252:(1427–1464) no dagobas remained, and the structure was given the name "Cloud Platform", because from a distance it seemed to rise out of the clouds. A project to restore the platform was carried out between 1443 and 1450. When the platform was surveyed by a Japanese expedition in 1943 a stele commemorating the restoration, dated 1448, was found on top of the platform. However, the restoration was not completed until 1450, as evidenced by an inscription on the far right-hand side of the inner west wall of the platform, dated the 15th day of the 5th month of the 15th year of the Zhengtong era (1450), that records that the restoration was carried out by a benefactor named as Lin Puxian (
281:
486:
752:
151:
63:
671:
1322:
233:
184:, in the north went through this pass, and so the emperor would pass through the temple at least twice a year. The temple had a north gate and a south gate, and the platform supporting three white dagobas was constructed on the inside of the south gate of the temple. The passageway underneath the dagobas was wide enough to allow pedestrians and carts to pass through into the temple.
272:
restored. The platform is now surrounded by a carpark. Several hundred meters from the Cloud
Platform in adjoining carparks are sections of the Great Wall going up both sides of the Valley, often crowded with tourists climbing up to panoramic views. Most are not aware of the Cloud Platform, which is easy to miss from both the ground and the viewpoints up the mountains.
465:
five languages, and summaries of the "Dharani-Sutra of the
Tathagata Heart" in two languages (see below for details). The sloping walls of the ceiling are decorated with the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, five on each side, with the space between them taken up with small images of the Thousand Buddhas of the present
658:
The
Tibetan, Mongolian and Uyghur versions of the "Record of Merits" are written over both the east and west walls, whereas the Chinese and Tangut versions are complete on the east wall, and the small script Chinese and Tangut inscriptions on the west wall are explanatory summaries in the Chinese and
464:
On the inner walls between the
Heavenly Kings are inscriptions of the Sanskrit text of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown" and the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in six different scripts, as well as translations of the "Record of Merits in the Construction of the Pagoda" in
271:
there was a fire, and the
Buddhist hall on top of the platform burnt down. The platform was not restored again, and by the time it was surveyed by a Japanese expedition in 1943 it was in a state of neglect and disrepair. In 1961 the platform was repaired, and the balustrades around the top were
288:
The Cloud
Platform is a rectangular structure, with sloping walls clad in white marble. The dimensions of the structure are 28.84 m × 17.57 m (94.6 ft × 57.6 ft) at the base and 24.04 m × 14.73 m (78.9 ft × 48.3 ft) at the top, and the
297:
at the base of each pillar, in total 54 small gargoyles around the edges and four large gargoyles at the corners. A passageway runs through the platform in a north–south orientation, with a semi-octagonal arch, 6.32 m (20.7 ft) wide and 7.27 m (23.9 ft) high, at either end.
201:
to commemorate the completion of the "crossing street tower" at
Juyongguan. However, the small Chinese inscription on the west wall of the platform is dated the 9th month of the 5th year of the Zhizheng era (1345), so the engravings and inscriptions must have taken two more years to complete.
637:
In addition to the two
Sanskrit dharani-sutras written in large characters in all six scripts, five of the scripts (not Lanydza) are used to write the "Record of Merits in the Construction of the Pagoda" in one of five different languages, in small characters:
824:
The summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the
Tathagata Heart" in Chinese is concluded with an inscription specifying that it was written on an auspicious day of the 9th month of the 5th year of the Zhizheng era (1345) by a monk called Decheng
229:) on the rockface at Juyongguan. However, the inscriptions referred to here are probably not the inscriptions on the Cloud Platform, and so modern scholarship dates the construction of the Cloud Platform to 1342 or 1343.
135:
134:). The platform is renowned for its Buddhist carvings and for its Buddhist inscriptions in six languages. The Cloud Platform was the 98th site included in the first batch of 180
2595:
1911:
32:
841:. The Old Uyghur version of the "Record of Merits" is also concluded with a date, but it is now damaged, and all that can be made out is the Zhizheng era.
2565:
139:
335:
The ends of the inner walls are decorated with large images, 2.75 m × 3.65 m (9 ft 0 in × 12 ft 0 in), of the
313:, and was intended to bring blessings on those who passed through the passageway, and to protect the Yuan state and its capital from misfortune.
1002:
933:
on the Cloud
Platform are referred to as being white in colour they were probably dagobas, similar in form to the Yuan dynasty white stupa at
2514:
1730:
1354:
1326:
305:
carvings of Buddhist images, as well as inscriptions of Buddhist texts in six different scripts. The Buddhist iconography is typical of the
2570:
2265:
1938:
17:
710:
20 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
699:
20 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
1982:
732:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
1008:
721:
27 columns of vertical Tangut text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
685:
2 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
816:
20 columns of vertical Chinese text in small characters (summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in Chinese language)
2610:
805:
13 columns of vertical Tangut text in small characters (summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in Tangut language)
791:
20 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
780:
19 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
2580:
2540:
2425:
1933:
159:
813:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
1918:
802:
26 columns of vertical Tangut text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
766:
3 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
1822:
1906:
2341:
2315:
1788:
2615:
2380:
1605:
1543:
1372:
946:
Only the first five of these six scripts were known to 19th century scholars. Although a Chinese scholar, Zhang Shu (
1723:
1347:
1295:
2498:
2258:
2128:
1991:
783:
14 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in small characters (Mongolian translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
964:), had correctly identified the Tangut inscription in 1804, this identification was not widely known, and in 1870
702:
8 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in small characters (Mongolian translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
379:
2346:
1853:
1306:
Chü-Yung-Kuan: The Buddhist Arch of the Fourteenth Century A.D. at the Pass of the Great Wall Northwest of Peking
794:
14 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in small characters (Uyghur translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
713:
13 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in small characters (Uyghur translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
306:
316:
Both the north and the south arch have the same symmetrical decoration. On each side of each arch is a crossed
248:(1368–1644) two of the three dagobas on the platform had collapsed or had been dismantled. By the reign of the
2440:
2093:
1878:
1834:
1783:
947:
586:
352:
324:), above which is an elephant surmounted by a youth riding a mythical creature. At the peak of each arch is a
83:
769:
4 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in small characters (Tibetan translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
688:
4 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in small characters (Tibetan translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
2522:
2506:
2405:
2174:
2161:
1858:
1756:
301:
The edges of the arches on both sides, and the inner walls and ceilings of the passageway are decorated with
75:
2590:
2560:
2298:
2037:
1807:
1716:
1340:
965:
574:-sutras (a type of ritual incantation) in large characters, one dharani-sutra in each script on each wall:
209:(1613–1682) suggested that the construction of the Cloud Platform was begun in 1326, on the basis that the
2575:
2415:
2390:
2351:
2251:
2057:
1817:
1748:
580:
2385:
1943:
1773:
735:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in small characters (Chinese translation of the "Record of Merits")
406:
116:. Although the structure looks like a gateway, it was originally the base for three white dagobas or
2585:
2490:
2445:
1953:
1812:
724:
11 columns of vertical Tangut text in small characters (Tangut translation of the "Record of Merits")
339:(also known as the four Deva Kings), each with various attendants, and treading on demons or ghosts:
258:). The restoration involved building a five-roomed wooden Buddhist hall, called the Tai'an Temple (
1972:
1948:
1778:
1556:
1012:
375:'Heavenly King who hears everything'), holding a parasol, on the north end of the west wall
289:
structure is 9.5 m (31 ft) in height. The top of the platform is surrounded by a marble
2605:
2460:
2455:
2179:
2047:
1868:
1863:
1829:
1079:
973:
2600:
2356:
2147:
2052:
1839:
874:
402:'Heavenly King who causes to grow'), holding a sword, on the south end of the east wall
1958:
1883:
1873:
1614:
888:
2527:
2470:
2450:
2395:
2305:
2015:
2002:
1766:
1530:
493:
The inscriptions on the inside walls of the platform are written in six different scripts:
460:'Heavenly King who sees all'), holding a serpent, on the south end of the west wall
8:
2400:
1793:
1635:
1363:
543:
539:
533:
474:
336:
105:
2210:
517:
302:
2274:
2154:
1923:
1576:
1484:
549:
529:
437:
109:
1286:
Li, Song (2006), "From the Northern Song to the Qing", in Howard, Angela Falco (ed.),
2375:
1465:
1291:
1248:
867:
855:
511:
249:
226:
120:, with a passage through it, a type of structure known as a "crossing street tower" (
976:(1844–1908) published a paper demonstrating conclusively that it was in fact Tangut.
344:
100:) is a mid-14th-century architectural feature situated in the Guangou Valley at the
2465:
2435:
2140:
2121:
1761:
1625:
1561:
553:
525:
310:
570:
Each of these six scripts is used to transcribe the Sanskrit text of two Buddhist
2430:
2410:
2310:
2288:
2216:
2114:
2079:
2042:
1890:
1844:
1798:
1571:
1380:
934:
748:
The inscriptions on the west inner wall of the passageway are laid out as below:
667:
The inscriptions on the east inner wall of the passageway are laid out as below:
563:
211:
2420:
2366:
2100:
2086:
1928:
1591:
1435:
969:
878:
760:
Top panel (0.40 m high): 4 lines of horizontal Lanydza text in large characters
679:
Top panel (0.40 m high): 4 lines of horizontal Lanydza text in large characters
507:
497:
268:
112:
of Beijing Municipality, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of central
788:
Vertical columns of Old Uyghur text running from left to right (1.50 m wide):
707:
Vertical columns of Old Uyghur text running from left to right (1.44 m wide):
166:, by imperial command. It was part of the Buddhist Yongming Baoxiang Temple (
2554:
2332:
2232:
2200:
1501:
1413:
1252:
777:
Vertical columns of 'Phags-pa text running from left to right (1.58 m wide):
696:
Vertical columns of 'Phags-pa text running from left to right (1.58 m wide):
559:
485:
47:
34:
774:
Bottom panel (1.55 m high) divided into four sections (from left to right):
693:
Bottom panel (1.55 m high) divided into four sections (from left to right):
236:
Stupa on top of an arch ("crossing street tower") that used to stand in the
2107:
1739:
1682:
1661:
1522:
1460:
1455:
1423:
810:
Vertical columns of Chinese text running from right to left (1.58 m wide):
729:
Vertical columns of Chinese text running from right to left (1.58 m wide):
466:
245:
237:
163:
1220:
Hardie, Peter (1978). "Review of "Chinese Ceramics from Datable Tombs" by
799:
Vertical columns of Tangut text running from right to left (1.72 m wide):
718:
Vertical columns of Tangut text running from right to left (1.73 m wide):
612:
578:
438:
407:
380:
345:
2293:
2073:
1506:
1496:
1489:
1445:
859:
521:
609:'Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown') on the east wall
280:
1646:
1398:
1221:
850:
290:
173:
101:
27:
Architectural feature at the Juyongguan Pass of the Great Wall of China
1708:
1332:
670:
2243:
2222:
2008:
1963:
1693:
1651:
751:
177:
1069:
180:(modern Beijing). The road from the capital to the summer capital,
150:
62:
2205:
1997:
1581:
1551:
1440:
1430:
1408:
1040:[Draft study of the Crossing Street Pagoda at Juyongguan].
501:
329:
294:
206:
136:
Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level
968:(1815–1887) mistakenly identified the inscription as being in the
232:
158:
The platform was built between 1342 and 1345, during the reign of
2227:
2195:
1450:
1418:
1403:
838:
659:
Tangut languages of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart".
571:
470:
222:
181:
113:
1188:]. The Archaeological Team of Beijing. 1962. pp. 23–24.
633:'Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart') on the west wall
1586:
1566:
1321:
1163:[The Tangut text on the Cloud Platform at Juyongguan].
955:
922:
863:
651:
Chinese version of the "Record of Merits" in Chinese characters
645:
Mongolian version of the "Record of Merits" in 'Phags-pa script
594:
360:
325:
91:
926:
648:
Uyghur version of the "Record of Merits" in Old Uyghur script
317:
264:), on top of the platform, in place of the original dagobas.
198:
117:
1239:
Nie, Hongyin (1993). "Tangutology During the Past Decades".
284:
Deva King of the East on the east wall of the Cloud Platform
2169:
2134:
642:
Tibetan version of the "Record of Merits" in Tibetan script
430:
194:
154:
Semi-octagonal arch on the south side of the Cloud Platform
871:
inscribed in the same six scripts as at the Cloud platform
429:'Heavenly King who upholds the realm'), holding a
1176:
1174:
654:
Tangut version of the "Record of Merits" in Tangut script
1186:
Places of Historic Interest and Scenic Beauty in Beijing
2596:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing
1171:
469:. The flat ceiling at the top is decorated with five
187:
It is recorded that in 1343 the official Ouyang Xuan (
197:
of silver for writing dedicatory inscriptions on two
674:
Detail of inscription in large 'Phags-pa characters
1264:
1262:
2552:
1118:
1116:
1091:
1089:
1065:
1063:
1048:
755:Detail of inscription in large Tangut characters
225:in the language of the western barbarians (i.e.
1259:
1070:Song Guoxi (宋国熹); Meng Guangchen (孟广臣) (1993).
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1158:
1140:
267:In 1702, in the 41st year of the reign of the
215:records that a Uyghur official called Uduman (
2515:China University of Political Science and Law
2259:
1724:
1348:
1128:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1060:
1031:
1029:
916:
832:
826:
489:Elephant relief on the side of the south arch
259:
253:
216:
188:
167:
1939:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
883:Dharani-sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown
1192:
1035:
628:
604:
455:
424:
397:
370:
2566:Buildings and structures completed in 1345
2266:
2252:
1731:
1717:
1355:
1341:
1026:
328:catching a pair of half-human, half-snake
1308:, Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering
1009:State Administration of Cultural Heritage
66:View of the Cloud Platform from the north
750:
669:
484:
279:
231:
149:
61:
1738:
1362:
1165:Journal of the Capital Museum (首都博物馆丛刊)
14:
2553:
2541:Korean International School in Beijing
2273:
1934:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1303:
1268:
1219:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1054:
2247:
1712:
1336:
2571:Buildings and structures in Beijing
2543:was formerly in Changping district.
1238:
1076:Historical Anecdotes about Badaling
433:, on the north end of the east wall
24:
1285:
1207:
25:
2627:
1314:
972:, and it was not until 1899 that
378:Deva King of the South (Sanskrit
343:Deva King of the North (Sanskrit
2499:China Foreign Affairs University
2129:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1992:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
1320:
436:Deva King of the West (Sanskrit
405:Deva King of the East (Sanskrit
1854:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
1232:
1213:
1152:
940:
480:
176:Pass northwest of the capital,
2611:Tourist attractions in Beijing
2426:Shisanling Jingqu (Ming Tombs)
1879:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
995:
960:
951:
917:
906:
833:
827:
623:
618:
614:Tathāgata-hṛdaya-dhāraṇī-sūtra
599:
590:
450:
445:
419:
414:
392:
387:
365:
356:
275:
260:
254:
217:
189:
168:
130:
125:
121:
96:
87:
79:
13:
1:
2581:Chinese architectural history
2523:Beijing Huijia Private School
2507:China University of Petroleum
2162:The Story of the Western Wing
2033:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1757:Division of the Mongol Empire
983:
600:Fódǐng Zūnshèng Tuóluóní Jīng
172:), which was situated at the
2038:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1789:conquest of the Song dynasty
1327:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
1304:Murata, Jirō (村田治郎) (1957),
988:
763:Middle panel (0.55 m high):
743:
682:Middle panel (0.55 m high):
662:
72:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
18:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
7:
2058:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
844:
613:
581:Uṣṇīṣa-vijaya-dhāraṇī-sūtra
579:
520:(created at the command of
439:
408:
381:
346:
10:
2632:
1944:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1823:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
1526:(Hebei/Shanxi border spur)
1278:
145:
2616:Yuan dynasty architecture
2536:
2491:Beijing Normal University
2483:
2365:
2331:
2324:
2316:Wonderland Amusement Park
2281:
2188:
2066:
2025:
1981:
1899:
1859:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1747:
1681:
1660:
1634:
1613:
1604:
1542:
1515:
1474:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1290:, Yale University Press,
1004:国务院关于公布第一批全国重点文物保护单位名单的通知
895:inscribed in four scripts
831:) from the Baoji Temple (
293:, with marble dragonhead
205:The Qing Dynasty scholar
193:, 1283–1358) was paid 50
2538:This list is incomplete.
1973:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1779:Mongol conquest of China
1160:
1159:Shen Ping (沈平) (1990).
1037:
1003:
921:could refer to either a
899:
2048:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1869:1344 Yellow River flood
1864:War of the Two Capitals
1774:Kublai Khan's campaigns
1534:("Southern Great Wall")
974:Stephen Wootton Bushell
2148:The Injustice to Dou E
2053:Temple of Azure Clouds
1983:Science and technology
1840:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
1784:anti-Mongol fortresses
875:Tangut dharani pillars
858:– a 1348 stele at the
756:
675:
624:Rúláixīn Tuóluóní Jīng
490:
285:
241:
155:
140:State Council of China
67:
2406:Huilongguan Dongdajie
1884:Battle of Lake Poyang
1874:Red Turban Rebellions
1036:Su Bai (宿白) (1964).
889:Yongning Temple Stele
754:
673:
488:
283:
235:
153:
138:as designated by the
65:
2528:Beijing Royal School
2306:Ming Tombs Reservoir
1531:Miaojiang Great Wall
1329:at Wikimedia Commons
1042:Cultural Relics (文物)
929:), but as the three
524:, and used to write
221:) was sent to carve
48:40.2890°N 116.0683°E
2591:Great Wall of China
2561:Buddhism in Beijing
2416:Shengming Kexueyuan
2391:Changping Xishankou
2067:Society and culture
1794:Battle of Xiangyang
1636:Western Han dynasty
1364:Great Wall of China
881:inscribed with the
562:(used to write the
544:Old Uyghur language
542:(used to write the
510:(used to write the
475:Five Dhyani Buddhas
337:Four Heavenly Kings
106:Great Wall of China
84:traditional Chinese
44: /
2576:Changping District
2386:Changping Dongguan
2275:Changping District
2155:The Orphan of Zhao
1924:Imperial Preceptor
1606:Other time periods
891:, 1413 stele with
862:with the Buddhist
757:
676:
550:Chinese characters
491:
393:Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng
286:
242:
156:
110:Changping District
76:simplified Chinese
68:
2548:
2547:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2479:
2478:
2446:Shahe Gaojiaoyuan
2241:
2240:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1666:
1640:
1619:
1600:
1599:
1535:
1527:
1493:
1478:
1427:
1392:
1325:Media related to
1288:Chinese Sculpture
1082:. pp. 72–73.
912:The Chinese term
893:Om mani padme hum
868:Om mani padme hum
856:Stele of Sulaiman
631:
607:
540:Old Uyghur script
458:
427:
400:
373:
250:Zhengtong Emperor
97:Jūyōngguān Yúntái
53:40.2890; 116.0683
16:(Redirected from
2623:
2586:Pagodas in China
2518:Changping Campus
2517:
2509:
2501:
2494:Changping Campus
2493:
2329:
2328:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2211:ʼPhags-pa script
2141:The Chalk Circle
2122:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2009:Shiyi Dexiaofang
1767:Kaidu–Kublai war
1762:Toluid Civil War
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1664:
1638:
1626:Great Wall of Qi
1617:
1611:
1610:
1533:
1525:
1487:
1476:
1421:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1309:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1241:Monumenta Serica
1236:
1230:
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1190:
1189:
1178:
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1120:
1111:
1105:
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1083:
1067:
1058:
1057:, pp. 22–23
1052:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
999:
977:
962:
953:
944:
938:
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919:
910:
885:in Tangut script
836:
835:
830:
829:
632:
629:
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620:
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608:
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592:
584:
518:ʼPhags-pa script
512:Tibetan language
459:
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451:Guǎngmù Tiānwáng
447:
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428:
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367:
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349:
311:Tibetan Buddhism
263:
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132:
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98:
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21:
2631:
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2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2475:
2461:Tiantongyuannan
2456:Tiantongyuanbei
2361:
2347:Changping North
2320:
2311:Qincheng Prison
2277:
2272:
2242:
2237:
2217:History of Yuan
2184:
2115:Wenxian Tongkao
2080:History of Liao
2062:
2043:Miaoying Temple
2021:
1977:
1895:
1891:Ispah rebellion
1743:
1737:
1707:
1698:
1677:
1656:
1630:
1596:
1538:
1511:
1470:
1381:Ming Great Wall
1375:
1366:
1361:
1317:
1312:
1298:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1237:
1233:
1226:Museums Journal
1218:
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1193:
1180:
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1162:
1157:
1153:
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1080:Guangming Daily
1068:
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1039:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
981:
980:
966:Alexander Wylie
945:
941:
935:Miaoying Temple
911:
907:
902:
879:dharani pillars
847:
746:
665:
564:Tangut language
552:(used to write
500:(used to write
483:
444:; Chinese:
420:Chíguó Tiānwáng
413:; Chinese:
386:; Chinese:
366:Duōwén Tiānwáng
278:
212:History of Yuan
160:Emperor Huizong
148:
142:in April 1961.
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2629:
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2606:Tibetan script
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
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2568:
2563:
2546:
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2510:Beijing campus
2504:
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2367:Beijing Subway
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2325:Transportation
2322:
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2299:Cloud Platform
2291:
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2101:Shilin Guangji
2097:
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2055:
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2027:
2023:
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2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1941:
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1931:
1929:Zhongshu Sheng
1926:
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1916:
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1914:
1903:
1901:
1897:
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1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1676:
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1673:Cloud Platform
1669:
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1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1615:Warring States
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:
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1594:
1589:
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1579:
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1569:
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1544:Nine Garrisons
1540:
1539:
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1536:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1513:
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1411:
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1395:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1315:External links
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1231:
1222:Sir John Addis
1212:
1191:
1170:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1100:
1085:
1059:
1047:
1025:
993:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
979:
978:
970:Jurchen script
939:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
886:
872:
853:
846:
843:
822:
821:
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621:; pinyin:
617:(Chinese:
610:
568:
567:
557:
547:
537:
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508:Tibetan script
505:
498:Lanydza script
482:
479:
462:
461:
448:; pinyin:
434:
417:; pinyin:
403:
390:; pinyin:
376:
277:
274:
269:Kangxi Emperor
147:
144:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Tangut script
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
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2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
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2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:China Railway
2330:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
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2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2233:Northern Yuan
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Mongol Empire
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
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2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
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2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2072:
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2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
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1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
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1857:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Java invasion
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
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1787:
1785:
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1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
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1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:(202 BC–9 AD)
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1590:
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1578:
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1568:
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1555:
1553:
1550:
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1545:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Pingxing Pass
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Huanghuacheng
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:9780300100655
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1271:, p. 134
1270:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1210:, p. 360
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1015:on 2012-06-09
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
975:
971:
967:
963:
957:
949:
943:
936:
932:
928:
925:or a dagoba (
924:
915:
909:
905:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
842:
840:
815:
812:
811:
809:
804:
801:
800:
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789:
787:
782:
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764:
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749:
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728:
723:
720:
719:
717:
712:
709:
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701:
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687:
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660:
653:
650:
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641:
640:
639:
626:
615:
611:
602:
596:
588:
583:
582:
577:
576:
575:
573:
565:
561:
560:Tangut script
558:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
487:
478:
476:
472:
468:
453:
443:
441:
435:
432:
422:
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410:
404:
395:
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377:
368:
362:
354:
350:
348:
342:
341:
340:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
282:
273:
270:
265:
251:
247:
244:By the early
239:
234:
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224:
214:
213:
208:
203:
200:
196:
185:
183:
179:
175:
165:
161:
152:
143:
141:
137:
133:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
85:
77:
73:
64:
60:
57:
19:
2502:Shahe Campus
2471:Zhuxinzhuang
2451:Tiantongyuan
2396:Gonghuacheng
2215:
2189:Other topics
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2108:Menggu Ziyun
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2032:
2026:Architecture
2014:
2007:
1990:
1740:Yuan dynasty
1683:Qing dynasty
1672:
1662:Yuan dynasty
1618:(475–221 BC)
1523:Niangzi Pass
1461:Shanhai Pass
1456:Huangya Pass
1424:Beijing Knot
1305:
1287:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1185:
1181:
1164:
1154:
1149:, p. 33
1142:
1137:, p. 30
1130:
1125:, p. 34
1110:, p. 22
1103:
1098:, p. 21
1075:
1071:
1050:
1041:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
997:
959:
942:
930:
913:
908:
892:
882:
866:
823:
747:
666:
657:
636:
622:
598:
569:
492:
481:Inscriptions
463:
449:
418:
391:
364:
334:
321:
315:
300:
287:
266:
246:Ming Dynasty
243:
238:Fahai Temple
210:
204:
186:
164:Yuan Dynasty
157:
129:
104:Pass of the
95:
71:
69:
29:
2401:Huilongguan
2352:Huangtudian
2294:Juyong Pass
2074:Yuan poetry
1912:family tree
1686:(1644-1912)
1665:(1271-1368)
1507:Juyong Pass
1497:Yanmen Pass
1490:New Guangwu
1475:Inner Wall
1446:Jinshanling
1389:Outer Wall
1269:Murata 1957
1247:: 329–347.
1167:(5): 91–94.
1147:Murata 1957
1135:Murata 1957
1123:Murata 1957
1108:Murata 1957
1096:Murata 1957
1055:Murata 1957
1044:(4): 13–29.
937:in Beijing.
877:– two 1502
860:Mogao Caves
522:Kublai Khan
409:Dhṛtarāṣṭra
276:Description
51: /
39:116°04′06″E
2555:Categories
1900:Government
1647:Yumen Pass
1399:Jiayu Pass
1019:2012-10-29
984:References
851:Mani stone
347:Vaiśravaṇa
322:viśvavajra
309:school of
303:bas-relief
291:balustrade
240:in Beijing
174:Juyongguan
102:Juyongguan
36:40°17′20″N
2484:Education
2381:Changping
2376:Beishaowa
2342:Changping
2282:Landmarks
2223:Khanbaliq
1964:Dpon-chen
1954:Manchuria
1919:Empresses
1694:Dajingmen
1652:Yang Pass
1436:Baimaguan
1253:0254-9948
1228:(78): 48.
1161:居庸关云台的西夏文
989:Citations
961:Zhāng Shù
744:West wall
663:East wall
530:Mongolian
440:Virūpākṣa
382:Virūḍhaka
295:gargoyles
108:, in the
2466:Yuzhi Lu
2436:Pingxifu
2369:stations
2335:stations
2289:Dingling
2206:Borjigin
2016:Nong Shu
1998:Jiaochao
1949:Mongolia
1907:Emperors
1808:Sakhalin
1552:Liaodong
1477:(W to E)
1441:Gubeikou
1431:Mutianyu
1409:Badaling
1391:(W to E)
1038:居庸关过街塔考稿
845:See also
591:佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經
502:Sanskrit
471:mandalas
330:nagaraja
223:dharanis
207:Gu Yanwu
131:Guòjiētǎ
2431:Nanshao
2411:Huoying
2228:Shangdu
2196:Mongols
2180:Fashion
2003:Coinage
1818:Vietnam
1749:History
1582:Ningxia
1572:Taiyuan
1485:Guangwu
1451:Simatai
1419:Jiankou
1404:Jumenbu
1373:History
1279:Sources
1208:Li 2006
1078:].
948:Chinese
839:Chengdu
619:如來心陀羅尼經
587:Chinese
572:dharani
554:Chinese
526:Chinese
473:of the
353:Chinese
227:Tibetan
182:Shangdu
162:of the
146:History
114:Beijing
2421:Longze
2357:Nankou
1742:topics
1587:Guyuan
1577:Yansui
1567:Datong
1562:Xuanfu
1466:Hushan
1294:
1251:
1182:北京名胜古迹
958::
956:pinyin
950::
923:pagoda
864:mantra
597::
595:pinyin
589::
534:Uyghur
363::
361:pinyin
355::
326:garuda
199:stelae
118:stupas
94::
92:pinyin
86::
78::
2441:Shahe
2175:Islam
1959:Tibet
1845:Pagan
1835:Burma
1813:Japan
1799:Yamen
1592:Gansu
1516:Other
1184:[
1074:[
1072:八达岭史话
927:stupa
900:Notes
837:) in
467:kalpa
318:vajra
307:Sakya
195:taels
169:永明寶相寺
88:居庸關雲臺
80:居庸关云台
2170:Semu
2135:Zaju
2094:Song
1292:ISBN
1249:ISSN
630:lit.
606:lit.
532:and
457:lit.
446:廣目天王
431:lute
426:lit.
415:持國天王
399:lit.
388:增長天王
372:lit.
357:多聞天王
178:Dadu
70:The
2087:Jin
1224:".
834:寶積寺
261:泰安寺
255:林普賢
218:兀都蠻
190:歐陽玄
126:過街塔
122:过街塔
2557::
1557:Ji
1261:^
1245:41
1243:.
1194:^
1173:^
1115:^
1088:^
1062:^
1028:^
1007:.
954:;
952:张澍
931:tǎ
914:tǎ
828:德成
627:;
603:;
593:;
528:,
477:.
454:;
423:;
396:;
369:;
359:;
351:;
332:.
128:;
124:;
90:;
82:;
2267:e
2260:t
2253:v
1732:e
1725:t
1718:v
1492:)
1488:(
1426:)
1422:(
1356:e
1349:t
1342:v
1255:.
1022:.
918:塔
825:(
585:(
566:)
556:)
546:)
536:)
514:)
504:)
320:(
74:(
20:)
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