793:
771:
638:
792:
519:
of Elvish languages exists within the fiction; Tolkien mentions that "The older stages of Quenya were, and doubtless still are, known to the loremasters of the Eldar. It appears from these notices that besides certain ancient songs and compilations of lore that were orally preserved, there existed
211:
In other words, Flieger writes, Tolkien "did not keep his knowledge in compartments; his scholarly expertise informs his creative work." This expertise was founded, in her view, on the belief that one knows a text only by "properly understanding words, their literal meaning and their historical
206:
it is important to remember that all of
Tolkien's studies, the focus of his profession, was a concentration on the importance of the word. His profession as philologist and his vocation as writer of fantasy/theology overlapped and mutually supported one another".
464:. Pengolodh included it as last chapter to the Lhammas because of the implications of spoken language on thought-transmission, and since the Incarnates (Elves, and Men) use a spoken language, telepathy can become more difficult with time (cf. hröa).
392:; it would have had to evolve extremely rapidly to do so. Soon after the image was made, Tolkien radically reconstructed the history of the languages and of the Noldor Elves to make the language evolution fit the timeline better.
652:, was intensely interested in the evolution of language families, and modelled his fictional languages and their evolution on real ones. The language names and evolution shown for Middle-earth are as used in the
851:. Tolkien tried several schemes to make the change to Sindarin work in terms of rates of linguistic change. Because the Noldor's use of Sindarin was rather sudden, he settled on a radically new scheme: when the
770:
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371:
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483:
Tolkien later revised the internal history of the Elvish languages, stating that the Elves were capable of constructing their own languages, but did not update the
248:, carefully designing the differences between them to reflect their distance from their imaginary common origin. He stated that his languages led him to create the
867:
who had never gone to
Valinor. The Noldor had been speaking Noldorin, a dialect of the ancient language of Quenya, and it had changed little, unlike Sindarin. The
515:
of
Pengolodh remained; the three surviving manuscripts came from the original manuscript through an unknown number of intermediate copies. A tradition of
1586:
194:
is the foundation. The 'stories' were made rather to provide a world for the languages than the reverse. To me a name comes first and the story follows."
3299:
1548:
Arda
Philology 7: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on JRR Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omentielva Otsea, Hayward, 10-13 August 2017
3562:
96:
had a shared origin. In the document, he diagrammed the resulting "Tree of
Tongues" and described the fictional history of the evolution of some 30
3527:
839:"as we would expect". But, Welden writes, it's actually "almost exactly" Sindarin, which Tolkien derived from Welsh. Further, the version of
3569:
3402:
396:
The Elves developed the language they were taught into the language of the
Laiquendi (Green-Elves) and Eldarin, the shared language of the
3453:
2947:
3281:
2717:
1810:
617:
2912:
1595:
702:
indicates on
Tolkien's diagrams of the "Tree of Tongues" that there were at various times some thirty Elvish languages and dialects.
673:
241:
191:
3513:
877:
had been describing
Sindarin (but calling it Noldorin). Tolkien hastened to redraw the "Tree of Tongues", in a version recorded in
3506:
1579:
1415:
847:
relied on "pretty much" the same conception of the Elvish language family, with
Noldorin instead of Sindarin as the language of
380:. The tree summarises the development of the Elvish language family over thousands of years. Shown here is the process by which
3007:
2751:
1856:
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1428:
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1818:
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107:
family, as well as his changing views of their linguistic history, which he shifted radically soon after creating the
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97:
45:
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1996:
286:, annotating it with A's minor variations on the text. The third, latest, and much the shortest version is the
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1984:
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1211:
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was written in 1937. It exists in three versions. The two long versions, A and B, are closely similar, so
28:
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3432:
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2211:
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2110:
1329:
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51:
152:'s words "effusive about philology"; his schoolfriend Rob Gilson called him "quite a great authority on
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2250:
1940:
1849:
1603:
516:
506:
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412:, the classical and ancient language of the Eldar, derived from Lindarin with influence from Noldorin.
736:. As such, it largely replaced Noldorin; eventually Tolkien settled on the explanation that after the
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93:
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1893:
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540:
178:
that "I am a philologist and all my work is philological"; he explained to his
American publisher
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3210:
3114:
2927:
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2902:
2337:
2320:
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1898:
681:
645:
249:
113:. The result was that the Noldorin language described in the document and in the contemporaneous
104:
3485:
3225:
3107:
3012:
3002:
2406:
2362:
2342:
2185:
2123:
1970:
1947:
1823:
852:
821:, comments that "the High-elven tongue of the Noldor", mentioned by the Tolkienesque character
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637:
401:
259:
2432:
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3341:
3144:
3085:
3048:
3027:
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2957:
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2477:
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1954:
1933:
1842:
1641:
800:
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232:
83:
72:
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has replaced Noldorin. The 'new' Noldorin is just the Noldor's not very distinct dialect of
432:, was written as a typescript of eight pages, probably in 1960, and was first published in
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2712:
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397:
342:
63:
2472:
2129:
2067:
103:
Scholars have noted the realism of Tolkien's family of Elvish languages, analogous to the
8:
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1519:
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thus represents a stage in Tolkien's development of his Elvish languages (and of the
444:, the text is presented as a summary by an unnamed editor of the last chapter of the
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3548:
2228:
2032:
2015:
1876:
1743:
1524:
1510:
1492:
1478:
1390:
1323:
1295:
1216:
917:
844:
556:
550:
258:, to provide a world in which his languages could have existed. In that world, the
254:
179:
145:
78:
40:
36:
3534:
3205:
2620:
2267:
1628:
1452:
1381:
677:
3185:
942:
732:), Tolkien decided to make Sindarin the major language of the Elves in exile in
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3175:
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1963:
1763:
1623:
1438:
1319:
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1245:
1071:
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685:
684:, with diverging branches and sub-branches â though for the immortal Elves the
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1442:
1420:
1402:
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361:
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or Morgoth, is the origin in the First Age of the many tongues used by the
237:
221:
175:
67:
1394:
501:
or even later: "For many thousands of years have passed since the fall of
370:
3240:
2427:
1410:
1377:"The Feanorian Alphabet, Part 1; Quenya Verb Structure by J.R.R. Tolkien"
649:
165:
161:
59:
2685:
2394:
2389:
3256:
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1925:
1758:
1753:
498:
226:
66:, and invented stories to provide his languages with a suitable world,
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1660:
574:
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2532:
2517:
2502:
2457:
2447:
860:
733:
546:
451:
389:
157:
153:
2442:
692:. This "concept of increasing separation" was also employed for the
3180:
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2630:
2615:
2600:
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1635:
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805:
563:
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385:
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120:
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319:
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311:
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836:
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461:
128:
705:
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2384:
2330:
2313:
2296:
1698:
409:
405:
3619:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
404:, Lindarin, Noldorin, and Telerin. What Tolkien called 'Elf-
1269:
Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits
1113:
1111:
349:
language. It has had some influences on the tongues of Men.
1172:
310:
descend from the language of the angelic beings or Valar,
2401:
2369:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
954:
1353:
Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth
1108:
932:
930:
928:
926:
863:
where they settled. The Elves of Beleriand were Sindar,
360:
and other evil beings. (This tongue is unrelated to the
1325:
Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World
1297:
Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World
1169:, pp. 377â385 (Christopher Tolkien's introduction)
966:
450:. The subject-matter is "direct thought-transmission" (
1441:(2020) . "Invented Languages and Writing Systems". In
1021:
978:
868:
830:
829:, sounds, and looks from the "Tree of Tongues" in the
749:
717:
697:
663:
653:
510:
484:
455:
445:
423:
375:
301:
287:
271:
108:
87:
21:
1123:
923:
1067:
1065:
489:
to be coherent with this. The essay as it stands in
433:
131:; Tolkien redrew his "Tree of Tongues" accordingly.
597:Men find and translate the manuscript, badly, into
295:
168:and related languages. He remarked to the poet and
892:
127:, while the new Noldorin became just a dialect of
1062:
400:. This in turn gave rise to the languages of the
35:for "account of tongues", is a work of fictional
3632:
520:also some books and many ancient inscriptions."
182:that this was meant to imply that his work was
1160:
374:A detail of Tolkien's "Tree of Tongues" in the
262:mirrored the fragmentation of their languages.
776:Elvish language evolution as described in the
306:as published presents the theory that all the
1850:
1594:
1580:
3570:Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
909:
907:
626:
440:(39) in 1998. Within its fictional context,
3528:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
798:Elvish language evolution once Tolkien had
706:Changing views of Elvish linguistic history
384:becomes the language of the Elvish city of
220:Tolkien is best known as the author of the
1857:
1843:
1587:
1573:
1135:
160:, a scholar of comparative and historical
1233:
1205:
1051:Enquiry into the Communication of Thought
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
948:
913:
904:
716:After he had written the contemporaneous
672:" illustrate Tolkien's conception of the
524:Timeline of the supposed survival of the
430:Enquiry into the Communication of Thought
3563:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
3514:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
3440:Things named after Tolkien and his works
951:, pp. 111, 200, 266 and throughout.
764:and an essay, "The Feanorian Alphabet".
748:(Grey Elves) already settled there. The
744:, they adopted the language used by the
636:
369:
314:, and were divided into three branches:
3507:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1546:. In Beregond, Anders Stenström (ed.).
1509:
1477:
1416:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1409:
1374:
1318:
1290:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1144:"Quenti Lambardillion: Turkish Delight"
1129:
1015:
972:
960:
936:
883:18, to accommodate this restructuring.
3633:
1541:
1034:
990:
859:, they adopted the native language of
620:" the 4th Age manuscript into English
242:created a family of invented languages
139:
1838:
1568:
1437:
1346:
1117:
898:
2179:The History of The Lord of the Rings
1262:
1141:
984:
352:Melkian, named after the rebellious
853:Noldor arrived back in Middle-earth
43:in 1937, and published in the 1987
16:Linguistic work by J. R. R. Tolkien
13:
3591:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
3465:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
1819:Sound and language in Middle-earth
1018:, Part 2, chapter 5, "The Lhammas"
509:, no autograph manuscripts of the
164:. He was especially familiar with
14:
3662:
3556:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
804:under development, 1938 onwards.
497:, badly translated by Men in the
260:splintering of the Elvish peoples
2155:The Lost Road and Other Writings
1864:
1488:The Lost Road and Other Writings
791:
769:
730:The Lost Road and Other Writings
633:Elvish languages of Middle-earth
491:The Lost Road and Other Writings
296:Theory of Middle-earth languages
283:The Lost Road and Other Writings
46:The Lost Road and Other Writings
3472:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
3349:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
3071:Finnish language and literature
2041:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1448:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
1240:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1184:
1083:
1040:
415:
215:
82:. He peopled Middle-earth with
3612:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
3584:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
2861:Ancestry as guide to character
1997:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
1242:: Revised and Expanded Edition
696:in Tolkien's legendarium. The
472:
156:". Tolkien was a professional
92:presented the theory that all
1:
3521:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1985:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
1212:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
886:
1725:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
869:
831:
750:
718:
698:
664:
654:
511:
485:
456:
446:
434:
424:
402:three divisions of the Eldar
376:
302:
288:
272:
109:
88:
86:and other races, and in the
22:
7:
3646:The History of Middle-earth
3044:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
2212:The Peoples of Middle-earth
2147:The Shaping of Middle-earth
1330:Kent State University Press
740:returned to Beleriand from
668:and related writings like "
648:trees compared. Tolkien, a
467:
52:The History of Middle-earth
10:
3667:
3641:Tolkien linguistic studies
2718:List of weapons and armour
2251:The Nature of Middle-earth
1941:The Fellowship of the Ring
1199:
1074:, "Outline of Phonology",
709:
688:is remembered rather than
630:
476:
134:
3605:Tolkien and the Great War
3452:
3413:Works inspired by Tolkien
3395:
3328:
3317:Nightfall in Middle-Earth
3249:
3166:
3157:
3132:The Atlas of Middle-earth
3123:
3036:
2846:
2737:
2730:
2673:
2563:
2415:
2277:
2266:
2236:The History of The Hobbit
2221:
2108:
2099:
2006:
1978:The Scouring of the Shire
1914:
1907:
1872:
1777:
1717:
1689:
1653:
1602:
1596:Languages of Middle-earth
1302:Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing
1142:Hyde, Paul Nolan (1988).
712:The Etymologies (Tolkien)
674:languages of Middle-earth
627:Realistic language family
557:Elf Pengolodh writes the
308:languages of Middle-earth
3542:The Road to Middle-Earth
3408:Middle-earth Enterprises
2054:The three "Great Tales"
1550:. Arda. pp. 12â29.
1375:Goering, Nelson (2017).
817:Bill Welden, writing in
756:Silmarillion legendarium
190:in inspiration. ... The
188:fundamentally linguistic
94:Middle-earth's languages
3363:An Evening in Rivendell
3236:Margrethe II of Denmark
3115:A mythology for England
1091:"Family: Indo-European"
495:interpolated manuscript
493:can be thus seen as an
479:Tolkien's frame stories
345:, is the origin of the
322:, who taught the first
265:
62:, became fascinated by
3486:Master of Middle-Earth
3008:Psychological journeys
2572:First and Second Ages
2424:First and Second Ages
2186:The Notion Club Papers
2124:The Book of Lost Tales
1971:The Return of the King
1948:The Shadow of the Past
1824:Sundering of the Elves
758:), documented also in
694:Sundering of the Elves
659:
646:Indo-European language
393:
330:and most languages of
209:
196:
192:invention of languages
148:was in his biographer
3598:Tolkien's Legendarium
3342:The Road Goes Ever On
3284:The Lord of the Rings
3269:The Lord of the Rings
3145:A Map of Middle-earth
2888:Death and immortality
2691:Red Book of Westmarch
2204:The War of the Jewels
2139:The Lays of Beleriand
2060:The Children of HĂșrin
1955:The Council of Elrond
1934:The Lord of the Rings
1813:The Lord of the Rings
1811:Pseudotranslation in
1642:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
1544:"How We Got Sindarin"
1542:Welden, Bill (2023).
1395:10.1353/tks.2017.0015
843:that he submitted to
841:The Lord of the Rings
827:The Lord of the Rings
801:The Lord of the Rings
710:Further information:
640:
631:Further information:
553:; Beleriand destroyed
507:Tolkien's frame story
477:Further information:
460:"thought-opening" in
373:
318:Oromëan, named after
233:The Lord of the Rings
204:
184:
144:From his schooldays,
125:The Lord of the Rings
73:The Lord of the Rings
64:constructed languages
3377:At Dawn in Rivendell
3370:A Night in Rivendell
3357:The Tolkien Ensemble
3191:Brothers Hildebrandt
2713:Two Trees of Valinor
2076:The Fall of Gondolin
1455:. pp. 202â214.
1423:. pp. 228â231.
1328:(revised ed.).
337:Aulëan, named after
198:The Tolkien scholar
186:all of a piece, and
2881:Round World dilemma
2433:EĂ€rendil and Elwing
2086:The Fall of NĂșmenor
1520:The War of the Ring
1515:Christopher Tolkien
1483:Christopher Tolkien
1235:Carpenter, Humphrey
1207:Carpenter, Humphrey
1193:, part 2, chapter 5
1181:, pp. 191â201.
1120:, pp. 202â214.
987:, pp. 73, 102.
963:, pp. 228â231.
835:, as if it must be
728:(also published in
642:Middle-earth Elvish
587:The War of the Ring
528:
278:Christopher Tolkien
140:Tolkien's philology
70:. This resulted in
3651:1987 fiction books
3500:A Question of Time
3302:The Rings of Power
3221:Alexander Korotich
3018:Sound and language
2898:Dreams and visions
1733:Parma Eldalamberon
1274:Palgrave Macmillan
1077:Parma Eldalamberon
880:Parma Eldalamberon
660:
613:Sixth/Seventh Age
523:
517:philological study
394:
328:languages of Elves
250:invented mythology
171:The New York Times
119:, soon became the
3628:
3627:
3577:A Tolkien Compass
3493:Picturing Tolkien
3479:Interrupted Music
3448:
3447:
3384:Leaving Rivendell
3153:
3152:
3139:Journeys of Frodo
2993:Old Straight Road
2983:Naming of weapons
2726:
2725:
2473:LĂșthien and Beren
2262:
2261:
2244:Carl F. Hostetter
2095:
2094:
2068:Beren and LĂșthien
2049:Bilbo's Last Song
1832:
1831:
1749:Carl F. Hostetter
1739:Anthony Appleyard
1511:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1479:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1367:978-0-00711-953-0
1339:978-0-8733-8744-6
1311:978-0-8028-1955-0
1283:978-0-2302-1951-9
1255:978-0-35-865298-4
1226:978-0-04-928037-3
1037:, pp. 12â29.
975:, pp. 65â87.
624:
623:
49:, volume five of
3658:
3549:Splintered Light
3164:
3163:
2988:Northern courage
2913:Environmentalism
2893:Decline and fall
2816:Tolkien's poetry
2735:
2734:
2453:FinwĂ« and MĂriel
2275:
2274:
2229:John D. Rateliff
2106:
2105:
2033:Unfinished Tales
2016:The Silmarillion
1912:
1911:
1877:J. R. R. Tolkien
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1744:Helge Fauskanger
1604:Elvish languages
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1538:
1525:Houghton Mifflin
1506:
1493:Houghton Mifflin
1474:
1434:
1430:978-0261-10401-3
1406:
1371:
1343:
1315:
1287:
1259:
1230:
1217:Ballantine Books
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:(3). Article 12.
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1080:19, 2010, p. 68.
1069:
1060:
1059:, issue 39, 1998
1044:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1013:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
921:
918:Houghton Mifflin
911:
902:
896:
872:
834:
795:
773:
753:
721:
701:
667:
657:
551:Fall of Gondolin
529:
522:
514:
488:
459:
449:
439:
427:
379:
305:
291:
275:
255:The Silmarillion
180:Houghton Mifflin
146:J. R. R. Tolkien
112:
98:Elvish languages
91:
79:The Silmarillion
41:J. R. R. Tolkien
37:sociolinguistics
30:
25:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3535:Perilous Realms
3455:
3444:
3391:
3324:
3267:Symphony No. 1
3245:
3206:Donato Giancola
3159:
3149:
3119:
3066:Classical world
3032:
2923:First World War
2842:
2722:
2669:
2621:Lonely Mountain
2559:
2411:
2282:
2269:
2258:
2217:
2162:The Etymologies
2112:
2101:
2091:
2002:
1916:
1903:
1868:
1863:
1833:
1828:
1793:The Etymologies
1773:
1713:
1685:
1654:Other languages
1649:
1629:Respective case
1598:
1593:
1558:
1535:
1503:
1463:
1453:Wiley Blackwell
1439:Smith, Arden R.
1431:
1382:Tolkien Studies
1368:
1340:
1320:Flieger, Verlyn
1312:
1292:Flieger, Verlyn
1284:
1256:
1237:, ed. (2023) .
1227:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1022:
1014:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
939:, pp. 5â7.
935:
924:
912:
905:
897:
893:
889:
875:The Etymologies
813:
796:
787:
783:The Etymologies
780:and assumed in
774:
761:The Etymologies
725:The Etymologies
714:
708:
678:language family
670:The Etymologies
635:
629:
554:
481:
475:
470:
420:
341:, maker of the
298:
280:published B in
268:
218:
142:
137:
116:The Etymologies
17:
12:
11:
5:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3311:Blind Guardian
3308:
3307:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Pauline Baynes
3172:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Mental illness
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2696:Rings of Power
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2498:TĂșrin Turambar
2495:
2493:Tuor and Idril
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2196:Morgoth's Ring
2191:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1967:
1964:The Two Towers
1960:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:Arden R. Smith
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1729:Vinyar Tengwar
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:Quenya grammar
1621:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1533:
1507:
1501:
1475:
1462:978-1119656029
1461:
1443:Lee, Stuart D.
1435:
1429:
1407:
1389:(1): 191â201.
1372:
1366:
1344:
1338:
1316:
1310:
1288:
1282:
1260:
1254:
1246:Harper Collins
1231:
1225:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1134:
1122:
1107:
1082:
1072:J.R.R. Tolkien
1061:
1056:Vinyar Tengwar
1039:
1020:
989:
977:
965:
953:
949:Carpenter 1977
941:
922:
920:, 30 June 1955
914:Carpenter 2023
903:
890:
888:
885:
825:in a draft of
819:Arda Philology
815:
814:
797:
790:
788:
775:
768:
707:
704:
686:proto-language
628:
625:
622:
621:
614:
610:
609:
606:
602:
601:
595:
591:
590:
583:
579:
578:
571:
567:
566:
543:
537:
536:
533:
474:
471:
469:
466:
436:Vinyar Tengwar
419:
414:
366:
365:
350:
335:
326:to speak. All
297:
294:
267:
264:
236:, both set in
217:
214:
212:development."
200:Verlyn Flieger
174:book reviewer
141:
138:
136:
133:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:Johan de Meij
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Mary Fairburn
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Moral dilemma
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Luck and fate
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Frame stories
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:A Secret Vice
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
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845:his publisher
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690:reconstructed
687:
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682:Indo-European
680:analogous to
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442:a frame story
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81:
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48:
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39:, written by
38:
34:
26:
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3484:
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3375:
3368:
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3347:
3340:
3336:Donald Swann
3315:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3277:Howard Shore
3268:
3216:Tove Jansson
3196:Jenny Dolfen
3186:Anke EiĂmann
3158:Adaptations,
3137:
3130:
3054:
2871:Christianity
2866:Architecture
2772:Black Speech
2752:Family trees
2553:Tom Bombadil
2249:
2234:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2122:
2113:Middle-earth
2109:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2014:
1995:
1969:
1962:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1915:In Tolkien's
1882:Bibliography
1866:Middle-earth
1812:
1806:Middle-earth
1799:
1798:
1791:
1769:Allan Turner
1732:
1728:
1666:Black Speech
1640:
1616:
1547:
1518:
1486:
1446:
1414:
1411:Shippey, Tom
1386:
1380:
1352:
1324:
1296:
1268:
1244:. New York:
1238:
1215:. New York:
1210:
1191:Tolkien 1990
1186:
1179:Goering 2017
1174:
1167:Tolkien 1987
1162:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1130:Flieger 2002
1125:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1075:
1054:
1050:
1047:Ăsanwe-kenta
1046:
1042:
1016:Tolkien 1987
980:
973:Flieger 1983
968:
961:Shippey 2001
956:
944:
937:Flieger 1983
894:
878:
874:
865:Silvan Elves
840:
826:
818:
816:
799:
781:
777:
759:
729:
723:
715:
661:
558:
525:
490:
482:
429:
425:Ăsanwe-kenta
421:
417:Ăsanwe-kenta
416:
395:
367:
362:Black Speech
334:are Oromëan.
299:
281:
269:
253:
238:Middle-earth
231:
225:
222:high fantasy
219:
216:Middle-earth
210:
205:
197:
187:
185:
176:Harvey Breit
169:
143:
124:
114:
102:
77:
71:
68:Middle-earth
57:
50:
44:
20:
18:
3433:Video games
3418:Fan fiction
3396:Other media
3295:film series
3286:film series
3241:Ted Nasmith
3103:Prose style
3096:Shakespeare
2856:Anachronism
2428:Celebrimbor
2102:composition
2023:Ainulindalë
1894:Legendarium
1348:Garth, John
1035:Welden 2023
650:philologist
594:Fourth Age
570:Second Age
473:Frame story
457:sanwe-latya
364:of Sauron.)
289:Lammasathen
166:Old English
162:linguistics
158:philologist
60:philologist
58:Tolkien, a
3635:Categories
3293:The Hobbit
3257:Bo Hansson
3231:Tom Loback
3124:Geographic
3049:Influences
2626:LothlĂłrien
2592:Third Age
2528:Glorfindel
2509:Third Age
2417:Characters
2353:Half-elven
2111:History of
2100:History of
2007:Posthumous
1926:The Hobbit
1759:David Salo
1754:Tom Loback
1523:. Boston:
1491:. Boston:
1471:1183854105
1118:Smith 2020
916:, #165 to
899:Garth 2003
887:References
618:translates
605:Fifth Age
582:Third Age
499:Fourth Age
227:The Hobbit
150:John Garth
3456:criticism
3428:Calendars
3304:TV series
3300:Music of
3291:Music of
3282:Music of
3250:Composers
3211:John Howe
3108:Ambiguity
3091:Philology
2968:Modernism
2876:Cosmology
2762:Languages
2708:Silmarils
2656:The Shire
2646:Rivendell
2576:Beleriand
2533:Goldberry
2518:Galadriel
2503:Ungoliant
2458:Gil-galad
2448:Fingolfin
2385:Beornings
2363:Sundering
2326:Ancalagon
2268:Fictional
1718:Linguists
1403:1547-3163
1095:Glottolog
985:Fimi 2009
861:Beleriand
734:Beleriand
616:Tolkien "
577:drowned)
547:Beleriand
545:Elves in
541:First Age
452:telepathy
390:Beleriand
154:etymology
123:found in
3454:Literary
3329:Settings
3226:Alan Lee
3181:Cor Blok
3076:Medieval
3037:Literary
2998:Paganism
2787:Sindarin
2757:Heraldry
2739:Elements
2731:Analysis
2701:One Ring
2686:PalantĂr
2631:Mirkwood
2616:Isengard
2601:Esgaroth
2395:DĂșnedain
2390:DrĂședain
2284:monsters
2270:universe
2176:1988â92
2121:1983â84
1931:1954-55
1917:lifetime
1636:Sindarin
1513:(1990).
1481:(1987).
1413:(2001).
1350:(2003).
1322:(2002).
1294:(1983).
1266:(2009).
1209:(1977).
1149:Mythlore
806:Sindarin
564:Sindarin
503:Gondolin
468:Analysis
386:Gondolin
382:Noldorin
121:Sindarin
55:series.
33:Noldorin
29:/ËÉŹÉmÉs/
3168:Artists
3055:Beowulf
2943:Heroism
2928:Forests
2908:England
2903:Economy
2836:Tengwar
2821:Scripts
2804:Westron
2799:Valarin
2794:Khuzdul
2767:Adûnaic
2747:Artwork
2681:Mithril
2674:Objects
2661:Bag End
2586:Valinor
2581:NĂșmenor
2543:Saruman
2523:Gandalf
2488:Thingol
2483:Morgoth
2468:Isildur
2438:Elendil
2375:Hobbits
2338:Dwarves
2321:Dragons
2307:Wizards
2302:Balrogs
2279:Peoples
2169:Lhammas
2130:Ălfwine
1899:Outline
1800:Lhammas
1778:Related
1709:Tengwar
1691:Scripts
1681:Westron
1676:Valarin
1671:Khuzdul
1661:Adûnaic
1618:Namårië
1517:(ed.).
1485:(ed.).
1445:(ed.).
1200:Sources
870:Lhammas
857:Valinor
832:Lhammas
823:Faramir
778:Lhammas
751:Lhammas
742:Valinor
719:Lhammas
699:Lhammas
665:Lhammas
655:Lhammas
599:Westron
575:NĂșmenor
559:Lhammas
535:Events
526:Lhammas
512:Lhammas
486:Lhammas
447:Lhammas
377:Lhammas
347:Khuzdul
343:Dwarves
312:Valarin
303:Lhammas
273:Lhammas
135:Context
110:Lhammas
89:Lhammas
23:Lhammas
3403:Impact
3160:legacy
3081:Modern
3061:Celtic
3013:Quests
3003:Plants
2848:Themes
2831:Sarati
2782:Quenya
2777:Elvish
2636:Mordor
2606:Gondor
2565:Places
2548:Sauron
2538:Gollum
2513:Elrond
2478:Melian
2443:FĂ«anor
2407:Trolls
2358:Noldor
2343:Eagles
2222:Others
1704:Sarati
1612:Quenya
1554:
1531:
1499:
1469:
1459:
1427:
1401:
1364:
1336:
1308:
1280:
1252:
1223:
1100:31 May
849:Gondor
837:Quenya
810:Quenya
786:, 1937
746:Sindar
738:Noldor
505:." In
462:Quenya
454:), or
354:Melkor
224:works
129:Quenya
3086:Norse
3028:Trees
2978:Music
2958:Magic
2948:Light
2826:Cirth
2651:Rohan
2641:Moria
2611:Harad
2463:HĂșrin
2348:Elves
2331:Smaug
2314:Valar
2297:Maiar
2292:Ainur
2248:2021
2233:2007
2209:1996
2201:1994
2193:1993
2152:1987
2144:1986
2136:1985
2083:2022
2073:2018
2065:2017
2057:2007
2046:1990
2038:1981
2030:1980
2013:1977
1994:1962
1923:1937
1908:Works
1889:Canon
1699:Cirth
1049:, or
855:from
676:as a
532:Time
428:, or
410:Qenya
406:Latin
398:Eldar
324:Elves
320:Oromë
246:Elves
240:. He
84:Elves
3423:Film
3023:Time
2938:Hell
2918:Evil
2811:Maps
2596:Bree
2402:Orcs
2370:Ents
1552:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1467:OCLC
1457:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1399:ISSN
1362:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1102:2024
873:and
722:and
662:The
644:and
608:âââ
555:The
422:The
358:Orcs
339:Aulë
300:The
270:The
266:Text
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