374:. Collection pipes typically convey the leachate by gravity to one or more sumps, depending upon the size of the area drained. Leachate collected in the sump is removed by pumping to a vehicle, to a holding facility for subsequent vehicle pickup, or to an on-site treatment facility. Sump dimensions are governed by the amount of leachate to be stored, pump capacity, and minimum pump drawdown. The volume of the sump must be sufficient to hold the maximum amount of leachate anticipated between pump cycles, plus an additional volume equal to the minimum pump drawdown volume. Sump size should also consider dimensional requirements for conducting maintenance and inspection activities. Sump pumps may operate with preset cycling times or, if leachate flow is less predictable, the pump may be automatically switched on when the leachate reaches a predetermined level.
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the failure or abandonment of the leachate collection system. Such systems are prone to internal failure as landfills suffer large internal movements as waste decomposes unevenly and thus buckles and distorts pipes. If a leachate collection system fails, leachate levels will slowly build in a site and may even over-top the containing membrane and flow out into the environment. Rising leachate levels can also wet waste masses that have previously been dry, triggering further active decomposition and leachate generation. Thus, what appears to be a stabilised and inactive site can become re-activated and restart significant gas production and exhibit significant changes in finished ground levels.
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the foremost concern. Areas in which rainfall is higher than average typically have larger sumps. A further criterion for sump planning is accounting for the pump capacity. The relationship of pump capacity and sump size is inverse. If the pump capacity is low, the volume of the sump should be larger than average. It is critical for the volume of the sump to be able to store the expected leachate between pumping cycles. This relationship helps maintain a healthy operation. Sump pumps can function with preset phase times. If the flow is not predictable, a predetermined leachate height level can automatically switch the system on.
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water monitoring, leachate collection, and clay liners are commonly included in the design and construction of a waste landfill. To effectively serve the purpose of containing leachate in a landfill, a liner system must possess a number of physical properties. The liner must have high tensile strength, flexibility, and elongation without failure. It is also important that the liner resist abrasion, puncture, and chemical degradation by leachate. Lastly, the liner must withstand temperature variation, must resist UV light (which leads most liners to be black), must be easily installed, and must be economical.
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used by organizations outside the law to dispose of waste materials. Leachate streams running directly into the aquatic environment have both an acute and chronic impact on the environment, which may be very severe and can severely diminish bio-diversity and greatly reduce populations of sensitive species. Where toxic metals and organics are present this can lead to chronic toxin accumulation in both local and far distant populations. Rivers impacted by leachate are often yellow in appearance and often support severe overgrowths of
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470:, regulations and controls have improved in recent decades, and toxic wastes are now no longer permitted to be disposed of in the Municipal Solid Waste landfills, and in most developed countries the metals problem has diminished. Paradoxically, however, as sewage treatment plant discharges are being improved throughout Europe and many other countries, the plant operators are finding that leachates are difficult waste streams to treat. This is because leachates contain very high
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188:, which may be released in the leachate and may also form a large component of the landfill gas. The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black-, yellow- or orange-coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-rich organic species such as
322:. Each style of liner has specific uses and abilities. Geomembranes are used to provide a barrier between mobile polluting substances released from wastes and the groundwater. In the closing of landfills, geomembranes are used to provide a low-permeability cover barrier to prevent the intrusion of rain water. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are fabricated by distributing
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used in areas without an adequate clay source. On the other hand, GCLs are heavy and cumbersome, and their installation is very labor-intensive. In addition to being arduous and difficult under normal conditions, installation can be cancelled during damp conditions because the bentonite would absorb the moisture, making the job even more burdensome and tedious.
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Above the network lies an enormous amount of weight and pressure. To support this, the pipes can either be flexible or rigid, but the joints to connect the pipes yield better results if the connections are flexible. An alternative to placing the collection system underneath the waste is to position the conduits in trenches or above grade.
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layer by the upper layer. Geotextiles also act as a cushion to protect synthetic layers against puncture from underlying and overlaying rocks. Geogrids are structural synthetic materials used in slope veneer stability to create stability for cover soils over synthetic liners or as soil reinforcement in steep slopes.
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can be exacerbated by the growth of micro-organisms in the conduit. The conditions in leachate collection systems are ideal for micro-organisms to multiply. Chemical reactions in the leachate may also cause clogging through generation of solid residues. The chemical composition of leachate can weaken
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where explosion risks are identified to prevent future accidents. The most important requirement is the prevention of the discharge of dissolved methane from untreated leachate into public sewers, and most sewage treatment authorities limit the permissible discharge concentration of dissolved methane
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All membranes are porous to a limited extent so that, over time, low volumes of leachate will cross the membrane. The design of landfill membranes is at such low volumes that they should never have a measurable adverse impact on the quality of the receiving groundwater. A more significant risk may be
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More modern landfills in the developed world have some form of membrane separating the waste from the surrounding ground, and in such sites there is often a leachate collection series of pipes laid on the membrane to convey the leachate to a collection or treatment location. An example of a treatment
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As liquid enters the landfill cell, it moves down the filter, passes through the pipe network, and rests in the sump. As collection systems are planned, the number, location, and size of the sumps are vital to an efficient operation. When designing sumps, the amount of leachate and liquid expected is
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In the UK, in the late 1960s, central
Government policy was to ensure new landfill sites were being chosen with permeable underlying geological strata to avoid the build-up of leachate. This policy was dubbed "dilute and disperse". However, following a number of cases where this policy was seen to be
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that might be present in it are often cited as the most important, but pathogenic organism counts reduce rapidly with time in the landfill, so this only applies to the freshest leachate. Toxic substances may, however, be present in variable concentrations, and their presence is related to the nature
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The filter layer is used above the drainage layer in leachate collection. There are two types of filters typically used in engineering practices: granular and geotextile. Granular filters consist of one or more soil layers or multiple layers having a coarser gradation in the direction of the seepage
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are synthetic drainage materials that are often used in lieu of sand and gravel. Radz can take 12 in (30 cm) of drainage sand, thus increasing the landfill space for waste. Geocomposites are a combination of synthetic materials that are ordinarily used singly. A common type of geocomposite
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Proposed landfill locations also had to be justified not only by geography but also scientifically. Many
European countries decided to select landfill sites in groundwater-free clay geological conditions or to require that the site have an engineered lining. In the wake of European advancements, the
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except where the waste is deemed inert. In addition, most toxic and difficult materials are now specifically excluded from landfilling. However, despite much stricter statutory controls, leachates from modern sites are often found to contain a range of contaminants stemming from illegal activity or
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Geosynthetic clay liners are a type of combination liner. One advantage to using a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is the ability to order exact amounts of the liner. Ordering precise amounts from the manufacturer prevents surplus and over-spending. Another advantage to GCLs is that the liner can be
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in a uniform thickness between woven and non-woven geotextiles. Sodium bentonite has a low permeability, which makes GCLs a suitable alternative to clay liners in a composite liner system. Geotextiles are used as separation between two different types of soils to prevent contamination of the lower
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The greatest environmental risks occur in the discharges from older sites constructed before modern engineering standards became mandatory and also from sites in the developing world where modern standards have not been applied. There are also substantial risks from illegal sites and ad-hoc sites
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The collection pipe network of a leachate collection system drains, collects, and transports leachate through the drainage layer to a collection sump where it is removed for treatment or disposal. The pipes also serve as drains within the drainage layer to minimize the mounding of leachate in the
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The leachate drainage system is responsible for the collection and transport of the leachate collected inside the liner. The pipe dimensions, type, and layout must all be planned with the weight and pressure of waste, and transport vehicles in mind. The pipes are located on the floor of the cell.
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One method of leachate management that was more common in uncontained sites was leachate re-circulation, in which leachate was collected and re-injected into the waste mass. This process greatly accelerated decomposition and therefore gas production and had the impact of converting some leachate
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Natural and synthetic liners may be utilized as both a collection device and as a means for isolating leachate within the fill to protect the soil and groundwater below. The chief concern is the ability of a liner to maintain integrity and impermeability over the life of the landfill. Subsurface
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but excludes significant amounts of concentrated chemical waste, landfill leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants: dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars, etc.), inorganic macro components (common cations and anions
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In the context of civil engineering (more specifically reinforced concrete design), leachate refers to the effluent of pavement wash-off (that may include melting snow and ice with salt) that permeates through the cement paste onto the surface of the steel reinforcement, thereby catalyzing its
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to substantially reduce the dissolved organic content. Nutrient imbalance can cause difficulties in maintaining an effective biological treatment stage. The treated liquid is rarely of sufficient quality to be released to the environment and may be tankered or piped to a local sewage treatment
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The most common method of handling collected leachate is on-site treatment. When treating leachate on-site, the leachate is pumped from the sump into the treatment tanks. The leachate may then be mixed with chemical reagents to modify the pH and to coagulate and settle solids and to reduce the
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percolating through waste deposited in a landfill. Once in contact with decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated, and if it then flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate. Additional leachate volume is produced during this decomposition of
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There are many components to a collection system including pumps, manholes, discharge lines and liquid level monitors. However, there are four main components which govern the overall efficiency of the system. These four elements are liners, filters, pumps and sumps.
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Nika, M. C.; Ntaiou, K.; Elytis, K.; Thomaidi, V. S.; Gatidou, G.; Kalantzi, O. I.; Thomaidis, N. S.; Stasinakis, A. S. (15 July 2020). "Wide-scope target analysis of emerging contaminants in landfill leachates and risk assessment using Risk
Quotient methodology".
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The contemporary research in the field of assessment techniques and remedial technology of environmental issues originating from landfill leachate has been reviewed in an article published in
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology journal.
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In a 2012 survey performed in New York State, all surveyed double-lined landfill cells had leakage rates of less than 500 liters per hectare per day. Average leakage rates were much lower than for landfills built according to older standards before 1992.
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In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material that drains from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated concentrations of undesirable material derived from the material that it has passed through.
236:, with dissolved and entrained gases. As it becomes oxygenated it tends to turn brown or yellow because of the presence of iron salts in solution and in suspension. It also quickly develops a bacterial flora often comprising substantial growths of
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become dissolved in the developing leachate. The decomposition processes themselves release more water, which adds to the volume of leachate. Leachate also reacts with materials that are not prone to decomposition themselves, such as fire ash,
216:, etc.). A number of complex organic contaminants have also been detected in landfill leachates. Samples from raw and treated landfill leachate yielded 58 complex organic contaminants including 2-OH-benzothiazole in 84% of the samples and
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facility; the decision depends on the age of the landfill and on the limit of water quality that must be achieved after treatment. With high conductivity, leachate is hard to treat with biological treatment or chemical treatment.
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The risks of leachate generation can be mitigated by properly designed and engineered landfill sites, such as those that are constructed on geologically impermeable materials or sites that use impermeable liners made of
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Treatment with reverse osmosis is also limited, resulting in low recoveries and fouling of the RO membranes. Reverse osmosis applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as
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United States increased its development of leachate retaining and collection systems. This quickly led from lining in principle to the use of multiple lining layers in all landfills (excepting those truly inert).
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where it has the specific meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substances that may then enter the environment. It is most commonly used in the context of land-filling of
527:, some of which dissolves in the leachate. This could, in theory, be released in poorly ventilated areas in the treatment plant. All plants in Europe must now be assessed under the EU ATEX Directive and
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and reducing the overall volume of leachate for disposal. However, it also tended to increase substantially the concentrations of contaminant materials, making it a more difficult waste to treat.
712:
Kjeldsen, Peter; Barlaz, Morton A.; Rooker, Alix P.; Baun, Anders; Ledin, Anna; Christensen, Thomas H. (October 2002). "Present and Long-Term
Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review".
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Many older leachate streams also contained a variety of synthetic organic species and their decomposition products, some of which had the potential to be acutely damaging to the environment.
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needed to prevent nutrient starvation for the biological communities that perform the sewage treatment processes. The result is that leachates are a difficult-to-treat waste stream.
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in 68%. Bisphenol A, valsartan and 2-OH-benzothiazole had the highest average concentrations in raw leachates, after biological treatment and after reverse osmosis, respectively.
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Singh, A; Chandra, S; Kumar Gupta, S; Chauhan, LK; Kumar Rath, S (Feb 2007). "Mutagenicity of leachates from industrial solid wastes using
Salmonella reverse mutation assay".
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A possible risk for the aquatic environment due to the occurrence of organic micropollutants in raw or treated landfill leachates has also been reported in recent studies.
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landfills, this may not be a problem as the pH returns close to neutral after the initial stage of acidogenic leachate decomposition. Many sewer undertakers limit maximum
232:. In such cases, high concentrations of leachate are often found in nearby springs and flushes. As leachate first emerges it can be black in colour, anoxic, and possibly
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A possible ecological threat for the aquatic environment due to the occurrence of organic micropollutants in raw and treated landfill leachates has also been reported.
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The primary criterion for design of the leachate system is that all leachate be collected and removed from the landfill at a rate sufficient to prevent an unacceptable
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180:-based building materials and gypsum-based materials changing the chemical composition. In sites with large volumes of building waste, especially those containing
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In older landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and the underlying geology, leachate is free to leave the waste and flow directly into the
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plant concentrate in the sewage sludge, making it difficult or dangerous to dispose of the sludge without incurring a risk to the environment. In
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concentrations, are usually very acidic, are often anoxic and, if received in large volumes relative to the incoming sewage flow, lack the
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is a geonet that is heat-bonded to two layers of geotextile, one on each side. The geocomposite serves as a filter and drainage medium.
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Leachate can also be produced from land that was contaminated by chemicals or toxic materials used in industrial activities such as
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of serious environmental damage being caused by inappropriate disposal of industrial wastes, both policy and the law were changed.
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that it contains. It usually contains both dissolved and suspended material. The generation of leachate is caused principally by
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and other rock extraction processes, especially those in which sulfide containing materials are exposed to air producing
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USA EPA monthly average discharge limits for surface discharge of landfill leachate and typical leachate characteristics.
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layer. These pipes are designed with cuts that are inclined to 120 degrees, preventing entry of solid particles.
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The risks from waste leachate are due to its high organic contaminant concentrations and high concentration of
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to 0.14 mg/L, or 1/10 of the lower explosive limit. This entails methane stripping from the leachate.
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Mukherjee, Sumona; Mukhopadhyay, Soumyadeep; Hashim, Mohd Ali; Sen Gupta, Bhaskar (19 November 2014).
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including sulfate, chloride, iron, aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg), and
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Leachate processing / equalization tanks used in leachate treatment before releasing to a river.
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There are several types of liners used in leachate control and collection. These types include
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Leachate collection systems can experience many problems including clogging with mud or silt.
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When water percolates through waste, it promotes and assists the process of decomposition by
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concentration in their sewers to 250 mg/L to protect sewer maintenance workers, as the
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falls rapidly with the result that many metal ions that are relatively insoluble at neutral
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905:"SWANA 2012 Excellence Award Application "Landfill Gas Control" Seneca Landfill, Inc"
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concentration of hazardous matter. Traditional treatment involved a modified form of
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Typical landfill leachate treatment options and tips for different leachate types.
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varies widely in composition depending on the age of the landfill and the type of
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959:"Contemporary Environmental Issues of Landfill Leachate: Assessment and Remedies"
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plaster, the reaction of leachate with the gypsum can generate large volumes of
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Qi, Chengdu; Huang, Jun; Wang, Bin; Deng, Shubo; Wang, Yujue; Yu, Gang (2018).
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solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
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1001:"Contaminants of emerging concern in landfill leachate in China: A review"
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In a landfill that receives a mixture of municipal, commercial, and mixed
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environment. In actively decomposing waste, the temperature rises and the
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is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts
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9 to 10, which is often the highest pH allowed in sewer discharges.
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This article is about landfill leachate. For use in mining, see
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Christensen, T.H.; Cossu, R.; Stegmann, R., eds. (1992-10-07).
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maximum occupational safety limit would be exceeded at above
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material producing a wide range of other materials including
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Other conditions for sump planning are maintenance and pump
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A leachate evaporation pond in a landfill site located in
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Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
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Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
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679:. Washington State Department Of Ecology. Archived from
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Most landfills containing organic material will produce
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sites in areas of high rainfall also produce leachate.
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In some older landfills, leachate was directed to the
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143:legally discarded household and domestic products.
934:Dictionary of Environmental Science and Technology
16:A liquid that extracts soluble or suspended solids
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130:. The use of linings is now mandatory within the
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811:"Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act 1972 (Hansard)"
281:occurring at any point over the lining system.
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1997:
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551:Problems and failures with collection systems
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601:, often with elevated metal concentrations.
884:"Leachate Recirculation Practise and Views"
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383:system with only minor membrane use is the
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2004:
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285:Components of leachate collection systems
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593:and with waste materials from metal ore
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259:The Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act 1972
29:
3145:Pollutant release and transfer register
589:Leachate is associated with stockpiled
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246:History of landfill leachate collection
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60:Leachate is a widely used term in the
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936:(Third ed.). Wiley. p. 25.
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635:Environmental Science and Engineering
378:Membrane and collection for treatment
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2476:Electromagnetic radiation and health
932:Porteous, Andrew (26 October 2000).
674:"Solid Waste Landfill Design Manual"
273:Goals of leachate collection systems
76:
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2334:Radium and radon in the environment
833:. Landfill Leachate. Archived from
13:
1851:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
14:
3321:
1721:Agricultural wastewater treatment
699:"How Much Does my Landfill Leak?"
697:Jensen, Heidi (August 15, 2014).
560:pipe walls, which may then fail.
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3222:
3221:
1965:
1964:
1283:
151:Composition of landfill leachate
2048:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1781:Industrial wastewater treatment
1751:Decentralized wastewater system
1025:
992:
950:
925:
897:
876:
816:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
358:than the soil to be protected.
3300:Biodegradable waste management
1469:
851:Landfilling of Waste: Leachate
841:
823:
803:
761:Journal of Hazardous Materials
705:
690:
666:
651:
633:Henry, J.; Heinke, G. (1996).
626:
1:
2536:Electrical resistance heating
2011:
1801:Rotating biological contactor
781:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122493
619:
263:The 1974 Local Government Act
2188:Persistent organic pollutant
1054:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.009
978:10.1080/10643389.2013.876524
831:"An introduction to leachat"
407:
306:, geosynthetic clay liners,
7:
3198:Least polluted cities by PM
1018:10.1016/j.emcon.2018.06.001
570:Leaching (chemical science)
251:failing, and an exposee in
10:
3326:
3305:Environmental soil science
3140:Pollution haven hypothesis
3063:Brain health and pollution
2301:Ecological light pollution
2131:Internal combustion engine
1866:Wastewater treatment plant
1633:Adsorbable organic halides
1320:Electrostatic precipitator
567:
395:Re-injection into landfill
352:
204:organic compounds such as
18:
3219:
3173:
3122:
3071:
3038:
2943:Nonpoint source pollution
2871:
2863:War and environmental law
2810:
2772:
2754:
2554:
2489:
2426:
2352:
2321:
2286:
2270:
2235:
2222:Volatile organic compound
2028:
2019:
1960:
1874:
1701:
1638:Biochemical oxygen demand
1623:
1477:
1421:
1393:
1360:Rotary vacuum-drum filter
1292:
1281:
1117:
854:(0 ed.). CRC Press.
734:10.1080/10643380290813462
293:
106:and a complex mixture of
2402:Marine mammals and sonar
2313:Radio spectrum pollution
1403:Aqueous two-phase system
1225:Liquid–liquid extraction
520:of the waste deposited.
340:Leachate drainage system
3310:Liquid-solid separation
3248:WikiProject Environment
3206:Most polluted countries
3150:Polluter pays principle
2881:Agricultural wastewater
1826:Sewage sludge treatment
1766:Fecal sludge management
1726:API oil–water separator
1693:Wastewater surveillance
1300:API oil–water separator
1170:Dissolved air flotation
660:DoE Report CWM039A+B/92
564:Other types of leachate
481:However, within ageing
454:Removal to sewer system
3266:Environment portal
2499:Agricultural pollution
1683:Total suspended solids
1678:Total dissolved solids
1643:Chemical oxygen demand
1265:Solid-phase extraction
1034:Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
450:
442:
417:
362:Sumps or leachate well
218:perfluorooctanoic acid
62:environmental sciences
42:
2921:Industrial wastewater
2787:Clutter (advertising)
2695:Municipal solid waste
2541:Soil guideline values
2385:Sustainable transport
2278:Information pollution
2078:Open burning of waste
1550:Industrial wastewater
1385:Vacuum ceramic filter
1380:Sublimation apparatus
1185:Electrochromatography
1145:Cross-flow filtration
1005:Emerging Contaminants
860:10.1201/9781482288933
483:municipal solid waste
448:
440:
415:
385:Nantmel Landfill Site
69:or industrial waste.
33:
3193:Most polluted cities
2886:Biological pollution
2797:Overhead power lines
1892:Groundwater recharge
1335:Fractionating column
1130:Acid–base extraction
1111:Separation processes
504:Environmental impact
3295:Anaerobic digestion
3256:WikiProject Ecology
2953:Ocean acidification
2858:Unexploded ordnance
2729:Post-consumer waste
2589:Foam food container
2567:Biodegradable waste
2141:Global distillation
1806:Secondary treatment
1791:Membrane bioreactor
1746:Constructed wetland
1545:Infiltration/Inflow
1155:Cyclonic separation
1046:2007EcoES..66..210S
773:2020JHzM..39422493N
726:2002CREST..32..297K
609:. Leachates can be
487:ammoniacal nitrogen
472:ammoniacal nitrogen
239:Sphaerotilus natans
224:Leachate management
118:and simple sugars.
3276:Ecology portal
3160:Waste minimisation
3135:Industrial ecology
3130:Cleaner production
2948:Nutrient pollution
2825:Herbicidal warfare
2619:Construction waste
2255:Introduced species
2126:Indoor air quality
2053:Chlorofluorocarbon
1971:Category: Sewerage
1932:Septic drain field
1897:Infiltration basin
1841:Stabilization pond
1761:Facultative lagoon
1625:Quality indicators
1505:Blackwater (waste)
1485:Acid mine drainage
1215:Gravity separation
658:Young, A. (1992).
582:or storage sites.
451:
443:
418:
43:
3282:
3281:
3155:Pollution control
2835:Nuclear holocaust
2744:Thermal treatment
2712:Plastic pollution
2629:Mercury poisoning
2582:Battery recycling
2481:Radioactive waste
2250:Genetic pollution
2245:Biological hazard
2043:Air quality index
1979:
1978:
1756:Extended aeration
1703:Treatment options
1653:Oxygen saturation
1500:Blackwater (coal)
1478:Sources and types
1437:
1436:
1355:Rapid sand filter
1250:Recrystallization
1230:Electroextraction
1190:Electrofiltration
869:978-0-429-08221-4
637:. Prentice Hall.
77:Landfill leachate
3317:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3099:Legacy pollution
2958:Oil exploitation
2820:Chemical warfare
2734:Waste management
2641:Industrial waste
2609:Biomedical waste
2577:Electronic waste
2562:Advertising mail
2546:Phytoremediation
2521:Land degradation
2306:Overillumination
2260:Invasive species
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1887:Evaporation pond
1875:Disposal options
1846:Trickling filter
1831:Sewage treatment
1731:Carbon filtering
1711:Activated sludge
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1287:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
996:
990:
989:
963:
954:
948:
947:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
909:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
880:
874:
873:
845:
839:
838:
827:
821:
820:
807:
801:
800:
755:
746:
745:
709:
703:
702:
694:
688:
687:
685:
678:
670:
664:
663:
655:
649:
648:
630:
464:sewage treatment
423:activated sludge
324:sodium bentonite
261:, together with
254:The Sunday Times
197:industrial waste
186:hydrogen sulfide
81:Leachate from a
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3215:
3201:
3169:
3118:
3067:
3034:
2973:Pharmaceuticals
2963:Oil exploration
2867:
2839:Nuclear fallout
2806:
2768:
2750:
2724:Packaging waste
2678:Deep sea mining
2604:Hazardous waste
2550:
2531:Open defecation
2485:
2451:Nuclear fallout
2446:Nuclear fission
2422:
2348:
2317:
2288:Electromagnetic
2282:
2266:
2231:
2151:Ozone depletion
2024:
2015:
2010:
1980:
1975:
1956:
1922:Reclaimed water
1870:
1796:Reverse osmosis
1697:
1619:
1585:Reverse osmosis
1510:Boiler blowdown
1473:
1468:
1438:
1433:
1417:
1395:
1389:
1350:Protein skimmer
1288:
1279:
1275:Ultrafiltration
1255:Reverse osmosis
1235:Microfiltration
1210:Froth flotation
1150:Crystallization
1113:
1108:
1078:
1077:
1030:
1026:
997:
993:
961:
955:
951:
944:
930:
926:
916:
914:
907:
903:
902:
898:
889:
887:
882:
881:
877:
870:
846:
842:
829:
828:
824:
809:
808:
804:
756:
749:
710:
706:
695:
691:
683:
676:
672:
671:
667:
656:
652:
645:
631:
627:
622:
572:
566:
553:
506:
456:
433:
410:
397:
380:
364:
355:
342:
296:
287:
275:
248:
226:
153:
79:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3280:
3279:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:Law by country
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Surface runoff
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Eutrophication
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Scorched earth
2850:
2847:nuclear winter
2843:nuclear famine
2832:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:Uranium mining
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Surface mining
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Lead poisoning
2621:
2616:
2614:Chemical waste
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Bioremediation
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Bioremediation
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:Transportation
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Global dimming
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:Diesel exhaust
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:Surface runoff
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Sanitary sewer
1924:
1919:
1917:Marine outfall
1914:
1912:Marine dumping
1909:
1904:
1902:Injection well
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Combined sewer
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Settling basin
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Aerated lagoon
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Coliform index
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Sanitary sewer
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Produced water
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Combined sewer
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1429:Unit operation
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Chromatography
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1024:
991:
972:(5): 472–590.
949:
942:
924:
896:
875:
868:
840:
837:on 2004-07-12.
822:
802:
747:
720:(4): 297–336.
704:
689:
686:on 2012-02-07.
665:
650:
643:
624:
623:
621:
618:
605:oxidation and
568:Main article:
565:
562:
552:
549:
517:microorganisms
505:
502:
455:
452:
434:, Si, and Ba.
431:
409:
406:
396:
393:
379:
376:
363:
360:
354:
351:
341:
338:
295:
292:
286:
283:
279:hydraulic head
274:
271:
247:
244:
225:
222:
152:
149:
140:European Union
126:or engineered
104:carbon dioxide
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3030:Water quality
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Traffic signs
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:Microplastics
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Nanomaterials
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:Lead smelting
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Radioactivity
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2418:Noise control
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
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2279:
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2258:
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2256:
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2248:
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2240:
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2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Metal working
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2124:
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2112:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
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2066:
2064:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
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1849:
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1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Sedimentation
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
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1769:
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1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Sewage sludge
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1593:
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1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
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1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Cooling water
1528:
1526:
1525:Cooling tower
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Ballast water
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
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1442:
1430:
1427:
1426:
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1401:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Spinning cone
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Mixer-settler
1343:
1341:
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1333:
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1323:
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1318:
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1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
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1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Sedimentation
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Precipitation
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
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1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
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1128:
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1123:
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1120:
1116:
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1105:
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1085:
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1059:
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1028:
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1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
953:
945:
943:0-471-63470-0
939:
935:
928:
913:
906:
900:
885:
879:
871:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
844:
836:
832:
826:
818:
817:
812:
806:
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790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
754:
752:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
700:
693:
682:
675:
669:
661:
654:
646:
644:0-13-120650-8
640:
636:
629:
625:
617:
614:
612:
608:
602:
600:
599:sulfuric acid
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
571:
561:
558:
548:
545:
541:
539:
538:sewage fungus
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
515:
511:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
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414:
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403:
392:
388:
386:
375:
373:
368:
359:
350:
346:
337:
333:
330:
325:
321:
320:geocomposites
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
291:
282:
280:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:
243:
241:
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207:
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183:
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174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
132:United States
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
108:organic acids
105:
101:
97:
92:
91:precipitation
88:
84:
74:
70:
68:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
26:
25:In situ leach
22:
21:Heap leaching
3109:Point source
3051:Heavy metals
3025:Urban runoff
3005:Sulfur water
2983:Septic tanks
2829:Agent Orange
2683:Mining waste
2509:Manure waste
2339:Volcanic ash
2215:Black carbon
2171:Oil refining
2156:Particulates
2085:Construction
1952:Vacuum sewer
1836:Sewer mining
1786:Ion exchange
1736:Chlorination
1658:Heavy metals
1615:Urban runoff
1559:
1555:Ion exchange
1535:Fecal sludge
1339:
1330:Filter press
1315:Depth filter
1205:Flocculation
1175:Distillation
1040:(2): 210–6.
1037:
1033:
1027:
1008:
1004:
994:
969:
965:
952:
933:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:
899:
888:. Retrieved
886:. 2012-10-20
878:
850:
843:
835:the original
825:
814:
805:
764:
760:
717:
713:
707:
692:
681:the original
668:
653:
634:
628:
615:
603:
588:
573:
554:
546:
542:
534:
522:
507:
499:
480:
457:
428:
419:
402:landfill gas
400:volume into
398:
389:
381:
369:
365:
356:
347:
343:
334:
304:geomembranes
301:
297:
288:
276:
267:
262:
258:
252:
249:
237:
234:effervescent
227:
194:
154:
145:
124:geomembranes
120:
96:carbonaceous
80:
71:
59:
46:
44:
3079:Area source
2988:Pit latrine
2911:Groundwater
2668:Gold mining
2663:Coal mining
2634:Toxic waste
2599:Green waste
2572:Brown waste
2555:Solid waste
2102:Exhaust gas
1942:Storm drain
1937:Sewage farm
1861:Vermifilter
1816:Septic tank
1776:Imhoff tank
1673:Temperature
1580:Return flow
1570:Papermaking
1305:Belt filter
1270:Sublimation
1160:Decantation
1011:(1): 1–10.
613:in nature.
607:degradation
557:Bioclogging
308:geotextiles
230:groundwater
208:organics, (
206:halogenated
67:putrescible
3289:Categories
3231:by country
3227:Categories
3165:Zero waste
3046:Pollutants
3000:Stagnation
2938:Monitoring
2906:Freshwater
2782:Air travel
2594:Food waste
2514:Pesticides
2504:Herbicides
2408:Industrial
2237:Biological
2097:Demolition
2090:Renovation
2073:Joss paper
2058:Combustion
1907:Irrigation
1771:Filtration
1471:Wastewater
1394:Multiphase
1325:Evaporator
1310:Centrifuge
1200:Filtration
1195:Extraction
1135:Adsorption
1125:Absorption
917:27 October
890:2017-08-18
767:: 122493.
620:References
584:Composting
514:Pathogenic
476:phosphorus
202:xenobiotic
190:mercaptans
3123:Responses
3094:Garbology
3020:Turbidity
2968:Oil spill
2901:Firewater
2802:Vandalism
2764:Satellite
2461:Poisoning
2456:Plutonium
2436:Actinides
2428:Radiation
2176:Wood dust
2038:Acid rain
2013:Pollution
1741:Clarifier
1688:Turbidity
1540:Greywater
1408:Azeotrope
1118:Processes
797:214766390
662:(Report).
611:genotoxic
576:factories
408:Treatment
136:Australia
112:aldehydes
55:suspended
3211:Treaties
3183:Diseases
2995:Shipping
2891:Diseases
2739:Landfill
2414:Abstract
2411:Military
2344:Wildfire
2193:Smelting
2161:Asbestos
1668:Salinity
1560:Leachate
1495:Bathroom
1422:Concepts
1413:Eutectic
1365:Scrubber
1340:Leachate
1220:Leaching
1165:Dialysis
1070:39747962
1062:16620981
986:95712955
789:32240898
742:53553742
372:drawdown
312:geogrids
157:bacteria
138:and the
116:alcohols
83:landfill
47:leachate
3240:Commons
3015:Thermal
2916:Hypoxia
2700:Garbage
2471:Uranium
2322:Natural
2271:Digital
2203:Aerosol
2181:Welding
2068:Biomass
2063:Biofuel
2022:History
1595:Septage
1396:systems
1293:Devices
1240:Osmosis
1042:Bibcode
769:Bibcode
722:Bibcode
525:methane
510:ammonia
353:Filters
329:Geonets
316:geonets
214:dioxins
100:methane
51:soluble
3104:Midden
3084:Debris
3039:Topics
2978:Sewage
2931:debris
2926:Marine
2774:Visual
2658:Mining
2653:Litter
2146:Mining
1969:
1610:Toilet
1600:Sewage
1565:Manure
1180:Drying
1068:
1060:
984:
940:
866:
795:
787:
740:
641:
595:mining
468:Europe
460:sewers
318:, and
294:Liners
182:gypsum
178:cement
165:anoxic
40:Mexico
36:CancĂşn
3175:Lists
3114:Waste
3056:Paint
2873:Water
2756:Space
2397:Sonar
2392:Urban
2370:Water
2354:Noise
2329:Ozone
2296:Light
2227:Waste
2119:Smoke
1515:Brine
1375:Still
1066:S2CID
982:S2CID
962:(PDF)
912:SWANA
908:(PDF)
793:S2CID
738:S2CID
684:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
580:mines
529:zoned
491:WHO's
161:fungi
87:waste
3089:Dust
3072:Misc
2491:Soil
2380:Rail
2366:Land
2210:Soot
2198:Smog
2114:Haze
1856:UASB
1058:PMID
938:ISBN
919:2016
864:ISBN
785:PMID
639:ISBN
591:coal
430:CaSO
210:PCBs
159:and
128:clay
23:and
3200:2.5
2812:War
2375:Air
2030:Air
1050:doi
1013:doi
974:doi
856:doi
777:doi
765:394
730:doi
53:or
3291::
3233:)
2845:-
2841:-
1663:pH
1064:.
1056:.
1048:.
1038:66
1036:.
1007:.
1003:.
980:.
970:45
968:.
964:.
910:.
862:.
813:.
791:.
783:.
775:.
763:.
750:^
736:.
728:.
718:32
716:.
578:,
540:.
512:.
495:pH
387:.
314:,
310:,
242:.
212:,
192:.
173:pH
169:pH
134:,
114:,
110:,
102:,
45:A
38:,
3229:(
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2837:(
2831:)
2827:(
2005:e
1998:t
1991:v
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1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
1072:.
1052::
1044::
1021:.
1015::
1009:4
988:.
976::
946:.
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893:.
872:.
858::
819:.
799:.
779::
771::
744:.
732::
724::
701:.
647:.
432:4
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
