41:
2438:
533:, a Tangut–Chinese bilingual glossary, permitted Ivanov (1909) and Laufer (1916) to propose initial reconstructions and to undertake the comparative study of Tangut. This glossary in effect indicates the pronunciation of each Tangut character with one or several Chinese characters, and inversely each Chinese character with one or more Tangut characters. The second source is the corpus of Tibetan transcriptions of Tangut. These data were studied for the first time by Nevsky (Nevskij) (1925).
517:
479:(NKVD) in 1937 went missing, and were returned, under mysterious circumstances, to the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts only in October 1991. The collections amount to about 10,000 volumes, of mostly Buddhist texts, law codes and legal documents dating from mid-11th up to early 13th centuries. Among the Buddhist texts a number of unique compilations, not known either in Chinese or in Tibetan versions, were recently discovered. Furthermore, the Buddhist canon, the
226:
1047:
1020:). In early phonetic reconstructions, all four were separately accounted for, but it has since been realized that grades three and four are in complementary distribution, depending on the initial. Consequently, the reconstructions of Arakawa and Gong do not account for this distinction. Gong represents these three grades as V, iV, and jV. Arakawa accounts for them as V, iV, and V.
536:
Nonetheless, these two sources were not in themselves sufficient for a systematic reconstruction of Tangut. In effect, these transcriptions were not written with the intention of representing with precision the pronunciation of Tangut, but instead simply to help foreigners to pronounce and memorize
1195:
Miyake reconstructs the vowels differently. In his reconstruction, the 95 vowels of Tangut formed from a six-vowel system in Pre-Tangut because of preinitial loss. (The two vowels in parentheses appeared only in loanwords from
Chinese, and many of the vowels in class III were in complementary
584:
without taking any account of tone), they all adopt the same system of 105 rimes. A certain number of rimes are in complementary distribution with respect to the place of articulation of the initials, e.g. rimes 10 and 11 or rimes 36 and 37, which shows that the scholars who composed these
436:(1892–1937), who compiled the first Tangut dictionary and reconstructed the meaning of a number of Tangut grammatical particles, thus making it possible to actually read and understand Tangut texts. His scholarly achievements were published posthumously in 1960 under the title
596:, we now have a good understanding of the phonological categories of the language. Nonetheless, it is necessary to compare the phonological system of the dictionaries with the other sources in order to "fill in" the categories with a phonetic value.
1032:
Gong further posits phonemic vowel length and points to evidence that indicates that Tangut had a distinction that
Chinese lacked. There is no certainty that the distinction was vowel length and so other researchers have remained skeptical.
645:
has published on Tangut phonology and diachronics. There are four Tangut dictionaries available: the one composed by N.A. Nevsky, one composed by
Nishida (1966), one composed by Li Fanwen (1997, revised edition 2008) and one composed by
513:. Thus although in Chinese more than 90% of the characters possess a phonetic element, this proportion is limited to about 10% in Tangut according to Sofronov. The reconstruction of Tangut pronunciation must resort to other sources.
599:
N. A. Nevsky reconstructed Tangut grammar and provided the first Tangut–Chinese–English–Russian dictionary, which together with the collection of his papers was published posthumously in 1960 under the title
706:
The Tangut syllable has a CV structure and carries one of two distinctive tones, flat or rising. Following the tradition of
Chinese phonological analysis the Tangut syllable is divided into initial (
464:
2850:
2841:
1011:). Gong leaves normal vowels unmarked and places a dot under tense vowels and an -r after retroflex vowels. Arakawa differs only by indicating tense vowels with a final -q.
2200:
about Tangut translations of
Chinese literary texts. First chapters of the work contain a detailed account on the discovery of Tangut material and the history of
483:, and a great number of indigenous texts written in Tangut have been preserved. These other major Tangut collections, though much smaller in size, belong to the
389:
509:
The connection between the writing and the pronunciation of the Tangut language is even more tenuous than that between
Chinese writing and the modern
5757:
1093:
358:
685:) in Taiwan. In other countries, leading scholars in the field include Yevgeny Kychanov and his student K. J. Solonin in Russia, Nishida Tatsuo and
2235:
5762:
3092:
423:
413:
403:
5747:
3450:
1843:
5345:
3494:
2185:
540:
The third source, which constitutes the basis of the modern reconstructions, consists of monolingual Tangut dictionaries: the
2120:
1965:
1897:
313:, dates to 1502, suggesting that the language was still in use nearly three hundred years after the collapse of Western Xia.
3512:
2228:
432:) have contributed to research on the Tangut language. The most significant contribution was made by the Russian scholar
243:
576:, borrowed from the Chinese lexicographic tradition. Although these dictionaries may differ on small details (e.g. the
490:
444:
for his work. The understanding of the Tangut language is far from perfect: although certain aspects of the morphology (
5752:
3639:
3085:
2150:
570:) and an untitled dictionary. The record of the pronunciation in these dictionaries is made using the principle of
3443:
2437:
1981:
Lai, Yunfan; Gong, Xun; Gates, Jesse P.; Jacques, Guillaume (2020-12-01). "Tangut as a West
Gyalrongic language".
3542:
2962:
2221:
263:
3078:
433:
239:
197:
4575:
3635:
3020:
2967:
2623:
333:
language. On the basis of both morphological and lexical evidence, Lai et al. (2020) classify Tangut as a
5732:
5727:
3490:
3436:
3013:
2668:
2590:
2306:
1948:
Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "The Tangut
Kinship System in Qiangic Perspective". In Hill, Nathan W. (ed.).
5737:
2025:
966:
The rhyme books distinguish 105 rhyme classes, which are, in turn, classified in several ways:/grade (
4484:
3282:
2913:
2360:
2281:
349:
Modern research into the Tangut languages began in the late 19th century and early 20th century when
334:
112:
2157:
4965:
4504:
4469:
3570:
2994:
2597:
2410:
1072:
385:
5666:
5360:
4618:
4529:
4411:
4406:
3230:
3225:
2988:
2774:
2658:
2172:
1029:) corresponds to the set of all rhymes under the same rhyme type which have the same main vowel.
350:
97:
2072:
5389:
5206:
4888:
3713:
3708:
3679:
3667:
3034:
3027:
2807:
2741:
2244:
1813:
1089:
604:(Moscow: 1960). Later, substantial contribution to the research of Tangut language was done by
322:
310:
92:
1887:
5678:
5654:
5377:
5340:
3838:
2977:
2927:
2483:
993:). They are seen in the tradition of Nishida, followed by both Arakawa and Gong as 'normal' (
287:
5552:
495:'), the National Library in Beijing, the Library of Beijing University and other libraries.
5325:
5186:
5005:
4985:
4970:
4706:
4671:
4479:
3240:
2789:
2635:
2581:
510:
504:
475:, but a number of manuscripts in the possession of Nevsky at the time of his arrest by the
330:
107:
40:
8:
5638:
5618:
5382:
5309:
5010:
4960:
4955:
4366:
3933:
3517:
3295:
2972:
2562:
2389:
2320:
440:(Tangut Philology), and the scholar was eventually (and posthumously) awarded the Soviet
362:
4995:
4980:
3595:
2178:Ксения Кепинг. Последние статьи и документы. (Ksenia Kepping. Last Works and Documents.)
686:
592:
makes distinctions among the rhymes in a systematic and very precise manner. Due to the
5583:
5355:
5289:
5238:
5191:
5135:
4865:
4808:
4534:
3690:
3459:
3249:
2813:
2422:
2288:
2053:
2006:
1930:
1862:
1098:
472:
384:, and the script was identified as that of the Tangut state of Xixia. Such scholars as
4990:
3600:
2173:"Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman
460:, etc.) are understood, the syntactic structure of Tangut remains largely unexplored.
354:
213:
5562:
5222:
5096:
5041:
4933:
4841:
4836:
4793:
4715:
4446:
4426:
4351:
4328:
4101:
3983:
3953:
3795:
3786:
3738:
3728:
3575:
3507:
3334:
3267:
3208:
2921:
2881:
2859:
2824:
2818:
2783:
2721:
2715:
2695:
2489:
2477:
2460:
2368:
2314:
2294:
2146:
2116:
2110:
Tanguty v
Tsentral'noy Azii: sbornik statey v chest' 80-letiya prof. Ye. I. Kychanova
2057:
2045:
2010:
1998:
1961:
1934:
1893:
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102:
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5335:
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5173:
5046:
5026:
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4898:
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4851:
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4001:
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1990:
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4219:
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4091:
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2934:
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2402:
2349:
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2326:
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the words of one language with the words of another which they could understand.
484:
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4114:
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3703:
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3418:
3398:
3350:
3290:
3217:
3107:
3004:
2982:
2896:
2865:
2801:
2761:
2735:
2709:
2686:
2609:
2555:
2527:
2496:
2374:
2300:
654:
618:
605:
453:
445:
338:
137:
45:
3580:
1957:
5721:
5608:
5482:
5458:
5401:
5230:
5163:
5121:
5106:
5031:
4883:
4788:
4661:
4656:
4509:
4421:
4401:
4396:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4346:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4275:
4234:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4119:
4066:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
3968:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3918:
3898:
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3823:
3808:
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3324:
3257:
3198:
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3156:
2728:
2650:
2416:
2381:
2333:
2197:
2049:
2002:
1858:
1803:
1062:
516:
361:
separately published decipherments of a number of Tangut characters found on
306:
302:
298:
247:
190:
144:
67:
3063:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
5588:
5453:
5416:
5116:
5081:
5071:
5051:
4923:
4803:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4738:
4626:
4550:
4454:
4431:
4124:
3991:
3913:
3863:
3813:
3615:
3555:
3272:
2702:
2618:
2574:
2503:
2041:
1994:
1926:
1082:
381:
366:
585:
dictionaries had made a very precise phonetic analysis of their language.
181:
5499:
5475:
5448:
5438:
5411:
5396:
5372:
5196:
4773:
4696:
4691:
4651:
4381:
3161:
3048:
2263:
2201:
1808:
642:
441:
377:
370:
294:
161:
57:
2213:
2207:
2193:
581:
5527:
5465:
5443:
4813:
4686:
3070:
1791:
5504:
5492:
5487:
5431:
4763:
3502:
3428:
3041:
2682:
2447:
2254:
658:
632:
588:
In distinction to the transcription in foreign languages, the Tangut
206:
174:
465:
Institute of
Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
5470:
2105:
1913:
Gong, Xun (2020). "Uvulars and Uvularization in Tangut Phonology".
2026:"Tangut and Horpa languages: Some shared morphosyntactic features"
5509:
2543:
2113:Тангуты в Центральной Азии: Сборник статей в честь 80-летия проф
2456:
2271:
572:
271:
679:) in mainland China, and Gong Hwang-cherng and Lin Ying-chin (
301:
in northwestern China. The Western Xia was annihilated by the
286:'Western Xia language') is an extinct language in the
2452:
2267:
580:
categorizes the characters according to syllable initial and
309:. The latest known text written in the Tangut language, the
476:
1851:
IDP News: Newsletter of the International Dunhuang Project
726:
The consonants are divided into the following categories:
463:
The Khara-Khoto documents are at present preserved in the
365:, in a Chinese–Tangut bilingual inscription on a stele at
2194:
Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture
2177:
376:
The majority of extant Tangut texts were excavated at
2106:"Complexity from Compression: A Sketch of Pre-Tangut"
305:
in 1227. The Tangut language has its own script, the
698:
in Japan, and Ruth W. Dunnell in the United States.
2151:
The origin of vowel alternations in the Tangut verb
1980:
718:) (i.e. the remaining syllable minus the initial).
1196:distribution with their equivalents in class IV.)
1088:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
369:, and in a copy of the Tangut translation of the
5719:
1790:The classes here is related to those of Chinese
293:Tangut was one of the official languages of the
1014:The rhyme books distinguish four vowel grades (
2912:
2359:
691:
610:
393:
3444:
3086:
2229:
2160:Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 39.2:419–441.
1142:
1133:
1124:
1024:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
979:
973:
967:
941:
917:
894:
870:
846:
823:
799:
776:
752:
713:
707:
680:
674:
668:
662:
636:
626:
565:
555:
545:
427:
417:
407:
2773:
2108:. In Popova, I. F.; Kychanov, E. I. (eds.).
488:
1989:(s41–s1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 171–203.
1892:. Harvard University Press. pp. 257–.
281:
3666:
3451:
3437:
3093:
3079:
2236:
2222:
2115:. Moskva: Institut vostochnykh rukopisey.
1853:. No. 2. January 1995. pp. 2–3.
477:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
39:
2243:
2073:"Ancient Tangut Manuscripts Rediscovered"
2070:
2023:
5758:Languages attested from the 11th century
3100:
515:
32:
2064:
1947:
1879:
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5720:
3458:
2103:
1974:
5763:Languages extinct in the 16th century
4606:
3665:
3432:
3074:
2217:
2210:PhD thesis, Macquarie University 2018
2153:Language and Linguistics. 10.1:17–27.
2097:
2080:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
450:The Morphology of the Tangut Language
325:have commonly classified Tangut as a
1912:
1885:
1836:
1040:
987:Tangut rhymes occur in three types (
452:, Moscow: Nauka, 1985) and grammar (
337:language, and Beaudouin (2023) as a
5748:Unclassified Sino-Tibetan languages
4607:
1950:Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV
657:in China. Leading scholars include
259:
13:
1078:for transliterated languages, and
1058:of its non-English content, using
904:palatal affricates and fricatives
14:
5774:
2165:
2024:Beaudouin, Mathieu (2023-09-14).
880:dental affricates and fricatives
498:
316:
2436:
2158:The structure of the Tangut verb
1045:
491:Bibliothèque nationale de France
487:, the French National Library ('
224:
2017:
1941:
1906:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1094:multilingual support templates
1025:
1016:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
980:
974:
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942:
918:
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847:
824:
800:
777:
753:
714:
708:
681:
675:
669:
637:
627:
566:
428:
418:
408:
344:
276:
267:
1:
1844:"Khara-Khoto: The Black City"
1824:
721:
653:There is growing a school of
434:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Nevsky
16:Extinct Sino-Tibetan language
2196:An open access monograph by
1829:
701:
7:
2156:Jacques, Guillaume (2011).
1952:. Brill. pp. 211–257.
1886:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
1797:
667:), Li Fanwen, Nie Hongyin (
10:
5779:
2139:
2071:van Driem, George (1993).
522:Fanhan heshi zhangzhongzhu
502:
5753:Extinct languages of Asia
5689:
5662:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
5647:
5576:
5520:
5324:
5262:
5215:
5172:
5134:
5019:
4941:
4932:
4864:
4827:
4714:
4705:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4543:
4445:
4327:
4253:
4100:
3982:
3794:
3785:
3737:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3661:
3654:
3634:
3541:
3489:
3482:
3466:
3411:
3391:
3375:
3359:
3343:
3315:
3281:
3248:
3239:
3216:
3207:
3179:
3147:
3131:
3115:
3106:
3058:
3003:
2955:
2840:
2681:
2649:
2607:
2542:
2445:
2434:
2252:
2131:– via academia.edu.
1958:10.1163/9789004233454_010
1667:
1622:
1537:
1468:
1372:
1287:
1220:
1036:
692:
663:
611:
556:
546:
489:
394:
204:
188:
172:
167:
157:Official language in
155:
150:
134:
81:
73:
63:
53:
38:
31:
26:
21:
2181:(in Russian and English)
2112:
2030:Language and Linguistics
1915:Language and Linguistics
1023:In general rhyme class (
386:Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov
5659:Northern (Beijing) Sign
1889:Imperial China 900–1800
550:), two editions of the
3668:Sino-Tibetan languages
2171:James Matisoff, 2004.
2042:10.1075/lali.00142.bea
1995:10.1515/flih-2020-0006
1927:10.1075/lali.00060.gon
1814:List of Tangutologists
524:
438:Tangutskaya Filologiya
311:Tangut dharani pillars
232:This article contains
2963:Central Tibeto-Burman
2208:How does Tangut work?
2104:Miyake, Marc (2012).
833:laminals (alveolars)
631:), M.V. Sofronov and
527:The discovery of the
519:
503:Further information:
471:. These survived the
288:Sino-Tibetan language
77:attested AD 1036–1502
3101:Na-Qiangic languages
1056:specify the language
1054:This article should
1005:), and 'retroflex' (
954:l, lh, ld, z, r, zz
836:ty', thy', dy', ny'
505:List of Tangut books
5702:NM = Inner Mongolia
3021:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
295:Western Xia dynasty
5733:Medieval languages
5728:Languages of China
5239:Formosan languages
3460:Languages of China
3014:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
2956:Proposed groupings
2147:Jacques, Guillaume
809:apicals (dentals)
525:
473:Siege of Leningrad
458:Seika go no kenkyū
46:Buddhist scripture
5738:Qiangic languages
5715:
5714:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5130:
5129:
4860:
4859:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
3650:
3649:
3426:
3425:
3419:extinct languages
3407:
3406:
3311:
3310:
3175:
3174:
3068:
3067:
2951:
2950:
2836:
2835:
2677:
2676:
2432:
2431:
2122:978-5-02-036505-6
1983:Folia Linguistica
1967:978-90-04-23345-4
1899:978-0-674-01212-7
1788:
1787:
1193:
1192:
1116:
1115:
1096:may also be used.
964:
963:
623:Gong Hwang-cherng
530:Pearl in the Palm
511:Chinese varieties
363:Western Xia coins
321:Since the 2010s,
297:, founded by the
284:
248:Tangut characters
240:rendering support
220:
219:
48:written in Tangut
5770:
5671:
5241:
5233:
5225:
4939:
4938:
4712:
4711:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4603:
3792:
3791:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3487:
3486:
3474:Standard Chinese
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3246:
3245:
3214:
3213:
3113:
3112:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3071:
2910:
2909:
2771:
2770:
2605:
2604:
2440:
2357:
2356:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2190:
2182:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1861:. Archived from
1848:
1840:
1819:Jurchen language
1199:
1198:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
991:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
970:
945:
944:
921:
920:
898:
897:
874:
873:
850:
849:
827:
826:
803:
802:
780:
779:
756:
755:
729:
728:
717:
716:
711:
710:
697:
695:
694:
687:Shintarō Arakawa
684:
683:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
665:
648:Yevgeny Kychanov
640:
639:
630:
629:
616:
614:
613:
602:Tangut Philology
569:
568:
559:
558:
549:
548:
494:
493:
481:Chinese classics
469:Saint Petersburg
431:
430:
421:
420:
411:
410:
397:
396:
390:Ishihama Juntaro
285:
282:
278:
269:
261:
246: instead of
228:
227:
216:
200:
184:
177:
140:
87:
43:
34:
19:
18:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5685:
5665:
5643:
5572:
5516:
5327:
5320:
5246:
5226:(Indo-European)
5211:
5168:
5126:
5015:
4928:
4856:
4823:
4701:
4609:
4608:Other languages
4590:
4539:
4470:Central Tibetan
4441:
4315:
4249:
4096:
3978:
3781:
3733:
3681:
3670:
3646:
3630:
3537:
3478:
3462:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3403:
3387:
3371:
3355:
3339:
3307:
3283:West Gyalrongic
3277:
3250:East Gyalrongic
3235:
3203:
3171:
3143:
3127:
3102:
3099:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3005:Proto-languages
2999:
2947:
2914:Greater Siangic
2908:
2845:
2832:
2769:
2673:
2645:
2603:
2547:
2538:
2450:
2441:
2428:
2361:Greater Magaric
2355:
2282:West Himalayish
2262:
2248:
2242:
2188:
2180:
2168:
2163:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2022:
2018:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1946:
1942:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1800:
1626:
1624:
1203:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1073:transliteration
1069:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1039:
960:ɫ, ɬ, z, ɽr, r
957:l, lh, z, r, ʑ
910:tɕ, tɕh, dʑ, ɕ
901:incisor proper
889:ts, tsh, dz, s
886:ts, tsh, dz, s
883:ts, tsh, dz, s
830:tongue surface
724:
704:
689:
608:
520:Pages from the
507:
501:
485:British Library
400:Berthold Laufer
359:Georges Morisse
355:Gabriel Devéria
347:
335:West Gyalrongic
319:
253:
252:
251:
238:Without proper
229:
225:
212:
196:
193:
180:
173:
158:
151:Official status
141:
136:
130:
113:West Gyalrongic
88:
85:Language family
83:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5696:HK = Hong Kong
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:Hong Kong Sign
5660:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5242:(Austronesian)
5236:
5234:(Austronesian)
5228:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Southern Qiang
4409:
4407:Northern Qiang
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3413:Cross (†) and
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3231:Southern Qiang
3228:
3226:Northern Qiang
3222:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2995:Tibeto-Kanauri
2992:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Kuki-Chin–Naga
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2854:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:Southeast Asia
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2624:Angami–Pochuri
2621:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2548:Burmese border
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2466:
2464:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2166:External links
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2096:
2063:
2036:(4): 611–673.
2016:
1973:
1966:
1940:
1921:(2): 175–212.
1905:
1898:
1878:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
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1139:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1092:. Knowledge's
1053:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1035:
978:), and class (
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
914:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
891:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
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867:
866:
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860:
857:
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842:
839:
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790:
787:
786:labio-dentals
784:
781:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
723:
720:
703:
700:
655:Tangut studies
619:Ksenia Kepping
606:Tatsuo Nishida
500:
499:Reconstruction
497:
454:Tatsuo Nishida
446:Ksenia Kepping
346:
343:
339:Horpa language
323:Tangutologists
318:
317:Classification
315:
242:, you may see
230:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
210:
202:
201:
194:
189:
186:
185:
178:
170:
169:
168:Language codes
165:
164:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:Writing system
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
44:
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5775:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5707:
5705:XJ = Xinjiang
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5207:Western Yugur
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:Eastern Yugur
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Small Flowery
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4619:Austroasiatic
4616:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:Proto-Karenic
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:Proto-Loloish
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:Tibeto-Burman
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2775:Burmo-Qiangic
2772:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2669:Jingpho–Luish
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:Baram–Thangmi
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:Imre Galambos
2195:
2192:
2189:(in Japanese)
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1868:on 2007-06-30
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Tosu language
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1012:
985:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
940:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:c, ch, j, sh
906:
903:
900:
893:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
869:
868:
864:
861:
859:k, kh, g, ng
858:
855:
852:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
785:
782:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
732:Chinese Term
731:
730:
727:
719:
712:) and rhyme (
699:
688:
660:
656:
651:
649:
644:
634:
624:
620:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
574:
563:
553:
543:
538:
534:
532:
531:
523:
518:
514:
512:
506:
496:
492:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
415:
405:
401:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:S. W. Bushell
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
307:Tangut script
304:
303:Mongol Empire
300:
299:Tangut people
296:
291:
289:
279:
273:
265:
257:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
215:
211:
209:
208:
203:
199:
195:
192:
191:Linguist List
187:
183:
179:
176:
171:
166:
163:
160:
154:
149:
146:
145:Tangut script
143:
139:
133:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:Tibeto-Burman
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:Tangut people
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
5693:GX = Guangxi
5681:
5679:Tibetan Sign
5669:
5655:Chinese Sign
5613:
5521:Creole/Mixed
5390:Southeastern
5378:Southwestern
5341:Northeastern
5326:Varieties of
3414:
3301:
3300:
3060:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2987:
2933:
2926:
2901:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2823:
2808:Lolo-Burmese
2806:
2782:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2628:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2561:
2554:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2476:
2469:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2313:
2299:
2287:
2280:
2245:Sino-Tibetan
2206:Downes Alan
2126:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2086:(1): 137–155
2083:
2079:
2066:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1949:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1850:
1838:
1789:
1194:
1104:
1090:ISO 639 code
1086:}}
1080:{{
1076:}}
1070:{{
1066:}}
1060:{{
1055:
1031:
1022:
1013:
999:), 'tense' (
986:
965:
948:flowing air
877:incisor tip
865:k, kh, g, ŋ
862:k, kh, g, ŋ
841:tʂ tʂh dʐ ɳ
818:t, th, d, n
815:t, th, d, n
812:t, th, d, n
771:p, ph, b, m
768:p, ph, b, m
765:p, ph, b, m
738:Modern Term
735:Translation
725:
705:
673:), Bai Bin (
652:
601:
598:
593:
589:
587:
577:
571:
562:Wenhai zalei
561:
551:
541:
539:
535:
528:
526:
521:
508:
462:
457:
449:
437:
382:Pyotr Kozlov
375:
367:Wuwei, Gansu
348:
320:
292:
275:
255:
254:
233:
231:
205:
117:
93:Sino-Tibetan
5187:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4986:Tai Hongjin
4672:Muak Sa-aak
3049:Proto-Hakka
2978:Mahakiranti
2484:East Bodish
2264:Uttarakhand
2202:Tangutology
1809:Tangutology
1792:rime tables
1141:Retroflex (
927:laryngeals
806:tongue tip
643:Marc Miyake
442:Lenin Prize
424:Wang Jingru
414:Luo Fucheng
404:Luo Fuchang
380:in 1909 by
378:Khara-Khoto
371:Lotus Sutra
345:Rediscovery
162:Western Xia
58:Western Xia
5722:Categories
5708:XZ = Tibet
5699:MC = Macau
5639:Zhangzhung
5383:Sichuanese
5310:Vietnamese
4707:Hmong-Mien
4586:Waxianghua
4367:Khroskyabs
3655:Indigenous
3543:Prefecture
3518:Portuguese
3296:Khroskyabs
3241:Gyalrongic
2943:Idu–Taraon
2897:Miju–Meyor
2790:Gyalrongic
2636:Tangkhulic
2411:Raji–Raute
2128:2013-10-30
2090:2009-08-05
1872:2009-07-03
1825:References
1202:Pre-Tangut
951:resonants
783:light lip
762:bilabials
759:heavy lip
722:Consonants
331:Gyalrongic
108:Gyalrongic
5619:Tocharian
5553:Qoqmončaq
5505:Cantonese
5459:Shaojiang
5432:Hainanese
5361:Zhongyuan
5356:Jiao-Liao
5290:Esperanto
5192:Ili Turki
4899:Khamnigan
4764:Kiong Nai
4535:Zitsadegu
3513:Mongolian
3503:Cantonese
3417:indicate
3042:Proto-Min
2973:Macro-Bai
2851:Arunachal
2844:(possible
2659:Boro–Garo
2563:Kuki-Chin
2546:and Indo-
2461:Arunachal
2448:Himalayas
2423:Tandrange
2390:Chepangic
2321:Dhimalish
2255:Himalayas
2186:西夏に関するページ
2058:261919697
2050:1606-822X
2011:229165606
2003:1614-7308
1935:216275709
1859:1354-5914
1830:Citations
1161:ir Ir ur
1158:iq eq uq
1107:June 2022
972:), type (
702:Phonology
659:Shi Jinbo
633:Li Fanwen
258:(Tangut:
207:Glottolog
175:ISO 639-3
64:Ethnicity
5563:Tangwang
5543:Macanese
5538:Lingling
5471:Northern
5454:Northern
5417:Southern
5336:Mandarin
5263:Minority
5223:Sarikoli
5136:Tungusic
5097:Naxi Yao
5042:Cao Miao
4966:Ningming
4866:Mongolic
4842:Dzao Min
4837:Biao Min
4794:Qo Xiong
4789:Pingtang
4485:Dongwang
4427:Tshobdun
4352:Guiqiong
3954:Sangkong
3729:Muangphe
3691:Mondzish
3645:numerous
3636:Counties
3483:Regional
3467:Official
3335:Drag-yab
3268:Tshobdun
2847:isolates
2814:Mondzish
2742:Cai–Long
2490:Tshangla
2446:Eastern
2289:Tamangic
2259:Himachal
2253:Western
2247:branches
2149:(2009).
1798:See also
1216:Class 4
1213:Class 3
1210:Class 2
1207:Class 1
1123:Normal (
936:ʔ, x, ɣ
933:., x, ɣ
789:f, v, w
741:Arakawa
650:(2006).
290:family.
277:Xī Xiàyǔ
214:tang1334
5743:Tanguts
5634:Xianbei
5629:Tuyuhun
5599:Old Yue
5577:Extinct
5558:Sanqiao
5449:Central
5439:Eastern
5422:Hokkien
5366:Lan-Yin
5346:Beijing
5328:Chinese
5285:Russian
5047:Chadong
5027:Ai-Cham
4996:Tai Nüa
4981:Tai Dón
4976:Tai Dam
4934:Kra-Dai
4904:Monguor
4894:Kangjia
4852:Kim Mun
4847:Iu Mien
4769:Luobohe
4759:Huishui
4739:Guiyang
4716:Hmongic
4677:Palaung
4667:Man Met
4571:Longjia
4520:Ladakhi
4515:Kyirong
4505:Khalong
4490:Drugchu
4447:Tibetic
4417:Shixing
4329:Qiangic
4110:Alingpo
4102:Nisoish
4087:Yangliu
4082:Xuzhang
4012:Laizisi
4007:Kuamasi
4002:Kua-nsi
3984:Lisoish
3964:Tsukong
3904:Laomian
3829:Baihong
3796:Hanoish
3787:Loloish
3772:Lhao Vo
3767:Chashan
3752:Xiandao
3739:Burmish
3682:Burmese
3640:Banners
3596:Tai Nüa
3523:Tibetan
3508:English
3415:italics
3209:Qiangic
3139:Shixing
3132:Shixing
3061:Italics
2922:Siangic
2903:Songlin
2882:Kho-Bwa
2860:Hrusish
2842:Dubious
2825:Loloish
2819:Burmish
2784:Qiangic
2755:Longjia
2722:Karenic
2716:Nungish
2696:Sinitic
2582:Hkongso
2544:Myanmar
2514:Gongduk
2478:Tibetic
2396:Chepang
2369:Magaric
2315:Kiranti
2295:Newaric
2140:Sources
1663:i(e)ʳw
1172:eq2 oq
1132:Tense (
1099:See why
924:throat
856:velars
747:Miyake
578:Tongyin
560:), the
552:Tongyin
422:), and
327:Qiangic
264:Chinese
103:Qiangic
5614:Tangut
5604:Rouran
5594:Khitan
5584:Ba–Shu
5548:Maojia
5533:Hezhou
5444:Puxian
5427:Teoswa
5312:(Kinh)
5280:Kyrgyz
5275:Korean
5270:Kazakh
5174:Turkic
5159:Oroqen
5149:Manchu
5144:Evenki
5112:Qabiao
5102:Ong Be
5087:Maonan
5077:Lakkja
5067:Jiamao
5037:Buyang
5001:Tai Ya
4991:Tai Lü
4951:Bouyei
4943:Zhuang
4924:Torgut
4879:Buryat
4829:Mienic
4819:Younuo
4799:Raojia
4779:Pa-Hng
4774:Mashan
4744:Hm Nai
4729:Bu-Nao
4724:A-Hmao
4647:Bumang
4566:Jingpo
4561:Derung
4556:Caijia
4530:Zhongu
4500:Gserpa
4392:Namuyi
4362:Japhug
4311:Zauzou
4286:Namuyi
4271:Kucong
4245:Zokhuo
4240:Thopho
4220:Phupha
4205:Phukha
4150:Khlula
4092:Zibusi
4077:Toloza
4072:Sonaga
4057:Mangdi
4052:Lolopo
3997:Hlersu
3934:Phana’
3929:Nuomei
3909:Laopin
3844:Bukong
3819:Angluo
3747:Achang
3724:Mondzi
3626:Zhuang
3601:Tai Lü
3591:Kazakh
3586:Kyrgyz
3571:Korean
3561:Bouyei
3533:Zhuang
3528:Uyghur
3330:Larong
3317:Chamdo
3302:Tangut
3263:Japhug
3181:Ersuic
3123:Namuyi
3116:Namuyi
2935:Milang
2889:Puroik
2873:Mijiic
2797:Ersuic
2748:Caijia
2664:Konyak
2630:Meitei
2534:Chamdo
2471:Bodish
2457:Bhutan
2403:Bhujel
2350:Lepcha
2341:Lhokpu
2327:Dhimal
2272:Sikkim
2119:
2056:
2048:
2009:
2001:
1964:
1933:
1896:
1857:
1204:vowel
1175:er or
1155:i I u
1152:close
1037:Vowels
853:molar
594:fǎnqiè
590:fanqie
573:fǎnqiè
542:Wenhai
357:, and
274::
272:pinyin
266::
256:Tangut
234:Tangut
118:Tangut
27:Xi-Xia
22:Tangut
5624:Tuoba
5568:Wutun
5483:Xiang
5476:Auish
5402:Hakka
5351:Ji-Lu
5316:Wakhi
5305:Uzbek
5300:Tuvan
5295:Tatar
5216:Other
5202:Salar
5154:Nanai
5092:Mulam
5057:Gelao
5020:Other
4919:Santa
4914:Ordos
4909:Oirat
4874:Bonan
4814:Xixiu
4784:Pa Na
4749:Hmong
4734:Gejia
4682:Riang
4642:Bugan
4637:Bolyu
4632:Blang
4581:Tujia
4544:Other
4525:Tseku
4510:Khams
4495:Groma
4475:Choni
4465:Basum
4460:Baima
4437:Zhaba
4357:Horpa
4342:Choyo
4337:Baima
4306:Sanie
4281:Naruo
4266:Katso
4261:Gokhy
4254:Other
4230:Samei
4225:Phuza
4215:Phupa
4210:Phuma
4200:Phowa
4195:Phola
4190:Phala
4185:Nuosu
4140:Bokha
4115:Alugu
4062:Micha
3974:Yiche
3959:Suobi
3924:Nuobi
3894:Kaduo
3889:Kabie
3869:Habei
3859:Duota
3854:Duoni
3849:Cosao
3777:Zaiwa
3762:Lashi
3714:Mango
3709:Manga
3704:Maang
3699:Kathu
3680:Lolo-
3606:Zaiwa
3576:Qiang
3566:Tujia
3551:Hmong
3399:Zhaba
3392:Zhaba
3351:Choyo
3344:Choyo
3291:Horpa
3218:Qiang
3149:Naish
2866:Hruso
2762:Luren
2736:Kathu
2710:Tujia
2598:Taman
2569:Mruic
2556:Karbi
2497:Basum
2453:Tibet
2375:Magar
2301:Newar
2268:Nepal
2076:(PDF)
2054:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1866:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1772:iooʳ
1726:ɔ̃ɔ̃
1550:i.e.
1533:iəəʳ
1530:ɨəəʳ
1464:(ya)
1453:iaaʳ
1450:ɨaaʳ
1365:ɨiiʳ
1359:əəiʳ
1252:(əũ)
1180:open
930:', h
744:Gong
693:荒川慎太郎
395:石濱純太郎
236:text.
5648:Sign
5609:Saka
5510:Ping
5231:Tsat
5182:Äynu
5164:Xibe
5122:Then
5107:Paha
5062:Hlai
5032:Biao
5006:Yang
4971:Nong
4884:Daur
4662:Mang
4657:Kuan
4576:Nung
4455:Amdo
4422:Situ
4402:Pumi
4397:Naxi
4387:Muya
4377:Lizu
4372:Laze
4347:Ersu
4301:Samu
4296:Nusu
4291:Naxi
4276:Lahu
4235:Sani
4180:Nisu
4175:Nasu
4170:Muzi
4165:Muji
4160:Moji
4155:Lope
4145:Gepo
4135:Azhe
4130:Azha
4120:Aluo
4067:Mili
4047:Lisu
4042:Lipo
4037:Limi
4032:Lawu
4027:Lavu
4022:Lamu
4017:Lalo
3969:Woni
3949:Sadu
3944:Qidi
3939:Piyo
3919:Muda
3899:Lami
3884:Jino
3879:Honi
3874:Hani
3839:Budu
3834:Bisu
3824:Asuo
3809:Akha
3804:Akeu
3757:Pela
3719:Maza
3621:Hani
3611:Lisu
3495:SARs
3383:Pumi
3376:Pumi
3367:Muya
3360:Muya
3325:Lamo
3258:Situ
3199:Tosu
3194:Lizu
3189:Ersu
3167:Laze
3157:Naxi
3108:Naic
2983:Rung
2928:Koro
2802:Naic
2729:Gong
2685:and
2683:East
2641:Zeme
2610:Naga
2528:Tani
2521:ʼOle
2417:Dura
2382:Kham
2334:Toto
2117:ISBN
2046:ISSN
1999:ISSN
1962:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1855:ISSN
1784:iõʳ
1765:ooʳ
1760:ioʳ
1757:ɨoʳ
1732:iõõ
1729:ɨõõ
1705:ioo
1702:ɨoo
1689:wɨo
1656:eʳw
1648:ɨiw
1639:iew
1636:ɨew
1627:*uk
1618:ieʳ
1615:ɨeʳ
1591:iẹ̃
1588:ɨẹ̃
1585:ɛ̣̃
1564:iee
1561:ɨee
1521:iəʳ
1518:ɨəʳ
1507:iə̣
1504:ɨə̣
1494:iəə
1491:ɨəə
1445:aaʳ
1440:iaʳ
1437:ɨaʳ
1399:iaa
1396:ɨaa
1368:iiʳ
1362:ɪɪʳ
1351:ɨiʳ
1345:əiʳ
1311:ɨii
1305:əəi
1283:iuʳ
1276:əuʳ
1247:iuu
1244:ɨuu
1238:əəu
1169:e o
1166:mid
1144:捲舌母音
1135:緊喉母音
1126:普通母音
1063:lang
1008:捲舌母音
1002:緊喉母音
996:普通母音
943:流風音類
896:正齒音類
872:齒頭音類
825:舌上音類
801:舌頭音類
778:輕唇音類
754:重唇音類
612:西田龍雄
582:rime
567:文海雜類
283:lit.
260:𗼇𗟲
33:𗼇𗟲
5589:Jie
5500:Yue
5493:Old
5488:New
5412:Min
5407:Hui
5397:Gan
5373:Jin
5197:Lop
5117:Sui
5082:Mak
5072:Kam
5052:Cun
5011:Yei
4961:Min
4956:Dai
4804:She
4754:Hmu
4627:Bit
4551:Bai
4480:Dao
4432:Zbu
4125:Axi
3992:Eka
3914:Mpi
3864:Enu
3814:Amu
3616:Bai
3556:Kam
3491:ARs
3273:Zbu
2849:) (
2703:Bai
2651:Sal
2591:Pyu
2575:Mru
2504:Nam
2038:doi
1991:doi
1954:doi
1923:doi
1777:õʳ
1754:ɔʳ
1751:oʳ
1746:iọ
1743:ɨọ
1740:ɔ̣
1719:iõ
1716:ɨõ
1713:ɔ̃
1699:ɔɔ
1696:oo
1680:io
1677:ɨo
1668:*o
1651:iw
1633:ɛw
1630:ew
1625:*ek
1623:*ik
1612:ɛʳ
1609:eʳ
1604:iẹ
1601:ɨẹ
1598:ɛ̣
1578:iẽ
1575:ɨẽ
1572:ɛ̃
1555:ee
1547:ɨe
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