680:
728:
714:, being relatively few in number, eventually adopted a form of Sindarin: a southern dialect (of which the purest and most archaic variety was used in Doriath ruled by Thingol). This they used in daily speech, and even adapted their own personal names to its form. But the Sindarin of the High-elves was (naturally) somewhat affected by Quenya, and contained some Quenya elements. Sindarin is also loosely applied to the related languages of the Elves of the same origin as the Grey Elves of Beleriand, who lived in
2079:
655:-pottery, Numerorean medicine and philosophy, and so on would interfere with the narrative , or swell the Appendices. So too, would complete grammars and lexical collection of the languages. Any attempt at bogus 'completeness' would reduce the thing to a 'model', a kind of imaginary dolls house of pseudo-history. Much hidden and unexhibited work is needed to give the nomenclature a 'feel' of verisimilitude. But this story is not the place for technical phonology and grammatical history.
636:
Beleriand, e.g. Doriathrin and the other dialects, were not as much based on Welsh as
Noldorin was, and Tolkien wanted his new "tongue of Beleriand" to be a Welsh-type language. In Tolkien's words, "The changes worked on Sindarin very closely (and deliberately) resemble those which produced the modern and medieval Welsh from ancient Celtic, so that in the result Sindarin has a marked Welsh style, and the relations between it and Quenya closely resemble those between Welsh and Latin."
923:, it contained many unique words and was not fully intelligible to the other Elves. The Northern dialect was in many ways more conservative, and later divided itself into a North-Western dialect (Hithlum, Mithrim, Dor-lómin) and a North-Eastern dialect (the highlands of Dorthonion, and the wide plains of Ard-galen to the north of the highlands). This language was at first adopted by the exiled
743:, the forested area in the centre. Falathrin was the dialect of the Falas, the coastal region to the West. The North-Western dialect was spoken in Hithlum, Mithrim, and Dor-lómin, north of the Ered Wethrin mountains (top left). The North-Eastern dialect was spoken in Ard-galen (before its ruin), and the highlands of Dorthonion (Taur-nu-Fuin) (top centre).
5227:, from issue 11 (1995)—are exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of Tolkien's gigantic mass of unpublished linguistic papers. These are published at a slow pace and the editors have not published a comprehensive catalogue of these unpublished linguistic papers. Access to the original documents is severely limited as
5244:
to write in
Sindarin began in the 1970s, when the total corpus of published Elvish was only a few hundred words. Since then, usage of Elvish has flourished in poems and texts, phrases and names, and tattoos. But Tolkien himself never intended to make his languages complete enough for conversation; as
1028:
In the hidden city of
Gondolin, an isolated land, a peculiar dialect developed: "This differed from the standard (of Doriath) (a) in having Western and some Northern elements, and (b) in incorporating a good many Noldorin-Quenya words in more a less Sindarized forms. Thus the city was usually called
635:
Tolkien created
Sindarin in around 1944. He used much of Noldorin and blended it with "Ilkorin Doriathrin" and added in some new features. On that matter, he wrote a side note on his "Comparative Tables": "Doriath, etc. = Noldorin ((?)viz. as it used to be)". The Ilkorin tongues of 1930–50 spoken in
515:
or 'Littleheart' (and he was so named for the youth and wonder of his heart) those names and words that are used in these tales from either the tongue of the Elves of Kor as at the time spoken in the Lonely Isle, or from that related one of the
Noldoli their kin whom they wrested from Melko. Here
862:
had left
Doriath he kept a Doriathrin accent until his death, which immediately pinpointed his origin to speakers of other dialects of Sindarin. "The post-war 'Beleriandic' as lingua franca and as a language of Noldor was strongly influenced by Doriath." Tolkien set out much about Doriathrin
779:, Olwë's elder brother, acknowledged as high-king of all the Teleri in Beleriand, even after he withdrew to the guarded realm of Doriath. But Círdan and his people remained in many ways distinct from the rest of the Sindar. They retained the old name Teleri (in later Sindarin form
710:"Sindarin (Grey-elven) is properly the name of the languages of the Elvish inhabitants of Beleriand, the later almost drowned land west of the Blue Mountains. Quenya was the language of the Exiled High-Elves returning to Middle-earth. The
3531:
The nasal mutation however does not affect 'd' and 'g' when found in the clusters 'dr', 'gr', 'gl' or 'gw'. By Salo's admission, the liquid mutation is speculative and not attested in
Tolkien's writings at the time he wrote
475:
or "Gnomish" in
English. He wrote a substantial dictionary of Gnomish and a grammar. This is the first conceptual stage of the Sindarin language. At the same time Tolkien conceived a History of the Elves and wrote it in the
671:. He wanted to infuse in them a kind of life, while fitting them to a very personal aesthetic taste. He wanted to build languages primarily to satisfy his personal urge and not because he had some universal design in mind.
1008:"It was the Noldor who in fact stabilized and made improvements to the 'Common Sindarin' of the days of the Wars, and it was based on West Sindarin. The old North dialect practically died out except in place names as
593:. This is the "late conceptual Noldorin". At the same time, Tolkien was developing the Ilkorin tongues of the Elves of the Third Clan who remained in Beleriand (those same Elves whom Tolkien would much later name
904:
in
English), is the other dialect of the Southern Sindarin group. It remained close to the tongue of Doriath because there was great trade between the two groups up to the time of the Wars of Beleriand.
5919:
6257:
Parma
Eldalamberon ... The Book of Elven Tongues ... is a journal of linguistic studies of fantasy literature, especially of the Elvish languages and nomenclature in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
1004:
With the exception of Doriathrin, Sindarin adopted some Quenya features after the return of the Noldor, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages):
2246:
The other system of number was called by Tolkien 2nd plural or collective number. The nouns in this system form it usually by adding a suffix to the plural (as in Welsh); for example
1075:, which arose in the Third Age as a language heavily influenced by Sindarin. In Gondor at the end of the Third Age, Sindarin was still spoken daily by a few noble Men in the city
7524:
3744:
609:, that were spoken in Beleriand. The Noldorin Elves wanted to speak a distinct tongue from the First Clan Elves who also lived with them and spoke Quenya, and so they developed
867:"Doriathrin preserved in common use the dual of nouns, pronouns, and verbal personal inflexions, as well as a clear distinction between 'general' or 'collective' plurals (as
4788:), though the two systems seem to have coexisted. The numbers 1–12 are presented below (reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk *), as well as a few higher numbers.
875:). ... But it was none-the-less in a few but important points of phonology marked by changes not universal in Sindarin. Most notable among these was the spirantalizing of
5839:
Gilson, Christopher. "Gnomish is Sindarin: The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language." In Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on the History of Middle-earth, edited by
5250:
336:
words but differing greatly in grammar and structure. Sindarin is said to be more changeful than Quenya, and there were during the First Age a number of regional
585:
word already sparingly used for his Gnomish tongue). This is the second conceptual stage of Sindarin. Tolkien composed then a grammar of this new Noldorin, the
8002:
7891:
1063:
of all Elves and many Men, and as the language of the Noldor in exile, was based on Western Sindarin but was strongly influenced by Doriathrin. During the
6790:
1958:
t); IPA . Tolkien had described dialects (such as Doriathrin) and variations in pronunciations (such as that of Gondor), and other pronunciations of
312:), Sindarin was the language most commonly spoken by most Elves in the Western part of Middle-earth. Sindarin is the language usually referred to as
1099:. Stress is as in Latin: on the penult if that is heavy (a closed syllable, long vowel or diphthong) and on the antepenult if the penult is light.
919:, the northernmost group of the Grey-elves. It differed from the Central Sindarin of Beleriand in many aspects. Originally spoken in Dorthonion and
410:
and Sindar. By the Third Age, however, the Dwarves were estranged from the Elves and no longer routinely learned their language, preferring to use
7060:
6270:
4055:
to the same place of articulation as the consonant it now precedes. The consonant then experiences what could be called a "backwards mutation":
7933:
5893:
2372:
2937:
Hard mutation is due to the gemination of an original initial consonant because of precedence of a closely connected word ending in a plosive.
2190:
nouns correspond to the singular/plural number system just as of English. Sindarin noun plurals are unpredictable and formed in several ways.
883:, the nasality of which was, however, never lost in Doriathrin proper until after the dissolution of the "Hidden Realm". ... The changes of
7913:
3214:
proposes a more complex set of mutations, based on extrapolation from the Sindarin corpus, as follows (empty cells indicate no change):
7014:
2934:
Soft mutation is triggered by a closely connected word ending in a vowel; the consonant then assumes the form it should have medially.
7638:
6799:
1016:, who had moved east. So that in the days of the Wars, Sindarin was really divided into 'West Sindarin' (including all the Noldor of
448:
235:
771:
Elf, one of the highest of those who were not transported to Valinor but became known as the Sindar, the Grey-elves; he was akin to
7918:
7877:
6783:
5237:. Many new-found words of Sindarin, Noldorin and Ilkorin have been published and the grammar rules of these languages disclosed.
7923:
275:. Their language became estranged from that of their kin who sailed over sea. Sindarin derives from an earlier language called
5210:
6686:
6654:
6517:
6441:
6334:
6172:
5824:
3982:. This leaves the bare stem, which, because of Sindarin's phonological history, causes the vowel of the stem to become long:
1774:
2237:, "Dark-Elves". Still others form their plurals through some combination of the two, and a few do not change in the plural:
7938:
7908:
1382:
1296:
569:
A few years later, c. 1925, Tolkien began anew the grammar and lexicon of the tongue of his Gnomes. He abandoned the words
7053:
5258:
2058:
1779:
1388:
1368:
214:
2912:
7022:
6776:
6558:
5778:
1980:
1786:
7928:
7884:
6240:
5758:
1068:
3785:
Tolkien wrote that Quenya inflections were pretty regular, but that "Sindarin verbal history is complicated." About
7150:
7100:
2387:
was lost, leaving the changed root vowel(s) as the sole marker of the plural. (This process is very similar to the
775:, one of the two kings of the Teleri, and lord of those who departed over the Great Sea. He was thus also akin to
7987:
7658:
6536:
6320:
4003:
The past tense of basic verbs is very complicated and poorly attested. One common reconstructed system is to use
1263:
1012:, etc. but for a few scattered and hidden clans of the old Northern group and except in so far as adopted by the
683:
664:
204:
137:
1020:
and Fingon), 'East Sindarin' (of the North dialect) was only preserved by the house of Feanor; and 'Central' or
7997:
7046:
6736:
2046:
2017:
2000:
1800:
6699:(2007). Gilson, Christopher (ed.). "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings".
4286:. Endings for all persons except for the first person singular can be added without any further modification:
7956:
6479:
6428:
6178:
840:
North-Eastern dialect, spoken in Ard-galen (before its ruin), and the highlands of Dorthonion (Taur-nu-Fuin).
6357:
429:
One internal, consisting of the sequence of events within the fictional history of Tolkien's secondary world
178:
7951:
6928:
2073:
1843:
1289:
1269:
406:
to others, so they learned both Quenya and Sindarin in order to communicate with the Elves, especially the
2900:
2896:
1833:
An acute signifies a long vowel (á, é, etc.). In a monosyllabic word, a circumflex is used (â, ê, etc.).
1703:
1699:
1693:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1584:
1561:
1553:
1529:
1513:
1509:
332:
returned to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language. Quenya and Sindarin were related, with many
7982:
7330:
6673:
5233:
2012:
1808:
1748:
1314:
6526:
Marmor, Paula, Laurence Krieg, and David Strecker. "Initial Consonant Mutation in Celtic and Sindarin."
7467:
6807:
6573:
5816:
2053:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2005:
1985:
1823:
1581:
1375:
1307:
1276:
1222:
1207:
7961:
6996:
6278:
5201:, "the Thousand Caves", although this could technically be a base-12 "thousand" (i.e., 12 or 1,728).
1841:
1753:
679:
564:
463:
392:
6465:
5889:
3791:, the 3rd person past tense ending of Sindarin, he wrote: "it is rather like that of Medieval Welsh
7360:
7105:
6498:
4052:
4048:
2102:... because it seems to fit the rather 'Celtic' type of legends and stories told of its speakers".
1760:
1332:
698:. After Beleriand's near-total destruction, Sindarin continued to be spoken in Middle-earth in the
17:
6304:
3916:
For all persons except the third person singular, the present tense is formed by the insertion of
2098:
Tolkien wrote that he gave Sindarin "a linguistic character very like (though not identical with)
787:) and remained in many ways a separate folk, speaking even in later days a more archaic language."
7220:
2400:
2137:
1282:
1239:
1228:
1213:
3187:
Many of the mutations of Noldorin were taken into Sindarin a few years later. The Sindarin word
7690:
7127:
7027:
6605:
6372:
Gilson, Christopher. "Gnomish is Sindarin: The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language." In
6353:
5773:
2903:, meaning that it is possible for some words to have the same form in the singular and plural.
2367:"affection of vowels". In an earlier stage of the language, plurals were marked by the suffix
2117:
tendencies. It can be distinguished from Quenya by the rarity of vowel endings, and the use of
2106:
944:
863:
morphology, and how it contrasts with the other Sindarin dialects, in his linguistic writings:
814:
740:
687:
630:
341:
6551:
Gateway to Sindarin: a grammar of an Elvish language from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings
5981:
5941:
Phonemically it patterns with velars, but phonetically it should be whatever <ch> is in
375:
and Arnor, continued to speak Sindarin in the Third Age. Sindarin was first written using the
7814:
7393:
7175:
7117:
6845:
6611:
6579:
3978:. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of
3730:
These are subjective forms used in conjugation. Sindarin used objective detached forms, like
2083:
1338:
1178:
1169:
854:
Doriathrin preserved many archaic features. Unlike the other dialects, it remained free from
711:
308:
5942:
2225:, "lore master, sage" (obsolete as a tribal name before the Noldor came back to Beleriand);
7824:
7439:
7405:
7280:
7069:
6894:
2944:
The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the three mutations.
2193:
Some Sindarin (and Noldorin) nouns of one syllable form the plural with an ending (usually
1245:
1067:
Sindarin was a lingua franca for all Elves and their friends (thus it was used to inscribe
648:
546:
444:
284:
133:
81:
7708:
639:
Tolkien did not provide a detailed description of the language in published works such as
8:
7992:
7459:
7422:
7190:
7112:
6668:
6636:
6423:
6343:
Derzhanski, Ivan A. "Peth i dirathar aen: Some Notes on Eldarin Relative Constructions."
5289:
5228:
2619:
935:
features, and partially because of the love of the Noldor for making linguistic changes.
753:
group and a Southern group. The Southern group had a much larger territory, and included
2319:, Sindarin words meaning 'multitude', 'host', and 'people' respectively, are added to a
727:
7809:
7728:
7718:
7558:
7544:
7285:
7265:
7210:
7088:
6711:
6701:
6528:
6485:
6315:
5706:
5617:
5387:
5370:
5340:
5326:
5304:
5223:
3890:
2183:
2179:
1189:
1122:
487:
478:
422:
For Tolkien's constructed languages one must distinguish two timelines of development:
360:
296:
251:
91:
6731:
1886:). This vowel later came to be pronounced and is therefore transcribed as such (e.g.
194:
7578:
7550:
7514:
7477:
7410:
7290:
7083:
6952:
6942:
6682:
6650:
6620:
6588:
6554:
6513:
6495:
6474:
6462:
6450:
6437:
6419:
6381:
6330:
6212:
6168:
5844:
5820:
5754:
4111:
before any pronominal endings. These examples show the transformations step-by-step:
2114:
2110:
1155:
1142:
1127:
544:) ere the world grew, and some of these dwelt after in the world and ere the Gods or
352:, was said by many Grey-elves to be the highest and most noble form of the language.
86:
7665:
4087:. The matter is complicated even further when pronominal endings are added. Because
2889:
as is common at the end of Sindarin words; "a" actually changes to "ei" before "ai")
1013:
210:
7764:
7723:
7713:
7603:
7583:
7504:
7492:
7378:
7295:
7122:
6947:
6747:
6696:
6678:
6664:
6646:
6641:
6632:
6616:
6600:
6584:
6568:
5885:
5701:
5610:
5431:
5382:
5362:
5317:
3740:
3544:
One source is used for the Sindarin pronouns, another for the possessive suffixes.
2615:
2129:
1862:
1768:
1537:
1137:
1117:
1112:
668:
499:
494:
was the other tongue spoken by the great majority of the Elves of the Lonely Isle.
459:
396:
239:
48:
3769:"for/to me". The first person singular pronoun suffixes could combine with nouns:
7870:
7618:
7598:
7497:
7275:
6832:
5975:
5881:
5748:
4794:
2388:
2141:
2125:
1322:
1163:
1132:
601:(the Welsh-style language) was at that time conceived as having evolved from the
452:
6389:
5245:
a result, newly invented Elvish texts, such as dialogue written by the linguist
271:. These were Elves of the Third Clan who remained behind in Beleriand after the
7733:
7250:
7170:
6967:
6827:
6455:
6377:
6345:
6326:
5840:
5744:
5241:
5217:
4799:
4757:
2118:
2099:
1794:
858:
influences. The "accent" of Doriath was also quite recognisable, so that after
466:
280:
276:
243:
141:
112:
395:, and Sindarin displays some of the consonant mutations that characterize the
295:. Even before that the Eldar Elves spoke the original speech of all Elves, or
7976:
7863:
7857:
7769:
7563:
7472:
7340:
7245:
7215:
7093:
6989:
6624:
5254:
2078:
1060:
443:
Tolkien was interested in languages from an early age, and developed several
272:
171:
6768:
6726:
7819:
7300:
7195:
7009:
6972:
6869:
6821:
6592:
6499:"The Two Phonetic Values of ll in Elvish Sindarin in the Lord of the Rings"
1076:
928:
695:
447:
while still a teenager. Eventually, as a young adult, he created an entire
247:
70:
6244:
931:
at Losgar. Later Noldorin Sindarin changed, much owing to the adoption of
162:
7779:
7774:
7529:
7449:
7427:
7260:
7255:
7238:
7226:
7165:
6758:
6753:
6477:"I Lam na Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue." In
2376:
1742:
1730:
1356:
795:, before the return of the Noldor, there were four dialects of Sindarin:
747:
The divergence of Sindarin (Old Sindarin) begun first into a Northern or
426:
One external, in which Tolkien's linguistic taste and conceptions evolved
287:
before their divisions, e.g., those Elves who decided to follow the Vala
7038:
6510:
A Fan's Guide to Neo-Sindarin: A Textbook for the Elvish of Middle-earth
4773:
533:
368:
7749:
7315:
7205:
6962:
6957:
6546:
5915:
5246:
5147:) appears in the King's Letter, but at the time the roots for ten were
4769:
3862:
3207:
2586:
2380:
2359:
1817:
1735:
1064:
356:
349:
7643:
7608:
7350:
6864:
2923:
The mutations of "early conceptual Noldorin" are defined in Tolkien's
605:
spoken in Valinor to the many (not Welsh-like) dialects, later called
364:
7698:
7685:
7568:
7534:
7383:
7180:
6537:"Light and Tree: A Survey Through the External History of Sindarin."
6489:
6433:
5197:
2092:
1972:
1541:
1257:
1096:
1084:
792:
736:
732:
699:
691:
471:
388:
303:
268:
187:
155:
31:
7613:
5302:
I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue.
764:
663:
Tolkien wrote many pieces in Sindarin. He made an effort to give to
384:
7759:
7675:
7588:
7487:
7432:
7398:
7368:
7325:
7320:
7305:
7185:
6762:
5928:
4748:
4720:
4692:
4664:
4636:
4631:
4603:
4575:
4547:
4519:
4491:
4463:
4435:
4407:
4402:
2354:
1601:
951:"Chief characteristics (of North Sindarin was the) preservation of
458:
One of these languages was created in around 1915, inspired by the
337:
222:
7633:
7593:
6743:
859:
288:
7839:
7784:
7703:
7680:
7628:
7482:
7415:
7373:
7003:
6912:
6884:
6879:
6874:
4777:
4742:
3082:
2590:
2088:
1201:
1080:
1072:
940:
920:
887:, also proceeded earlier and further than in the other dialects."
837:
North-Western dialect, spoken in Hithlum, Mithrim, and Dor-lómin;
715:
560:
411:
403:
380:
379:, an Elvish runic alphabet. Later, it was usually written in the
345:
333:
292:
218:
119:
2213:, Púkel-Men". Others form the plural through vowel change, e.g.
776:
772:
7834:
7670:
7648:
7623:
7573:
7519:
7509:
7310:
7270:
6907:
6815:
6453:"The 'King's Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis."
3910:
2350:
2187:
1017:
932:
924:
855:
768:
652:
582:
407:
372:
329:
325:
267:
for Grey-elven, since it was the language of the Grey Elves of
264:
6737:
Thorsten Renk's Pedin Edhellen: a Sindarin-Course (gz archive)
507:, gives a good example of both languages (Gnomish and Elfin):
7829:
7754:
7388:
7345:
7335:
7233:
6902:
2210:
2153:
1725:
936:
826:
511:"Here is set forth by Eriol at the teaching of Bronweg's son
376:
123:
6374:
Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on the History of Middle-earth
6215:
5862:
2488:(female dwarves) (originally became œ, which later became e)
1852:. Although this was meant to be distinct from the diphthong
739:, before the return of the Noldor. Doriathrin was spoken in
7789:
7444:
7160:
5750:
Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
4365:
As of 2008, about 25,000 Elvish words have been published.
2166:
519:
27:
Fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien
6195:
6193:
657:
I hope to leave these things firmly sketched and recorded.
617:: "the tongue of those who left Middle-earth, and came to
221:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7200:
6709:
Welden, Bill. "On the Formation of Plurals in Sindarin."
6466:"The Past-Tense Verb in the Noldorin of the Etymologies."
6010:
6008:
5990:, p. 94, section 6.2 (see also sections 4.33, 4.37).
5718:
5716:
5264:, require conjecture and sometimes coinage of new words.
3085:, and is not necessarily written. Those forms of lenited
5955:
5953:
5597:
3739:
Sindarin pronouns could combine with prepositions as in
2087:, a poem in Sindarin composed by Tolkien and written in
896:
The language of the followers of the Elf Círdan, called
6190:
6121:
6097:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
1950:
respectively in the same syllable as one pronounces an
7892:
La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea
6085:
6032:
6005:
5993:
5713:
2258:, "all the stars (in the sky)", but not always, as in
1930:). If the last diphthong finishes a word, it is spelt
1536:, "the halflings") which becomes . Old Sindarin, like
438:
383:(Quenya for 'letters') – a script invented by the elf
250:. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the
5950:
5189:, so that this older form must be updated. The word *
2895:
Vowels not listed do not undergo any change, such as
1942:
with no English counterparts, similar to pronouncing
1836:
In Old Sindarin, there was a vowel similar to German
647:"A precise account, with drawings and other aids, of
6163:
According to the French linguist Edouard Kloczko in
5785:
3202:
2132:. Early Sindarin formed plurals by the addition of
589:. In the early 1930s Tolkien wrote a new grammar of
524:, first among these those ones in the Gnome-speech (
6145:
6133:
6109:
6073:
5211:
Elvish languages (Middle-earth) § Bibliography
1083:, raised in the safety of the Elvish stronghold of
6243:. The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Archived from
6063:
6061:
6059:
6044:
6020:
5908:
5850:
4760:have extended Sindarin to enable it to be spoken.
4756:lack modern vocabulary (television, motor, etc.).
2243:, "Beleriandic-Elf/Elves" is singular and plural.
6384:, 95-104. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2000.
6262:
5813:Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages
3815:is the 3rd person singular past tense. Cf. Welsh
7974:
5880:
2596:a with consonant cluster following #3 > ei –
2565:a with consonant cluster following #2 > ai –
947:as he spoke the North Sindarin of his homeland.
367:spoke Sindarin fluently. Their descendants, the
6056:
5811:Conley, Tim; Cain, Stephen (2006). "Sindarin".
2542:a with consonant cluster following #1 > e –
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5118:
5101:
5085:
5068:
5052:
5040:
5034:
5024:
5018:
5006:
4996:
4984:
4974:
4962:
4952:
4940:
4930:
4918:
4908:
4896:
4886:
4874:
4864:
4852:
4842:
4830:
4820:
4710:
4682:
4654:
4621:
4593:
4565:
4537:
4509:
4481:
4453:
4425:
4388:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4335:The imperative is formed with the addition of
4327:
4321:
4315:
4293:
4287:
4262:The future tense is formed by the addition of
4034:
4008:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3904:
3898:
3876:
3870:
3808:
3800:
2918:
2906:
2877:
2868:
2847:
2837:
2825:
2816:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2764:
2751:
2741:
2728:
2718:
2705:
2695:
2682:
2672:
2659:
2649:
2636:
2626:
2606:
2597:
2576:
2566:
2553:
2543:
2530:
2520:
2502:
2492:
2479:
2469:
2456:
2446:
2433:
2423:
2410:
2404:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2159:
2151:
2145:
1877:
1867:
1054:
914:
820:
808:
754:
748:
8003:Constructed languages introduced in the 1940s
7054:
6798:
6784:
6727:English <=> Sindarin translation online
6422:(2013) . "Languages Invented by Tolkien". In
5473:
5471:
3920:, and the proper enclitic pronominal ending:
1702:everywhere except finally where it is always
5965:
5500:
5498:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
4726:
4698:
4670:
4642:
4609:
4581:
4553:
4525:
4497:
4469:
4441:
4413:
3909:. The infinitive is not used as a noun; the
2286:, "Dwarf"). There exist another such ending
2268:, used especially to indicate a race-group:
2170:. Sindarin forms plurals in multiple ways.
1568:aligns with the other velar consonants like
1034:
258:
5753:. University of Toronto Press. p. 21.
5515:
5513:
5411:
5409:
3848:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3124:are affected differently by the mutations:
2940:Nasal mutation is due to a preceding nasal.
1590:
532:now these were great beings who dwelt with
7061:
7047:
6791:
6777:
6187:, Introduction: "What is 'Neo' Sindarin?".
5810:
5468:
4768:According to Tolkien, the elves preferred
1677:) and represents mutation of word-initial
1564:in later Sindarin. Phonemically, Sindarin
1528:, "swan") or when used to spell a lenited
624:
7068:
6418:
6387:
6314:
6091:
5971:
5798:
5555:
5495:
5449:
5427:
5204:
2519:a with one consonant following > ai –
686:mapped to kindreds and migrations in the
6732:Thorsten Renk's page on Elvish Languages
6567:
6507:
6184:
5847:, 95-104. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
5615:Lam na Ngoluith. Early Noldorin Grammar.
5567:
5510:
5406:
3807:"make marks of signs, write, inscribe",
2077:
1095:Sindarin was designed with a Welsh-like
825:or "West Sindarin", the language of the
726:
678:
7878:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues
6695:
6663:
6631:
6599:
6390:"Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus"
6305:"Noldorin Plurals in the Etymologies."
5767:
5722:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5591:
5579:
5543:
5531:
5519:
5504:
5489:
5477:
5462:
5443:
5415:
5400:
5284:
2930:Mutation is triggered in various ways:
2925:Lam na Ngoluith, Early Noldorin Grammar
2915:, varying between dialects as follows.
1848:), which Tolkien mostly transcribed as
497:The beginning of the "Name-list of the
391:and some of the grammar of Sindarin on
215:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
140:. Sindarin was influenced primarily by
14:
7975:
6352:
5874:
5856:
4719:
4691:
4663:
4635:
4630:
4602:
4574:
4546:
4518:
4490:
4462:
4434:
4406:
4401:
4270:is also inserted between the stem and
4095:did not survive medially, they become
2885:(seas) (presumably changed further to
2415:.) The resulting plural patterns are:
2140:the preceding vowels (as in Welsh and
536:as the Elves name him (but the Gnomes
482:. Gnomish was spoken by the Gnomes or
242:for use in his fantasy stories set in
7042:
6772:
6482:: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
6211:
5896:from the original on 20 December 2003
5743:
5570:, book 1, ch. 12 "Flight to the Ford"
1071:), until it was displaced for Men by
621:, the hill of the Elves in Valinor."
6545:
6268:
6199:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6079:
6067:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6014:
5999:
5987:
5959:
5914:
5868:
5737:
4017:actually remains is after a stem in
3736:(2nd pers. formal/polite singular).
2274:"the race of the Dwarves", from pl.
999:
674:
433:
6754:Helge Fauskanger's page on Sindarin
5546:, Appendix A "The Númenórean Kings"
5108:one hundred and forty-four (gross)
4298:. The first person singular ending
4103:. In addition, past tense stems in
2264:. Another ending of the 2nd pl. is
2182:, it has like Welsh two systems of
1512:is voiced to when final or before
690:. Sindarin was initially spoken in
516:first are they which appear in the
439:Golgogrin and other early languages
24:
7023:Sound and language in Middle-earth
5779:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
5558:, #230 to Rhona Beare, 8 June 1961
5480:, ch. 13 "Last Writings", "Círdan"
3648:used only by speakers from Doriath
2124:, rare in Quenya found only after
25:
8014:
7885:In the Land of Invented Languages
6720:
5221:, from issue 39 (July 1998), and
3203:Mutations found in Salo's grammar
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1984:
1979:
1822:
1807:
1799:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1337:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1188:
1177:
1168:
913:North Sindarin was spoken by the
908:
291:and undertook the Great March to
6220:The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
5231:omitted them from his 12-volume
2399:, and closer still to the Welsh
2391:that produced the English forms
2363:. The Noldorin term for this is
871:), and 'particular' plurals (as
417:
348:, King of the Sindar), known as
6411:: Sindarin and British-Welsh."
6358:"Sindarin and Quenya Phonology"
6321:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
6233:
6205:
6157:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5647:
5635:
5623:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5483:
5437:
5421:
5394:
5376:
5356:
5347:
3642:
2344:
2178:While Sindarin does not have a
1717:
1580:, etc. but is phonetically the
1492:
1480:
1468:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
449:family of constructed languages
6750:'s site on Tolkien's languages
6323:: Revised and Expanded Edition
5833:
5804:
5333:
5311:
5296:
5278:
4258:before any pronominal endings.
4232:before any pronominal endings.
4013:. However, the only time this
3856:
1856:, it was often simply printed
1631:(long vowel) everywhere else.
13:
1:
7957:List of constructed languages
6535:Martínez, Helios De Rosario.
6488:, pp. 291–92. New York:
6480:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
6429:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
5353:Still unpublished as of 2011.
5267:
4360:
2371:, to which the root vowel(s)
2109:Quenya, Sindarin is mainly a
1893:
1102:
1039:) with simple replacement of
849:
58:
6929:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
6553:. University of Utah Press.
6167:, Le Pré aux Clercs (2008),
5731:
5418:, p. 61, letter to a reader.
5171:. This was later changed to
4202:with any pronominal endings.
4160:with any pronominal endings.
4138:with any pronominal endings.
3100:Noldorin words beginning in
2074:Celtic influences on Tolkien
1934:. There are also diphthongs
1623:when initial before vowels,
1556:), which was transcribed as
1090:
1059:'Beleriandic' Sindarin as a
891:
7:
6674:The Peoples of Middle-earth
5234:The History of Middle-earth
5195:is extracted from the name
4763:
3539:
3112:, which descend from older
2919:Mutations found in Noldorin
2907:Initial consonant mutations
2737:(mountains) (in some cases)
2323:to form a 2nd plural, e.g.
1055:In the Second and Third Age
722:
554:
136:, but related to the other
10:
8019:
6574:The Fellowship of the Ring
6296:
5817:Greenwood Publishing Group
5272:
5208:
4772:counting (base 12) to the
3938:. As with the infinitive,
2071:
2067:
1582:voiceless uvular fricative
628:
558:
522:and the Exiles of Gondolin
455:where these could evolve.
402:The Dwarves rarely taught
29:
7962:List of language creators
7947:
7901:
7850:
7802:
7742:
7543:
7458:
7359:
7149:
7138:
7076:
6981:
6921:
6893:
6857:
6806:
6800:Languages of Middle-earth
6388:Giraudeau, David (2011).
5704:, "Early Qenya Grammar",
5251:sung to the musical score
5159:, resulting in Sindarin *
4798:
4793:
4021:. After a stem ending in
3950:in the stem to umlaut to
3717:
3692:
3676:
3670:
3660:
3624:
3593:
3571:
3565:
3552:
2911:Sindarin has a series of
2357:and are characterised by
2329:"the Werewolf-horde" and
1971:
1821:
1712:
1516:, but remains written as
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
987:was unlenited initially.
939:'s heritage was clear to
613:from what Tolkien called
565:The Etymologies (Tolkien)
236:the constructed languages
201:
185:
169:
153:
148:
129:
109:
76:
65:
54:
44:
39:
6508:Jallings, Fiona (2017).
6403:Hemmi, Yoko. "Tolkien's
6165:L'Encyclopédie des Elfes
5871:, pp. 23–24, 32–33.
5293:, ch. 10 "Of the Sindar"
5183:, resulting in Sindarin
4780:system (base 10: Quenya
3881:. This ending causes an
3780:
2419:In non-final syllables:
2173:
1591:Orthographic conventions
1520:. The sound is written
991:was preserved medially.
694:in the far Northwest of
30:Not to be confused with
7934:Interlingue/Interlingua
7101:International auxiliary
6761:(Dragon Flame port for
6715:1, no. 1 (1971): 10–11.
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5119:
5102:
5086:
5069:
5053:
5041:
5035:
5025:
5019:
5007:
4997:
4985:
4975:
4963:
4953:
4941:
4931:
4919:
4909:
4897:
4887:
4875:
4865:
4853:
4843:
4831:
4821:
4727:
4711:
4699:
4683:
4671:
4655:
4643:
4622:
4610:
4594:
4582:
4566:
4554:
4538:
4526:
4510:
4498:
4482:
4470:
4454:
4442:
4426:
4414:
4389:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4294:
4288:
4097:-mm-, -mm-, -nn-, -nn-,
4035:
4009:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3905:
3899:
3877:
3871:
3809:
3801:
2878:
2869:
2848:
2838:
2826:
2817:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2765:
2752:
2742:
2729:
2719:
2706:
2696:
2683:
2673:
2660:
2650:
2637:
2627:
2607:
2598:
2577:
2567:
2554:
2544:
2531:
2521:
2503:
2493:
2480:
2470:
2457:
2447:
2434:
2424:
2411:
2405:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2205:
2199:
2160:
2152:
2146:
1878:
1868:
1669:word-finally (owing to
1465:depending on etymology.
1035:
993:tt, pp, kk > t, p, k
975:remained distinct – no
915:
821:
809:
759:or "Central Sindarin".
755:
749:
625:From Noldorin and Welsh
259:
69:The fictional world of
7988:Middle-earth languages
7639:Middle-earth languages
7028:Sundering of the Elves
6606:The Return of the King
5385:"Comparative Tables".
5367:Tengwesta Qenderinwa 1
5205:Scholarship and fandom
3849:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3761:
3755:
3749:
2856:(dwarves) (cf. German
2403:plurals in forms like
2095:
1069:the West-gate of Moria
1026:
997:
927:after their return to
889:
789:
744:
720:
703:
688:Sundering of the Elves
667:the feel and taste of
661:
643:, but he did say that
631:Tolkien and the Celtic
552:
451:spoken by Elves and a
203:This article contains
7998:Constructed languages
7914:Esperanto/Interlingua
7815:Esperanto orthography
7394:Pan-Germanic language
7176:Communicationssprache
7070:Constructed languages
7017:The Lord of the Rings
7015:Pseudotranslation in
6846:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
6612:The Lord of the Rings
6580:The Lord of the Rings
6405:The Lord of the Rings
5594:, p. 26 and p. 45-46.
5209:Further information:
4274:, which again causes
3861:Basic verbs form the
3534:A Gateway to Sindarin
3212:A Gateway to Sindarin
3097:as mentioned above.
2750:(steadfast man) >
2575:(outline, shape)>
2335:"wolvish folk", from
2136:, which vanished but
2084:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
2081:
1966:undoubtedly existed.
1860:in publications like
1544:, also had a spirant
1087:, spoke it fluently.
1006:
949:
865:
761:
731:Sindarin dialects of
730:
708:
706:In Tolkien's words:
682:
645:
641:The Lord of the Rings
629:Further information:
559:Further information:
509:
486:, the Second Clan of
445:constructed languages
340:. The tongue used in
322:The Lord of the Rings
309:The Lord of the Rings
279:, which evolved from
82:constructed languages
7406:Pan-Romance language
7281:Latino sine flexione
6436:. pp. 332–344.
6424:Drout, Michael D. C.
6349:38 (1997): 9–13, 18.
6241:"Parma Eldalamberon"
3853:'they (will) play'.
3821:, "he played" (<
3089:that are pronounced
2658:(mortal woman) >
2516:In final syllables:
2478:(female dwarf) >
665:his Elvish languages
469:. Tolkien called it
387:. Tolkien based the
283:, the tongue of the
7423:Pan-Slavic language
6669:Christopher Tolkien
6637:Christopher Tolkien
6407:and His Concept of
6362:Mythcon Proceedings
6316:Carpenter, Humphrey
6202:, pp. 399–400.
6130:, pp. 112–113.
6106:, pp. 111–112.
5290:Quenta Silmarillion
5229:Christopher Tolkien
4089:-mp, -mb, -nt, -nd,
3795:, or modern Welsh
3696:imperious/familiar
3657:
3597:imperious/familiar
3549:
2913:consonant mutations
2585:(outlines, shapes)(
2501:(poplar tree) >
2383:); later the final
2105:Unlike the largely
1560:. This merged with
92:fictional languages
7983:Fusional languages
7810:Constructed script
7286:Lingua Franca Nova
7266:International Sign
6937:Parma Eldalamberon
6712:Parma Eldalamberon
6702:Parma Eldalamberon
6529:Parma Eldalamberon
6496:Hostetter, Carl F.
6486:Michael D.C. Drout
6475:Hostetter, Carl F.
6463:Hostetter, Carl F.
6451:Hostetter, Carl F.
6420:Hostetter, Carl F.
6303:Bellet, Bertrand.
6269:Wilonsky, Robert.
6213:Hostetter, Carl F.
6041:, pp. 99–100.
6017:, pp. 94–100.
6002:, pp. 95–100.
5707:Parma Eldalamberon
5618:Parma Eldalamberon
5388:Parma Eldalamberon
5371:Parma Eldalamberon
5341:Parma Eldalamberon
5327:Parma Eldalamberon
5320:"Name-list of the
5305:Parma Eldalamberon
5224:Parma Eldalamberon
4380:Quenya equivalent
3656:Possessive suffix
3655:
3547:
2184:grammatical number
2180:grammatical gender
2096:
1869:Nírnaeth Arnoediad
1627:(short vowel) and
1566:⟨ch⟩
1522:⟨ph⟩
1500:⟨hw⟩
1488:⟨rh⟩
1476:⟨ch⟩
1463:⟨ll⟩
1459:⟨lh⟩
1447:⟨dh⟩
1435:⟨th⟩
1411:⟨ng⟩
813:, the language of
745:
718:and further East."
704:
479:Book of Lost Tales
297:Primitive Quendian
87:artistic languages
7970:
7969:
7825:Tolkien's scripts
7798:
7797:
7515:Logopandecteision
7478:Dutton Speedwords
7411:Neolatino Romance
7291:Lingwa de planeta
7036:
7035:
6953:Carl F. Hostetter
6943:Anthony Appleyard
6697:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6688:978-0-395-82760-4
6665:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6656:978-0-395-25730-2
6633:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6601:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6569:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6519:978-0-9974321-1-4
6459:31 (1993): 12–34.
6443:978-0-415-86511-1
6382:Carl F. Hostetter
6336:978-0-35-865298-4
6275:Phoenix New Times
6271:"Talkin' Tolkien"
6173:978-2-84228-325-4
5962:, pp. 19–21.
5918:(26 April 2018).
5886:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5845:Carl F. Hostetter
5826:978-0-313-33188-6
5702:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5611:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5383:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5363:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5318:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5260:Lord of the Rings
5133:
5132:
4876:neil, nail, nelui
4832:mein, main, minui
4738:
4737:
4190:pronounced as in
4178:pronounced as in
3913:is used instead.
3753:"to/for us" from
3728:
3727:
3638:
3637:
3529:
3528:
3193:"shadow" becomes
3185:
3184:
3075:
3074:
2773:(pine tree) >
2111:fusional language
2091:, in the mode of
2065:
2064:
1902:(pronounced like
1874:Nírnaeth Arnœdiad
1831:
1830:
1710:
1709:
1671:⟨f⟩
1652:everywhere else.
1578:⟨w⟩
1574:⟨g⟩
1570:⟨c⟩
1518:⟨f⟩
1423:⟨c⟩
1399:
1398:
1158:
1151:
1010:Dorlomin, Hithlum
1000:Noldorin Sindarin
955:after nasals and
675:Internal timeline
669:natural languages
651:smith-practices,
550:as say the Elves.
434:External timeline
229:
228:
211:rendering support
207:phonetic symbols.
134:a priori language
66:Setting and usage
16:(Redirected from
8010:
7919:Esperanto/Novial
7743:Ritual and other
7584:Elvish languages
7505:Lingua generalis
7493:Astrolinguistics
7147:
7146:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7040:
7039:
6948:Helge Fauskanger
6808:Elvish languages
6793:
6786:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6748:Helge Fauskanger
6706:
6692:
6679:Houghton Mifflin
6660:
6647:Houghton Mifflin
6642:The Silmarillion
6628:
6617:Houghton Mifflin
6596:
6585:Houghton Mifflin
6564:
6532:4 (1974): 12–16.
6523:
6447:
6400:
6394:
6369:
6368:(2). article 16.
6340:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6277:. Archived from
6266:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6216:"Vinyar Tengwar"
6209:
6203:
6197:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6070:, pp. 73–79
6065:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5938:
5936:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5882:Hostetter, David
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5783:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5741:
5726:
5720:
5711:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5432:Houghton Mifflin
5425:
5419:
5413:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5380:
5374:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5322:Fall of Gondolin
5315:
5309:
5300:
5294:
5282:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5141:(extracted from
5140:
5122:
5105:
5089:
5072:
5056:
5044:
5038:
5028:
5022:
5010:
5000:
4988:
4978:
4966:
4956:
4944:
4942:enchui, enecthui
4934:
4922:
4912:
4900:
4890:
4878:
4868:
4856:
4846:
4834:
4824:
4795:Cardinal numbers
4791:
4790:
4740:The lexicons of
4730:
4723:
4716:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4646:
4639:
4637:[ˈdaɛ̯r]
4634:
4632:[ˈbɛlɛɡ]
4627:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4501:
4494:
4492:[ˈnaʊ̯r]
4487:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4445:
4438:
4436:[ˈmɛnɛl]
4431:
4417:
4410:
4408:[ˈkɛvɛn]
4405:
4394:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4297:
4291:
4038:
4012:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3908:
3902:
3880:
3874:
3852:
3843:is the Welsh 3p
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3806:
3773:, "tongue" >
3764:
3758:
3752:
3741:Celtic languages
3658:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3550:
3546:
3217:
3216:
3199:, "the shadow".
3127:
3126:
2947:
2946:
2902:
2898:
2884:
2875:
2855:
2845:
2832:
2823:
2811:
2798:
2782:
2772:
2759:
2749:
2736:
2727:(mountain) >
2726:
2713:
2703:
2690:
2680:
2667:
2657:
2644:
2634:
2613:
2604:
2584:
2574:
2561:
2551:
2538:
2528:
2510:
2500:
2487:
2477:
2464:
2454:
2441:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2297:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1988:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1881:
1871:
1863:The Silmarillion
1847:
1826:
1811:
1803:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1538:Common Brittonic
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1154:
1149:
1107:
1106:
1038:
918:
824:
812:
758:
752:
684:Elvish Languages
500:Fall of Gondolin
460:Celtic languages
397:Celtic languages
306:(the setting of
262:
240:J. R. R. Tolkien
197:
181:
165:
158:
138:Elvish languages
115:
60:
49:J. R. R. Tolkien
37:
36:
21:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8007:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7943:
7924:Ido/Interlingua
7897:
7871:Bridge of Words
7846:
7794:
7738:
7548:
7539:
7454:
7355:
7276:Langue nouvelle
7152:
7142:
7140:
7134:
7072:
7067:
7037:
7032:
6997:The Etymologies
6977:
6917:
6889:
6858:Other languages
6853:
6833:Respective case
6802:
6797:
6723:
6718:
6689:
6657:
6561:
6520:
6444:
6415:(2010): 147–74.
6413:Tolkien Studies
6409:Native Language
6392:
6337:
6318:, ed. (2023) .
6299:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6281:on 28 July 2012
6267:
6263:
6250:
6248:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5976:Naomi Mitchison
5970:
5966:
5958:
5951:
5934:
5932:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5786:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5745:Burns, Marjorie
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5721:
5714:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5609:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5426:
5422:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5381:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5334:
5316:
5312:
5301:
5297:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5213:
5207:
4800:Ordinal numbers
4766:
4721:[ˈaʊ̯r]
4665:[ˈnɔsː]
4548:[ˈbɛsː]
4520:[ˈbɛnː]
4403:[ˈamar]
4363:
4041:-b, -d, -g, -v,
3889:in the stem to
3859:
3783:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3542:
3205:
3077:The apostrophe
2921:
2909:
2760:(steadfast men)
2389:Germanic umlaut
2379:(and raised if
2347:
2188:Singular/plural
2176:
2119:voiced plosives
2076:
2070:
1898:Diphthongs are
1896:
1720:
1715:
1673:being used for
1670:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1105:
1093:
1057:
1002:
959:. Intervocalic
911:
894:
852:
847:
834:Northern group
805:Southern group
725:
677:
633:
627:
587:Lam na Ngoluith
567:
557:
462:, particularly
453:secondary world
441:
436:
420:
246:, primarily in
209:Without proper
193:
177:
174:
161:
154:
116:
111:
105:
45:Created by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8016:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7525:Real Character
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7080:
7078:
7077:Classification
7074:
7073:
7066:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6968:Arden R. Smith
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6933:Vinyar Tengwar
6925:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6828:Quenya grammar
6825:
6812:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6729:
6722:
6721:External links
6719:
6717:
6716:
6707:
6693:
6687:
6661:
6655:
6629:
6597:
6565:
6560:978-0874809121
6559:
6543:
6533:
6524:
6518:
6505:
6493:
6472:
6460:
6456:Vinyar Tengwar
6448:
6442:
6416:
6401:
6399:. version 1.2.
6385:
6378:Verlyn Flieger
6370:
6354:Foster, Robert
6350:
6346:Vinyar Tengwar
6341:
6335:
6327:Harper Collins
6312:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6261:
6247:on 9 July 2011
6232:
6204:
6189:
6177:
6156:
6154:, p. 121.
6144:
6142:, p. 115.
6132:
6120:
6118:, p. 114.
6108:
6096:
6092:Giraudeau 2011
6084:
6082:, p. 106.
6072:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6004:
5992:
5980:
5972:Carpenter 2023
5964:
5949:
5907:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5841:Verlyn Flieger
5832:
5825:
5803:
5799:Hostetter 2013
5784:
5774:Foster, Robert
5766:
5759:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5712:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5658:
5646:
5634:
5622:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5560:
5556:Carpenter 2023
5548:
5536:
5524:
5509:
5494:
5482:
5467:
5448:
5436:
5434:, 30 June 1955
5428:Carpenter 2023
5420:
5405:
5393:
5375:
5355:
5346:
5332:
5310:
5295:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5218:Vinyar Tengwar
5215:Two magazines—
5206:
5203:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5032:
5029:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4982:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4964:othui, odothui
4960:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4938:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4916:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4894:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4765:
4762:
4736:
4735:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4693:[ˈduː]
4689:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4628:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4604:[ˈsɔɡ]
4600:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4576:[ˈmad]
4572:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4464:[ˈnɛn]
4460:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4399:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4362:
4359:
4260:
4259:
4233:
4203:
4161:
4139:
3858:
3855:
3850:chwaraeant hwy
3782:
3779:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:formal/polite
3704:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:formal/polite
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3541:
3538:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3204:
3201:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2920:
2917:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2867:aea > ei –
2865:
2834:
2813:
2784:
2761:
2738:
2715:
2692:
2669:
2668:(mortal women)
2646:
2623:
2594:
2563:
2540:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:(poplar trees)
2489:
2466:
2443:
2353:are formed by
2349:Most Sindarin
2346:
2343:
2175:
2172:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1895:
1892:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1217:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1056:
1053:
1001:
998:
910:
909:North Sindarin
907:
893:
890:
851:
848:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
841:
838:
832:
831:
830:
818:
797:
791:So during the
724:
721:
676:
673:
626:
623:
556:
553:
503:", one of the
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
419:
416:
404:their language
393:Literary Welsh
314:the Elf-Tongue
281:Common Eldarin
277:Common Telerin
227:
226:
213:, you may see
199:
198:
191:
183:
182:
175:
170:
167:
166:
159:
151:
150:
149:Language codes
146:
145:
131:
127:
126:
117:
113:Writing system
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
80:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8015:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7940:
7939:Lojban/Loglan
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7909:Esperanto/Ido
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7864:A Secret Vice
7861:
7859:
7858:Esperantology
7856:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7770:Lingua ignota
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:Belter Creole
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Basic English
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:Universalglot
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7246:Idiom Neutral
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7151:International
7148:
7145:
7137:
7129:
7128:Philosophical
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7094:Language game
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6990:A Secret Vice
6987:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6208:
6201:
6196:
6194:
6186:
6185:Jallings 2017
6181:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6053:, p. 95.
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6029:, p. 98.
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6001:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5944:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5895:
5891:
5890:"Sindarin ll"
5887:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5782:. Ballantine.
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5762:
5760:0-8020-3806-9
5756:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5736:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5569:
5568:Tolkien 1954a
5564:
5557:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5350:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5255:Peter Jackson
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:Pronunciation
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4339:to the stem:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4285:
4282:to umlaut to
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3818:chwaraeodd ef
3813:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3778:
3777:"my tongue".
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:'to/for' and
3757:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2836:au > oe –
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:(monster>
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2681:(child) >
2679:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2455:(queen) >
2453:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2321:singular noun
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:agglutinative
2103:
2101:
2100:British-Welsh
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:i-pheriannath
1527:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:lingua franca
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:remained. No
962:
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
906:
903:
899:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
861:
857:
839:
836:
835:
833:
828:
823:
819:
816:
811:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
799:
798:
796:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
757:
751:
742:
738:
734:
729:
719:
717:
713:
707:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
644:
642:
637:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:in favour of
576:
572:
566:
562:
551:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
514:
508:
506:
502:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
428:
425:
424:
423:
418:Two timelines
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Great Journey
270:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
200:
196:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:Linguist List
168:
164:
160:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
108:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7820:Sitelen Pona
7691:
7653:
7227:esperantidos
7196:Esperanto II
7118:Experimental
7016:
7010:Middle-earth
7002:
6995:
6973:Allan Turner
6936:
6932:
6870:Black Speech
6844:
6839:
6820:
6710:
6700:
6672:
6640:
6610:
6604:
6578:
6572:
6550:
6538:
6527:
6509:
6501:
6478:
6468:
6454:
6427:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6396:
6376:, edited by
6373:
6365:
6361:
6344:
6325:. New York:
6319:
6306:
6283:. Retrieved
6279:the original
6274:
6264:
6256:
6249:. Retrieved
6245:the original
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6219:
6207:
6180:
6164:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6094:, p. 7.
6087:
6075:
6046:
6034:
6022:
5995:
5983:
5978:, April 1954
5967:
5940:
5933:. Retrieved
5927:
5921:
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5876:
5864:
5852:
5835:
5812:
5806:
5777:
5769:
5749:
5739:
5723:Tolkien 2007
5705:
5697:
5690:Tolkien 2007
5685:
5678:Tolkien 2007
5673:
5666:Tolkien 2007
5661:
5654:Tolkien 2007
5649:
5642:Tolkien 2007
5637:
5630:Tolkien 2007
5625:
5614:
5592:Tolkien 2007
5587:
5580:Tolkien 2007
5575:
5563:
5551:
5544:Tolkien 1955
5539:
5532:Tolkien 2007
5527:
5520:Tolkien 2007
5505:Tolkien 2007
5490:Tolkien 2007
5485:
5478:Tolkien 1996
5463:Tolkien 2007
5444:Tolkien 2007
5439:
5423:
5416:Tolkien 2007
5401:Tolkien 2007
5396:
5386:
5378:
5366:
5358:
5349:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5285:Tolkien 1977
5280:
5259:
5242:Tolkien fans
5240:Attempts by
5239:
5232:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5196:
5134:
4786:quaistanótië
4785:
4781:
4767:
4758:Tolkien fans
4753:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4732:
4712:
4684:
4656:
4623:
4595:
4567:
4539:
4511:
4483:
4455:
4427:
4415:ambar, cemen
4396:
4390:
4364:
4336:
4334:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:metathesized
4044:
4040:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3979:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3917:
3915:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3866:
3860:
3844:
3840:
3827:'to play' +
3810:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3644:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3232:
3211:
3206:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3093:are written
3090:
3086:
3078:
3076:
2943:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2910:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2846:(dwarf)>
2840:
2828:
2819:
2815:û > ui –
2806:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2783:(pine trees)
2777:
2767:
2754:
2744:
2731:
2721:
2708:
2704:(lord) >
2698:
2685:
2675:
2662:
2652:
2639:
2635:(foot) >
2629:
2625:â > ai –
2608:
2605:(swan) >
2599:
2579:
2569:
2556:
2552:(saga) >
2546:
2533:
2529:(king) >
2523:
2505:
2495:
2482:
2472:
2459:
2449:
2436:
2432:(tree) >
2426:
2406:gair/geiriau
2396:
2392:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:vowel change
2348:
2345:Plural forms
2341:"werewolf".
2320:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:The endings
2300:
2288:
2287:
2265:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2165:
2133:
2121:
2104:
2097:
2082:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1718:Monophthongs
1648:when final,
1557:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1524:when final (
1508:The phoneme
1507:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1094:
1077:Minas Tirith
1058:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1009:
1007:
1003:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:mutation of
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
929:Middle-earth
912:
901:
897:
895:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
866:
853:
800:
790:
784:
780:
762:
746:
709:
705:
696:Middle-earth
662:
656:
646:
640:
638:
634:
618:
614:
611:Old Noldorin
610:
606:
603:Old Noldorin
602:
598:
597:in Quenya).
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
568:
545:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
512:
510:
504:
498:
496:
491:
483:
477:
470:
457:
442:
421:
401:
354:
321:
318:Elven-Tongue
317:
313:
307:
301:
256:
248:Middle-earth
231:
230:
202:
186:
96:
71:Middle-earth
61:1915 to 1973
7902:Comparisons
7780:Palawa kani
7775:Medefaidrin
7450:Weltdeutsch
7440:Runyakitara
7428:Interslavic
7261:Interlingue
7256:Interlingua
7239:Interglossa
7166:Blissymbols
6744:Ardalambion
6547:Salo, David
6285:14 November
5916:Salo, David
5857:Foster 1971
5620:13, p. 120.
4854:taid, tadui
4651:race, tribe
4644:alta, halla
4624:beleg, daer
4302:causes the
4254:, becoming
4228:, becoming
4198:, becoming
4156:, becoming
4134:, becoming
4107:would have
4053:assimilated
3857:Basic verbs
3799:." So with
3718:3rd person
3713:-el, -elir
3702:-eg, -egir
3693:2nd person
3671:1st person
3625:3rd person
3620:-dh, -dhir
3617:-dh, -dhid
3594:2nd person
3575:-nc, -ngid
3566:1st person
2899:remains as
2876:(sea) >
2824:(dog) >
2786:u > y –
2763:ô > ŷ –
2740:ó > ý –
2717:o > e –
2694:o > y –
2671:ê > î –
2648:e > i –
2491:u > y –
2468:o > e –
2445:e > e –
2422:a > e –
2401:i-affection
2397:goose/geese
2375:, becoming
2373:assimilated
2365:prestanneth
2209:"wild men,
2142:Old English
1698:Represents
1665:Represents
1644:Represents
1619:Represents
1357:Approximant
1036:Ondolin(dë)
879:> nasal
575:lam Goldrin
526:lam Goldrin
324:. When the
238:devised by
217:instead of
7993:Grey Elves
7977:Categories
7929:Ido/Novial
7750:Balaibalan
7460:Engineered
7316:Pasilingua
7206:Mundolinco
7113:Engineered
6963:David Salo
6958:Tom Loback
6759:Hesperides
6677:. Boston:
6645:. Boston:
6615:. Boston:
6583:. Boston:
6539:Tengwestië
6512:. NEMVUS.
6502:Tengwestië
6469:Tengwestië
6307:Tengwestië
5974:, #144 to
5710:14, p. 56.
5430:, #165 to
5391:19, p. 23.
5373:18, p. 24.
5330:15, p. 20.
5268:References
5247:David Salo
5144:nelchaenen
5135:The form *
4782:maquanotië
4770:duodecimal
4618:big, great
4506:man (male)
4361:Vocabulary
4310:to become
3942:causes an
3865:by adding
3863:infinitive
3765:'we/us'.
3685:inclusive
3674:exclusive
3586:-m, -mmid
3583:inclusive
3569:exclusive
3349:(deleted)
3341:(deleted)
3208:David Salo
3081:indicates
2812:(monsters)
2691:(children)
2360:i-mutation
2113:with some
2072:See also:
1894:Diphthongs
1769:Near-close
1103:Consonants
1065:Second Age
1014:Fëanorians
995:medially."
885:mp, nt, ñk
850:Doriathrin
810:Doriathrin
756:Doriathrin
615:Koreldarin
505:Lost Tales
357:Second Age
350:Doriathrin
328:-speaking
234:is one of
122:(mainly),
7803:Neography
7729:Verdurian
7699:Syldavian
7694:languages
7692:Star Wars
7686:Spocanian
7569:Brithenig
7559:Atlantean
7545:Fictional
7535:Toki Pona
7384:Eurolengo
7221:Universal
7181:Esperanto
7153:auxiliary
7141:languages
7139:Specific
7089:Fictional
6922:Linguists
6625:519647821
6571:(1954a).
6490:Routledge
6434:Routledge
6397:Lambenórë
6251:1 January
6225:1 January
6200:Salo 2004
6175:, p. 145.
6152:Salo 2004
6140:Salo 2004
6128:Salo 2004
6116:Salo 2004
6104:Salo 2004
6080:Salo 2004
6068:Salo 2004
6051:Salo 2004
6039:Salo 2004
6027:Salo 2004
6015:Salo 2004
6000:Salo 2004
5988:Salo 2004
5960:Salo 2004
5869:Salo 2004
5732:Secondary
5644:, p. 132.
5582:, p. 135.
5522:, p. 133.
5507:, p. 134.
5446:, p. 127.
5403:, p. 135.
5198:Menegroth
5125:thousand
4954:odo, odog
4812:Sindarin
4806:Sindarin
4323:blebithon
4295:blebithar
4182:) > **
4051:and then
3663:singular
3606:-g, -gir
3555:singular
3525:chw /χw/
3522:chw /χw/
3519:chw /χw/
3516:chw /χw/
3513:chw /χw/
3422:n-g /ŋg/
3413:(n)g /g/
3393:(m)b /b/
3373:(n)d /d/
2620:fricative
2614:(swans) (
2332:Gaurwaith
2295:Nogothlir
2271:Nogothrim
2093:Beleriand
1973:Diphthong
1922:n ), and
1548:or nasal
1542:Old Irish
1258:Fricative
1097:phonology
1091:Phonology
1085:Rivendell
1033:(from Q.
902:Falassian
898:Falathrin
892:Falathrin
822:Falathrin
793:First Age
750:Mithrimin
737:First Age
733:Beleriand
700:Third Age
692:Beleriand
571:Goldogrin
472:Goldogrin
389:phonology
344:(home of
304:Third Age
269:Beleriand
257:The word
188:Glottolog
156:ISO 639-3
32:Singdarin
7760:Enochian
7719:Valyrian
7709:Tsolyáni
7676:Newspeak
7654:Sindarin
7589:Enchanta
7579:Dothraki
7551:artistic
7488:Kalaba-X
7433:Iazychie
7399:Tutonish
7369:Afrihili
7326:Solresol
7321:Sambahsa
7306:Nal Bino
7216:Romániço
7211:Reformed
7191:Arcaicam
7186:Adjuvilo
7143:by group
7084:Artistic
6840:Sindarin
6763:Mac OS X
6667:(1996).
6635:(1977).
6603:(1955).
6549:(2004).
6356:(1971).
5935:26 April
5929:Facebook
5922:no title
5894:Archived
5888:(2003).
5747:(2005).
5725:, p. 43.
5692:, p. 147
5632:, p. 41.
5492:, p. 132
5465:, p. 133
5138:nelchaen
4969:seventh
4815:English
4809:English
4774:Dúnedain
4764:Numerals
4754:Sindarin
4749:Noldorin
4374:Sindarin
4329:pedithon
4317:girithon
4289:giritham
4047:, it is
4039:. After
4029:becomes
3847:ending:
3811:teithant
3548:Pronoun
3540:Pronouns
3453:rh /r̥/
3428:ng /ŋg/
3419:ng /ŋg/
3408:mb /mb/
3402:mb /mb/
3399:mb /mb/
3388:nd /nd/
3382:nd /nd/
3379:nd /nd/
3220:Radical
3130:Radical
2950:Radical
2465:(queens)
2412:car/ceir
2326:Gaurhoth
2292:, as in
2252:, as in
2234:Moredhil
2228:Moredhel
2197:), e.g.
2138:affected
2115:analytic
1954:(as in p
1795:Open-mid
1498:written
1486:written
1474:written
1457:written
1445:written
1433:written
1421:written
1409:written
1123:Alveolar
1049:Goenglin
1031:Gondolin
801:Sindarin
785:Telerrim
723:Dialects
649:Dwarvish
607:Lemberin
599:Noldorin
591:Noldorin
579:Noldorin
555:Noldorin
534:Ilúvatar
518:Tale of
464:Literary
369:Dúnedain
338:dialects
260:Sindarin
232:Sindarin
223:Help:IPA
195:sind1281
97:Sindarin
40:Sindarin
18:Noldorin
7840:Tengwar
7785:Yerkish
7765:Eskayan
7724:Venedic
7714:Utopian
7704:Teonaht
7681:Simlish
7659:more...
7644:Adûnaic
7629:Lydnevi
7609:Kobaïan
7604:Klingon
7483:Ithkuil
7416:Romanid
7379:Efatese
7374:Budinos
7351:Volapük
7296:Mondial
7123:Musical
7004:Lhammas
6982:Related
6913:Tengwar
6895:Scripts
6885:Westron
6880:Valarin
6875:Khuzdul
6865:Adûnaic
6822:Namárië
6671:(ed.).
6639:(ed.).
6593:9552942
6541:(2005).
6504:(2003).
6492:, 2007.
6471:(2003).
6426:(ed.).
6297:Sources
5900:21 July
5776:(1978)
5680:, p. 38
5668:, p. 26
5656:, p. 46
5534:, p. 29
5273:Primary
5180:KWAY-AM
5092:thirty
5087:nelphae
5075:twelve
5059:eleven
4991:eighth
4903:fourth
4898:canthui
4859:second
4822:er, min
4778:decimal
4743:Gnomish
4371:Meaning
4246:> **
4242:> **
4238:> **
4220:> **
4216:> **
4212:> **
4208:> **
4194:) >
4170:> **
4166:> **
4148:> **
4144:> **
4126:> **
4122:> **
4118:> **
4079:become
4065:-p, -t,
4063:become
4057:-b, -d,
3972:, from
3839:'he').
3824:chwarae
3666:plural
3561:plural
3510:hw /ʍ/
3505:ch /χ/
3502:ch /χ/
3499:ch /χ/
3496:ch /χ/
3493:ch /χ/
3433:lh /ɬ/
3416:ng /ŋ/
3344:ng /ŋ/
3313:dh /ð/
3305:dh /ð/
3294:ch /χ/
3291:ch /χ/
3288:ch /χ/
3274:ph /f/
3271:ph /f/
3268:ph /f/
3254:th /θ/
3251:th /θ/
3248:th /θ/
3233:Liquid?
3196:i 'wath
3083:elision
2967:v (bh)
2714:(lords)
2591:plosive
2562:(sagas)
2539:(kings)
2442:(trees)
2393:man/men
2377:fronted
2351:plurals
2255:elenath
2130:liquids
2089:Tengwar
2068:Grammar
1906:sle ),
1882:(read:
1879:Goelydh
1872:(read:
1866:, e.g.
1598:Letter
1386:
1336:
1280:
1267:
1243:
1226:
1211:
1202:Plosive
1156:lateral
1150:central
1143:Glottal
1128:Palatal
1081:Aragorn
1073:Westron
1045:Goenlin
1022:Doriath
953:p, t, k
945:Doriath
941:Thingol
921:Hithlum
916:Mithrim
869:elenath
815:Doriath
769:Telerin
741:Doriath
735:in the
716:Eriador
561:Lhammas
542:Ilathon
513:Elfrith
484:Noldoli
412:Westron
381:Tengwar
365:Númenor
359:, many
355:In the
346:Thingol
342:Doriath
334:cognate
302:In the
293:Valinor
219:Unicode
130:Sources
120:Tengwar
77:Purpose
7952:Portal
7835:Sarati
7671:Nadsat
7649:Quenya
7624:Loxian
7619:Lapine
7614:Láadan
7599:Kiliki
7574:Dritok
7549:other
7520:Lojban
7510:Loglan
7498:Lincos
7311:Novial
7271:Kotava
7225:other
6908:Sarati
6816:Quenya
6685:
6653:
6623:
6591:
6557:
6516:
6484:, ed.
6440:
6333:
6309:(2005)
6171:
5823:
5757:
5249:to be
5047:tenth
5042:caenen
5036:paenui
5013:ninth
5008:nedrui
4986:tollui
4981:eight
4976:tolodh
4959:seven
4947:sixth
4925:fifth
4920:levnui
4881:third
4871:three
4866:neledh
4837:first
4534:female
4354:blabo!
4071:, and
3911:gerund
3891:umlaut
3845:plural
3803:teith-
3775:lammen
3490:h /h/
3485:h /h/
3476:h /h/
3473:s /s/
3468:r /r/
3465:r /r/
3462:r /r/
3459:r /r/
3456:r /r/
3448:l /l/
3445:l /l/
3442:l /l/
3439:l /l/
3436:l /l/
3425:g /g/
3405:b /b/
3396:m /m/
3385:d /d/
3376:n /n/
3366:v /v/
3359:v /v/
3356:m /m/
3338:g /g/
3331:v /v/
3326:m /m/
3323:v /v/
3320:b /b/
3308:n /n/
3302:d /d/
3297:g /g/
3285:g /g/
3282:c /k/
3277:b /b/
3265:b /b/
3262:p /p/
3257:d /d/
3245:d /d/
3242:t /t/
3237:Mixed
3226:Nasal
3139:Nasal
2959:Nasal
2833:(dogs)
2645:(feet)
2618:&
2616:liquid
2589:&
2316:-waith
2313:, and
2277:Nogoth
2261:Drúath
2240:Belair
2231:, pl.
2222:gelydh
2216:golodh
2203:, pl.
2164:, pl.
2150:, pl.
2144:): S.
2126:nasals
1888:Gelydh
1884:Gœlydh
1840:(IPA:
1726:Vowels
1713:Vowels
1606:Notes
1552:(IPA:
1138:Uvular
1118:Dental
1113:Labial
1043:, not
1018:Finrod
933:Quenya
925:Noldor
856:Quenya
767:was a
765:Círdan
712:Exiles
653:Hobbit
595:Sindar
583:Quenya
538:Ilador
490:, and
408:Noldor
385:Fëanor
373:Gondor
330:Noldor
326:Quenya
265:Quenya
7851:Study
7830:Cirth
7755:Damin
7734:Wenja
7666:Naʼvi
7634:Mänti
7594:Kēlen
7389:Guosa
7361:Zonal
7346:Uropi
7336:Unish
7251:Intal
7234:Glosa
7171:Bolak
7106:Zonal
6903:Cirth
6705:(17).
6393:(PDF)
5943:Welsh
5262:films
5192:meneg
5174:KWAYA
5156:KAYAR
5150:KAYAN
5120:meneg
5054:minib
5003:nine
4998:neder
4915:five
4910:leben
4893:four
4888:canad
4679:night
4590:drink
4450:water
4443:menel
4428:menel
4397:ceven
4385:earth
4348:pado!
4342:giro!
4266:. An
4256:renn-
4250:>
4244:rendh
4240:redhn
4236:redh-
4230:lamm-
4224:>
4200:dang-
4158:penn-
4152:>
4136:camm-
4130:>
3969:pedir
3963:pedim
3957:pedin
3935:girir
3929:girim
3923:girin
3906:blab-
3903:from
3900:blebi
3875:from
3781:Verbs
3767:annin
3745:Welsh
3724:-ent
3680:-enc
3558:dual
3229:Stop
3223:Soft
3190:gwath
3136:Hard
3133:Soft
3120:, or
3108:, or
2956:Hard
2953:Soft
2860:>
2707:brenn
2697:brann
2587:nasal
2439:laidh
2310:-hoth
2283:Nogon
2280:(sg.
2211:Woses
2206:Drúin
2174:Nouns
2158:, S.
2154:Edain
2122:b d g
1846:]
1842:[
1743:Close
1731:Front
1615:j,ɪiː
1323:Trill
1164:Nasal
1133:Velar
937:Beren
860:Túrin
827:Falas
783:, or
781:Telir
547:Ainur
530:Ainon
492:Elfin
488:Elves
467:Welsh
377:Cirth
289:Oromë
285:Eldar
252:Elves
142:Welsh
124:Cirth
7790:Zaum
7445:Wede
7331:Sona
7161:Babm
6683:ISBN
6651:ISBN
6621:OCLC
6589:OCLC
6555:ISBN
6514:ISBN
6438:ISBN
6380:and
6331:ISBN
6287:2007
6253:2011
6227:2011
6169:ISBN
5937:2018
5902:2020
5843:and
5821:ISBN
5755:ISBN
5253:for
5168:caer
5162:caen
5153:and
5103:host
5070:ýneg
5031:ten
5026:caer
4937:six
4932:eneg
4849:two
4827:one
4752:and
4728:aure
4700:lóme
4672:nóre
4657:noss
4611:suc-
4596:sog-
4583:mat-
4568:mad-
4540:bess
4512:benn
4484:naur
4478:fire
4391:amar
4308:-tha
4278:and
4272:-tha
4264:-tha
4252:rend
4248:rend
4222:lamm
4218:lanm
4214:lanv
4210:lavn
4206:lav-
4196:danc
4192:sing
4184:dang
4172:dang
4168:dagn
4164:dag-
4154:pent
4150:pend
4146:pedn
4142:ped-
4132:camp
4128:camb
4124:canb
4120:cabn
4116:cab-
4109:-mm-
4099:and
4091:and
4083:and
4075:and
4067:and
4059:and
4036:toll
4010:darn
3991:blâb
3975:pad-
3878:gir-
3872:giri
3841:-ant
3833:and
3830:-odd
3797:-odd
3788:-ant
3771:Lamm
3750:inni
3721:-ed
3710:-el
3699:-eg
3688:-em
3677:-en
3631:-st
3628:nil
3614:-dh
3603:-ch
3578:-nc
3071:chw
3068:chw
3015:ngw
2661:eden
2651:adan
2485:gyth
2475:goth
2462:rith
2452:reth
2429:ladh
2409:and
2338:Gaur
2304:-rim
2289:-lir
2266:-rim
2249:-ath
2219:and
2167:Yrch
2161:Orch
2147:Adan
2128:and
1962:and
1938:and
1827:(ː)
1818:Open
1812:(ː)
1736:Back
1650:/ŋɡ/
1640:ŋ,ŋɡ
1629:/iː/
1540:and
1526:alph
1461:and
971:and
967:and
873:elin
777:Elwë
773:Olwë
573:and
563:and
520:Tuor
244:Arda
55:Date
7547:and
7468:aUI
7301:Neo
7201:Ido
5344:13.
5324:",
5308:11.
5257:'s
5186:pae
5039:or
5023:or
5020:pae
4844:tad
4784:, *
4776:'s
4713:aur
4707:day
4562:eat
4555:nís
4527:nér
4499:nár
4471:nén
4456:nen
4422:sky
4306:in
4226:lam
4180:men
4101:-ng
4093:-nc
4077:-dh
4045:-dh
4043:or
4031:-ll
3997:pâd
3985:gîr
3946:or
3893:to
3885:or
3793:-as
3733:dhe
3634:-r
3600:-g
3589:-m
3572:-n
3210:'s
3181:ng
3175:ng
3122:ng-
3118:nd-
3114:mb-
3065:gw
3062:cw
3057:ch
3054:ch
3043:th
3040:th
3029:ph
3026:ph
3012:gw
3009:’w
3006:gw
3001:ng
2981:dh
2901:/y/
2897:/y/
2887:air
2871:aea
2611:lph
2602:lph
2508:lys
2498:lus
2381:low
2298:.
2200:Drû
2195:-in
2186:.
1946:or
1914:),
1890:).
1876:),
1804:(ː)
1704:/v/
1700:/f/
1694:f,v
1683:/f/
1681:to
1679:/p/
1675:/v/
1667:/f/
1657:ph
1646:/ŋ/
1636:ng
1625:/ɪ/
1621:/j/
1602:IPA
1585:/χ/
1562:/v/
1554:/ṽ/
1530:/p/
1514:/n/
1510:/f/
1051:".
1047:or
973:i/e
943:of
619:Kór
581:(a
540:or
528:).
371:of
363:of
361:Men
320:in
316:or
263:is
254:.
205:IPA
179:sjn
163:sjn
7979::
7530:Ro
6935:,
6746:,
6681:.
6649:.
6619:.
6609:.
6587:.
6577:.
6432:.
6395:.
6364:.
6360:.
6329:.
6273:.
6255:.
6218:.
6192:^
6058:^
6007:^
5952:^
5939:.
5926:.
5892:.
5884:;
5819:.
5815:.
5787:^
5715:^
5613:,
5599:^
5512:^
5497:^
5470:^
5451:^
5408:^
5369:.
5365:,
5287:,
5177:,
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