Review of Tangut Buddhism, Art and Textual Studies
208:
93:
1101:, of which 3,613 Tangut texts have been digitized.
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1666:
1664:
1662:
920:, originally from New Zealand, who worked at the
603:in London. During 1937 and 1938 Clauson wrote a
2120:
1517:
1515:
1810:
1284:
2004:(36–37). International Dunhuang Project: 4–5.
1804:
1763:]. Oriental Literature. pp. 469–480.
1659:
1347:Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road
1339:
1337:
747:that had been lost in ordinary Tangut speech.
714:
560:
217:Bushell's decipherment of 37 Tangut characters
88:
1927:"The Tangut Tripitaka, Some Background Notes"
1533:]. Vol. 1. Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
1521:
1512:
1031:
1025:
1019:
574:
531:
521:
234:
140:
1429:
1388:
1386:
607:, which was published in facsimile in 2016.
605:Skeleton dictionary of the Hsi-hsia language
1873:. International Institute for Asian Studies
1783:
1364:
1334:
557:Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping
1910:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1717:
882:and has explored the influence of Tibetan
2016:
1996:
1924:
1723:
1670:
1608:"The future of Tangut (Hsi Hsia) studies"
1383:
936:. Grinstead's major publication was his
370:Tangut Buddhist painting from Khara-Khoto
1839:
1837:
1777:
1581:
847:
530:in 1935. Luo's third son, Luo Fuchang (
365:
312:
212:
97:
1947:
1945:
1890:
1701:
1640:. With Editorial notes and an Index by
1602:
1553:
1547:
1491:
1469:
1451:
1407:
1370:
1343:
871:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union
854:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union
317:Preliminary decipherment of the Tangut
14:
2121:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1459:. Tokyo: The Zauho Press. p. 519.
516:, and obtained a complete copy of the
1843:
1834:
1392:
1308:"Tangutology During the Past Decades"
1942:
1820:北京图书馆馆刊 (Journal of Beijing Library)
1582:Kychanov, Ye. I. (5 November 2005).
2107:Tangutology During the Past Decades
1751:
1731:. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 456.
1570:
1305:
547:in 1917. These texts were sent to
24:
1014:Tangut studies in the 21st century
916:Following in Clauson's tracks was
585:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2145:
2089:
1900:. St. Petersburg. pp. 13–24.
1868:
1083:Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
911:
733:Nishida also made studies of the
504:In 1912 the renowned antiquarian
352:Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
209:Tentative decipherments of Tangut
201:, and it was not until 1899 that
94:Earliest identification of Tangut
2026:. International Dunhuang Project
1951:
1925:Grinstead, Eric (October 1972).
1236:
1222:
1208:
1196:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1001:
987:
973:
959:
945:
889:
841:(1934–2010), who specialized in
684:
670:
658:
646:
634:
620:
294:
280:
169:texts in six different scripts (
165:must also be the Tangut script.
2060:
2037:
1990:
1966:
1918:
1884:
1862:
1745:
1695:
1625:
1596:
750:
2096:Bibliography of Tangut Studies
1850:International Dunhuang Project
1644:. Prepared for publication by
1485:
1463:
1445:
1423:
1401:
1122:
1075:International Dunhuang Project
1026:
1020:
796:Grammar of the Tangut Language
575:
532:
522:
440:
435:
426:
412:
398:
389:
235:
141:
127:
118:
49:The Tangut people founded the
13:
1:
1844:Gaowa, Saren (21 June 2007).
1676:"Hsi-Hsia: News of the Field"
1566:. Soka Gakkai. p. 167 ).
1277:
938:Analysis of the Tangut Script
678:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Nevsky
477:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Nevsky
475:Following on from Ivanov was
1557:(2005). "Editor's Preface".
1457:A Study of Hsi-Hsia Language
1099:Princeton University Library
568:
344:Russian Geographical Society
155:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
104:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
42:and the decipherment of the
7:
1523:Kychanov, Evgenij Ivanovich
1250:
767:in 1962. The main part of
399:Fān-Hàn Héshí Zhǎngzhōngzhū
266:
89:The birth of Tangut studies
10:
2150:
1784:He Lulu 贺璐璐 (4 May 2008).
1729:Languages of the Himalayas
1636:. With an introduction by
1077:(IDP), established by the
809:
786:Chinese Confucian classics
579:(1903–1990) in China, and
555:. A special issue of the
326:finally came in 1908 when
1822:(in Chinese) (1): 67–80.
1344:Kessler, Adam T. (2012).
1113:
1032:
763:, in 1960, which won the
715:
561:
553:National Library of China
421:
407:
361:
267:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
2045:
1894:Last Works and Documents
1815:
1786:
1648:. Portlaoise: Evertype.
1525:(1996–2000). "preface".
886:on Tangut Buddhist art.
703:
612:Second Sino-Japanese War
565:), Ivanov, and Nevsky).
499:
376:Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov
1935:Sung Studies Newsletter
1684:Sung Studies Newsletter
1506:10.3406/mesav.1904.1090
1129:In 2016 a set of 6,125
599:, and deposited at the
591:Meanwhile, in England,
203:Stephen Wootton Bushell
1974:"Petra Kappert Fellow"
1257:List of Tangutologists
862:Baisigou Square Pagoda
856:
371:
322:
218:
110:
1978:University of Hamburg
1306:Nie, Hongyin (1993).
851:
745:linguistic substratum
369:
316:
216:
139:at the Huguo Temple (
101:
2072:The Unicode Standard
1792:China National Radio
1262:List of Tangut books
1137:were encoded in the
1059:The General's Garden
934:The Tangut Tripitaka
930:The General's Garden
736:Flower Garland Sutra
149:, had a Western Xia
1816:现存世界上最早的木活字：西夏活字印本考
816:Cultural Revolution
583:(1889–1938) at the
581:Stuart N. Wolfenden
334:on the edge of the
159:Great Wall of China
51:Western Xia dynasty
857:
741:language registers
610:However, with the
372:
323:
321:by Georges Morisse
219:
111:
2115:by E. I. Kychanov
1770:978-5-02-036505-6
1738:978-90-04-12062-4
1725:van Driem, George
1674:(December 1974).
1654:978-1-78201-167-5
1244:Guillaume Jacques
1135:Tangut components
1131:Tangut characters
1046:Guillaume Jacques
901:Pearl in the Palm
852:A folio from the
839:Gong Hwang-cherng
832:Sea of Characters
782:Sea of Characters
518:Pearl in the Palm
510:Pearl in the Palm
461:Pearl in the Palm
418:Sea of Characters
381:Pearl in the Palm
69:from a temple in
16:(Redirected from
2141:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:"IDP Statistics"
2020:
2014:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1860:
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1841:
1832:
1831:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
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1781:
1775:
1774:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:The China Review
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1326:. Archived from
1312:Monumenta Serica
1303:
1240:
1226:
1212:
1200:
1190:Arakawa Shintarō
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1139:Unicode Standard
1124:
1115:
1087:Saint Petersburg
1056:, in particular
1038:Arakawa Shintarō
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1005:
991:
977:
967:Evgenij Kychanov
963:
949:
884:Tantric Buddhism
804:Tantric Buddhism
769:Tangut Philology
761:Tangut Philology
723:Kyoto University
720:
718:
717:
688:
674:
662:
650:
638:
624:
578:
577:
564:
563:
535:
534:
525:
524:
442:
437:
432:Mixed Characters
428:
423:
414:
409:
400:
391:
356:oriental studies
298:
284:
269:
238:
237:
144:
143:
129:
120:
21:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2119:
2118:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2068:"Unicode 9.0.0"
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1998:Mair, Victor H.
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1952:Cook, Richard.
1950:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1835:
1817:
1812:Shi Jinbo (史金波)
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1722:
1718:
1703:Nishida, Tatsuo
1700:
1696:
1678:
1672:Grinstead, Eric
1669:
1660:
1646:Michael Everson
1630:
1626:
1610:
1604:Clauson, Gerard
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1563:
1555:Nishida, Tatsuo
1552:
1548:
1541:
1520:
1513:
1490:
1486:
1468:
1464:
1453:Nishida, Tatsuo
1450:
1446:
1428:
1424:
1406:
1402:
1391:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1335:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1106:Tangut Research
1091:Academia Sinica
1079:British Library
1054:British Library
1016:
1009:
1006:
997:
992:
983:
978:
969:
964:
955:
950:
914:
892:
812:
753:
712:
706:
701:
694:
692:Berthold Laufer
689:
680:
675:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
630:
625:
571:
502:
446:Berthold Laufer
364:
311:
304:
302:Gabriel Devéria
299:
290:
285:
273:Boxer Rebellion
251:Georges Morisse
244:Gabriel Devéria
211:
195:Alexander Wylie
137:Liangzhou Stele
96:
91:
67:dharani pillars
40:Tangut language
23:
22:
18:Liangzhou Stele
15:
12:
11:
5:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:by Nie Hongyin
2104:
2103:by Saren Gaowa
2098:
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2085:
2084:
2059:
2036:
2015:
1989:
1965:
1941:
1917:
1883:
1861:
1833:
1803:
1776:
1769:
1744:
1737:
1716:
1694:
1658:
1624:
1595:
1569:
1546:
1539:
1511:
1500:(2): 313–379.
1484:
1462:
1444:
1422:
1400:
1382:
1375:. 3rd series.
1363:
1356:
1333:
1330:on 2011-07-24.
1282:
1281:
1279:
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1275:
1274:
1269:
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1248:
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1207:
1205:
1203:Kirill Solonin
1202:
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1007:
1000:
998:
993:
986:
984:
981:Ksenia Kepping
979:
972:
970:
965:
958:
956:
953:Nishida Tatsuo
951:
944:
922:British Museum
918:Eric Grinstead
913:
912:United Kingdom
910:
891:
888:
811:
808:
778:Ksenia Kepping
774:E. I. Kychanov
752:
749:
727:Cloud Platform
710:Nishida Tatsuo
705:
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697:
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683:
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676:
669:
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645:
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633:
631:
626:
619:
601:British Museum
593:Gerard Clauson
570:
567:
501:
498:
452:branch of the
438:; pinyin:
434:(Chinese:
424:; pinyin:
420:(Chinese:
410:; pinyin:
406:(Chinese:
363:
360:
340:Inner Mongolia
310:
307:
306:
305:
300:
293:
291:
286:
279:
210:
207:
95:
92:
90:
87:
32:Tangut studies
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Asian studies
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2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1872:
1869:McKay, Alex.
1865:
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1638:Imre Galambos
1635:
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1620:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1599:
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1576:
1574:
1562:
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1550:
1542:
1540:7-5325-2036-6
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1481:(1): 226–229.
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Pelliot, Paul
1466:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Bushell, S.W.
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Bushell, S.W.
1404:
1397:(39): 19–147.
1396:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1357:9789004218598
1353:
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1234:
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1220:
1217:
1216:Imre Galambos
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1165:Lin Ying-chin
1161:
1156:
1149:
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1136:
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1127:
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1088:
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1076:
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1060:
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1051:
1050:Imre Galambos
1047:
1043:
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990:
985:
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976:
971:
968:
962:
957:
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948:
943:
942:
941:
939:
935:
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927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
903:
902:
897:
890:United States
887:
885:
881:
875:
873:
872:
867:
863:
855:
850:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
805:
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797:
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787:
783:
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770:
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758:
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731:
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724:
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582:
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529:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
462:
459:Based on the
457:
455:
454:Tibeto-Burman
451:
447:
443:
433:
429:
419:
415:
405:
401:
395:
387:
383:
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377:
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359:
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329:
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283:
278:
277:
276:
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258:
257:
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247:
245:
240:
233:
232:Dà'ān Bǎoqián
229:
225:
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
138:
135:known as the
134:
130:
124:
116:
109:
105:
100:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
44:Tangut script
41:
37:
36:Tangut people
33:
29:
19:
2077:30 September
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2018:
2001:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1933:
1920:
1893:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1819:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1779:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1728:
1719:
1710:
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1682:
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1587:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1530:
1526:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1346:
1328:the original
1315:
1311:
1153:Han Xiaomang
1128:
1123:Xīxià Yánjiū
1121:
1105:
1103:
1071:digitization
1068:
1064:
1057:
1017:
937:
933:
929:
915:
905:
899:
893:
876:
869:
858:
853:
843:Sino-Tibetan
836:
831:
823:
813:
800:
795:
789:
781:
768:
760:
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754:
751:Soviet Union
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719:, 1928–2012)
707:
641:Luo Fucheng
609:
604:
590:
572:
556:
538:
527:
517:
509:
503:
493:Soviet Union
474:
460:
458:
439:
431:
425:
417:
411:
403:
397:
379:
373:
328:Pyotr Kozlov
324:
318:
288:S.W. Bushell
264:
254:
248:
241:
231:
220:
167:
147:Wuwei, Gansu
126:
112:
79:Qing dynasty
63:Ming dynasty
59:Yuan dynasty
48:
31:
27:
26:
1938:(6): 19–23.
1642:Andrew West
1621:(1): 54–77.
1419:(2): 65–68.
1318:: 329–347.
1230:Marc Miyake
1042:Marc Miyake
1008:Nie Hongyin
926:Zhuge Liang
896:Luc Kwanten
837:In Taiwan,
765:Lenin Prize
757:magnum opus
665:Wang Jingru
653:Luo Fuchang
597:Aurel Stein
470:Great Purge
336:Gobi Desert
332:Khara-Khoto
319:Lotus Sutra
256:Lotus Sutra
28:Tangutology
2123:Categories
2053:2012-10-23
2030:2021-05-07
1983:2012-10-26
1959:2012-10-23
1877:2012-10-26
1855:2012-10-25
1797:2012-10-23
1753:Shi, Jinbo
1615:Asia Major
1589:2012-10-26
1475:T'oung Pao
1441:: 142–160.
1373:Asia Major
1278:References
1272:Tibetology
824:Homophones
628:Luo Zhenyu
528:Homophones
506:Luo Zhenyu
404:Homophones
187:Old Uyghur
77:. By the
2010:1354-5914
1906:cite book
1828:1006-9666
1814:(1997).
1379:: 85–111.
1324:0254-9948
1177:Sun Bojun
995:Shi Jinbo
928:entitled
834:in 1983.
828:Shi Jinbo
820:Li Fanwen
569:Elsewhere
450:Lolo-Moso
350:(now the
228:Liangzhou
179:ʼPhags-pa
161:north of
128:Zhāng Shù
2002:IDP News
1787:古塔废墟下的宝藏
1727:(2001).
1713:: 1–116.
1691:: 38–42.
1606:(1964).
1455:(1966).
1267:Sinology
1251:See also
1133:and 755
880:Thangkas
481:Japanese
456:family.
261:Sanskrit
175:Sanskrit
151:era name
2134:Tanguts
1617:. n.s.
1527:俄藏黑水城文献
1110:Chinese
866:Ningxia
791:Sun Tzu
549:Peiping
545:Ningxia
514:Tianjin
430:); and
413:Yīntóng
390:番漢合時掌中珠
386:Chinese
199:Jurchen
183:Tibetan
171:Chinese
163:Beijing
157:at the
115:Chinese
108:Beijing
71:Baoding
55:Mongols
2008:
1826:
1767:
1735:
1652:
1537:
1395:Zinbun
1354:
1322:
1120::
1118:pinyin
1112::
1095:Taipei
541:Lingwu
466:Stalin
427:Wénhǎi
396::
394:pinyin
388::
362:Russia
191:Tangut
125::
123:pinyin
117::
1930:(PDF)
1898:(PDF)
1759:[
1679:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1529:[
1496:. 1.
1477:. 2.
810:China
704:Japan
562:石浜純太郎
500:China
226:from
224:stele
145:) in
133:stele
106:near
75:Hebei
2079:2021
2046:西夏研究
2006:ISSN
1912:link
1824:ISSN
1765:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1320:ISSN
1114:西夏研究
1097:and
716:西田龍雄
489:Tsou
487:and
485:Ainu
441:Zázì
236:大安寶錢
189:and
83:Song
1502:doi
1093:in
1085:in
1033:韩小忙
1027:戴忠沛
1021:孫伯君
864:in
772:by
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576:王靜如
543:in
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523:羅福成
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436:雜字
422:文海
408:音同
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181:,
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173:,
121:;
119:張澍
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2056:.
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1962:.
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1880:.
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1800:.
1773:.
1741:.
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