Legality of Holocaust denial

868:(1) An insult shall be prosecuted only upon complaint. If the act was committed through dissemination of writings (Section 11 subsection (3)) or making them publicly accessible in a meeting or through a presentation by radio, then a complaint is not required if the aggrieved party was persecuted as a member of a group under the National Socialist or another rule by force and decree, this group is a part of the population and the insult is connected with this persecution. The act may not, however, be prosecuted ex officio if the aggrieved party objects. When the aggrieved party deceases, the rights of complaint and of objection devolve on the relatives indicated in Section 77 subsection (2). The objection may not be withdrawn. 871:(2) If the memory of a deceased person has been disparaged, then the relatives indicated in Section 77 subsection (2), are entitled to file a complaint. If the act was committed through dissemination of writings (Section 11 subsection (3)) or making them publicly accessible in a meeting or through a presentation by radio, then a complaint is not required if the deceased person lost his life as a victim of the National Socialist or another rule by force and decree and the disparagement is connected therewith. The act may not, however, be prosecuted ex officio if a person entitled to file a complaint objects. The objection may not be withdrawn. 900:(the body was in summer session at the time), Greece amended its 1979 law 'On the penalization of actions or activities intending unto racial discrimination' (N.927/1979) to make malicious denial of the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity for the purposes of inciting violence, discrimination or hatred or by way of threat or insult, a criminal offense. In contrast to other European countries, the Greek law is not a blanket ban on expressing the opinion that a genocide did not take place, but rather requires an additional condition of intending to cause violence, incite hatred or threaten or insult a protected group. 498: 926:

recognised by decisions of international courts or the Hellenic Parliament and this behaviour is targeted against a group of people, or member thereof, which is identified on the basis of race, colour, religion, genealogical background, national or ethnic origins, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability, when this behaviour is expressed in a way that is capable of inciting violence or hatred or is of a threatening or insulting character against such a group or a member thereof, is subject to the penalties of paragraph 1 of the previous article.

2333: 2151: 2164: 30: 2056: 1103:...anyone who has contested, minimised, justified or denied the existence of war crimes or crimes against humanity as defined in the statutes of the International Military Tribunal of 8 August 1945 or the existence of a genocide as defined by the Act of 8 August 1985. A complaint must be lodged by the person against whom the offence was committed (victim or association) in order for proceedings to be brought, Article 450 of the Criminal Code, Act of 19 July 1997. 6304: 2255: 2242: 2320: 2281: 2346: 2216: 2294: 2138: 2203: 2190: 931:

the democratic and inalienable right to freedom of speech, while simultaneously not being at all effective in terms of fighting racism and Nazism. Indeed, they often lead to the opposite result, allowing the enemies of democracy to present themselves to public opinion as "victims" of censorship and authoritarianism. The conditions set forth in the bill, being highly vague and fluid, are unfortunately not a guarantee."

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by a fine of twenty six francs to five thousand francs. For the application of the previous paragraph, the term genocide is meant in the sense of article 2 of the International Treaty of 9 December 1948 on preventing and combating genocide. In the event of repetitions, the guilty party may in addition have his civic rights suspended in accordance with article 33 of the Penal Code.

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basis of race, colour, religion, genealogical background, national or ethnic origins, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability, in a way that endangers public order or poses a threat to the life, liberty or bodily integrity of such persons, shall be imprisoned for between three months and (3) years and fined between five and twenty thousand (5.000 - 20.000) euros.

1116:(yet), courts can interpret it as a form of spreading hatred and therefore an offence, depending on the context in which the statements are made. According to the Dutch public prosecution office, offensive remarks are only punishable by Dutch law if they equate to discrimination against a particular group. The relevant laws of the Dutch penal code are as follows: 5661: 800:(3) Whosoever publicly or in a meeting approves of, denies or downplays an act committed under the rule of National Socialism of the kind indicated in section 6 (1) of the Code of International Criminal Law, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding five years or a fine. 447:, as well as any association that at the time of the facts had a legal personality for at least five years, and which, on the grounds of its statutes, has the objective of defending moral interests and the honour of the resistance or the deported, may act in law in all legal disputes arising from the application of this Act. 403:§ 3g. He who operates in a manner characterized other than that in § § 3a – 3f will be punished (revitalising of the NSDAP or identification with), with imprisonment from one to up to ten years, and in cases of particularly dangerous suspects or activity, be punished with up to twenty years' imprisonment. 1126:

He who in public, either verbally or in writing or image, deliberately offends a group of people because of their race, their religion or beliefs, their hetero- or homosexual orientation or their physical, psychological or mental handicap, shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or

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Permitted publication 4. The publication of a correct and fair report of a publication prohibited by this Law shall not be regarded as an offence thereunder so long as it is not made with intent to express sympathy or identification with the perpetrators of crimes against the Jewish people or against

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to delete its article denying the Holocaust published in July 2013, which was the first ruling in Hungary of its kind. The Association for Civil Liberties (TASZ) offered free legal aid to the website as a protest against restrictions on freedom of speech, but the site refused citing the liberal views

985:. The Court sentenced the man to 18 months in prison, suspended for three years, and probation. He also had to visit either Budapest's memorial museum, Auschwitz or Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. He chose his local Holocaust Memorial Center and had to make three visits in total and record his observations. 925:

1. Whoever intentionally, publicly, verbally or in print, over the internet or through any other medium or means, approves, ridicules or maliciously denies the existence or seriousness of crimes of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, the Holocaust and other crimes of Nazism which have been

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I have come to the conclusion, not once but several times, that, as far as I am concerned, I do not agree with legislation that makes it illegal to utter pronouncements claiming that there was no Holocaust. I do not want to muzzle any of this because it is a sign of weakness not of strength when you

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b) other politically motivated repressive measures committed by functionaries of Polish prosecution bodies or the judiciary or persons acting upon their orders, and disclosed in the content of the rulings given pursuant to the Act of 23 February 1991 on the Acknowledgement as Null and Void Decisions

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Art. 48-2. – publication or publicly expressed opinion encouraging those to whom it is addressed to pass a favourable moral judgment on one or more crimes against humanity and tending to justify these crimes (including collaboration) or vindicate their perpetrators shall be punished by one to five

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419a New, SG No. 33/2011, effective 27.05.2011) (1) Anyone who justifies, denies or grossly palliates a crime committed against peace and humanity and thereby poses a risk of violence or instigates hatred among individuals or groups of people united on the grounds of race, colour, religion, origin,

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Article 1 Whoever, in the circumstances given in article 444 of the Penal Code denies, grossly minimises, attempts to justify, or approves the genocide committed by the German National Socialist Regime during the Second World War shall be punished by a prison sentence of eight days to one year, and

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I still am a firm opponent of laws against Holocaust denial. First of all, I'm a pretty fierce advocate of the First Amendment. Having been sued for libel, and having had that in my life for about six years, I'm more than ever. Even though libel is not covered by the First Amendment, wouldn't have

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because of the need to balance the restrictions on voicing racist opinions against the freedom of expression. As a result, a compromise has been reached within the EU and while the EU has not prohibited Holocaust denial outright, a maximum term of three years in jail is optionally available to all

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This law was harshly criticised at the time of its passage for its vague language and alleged infringement of freedom of expression. In a letter signed by 139 Greek historians, they argued that "as international experience has shown, such provisions lead down dangerous paths: they critically wound

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such as they are defined by Article 6 of the statute of the international tribunal military annexed in the agreement of London of August 8, 1945 and which were carried out either by the members of an organization declared criminal pursuant to Article 9 of the aforementioned statute, or by a person

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was released from the embargo on it a few years ago. People bought it because suddenly it was something they could get ahold of. I just don't think these laws work. And the third reason I'm opposed to them is I don't want politicians making a decision on what can and cannot be said. That scares me

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countries the law is generally more proscriptive. Also, under the civil law regime, the judge acts more as an inquisitor, gathering and presenting evidence as well as interpreting it". Michael Whine argues that Holocaust denial can inspire violence against Jews; he states, "Jews' experience in the

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7 months' imprisonment Mannheim, Germany – retrial – 2011 indefinitely stayed by judge Dr Meinerzhagen. 1 October – 19 November 2008, London, extradition to Mannheim, Germany, on European Arrest Warrant issued by Germany, failed. 15 August – 12 November 2009, Adelaide, Australia – for contempt of

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passed a law defining antisemitism and banning it in the country. This law includes denying the mass extermination of Jews in the Holocaust as part of its definition of antisemitism. When committed by an individual is punishable by a fine or a prison sentence of up to five years. Public officials

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1. Whoever intentionally, publicly, verbally or in print, over the internet or through any other medium or means, incites, causes, arouses or solicits acts or activities which are capable of causing discrimination, hatred or violence against a person or group of persons, who are identified on the

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Whoever publicly, by word, writing, image, gesture, acts of violence or any other manner, demeans or discriminates against an individual or a group of individuals because of their race, their ethnicity or their religion in a way which undermines human dignity, or on those bases, denies, coarsely

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In Slovakia, Holocaust denial has been a crime since 2001 (law 485/2001), and the penal law (300/2005) specifies in §422d that "who publicly denies, approves or tries to justify the Holocaust, crimes of regimes based on fascist ideology, crimes of regimes based on communist ideology or crimes of

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Article 5. – Promoting the culture of persons guilty of committing a crime against peace and humanity or promoting fascist, racist or xenophobic ideology, through propaganda, committed by any means, in public, is punishable by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years and the loss of certain rights.

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survivors of genocide and other war crimes from particularly hurtful statements that deny and trivialize these types of international crimes. In violating the extension, a punishment of a maximum one year imprisonment will apply. The ban is part of the Bill to Re-implement European Criminal Law.

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Prohibition of publication of expression for sympathy for Nazi crimes 3. A person who, in writing or by word of mouth, publishes any statement expressing praise or sympathy for or identification with acts done in the period of the Nazi regime, which are crimes against the Jewish people or crimes

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incites hatred against a national, racial, religious group or a group defined by their ethnic origins, against segments of the population or individuals because of their belonging to one of the aforementioned groups or segments of the population or calls for violent or arbitrary measures against

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Prohibition of Denial of Holocaust 2. A person who, in writing or by word of mouth, publishes any statement denying or diminishing the proportions of acts committed in the period of the Nazi regime, which are crimes against the Jewish people or crimes against humanity, with intent to defend the

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subparagraph for article 43 for this law or the first three subparagraphs for article 93-3 for the law No 82-652 for July 29, 1982 on the audio-visual communication, the deprivation of the rights enumerated to the 2o and 3o of article 42 of the penal code for imprisonment of five years maximum;

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had made such a suggestion. Bosnian Serb MPs voted against it, proposing issue should be resolved within the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following this, on 6 May 2009 Bosniak MPs Adem Huskic, Ekrem Ajanovic and Remzija Kadric proposed to parliament a change to the Criminal Code of

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On 14 July 2023, as on the proposal of the dutch Minister of Justice and Security, Yeşilgöz-Zegerius, it has been decided that the above-mentioned laws will be extended to prohibit insulting forms of condoning, denying or trivializing the Holocaust. This is to specifically protect victims and

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He who in public, either verbally or in writing or image, incites hatred or discrimination against people or incites acts of violence towards people or property of people because of their race, their religion or beliefs, their gender, their hetero- or homosexual orientation or their physical,

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1. the registration, collection, access, management and use of the documents of the organs of state security created and collected between 22 July 1944 and 31 December 1989, and the documents of the organs of security of the Third Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning:

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is supplemented by the following provisions: In the event of judgment for one of the facts envisaged by the preceding subparagraph, the court will be able moreover to order: Except when the responsibility for the author of the infringement is retained on the base for article 42 and the first

803:(4) Whoever publicly or in a meeting disturbs the public peace in a manner which violates the dignity of the victims by approving of, glorifying or justifying National Socialist tyranny and arbitrary rule incurs a penalty of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or a fine. 942:

for denying Nazi atrocities in Crete during World War II. The court found Richter not guilty on the grounds that, while his work was proven to contain historical inaccuracies, there was no evidence he intended to incite hatred against the people of Crete and that the 2014 law was

1276:, Emergency Ordinance No. 31 March 13, 2002 prohibits Holocaust denial. It was ratified on 6 May 2006. The law also prohibits racist, fascist, xenophobic symbols, uniforms and gestures: proliferation of which is punishable with imprisonment from between six months to five years. 1389:

3) With prison sentence of eight to fifteen years, if they subjected the group or anyone of its individuals to conditions of existence that put their lives in danger or seriously disturbed their health, or when they produced some to them of the injuries anticipated in article

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ruled that the words "deny or" were unconstitutional in its judgement of 7 November 2007. As a result, Holocaust denial is legal in Spain, although justifying the Holocaust or any other genocide is an offence punishable by imprisonment in accordance with the constitution.

1613:, that "the so-called Holocaust is being used for political and commercial purposes" as well as other Holocaust denial comments were a violation of the memory of the dead and an intentional defamation of the Jewish people and that the courts had not violated Article 10 ( 1551:- Publicly inciting to violence or hatred, even by dissemination or distribution of tracts, pictures or other material, directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin. 611:§ 405 Anyone who publicly denies, disputes, approves or attempts to justify a Nazi, Communist or other genocide or Nazi, Communist or other crimes against humanity or war crimes or crimes against peace will be punished by imprisonment for six months to three years. 585:

As of 23 June 2022, the willful promotion of antisemitism is illegal in Canada. Persons found guilty of wilfully promoting antisemitism by "condoning, denying or downplaying the Holocaust" may receive a prison sentence not more than 2 years or a summary conviction.

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t is elementary that freedom of expression (including academic freedom) is not to be restricted to views of which one approves, and that it is precisely in the case of views that are almost universally despised and condemned that this right must be most vigorously

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Whoever publicly denies, coarsely trivialises, or tries to justify genocide or other crimes against humanity via word, writing, pictures, electronically transmitted signs, gestures, violent acts or by other means shall be punished with imprisonment for up to two

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assaults the human dignity of others by insulting, maliciously maligning an aforementioned group, segments of the population or individuals because of their belonging to one of the aforementioned groups or segments of the population, or defaming segments of the

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and the defendant in that case was charged with sharing 'grossly offensive' material related to Holocaust denial. Some contend that this judgement sets a precedent for Holocaust denial related material being deemed "grossly offensive" and contrary to the

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In May 2014, Russia's President Vladimir Putin signed a law making the denial of Nazi crimes and "wittingly spreading false information about the activity of the USSR during the years of World War Two" or portraying Nazis as heroes a criminal offence.

153:. However, the proposal and implementation of these laws has been criticised and met with opposition, including from a variety of civil/human rights activists, who contend that the outlawing of these acts would violate people's established rights for 1099:, Article 457-3 of the Criminal Code, Act of 19 July 1997 outlaws Holocaust denial and denial of other genocides. The punishment is imprisonment for between 8 days and 6 months and/or a fine. The offence of "negationism and revisionism" applies to: 436:

Art.2 In the event of a conviction on account of a violation under this Act, it may be ordered that the judgement, in its entity or an excerpt of it, is published in one of more newspapers, and is displayed, to the charge of the guilty party.

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other similar movements that use violence, the threat of violence or the threat of other serious harm with the aim of suppressing the fundamental rights and freedoms of persons shall be punished by imprisonment of six months to three years".

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4) With the same punishment, if they carried out displacements of the group or their members, they adopted any measurement that tend to prevent their sort of life or reproduction, or transferred by force individuals from a group to another

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The reference to religion is intended to cover, at least, conduct which is a pretext for directing acts against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin.

406:§ 3h. As an amendment to § 3 g., whoever denies, grossly plays down, approves or tries to excuse the National Socialist genocide or other National Socialist crimes against humanity in a print publication, in broadcast or other media. 473:

where Holocaust, genocide and crimes against humanity denial would be criminalized. Bosnian Serb MPs have repeatedly been against such a legislation claiming that the law "would cause disagreement and even animosity" according to

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The Italian parliament, extending an anti-racism law from 1975, approved Law 16 June 2016 n. 115, criminalizing the spreading of Holocaust denial and making conviction for the crime subject to imprisonment for two to six years.

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Article 4. – (1) The dissemination, sale or manufacture of symbols either fascist, racist or xenophobic, and possession of such symbols is punished with imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years and the loss of certain rights.

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by the German government. As there is no specific crime of Holocaust denial in the UK, the German government had applied for Töben's extradition for racial and xenophobic crimes. Töben's extradition was refused by the

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justify the crimes in the previous section of this article, or tries the rehabilitation of regimes or institutions which they protect generating practices of such, will be punished with a prison sentence of one to two

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These laws have also been criticized on the grounds that education is more effective than legislation at combating Holocaust denial and that the laws will make martyrs out of those imprisoned for their violation.

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Delivered on Persons Repressed for Activities for the Benefit of the Independent Polish State (Journal of Laws of 1993 No. 34, item 149, of 1995 No. 36, item 159, No. 28, item 143, and of 1998 No. 97, item 604),

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Vasile Zărnescu, former SRI colonel, escapes with a warning for denying the Holocaust after the judges accepted his appeal/ In the first instance, Zărnescu was sentenced to 13 months in prison with a suspended

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b) defames or slanders an individual or group of individuals because of race, colour, ethnic or national origin, or religion, particularly through the denial of war crimes or those against peace and humanity;

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in convicting him for this offense. Furthermore, the ECHR decided by four votes to three that there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair trial) of the European Convention on Human Rights.

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But I also don't think that these laws are efficacious. Forget the morality – I don't think they work. I think they turn whatever is being outlawed into forbidden fruit. We saw it in Germany, when

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adopted the Joint action/96/443/JHA concerning action to combat racism and xenophobia. During the German presidency there was an attempt to extend this ban. Full implementation was blocked by the

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While Holocaust denial is not explicitly prohibited in Brazilian law, precedents tend to lead to conviction. As of 11 February 2022, several bills criminalizing the act are pending in Congress.

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a) crimes perpetrated against persons of Polish nationality and Polish citizens of other ethnicity, nationalities in the period between 1 September 1939 and 31 December 1989:

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defended the right of free expression for views he detested. It is a poor service to the memory of the victims of the holocaust to adopt a central doctrine of their murderers.

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170(2) Publicly condoning international crimes, crimes of the USSR or Nazi Germany against the Republic of Lithuania and her inhabitants, denial or belittling of such crimes.

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that bans incitement to hatred against segments of the population. It often applies to (though not limited to) trials relating to Holocaust denial in Germany. In addition,

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post-World War II era suggests that their rights are best protected in open and tolerant democracies that actively prosecute all forms of racial and religious hatred".

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Member States may choose to punish only conduct which is either carried out in a manner likely to disturb public order or which is threatening, abusive or insulting.

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The EU extradition policy regarding Holocaust denial was tested in the UK during the 2008 failed extradition case brought against the suspected Holocaust denier

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was found guilty at Australia's Federal Court of contempt in 2009 for not following a court order in 2002 to desist from publishing anti-semitic material on his

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Article 6. – Denial of the Holocaust in public, or to the effects thereof is punishable by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years and the loss of certain rights.

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1. Those who, with the intention to total or partially destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, perpetrate the following acts, will be punished:

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MP in the Bosnian Parliament proposed legislation on criminalizing denial of the Holocaust, genocide and crimes against humanity, the first time a lawmaker in

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Scholars have pointed out that countries that specifically ban Holocaust denial generally have legal systems that limit speech in other ways, such as banning

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Article 3. – (1) Establishing a fascist, racist or xenophobic organisation is punishable by imprisonment from 5 to 15 years and the loss of certain rights.

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with intent to incite to racial, religious or sexual discrimination or to encourage it, shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to five years.

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2 — Whoever in a public meeting, in writing intended for dissemination, or by any means of mass media or computer system whose purpose is to disseminate:

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2) With the prison of fifteen to twenty years, if they sexually attacked to some of members or produced some of the injuries anticipated in article 149.

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There is no statute in the United Kingdom making Holocaust denial illegal; however judicial notice that the Holocaust occurred was taken in the case of

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declared the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust a crime punishable by up to three years' imprisonment on 23 February 2010. The law was signed by

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5) With imprisonment of four to eight years, if they produced any other injury different from the ones indicated in numbers 2) and 3) of this section.

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directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin.

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Member States will ensure that these conducts are punishable by criminal penalties of a maximum of at least between 1 and 3 years of imprisonment.

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court because he refused to stop questioning the Holocaust's 3 basics: 6 million, systematic state extermination, gas chambers as murder weapon.

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proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism xenophobia law in 2001, which included the criminalization of Holocaust denial. On 15 July 1996, the

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minimizes or seeks to justify a genocide or other crimes against humanity shall be punished with up to three years' imprisonment or a fine.

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He who publicly and contrary to facts contradicts the crimes mentioned in Article 1, clause 1 shall be subject to a fine or a penalty of

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perpetrators of those acts or to express sympathy or identification with them, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of five years.

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Definitions 1. In this Law, "crime against the Jewish people" and "crime against humanity" have the same respective meanings as in the "

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when it struck down a law against Holocaust denial in 1992. The argument that laws punishing Holocaust denial are incompatible with the

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crimes defined by the Tribunal of Nuremberg (Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, London Agreement of 1945)

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causes serious bodily or mental harm to a member of the group, especially of the kind referred to in section 226 of the Criminal Code,

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website. The material queried whether the Holocaust happened, as well as the presence of gas chambers at the Auschwitz death camps.

157:. Organisations representing the groups that were victimised during the Holocaust have generally been split in their opinions about 5777: 5675: 5317: 4964: 4946: 4176: 475: 5896: 5739: 5594: 5148: 4047:

Act of 18 December 1998 on the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation

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Filing of charge 5. An indictment for offences under this Law shall only be filed by or with the consent of the Attorney-General.

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Art 13. – It is inserted, after article 48-1 of the law of 29 July 1881 on the freedom of the press, article 48-2 thus written:

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psychological or mental handicap, shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or a fine of the third category.

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Reclaiming Germany: Young Right Extremists, the Return of the Nation, and the State of Politics on the Streets of East Berlin

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Whoever disparages the memory of a deceased person shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than two years or a fine.

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Laws against Holocaust denial have been enforced in most jurisdictions that have them. Convictions and sentencings include:

1609:(ECHR) unanimously ruled that a decision of the German courts determining that the statement made by the German politician, 4623: 4210: 2706: 2643: 2449: 1319: 6328: 5998: 5921: 4380: 2999: 2486: 1618: 235: 223: 1564:

crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes as defined in the Statute of the International Criminal Court

820:(1) Whoever with the intent of destroying as such, in whole or in part, a national, racial, religious or ethnic group: 440:

Art.3. Chapter VII of the First Book of the Penal Code and Article 85 of the same Code are also applicable to this Act.

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Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu

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would also be fined or imprisoned for up to five years, and banned from holding certain offices for up to three years.

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lacks a specific law against Holocaust denial, Holocaust denial is prosecuted in Australia under various laws against "

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Legislation against Holocaust denial has been proposed in many countries that do not have it in place, including the

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inflicts on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction in whole or in part,

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member nations for "denying or grossly trivialising crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes".

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In 2021, the first sentence over Holocaust denial was made in Romania. The accused was Vasile Zărnescu, a former

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used one of Chomsky's essays without explicit permission as a foreword to a book of Holocaust denial essays (see

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World map with red-highlighted countries denoting where, as of 2023, there is legislation in place criminalising

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If the fact two or more aggravating circumstances concurred in, the greater punishment in degree will prevail.

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In 2011, the Bulgarian Parliament passed amendment to the Bulgarian Criminal Code, introducing new art. 419a.

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It seems to me something of a scandal that it is even necessary to debate these issues two centuries after

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The text establishes that the following intentional conduct will be punishable in all EU Member States:

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forcibly transfers a child of the group to another group, shall be punished with imprisonment for life.

6338: 6178: 6095: 5916: 5651: 4827:"Holocaust denier in Germany sentenced to five years in prison – Europe – International Herald Tribune" 2586: 308: 43: 6186: 5533: 5307: 3325: 5800: 5280: 5138:(Université Libre de Bruxelles; Working Papers du Centre Perelman de philosophie du droit, n° 2008/3) 4355: 4156: 90:

as a whole, including that of the Holocaust. Among the countries that have banned Holocaust denial,

6239: 5701: 5620: 5383: 5265: 5125: 676: 200: 75: 3852: 3230:

Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe

2827: 2805: 808: 760: 218:. An identical argument was used by the Hungarian Constitutional Court (Alkotmánybíróság) led by 5329: 5312: 5275: 5210: 4690: 3182: 2099: 1466: 692:

MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF JULY 29, 1881 ON THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS Art 8. – Article 24 of the

629: 513:

in June 2012. One banner reads: "Denying the holocaust is the same as denying slavery in Brazil".

192: 4765: 4686:"Denial of Holocaust nothing new in Iran / Ties to Hitler led to plots against British and Jews" 1477:

In the United States, Holocaust denial is constitutionally protected free speech because of the

683:. The Gayssot Act itself, however, was found consistent with the Constitution four years later. 6353: 6307: 6284: 6247: 6234: 6050: 6024: 5805: 5501: 5388: 5184: 3344:"Loi n°90-615 du 13 juillet 1990 tendant à réprimer tout acte raciste, antisémite ou xénophobe" 2949:"HR's Decision on Enacting the Law on Amendment to the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina" 2108: 1751: 944: 704:

of the law of July 29, 1881 on the freedom of the press, article 24 (a) is written as follows:

653: 575: 470: 465: 135: 59: 3974: 1370:

1) With the prison sentence of fifteen to twenty years, if they killed to some of its members.

1213:

2. the rules of procedure as regards the prosecution of crimes specified in point 1 letter a),

607:

Law Against Support and Dissemination of Movements Oppressing Human Rights and Freedoms (2001)

5985: 5979: 5957: 5708: 5352: 4568: 2975:"É proibido se dizer nazista ou negar Holocausto no Brasil? O que dizem leis e especialistas" 2872:"PORICANJE GENOCIDA PROGLASITI KRIVIČNIM DJELOM, Prof. dr. Fikret Karcic, Preporod, 5.7.2007" 1614: 847: 4336: 971: 219: 5881: 5377: 4886: 4783: 4729:"A Lyon, l'éditeur chômeur Jean Plantin jugé pour contestation de crimes contre l'humanité" 4708: 2689:"Looking at Anti-Semitism on the Left and the Right: An Interview with Deborah E. Lipstadt" 1423:, but the denial of genocide and other crimes against humanity is an imprisonable offence. 1055:

Although not specifically outlining national socialist crimes, item five of section 283 of

968: 637: 497: 266: 131: 4098: 3251:"Communication No 550/1993 : France. 16/12/96. CCPR/C/58/D/550/1993. (Jurisprudence)" 8: 6253: 5810: 5611: 2033: 1509: 897: 502: 394:. In 1992, it was amended to prohibit the denial or gross minimisation of the Holocaust. 359: 313: 258: 3011: 2528: 6229: 6130: 5950: 5856: 5760: 5538: 5506: 4969: 4928: 4831: 4685: 4524: 4385: 4129:(in Romanian). Romanian Government Department for Interethnic Relations. Archived from 3053: 2754:"Racial Discrimination Act changes would allow Holocaust denial, says Shane Rattenbury" 2678:

Chomsky, Noam. "His Right to Say It". Noam Chomsky website. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

2620: 1708: 1203:- other crimes constituting crimes against peace, crimes against humanity or war crimes 570: 383: 367: 262: 4844: 4500: 3627:"'German historian Heinz Richter acquitted regarding his book on the battle of Crete'" 2559: 934:

The first prosecution under Article 2 of the law was brought against German historian

489:

given to him banning the denial of Genocides, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes.

211: 6274: 6269: 5831: 5549: 5432: 5400: 5085: 5001:"Amtsgericht Hamburg: 87-jährige Holocaust-Leugnerin zu zehn Monaten Haft verurteilt" 4848: 3927: 3506: 3402: 3375: 3234: 3057: 3045: 2089: 1959: 1841: 1653: 948: 939: 680: 535:

national or ethic origin shall be punishable by imprisonment from one to five years.

231: 215: 154: 4130: 3461: 2890:"24sata.info - Stranka za BiH: Krivičnim zakonom BiH obuhvatiti genocid i holokaust" 1718: 1529: 363: 5485: 5442: 5344: 5297: 4714: 4642: 4628: 4390: 3612: 3037: 1975: 1809: 1521: 935: 649: 558: 294: 254: 181: 67: 34: 4482: 4429: 4241: 3207: 3159: 3002:(translation in English)] - published by the Ministry of Labor and Social Policies 547:

The legality of Holocaust denial in Canada has come up in several court cases. In

6279: 6145: 6037: 5943: 5826: 5249: 5135: 4910: 4871: 4809: 4436: 4412: 4285: 4073: 4053: 3874: 3700: 3412: 3369: 3301: 3041: 2974: 2432: 2383: 1735: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1233: 885: 754: 748: 165: 87: 4464: 2653: 2507: 1998-VII, no. 92; application number 24662/94, case number 55/1997/839/1045 2456: 1825: 855:§ 189 Disparagement of the Memory of Deceased Persons (1985, amendments of 1992) 554: 6264: 6209: 6004: 5691: 5457: 5395: 5238: 5203: 5128:

Holocaust Denial Legislation – A justifiable infringement of freedom of speech?

4947:"European Court of Human Rights: Holocaust Denial is Not Protected Free Speech" 4933: 4890: 4788: 4746: 3073:"Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" 3025: 2692: 2436: 2169: 1517: 1448: 1170: 766: 595: 482: 387: 302: 214:

feel the work of Holocaust deniers should be protected by a universal right to

150: 95: 4663: 4606:"Holocaust denial is not protected by the European Convention on Human Rights" 4286:"SR 311.0 Art. 261bis Rassendiskriminierung (Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch)" 3573:"Greece Passes Bill Making Holocaust-Denial Illegal, Tougher Anti-Racism Laws" 3531: 1929: 1685: 1610: 138:

is also a criminal offence in several countries, as is any attempt to portray

6322: 6105: 5734: 5516: 5480: 5217: 4589: 3481: 3049: 2069: 1783: 1669: 1497: 1056: 661: 164:

Some courts in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom have taken

146: 51: 29: 4018: 3996: 3436:

Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz: GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE

3347: 3288: 3276: 3026:"Freedom of Expression v. Social Responsibility: Holocaust Denial in Canada" 1542:

European Union Framework Decision for Combating Racism and Xenophobia (2007)

1158:, Holocaust denial and the denial of communist crimes is punishable by law. 1030:

against humanity, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of five years.

710:

those who have disputed the existence of one or more crimes against humanity

688:

LAW No 90-615 to repress acts of racism, anti-semitism and xenophobia (1990)

6100: 6090: 5991: 5911: 5729: 5599: 5521: 5426: 5255: 4813: 4770: 3326:"Décision n° 2015-512 QPC du 8 janvier 2016 | Conseil constitutionnel" 3135:"Holocaust denial — and downplaying Nazis' murder of Jews — to be outlawed" 2724:"George Brandis: Holocaust Denial Would Not Become Legal Under My New Laws" 2591: 2113: 2074: 1897: 1871: 1767: 657: 579: 274: 270: 250: 158: 71: 63: 54:: a large-scale industrialised genocide in which approximately six million 47: 5052:"Alberta Holocaust denier convicted in Germany for 'incitement to hatred'" 4983:"Le négationniste Vincent Reynouard de nouveau condamné à la prison ferme" 3401:, vol. 1, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago, p. 183, 1356:

PENAL CODE- BOOK II, TITLE XXIV Crimes against the International Community

207: 6140: 5876: 5365: 5153: 5005: 4681: 4289: 3557:"A Fertile ground: The Expansion of Holocaust Denial into the Arab World" 3441:

Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection: GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE

2338: 1420: 1113: 896:

In September 2014, with a vote of 54 out of 99 present of the 300-member

625: 355: 290: 177: 6289: 6259: 6162: 5588: 5369: 5302: 4864: 3463:

Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz: Strafgesetzbuch

2648: 2260: 2061: 1096: 574:, the federal government announced a bill in 2022 that will change the 549: 391: 327: 186: 4157:"Bucharest court rules first sentence for Holocaust denial in Romania" 4104:(in Portuguese). Diário da República. 4 September 2007. pp. 57–58 4046: 2416:

János Kis: Szólássabadság és náci beszéd, Népszabadság, 30 March 1996.

1775:

3 years' imprisonment. Released and deported after serving 13 months.

316:

expressed her opposition to laws against expressing Holocaust denial:

6075:

International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

5543: 5196: 4847:, Robert Faurisson. Portrait d'un négationniste, Paris, 2012, p.382 ( 3733:"Hungary Criminalizes Holocaust Denial, Orders Man To Visit Memorial" 2926: 2247: 1493: 1077: 765:

outlaws various symbols of "unconstitutional organisations", such as

645: 351: 5861: 5106:"First They Came for the Holocaust Deniers, and I Did Not Speak Out" 2055: 1236:

prohibits denial of war crimes if used to incite to discrimination.

1167:– Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation 782:(1) Whosoever, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace: 161:, including that which deals with the legality of Holocaust denial. 4987: 4751: 4733: 4668: 4539:"Suspected Holocaust denier Dr Gerald Toben wins extradition fight" 4505: 4469: 4177:"Holocaust Deniers in Russia Now Face Five Years in Prison Reuters" 3177: 3175: 3173: 2587:"This is the moment for Europe to dismantle taboos, not erect them" 2325: 2286: 1537:, and the German government withdrew its appeal to the High Court. 1229: 982: 715:

shall be punished by one month to one year's imprisonment or a fine

713:

found guilty such crimes by a French or international jurisdiction

530:

Criminal Code of the Republic of Bulgaria (1968, amendment of 2011)

481:

On 23 July 2021, the High Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina

321:

been able to sue me in this country because he was a public figure.

282: 6044:

The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism

4483:"EU diplomats: Ban on Holocaust denial won't curb civil liberties" 3470:] (in German), Federal Ministry of Justice, Germany, para. 130 3468:

Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection: Criminal Code

4487: 4237: 3828:"Italy's parliament approves bill criminalizing Holocaust denial" 3786: 3253:. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2351: 2299: 2221: 2195: 2156: 2143: 1273: 1182:

of up to three years. The judgment shall be made publicly known.

1006: 964: 795:

shall be liable to imprisonment from three months to five years.

778:§ 130 Incitement to hatred (1985, Revised 1992, 2002, 2005, 2015) 742: 461: 416: 379: 127: 119: 107: 103: 91: 4567:. European Union @ United Nations. 19 April 2007. Archived from 3714:"Fidesz-szigor a Btk-ban: börtön a kommunista bűnök tagadásáért" 3170: 2546:"Is There a New Anti-Semitism? A Conversation with Raul Hilberg" 4865:"Austrian Holocaust denier gets six-and-a-half years in prison" 4784:"German Holocaust Denier Imprisoned for Inciting Racial Hatred" 3787:""Jogsegélyt ajánl a Kuruc.infónak a TASZ" – nem kérünk belőle" 2312: 2273: 2208: 2182: 2103: 1596: 1179: 1155: 1002: 988:

In January 2015, the court ordered far-right on-line newspaper

975: 621: 501:

Demonstrators protest the presence of former Iranian President

139: 123: 115: 111: 99: 83: 79: 4565:"EU Justice Ministers agree on racism and xenophobia proposal" 1215:

3. the protection of the personal data of grieved parties, and

1080:, approval and denial of Nazi or Soviet crimes is prohibited. 5871: 4234:"Spanish court rules out jail sentences for Holocaust denial" 3751:"A Kuruc.info cikke az első, amit betiltottak Magyarországon" 2234: 1693:

15 months' imprisonment (fled Switzerland to avoid sentence)

1343: 1228:

Although denial of the Holocaust is not expressly illegal in

833:

imposes measures intended to prevent births within the group,

399:

National Socialism Prohibition Law (1947, amendments of 1992)

3971:"Dutch Liberal leader: Holocaust Denial should Not be Crime" 1677:

6 months' imprisonment (suspended), ₣240,000 (€37,500) fine

993:

of the association, and also refused to delete the article.

981:

In 2011, the first man was charged with Holocaust denial in

5891: 3293:

La loi contre la négation du génocide arménien est censurée

1661:

fines of €183,000 (1987), €6,000 (1999) and €30,000 (2016)

770: 5887:

Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung

2426:

Fogadatlan prókátorok – A gárdaítélet félreértelmezéseiről

1005:, a law to criminalize Holocaust denial was passed by the 4337:"Alison Chabloz has anti-Semitic songs conviction upheld" 3227:

Naamat, Talis; Osin, Nina; and Porat, Dina (eds.) (2012)

2830:(in German). Austrian Research Centre for Post-War Trials 2808:(in German). Austrian Research Centre for Post-War Trials 1405:

2. The diffusion by any means of ideas or doctrines that

1219:

4. the conduct of activities as regards public education.

4929:"German court tells holocaust denier he must face trial" 4887:"German Neo-Nazi Lawyer Sentenced for Denying Holocaust" 4311:"Ukraine's Parliament Passes Bill Banning Anti-Semitism" 1241:

Article 240: Racial, religious, or sexual discrimination

1112:

While Holocaust denial is not explicitly illegal in the

5024:"Update: Canadian couple convicted in Germany for hate" 445:

Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism

4596:, decided on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 3443:], Federal Ministry of Justice, Germany, para. 130 4965:"Hungary orders Holocaust denier to visit Auschwitz " 2780:"Holocaust denier Fredrick Toben jailed in Australia" 2403:

Expanding Holocaust Denial and Legislation Against It

3183:"Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46), section 319" 2917:"Bosnia's Etnic Tensions Delay Holocaust Denial Law" 2051: 1484:

A United States court in 1981, in a case brought by

6205:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

3805:"Denial of Holocaust -Prohibition- Law- 5746-1986-" 3374:. Abingdon, Oxon, England: Routledge. p. 139. 1558:

Publicly condoning, denying or grossly trivialising

1059:'s criminal code prohibits the denial of genocide. 910:

Article 1 – Public incitement of violence or hatred

660:. Similarly, the applications of Pierre Marais and 656:upheld it as a necessary means to counter possible 5767:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 5465:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil 3873:(in German). LLV Government Portal. Archived from 2377:Should Freedom of Speech Stop at Holocaust Denial? 1743:6 months' imprisonment (suspended), fine, damages 4803:"The Influence of a Man Who Denies the Holocaust" 3613:"Historians against Article 2 of anti-racist law" 3507:"§ 189 Verunglimpfung des Andenkens Verstorbener" 1849:1 year's imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 euros 974:in March 2010. On 8 June 2010, the newly elected 168:that the Holocaust occurred during World War II. 6320: 4124:"ORDONANTA DE URGENTA nr. 31 din 13 martie 2002" 3160:"C-19 (44-1) - LEGISinfo - Parliament of Canada" 2806:"Verbotsgesetz 1945 in der Fassung des NSG 1947" 1014:Denial of Holocaust (Prohibition) Law, 5746-1986 578:to outlaw Holocaust denial and similar forms of 386:provided the legal framework for the process of 306:in connection with the publication of her book, 5086:"Free Mr. Bond: Interview with Team FreeMrBond" 5022:International, Radio Canada (31 October 2018). 5009:, 12 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015. 4991:, 11 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. 4937:, 10 November 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009. 4774:, 21 February 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2009. 4737:, 9 September 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4672:, 27 February 1998. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4439:. Europa.eu. 27 July 2005. 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Archived from 3655:"Rhetoric of hate and racist speech in Greece" 2616:"David Irving has a right to free speech, too" 2399: 1362:Chapter II: Crimes of genocide – Article 607.1 5867:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War 5169: 5021: 4904:"Horst Mahler zu hoher Haftstrafe verurteilt" 4381:"California Judge Rules Holocaust Did Happen" 4169: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3863: 3565: 3023: 1419:Holocaust denial is not expressly illegal in 811:referenced in the above § 130 is as follows: 753:('incitement of the people') is a concept in 736: 679:was unconstitutional because it violated the 563:Canada's Charter guarantee of free expression 4919:, 11 March 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009. 4792:, 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2009. 4755:, 11 April 2000. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4718:), 21 July 1998. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4528:, 19 April 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4509:, 19 April 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4491:, 17 April 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 4430:Joint action to combat racism and xenophobia 3897:"LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS BAUDŽIAMASIS KODEKSAS" 3730: 3694:President Sólyom signs Holocaust denial bill 3314:Decision no. 2012-647 DC of 28 FEBRUARY 2012 3070: 2085:Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust 1597:2019 European Court of Human Rights decision 1281:Emergency Ordinance No. 31 of March 13, 2002 758: 746: 675:ruled that to extend the Gayssot Act to the 390:in Austria and suppression of any potential 5094:, 18 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2023. 4955:, 3 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 4614:, 3 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 4278: 4019:"Wetboek van Strafrecht (Sr), Artikel 137d" 3997:"Wetboek van Strafrecht (Sr), Artikel 137c" 2721: 2529:2 BHRC UN Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/550/1993 648:in 1945–46. When the act was challenged by 171: 5999:A History of the Palestinian People (2017) 5183: 5176: 5162: 4632:, 2 June 1999. Retrieved 14 November 2009. 3911: 3769:"Jogsegélyt kínál a TASZ a Kuruc.info-nak" 3731:Bennettsmith, Meredith (2 February 2013). 3524: 3499: 3367: 2704: 2584: 1642:Country where the sentence was pronounced 905:LAW 927/1979 (as amended by Law 4285/2014) 864:§ 194 Application for Criminal Prosecution 428:Negationism Law (1995, amendments of 1999) 230:have been rejected by institutions of the 5964:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by 5639: 5103: 4973:, 3 February 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013. 3889: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3107: 3024:Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (1 January 2013). 2820: 2798: 2558:(1–2). Winter–Spring 2007. Archived from 553:, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that 505:, who had referred to the Holocaust as a 451: 5343: 5076:, 31 March 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023. 4704:"Holocaust Revisionists Will Serve Time" 4099:"Código Penal português (texto oficial)" 4091: 3474: 3233:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.117-120 2080:Armenian genocide denial § Legality 809:Code of Crimes against International Law 496: 249:Historians who oppose such laws include 58:were systematically murdered throughout 28: 5740:There was no such thing as Palestinians 4303: 4116: 3871:"Liechtensteinisches Landesgesetzblatt" 3669:"Hungary criminalises holocaust denial" 3591: 3394: 2842: 2641: 2585:Garton Ash, Timothy (19 October 2006). 199:of continental Europe and Scotland. In 191:of the United States, Ireland and many 14: 6334:Holocaust denial in the European Union 6321: 5438:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina 5046: 5044: 5017: 5015: 4557: 4225: 4195: 4154: 4011: 3989: 3963: 3949:"Denying holocaust 'not a crime': VVD" 3941: 3924:"LUXEMBOURG – National Legal Measures" 3797: 3447: 3419: 3336: 2922:Balkan Investigative Reporting Network 2914: 2613: 1863:6 years' imprisonment (third offence) 1650:September 1987, June 1999, April 2016 66:, several countries have criminalised 5271:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples 5157: 4766:"Irving jailed for denying Holocaust" 4664:"Writer fined for Holocaust writings" 4643:"Le Pen fined over Holocaust remarks" 4256: 3560:Boston College Third World Law Review 3221: 2533:United Nations Human Rights Committee 1510:European Union's Executive Commission 244:United Nations Human Rights Committee 228:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5318:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes 4624:"Le Pen Convicted for Racial Hatred" 4455:. 24 July 1996. Retrieved June 2007. 3807:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3675:. Associated Press. 23 February 2010 3388: 3014:from the Ministry of Justice website 1320:Law Against Rehabilitation of Nazism 300:In January 2019, in an interview in 265:. Other prominent opponents include 74:that the genocide was fabricated or 6344:Laws criminalizing Holocaust denial 5922:United Daughters of the Confederacy 5104:Mchangama, Jacob (2 October 2016). 5041: 5012: 4373: 4231: 3825: 3619: 3361: 3243: 2687:Chotiner, Isaac (January 24, 2019) 2487:European Commission of Human Rights 1619:European Convention on Human Rights 807:The definition of section 6 of the 236:European Commission of Human Rights 224:European Convention on Human Rights 24: 5897:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 4465:"Push for EU Holocaust denial ban" 4086:to see act. Retrieved 31 May 2009. 3089:from the original on 3 August 2021 2708:A bad law against Holocaust denial 2642:Chomsky, Noam (28 February 1981). 1997:3 years and 2 months imprisonment 947:, as it violated the principle of 875: 134:. Additionally, any expression of 25: 6365: 6011:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 5756:Allegations of genocide in Donbas 5648:Destruction of Armenian heritage 5555:Destruction of cultural heritage 5512:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 5119: 4747:"Holocaust revisionist sentenced" 4501:"EU agrees new racial hatred law" 4209:. 7 November 2007. Archived from 4155:Marica, Irina (5 February 2021). 4058:Institute of National Remembrance 4021:(in Dutch). www.wetboek-online.nl 3999:(in Dutch). www.wetboek-online.nl 2981:(in Portuguese). 11 February 2022 2953:Office of the High Representative 2915:Dzidic, Denis (27 January 2009). 2734:from the original on 3 March 2016 2482:X. v. Federal Republic of Germany 2406:, Jewish Political Studies Review 1951:18-month suspended jail sentence 1817:€7,500 fine, 3 months' probation 1503: 1492:of the occurrence of gassings in 1455: 1165:Institute of National Remembrance 884:has, in at least one case, taken 841: 598:, Holocaust denial and denial of 589: 6303: 6302: 5097: 5079: 5062: 4994: 4976: 4958: 4940: 4922: 4897: 4880: 4858: 4838: 4820: 4795: 4777: 4758: 4740: 4721: 4697: 4675: 4657: 4635: 4353: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2214: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2149: 2136: 2054: 1921:€12,000 fine (later overturned) 1605:(application no. 55225/14), the 1472: 1050: 1020:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators Law 673:Constitutional Council of France 600:communist-perpetrated atrocities 5907:Institute for Historical Review 5902:Institute for Armenian Research 5725:Denial of the 7 October attacks 5626:Shakespeare authorship question 5335:Denial of the 7 October attacks 5145:Interview with Brigitte Zypries 4617: 4599: 4583: 4531: 4512: 4494: 4476: 4458: 4442: 4423: 4417:Institute for Historical Review 4405: 4347: 4329: 4232:Uni, Assaf (10 November 2007). 4148: 4033: 3845: 3819: 3779: 3761: 3743: 3724: 3706: 3687: 3661: 3647: 3633: 3605: 3549: 3371:Incitement in International Law 3318: 3306: 3282: 3265: 3200: 3152: 3127: 3101: 3064: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2967: 2941: 2908: 2882: 2864: 2772: 2746: 2715: 2698: 2681: 2672: 2635: 2607: 2578: 2538: 1759:1 year's imprisonment, damages 1601:On 3 October 2019, in the case 1342:Genocide denial was illegal in 1163:Act of 18 December 1998 on the 642:International Military Tribunal 184:, this is a split between the " 5631:Territorial losses of Thailand 5149:U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 4952:European Court of Human Rights 4916:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4611:European Court of Human Rights 4594:European Court of Human Rights 4393:. 10 October 1981. p. A26 4078:Sejm of the Republic of Poland 3641:"Professor Richter not guilty" 3330:www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr 3071:Bazyler, Michael (2008–2009). 2614:Singer, Peter (1 March 2006). 2516: 2511:European Court of Human Rights 2492: 2474: 2442: 2419: 2410: 2400:Whine, Michael (Spring 2008), 2393: 2388:Index of Free Expression, 2005 2369: 2126: 1607:European Court of Human Rights 1535:Westminster Magistrates' Court 1414: 1127:a fine of the third category. 1107: 846:The following sections of the 726:years' imprisonment or a fine. 666:European Court of Human Rights 240:European Court of Human Rights 13: 1: 6018:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 5837:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 5453:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5286:Genocide of Serbs during WWII 5224:school textbook controversies 4207:Constitutional Court of Spain 3275:, n° 31159/96, 25 June 1996; 2722:Ben Collins (26 March 2014). 2501:Lehideux and Isorni v. France 2450:"Alkotmánybíróság - Kezdőlap" 2363: 2095:Genocide recognition politics 1514:Council of the European Union 1348:Constitutional Court of Spain 1308:Romanian Intelligence Service 1090: 888:that the Holocaust occurred. 702:As an amendment to Article 24 340: 18:Laws against Holocaust denial 6171:Lehideux and Isorni v France 6058:Report about Case Srebrenica 6032:Journal of Historical Review 5534:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe 4315:RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty 3555:Pichent, Michelle L. (2003) 3536:Bundesministerium der Justiz 3511:Bundesministerium der Justiz 3368:Timmermann, Wibke K (2014). 3279:, No 65831/01, 24 June 2003. 3042:10.1080/08900523.2012.746119 3030:Journal of Mass Media Ethics 3012:Criminal Code (in Bulgarian) 2705:Adam Lebor (25 March 2010), 1626:Prosecutions and convictions 1071: 882:German Federal Supreme Court 824:kills a member of the group, 419:, Holocaust denial was made 345: 7: 5973:Did Six Million Really Die? 5606:Like sheep to the slaughter 4266:(in Spanish). juridicas.com 3951:. DutchNews.nl. 27 May 2009 3579:. Reuters. 9 September 2014 3486:Federal Ministry of Justice 3433:Bohlander, Michael (1998), 2047: 1328: 1223: 520: 10: 6370: 6329:Holocaust denial in Israel 6179:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd 6096:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 5917:Turkish Historical Society 5448:Ferdinand Marcos apologism 2728:Business Insider Australia 1442: 1317: 1267: 954: 737:§ 130 Incitement to hatred 731: 410: 373: 309:Antisemitism: Here and Now 6298: 6240:Historical misconceptions 6222: 6197: 6154: 6121: 6114: 6083: 6067: 5935: 5849: 5819: 5793: 5748: 5717: 5684: 5494: 5416: 5248: 5191: 4545:. London. 29 October 2008 4203:"Tribunal Constitucional" 4072:30 September 2007 at the 4060:. Retrieved 31 May 2009. 2034:Philip Hassler (Mr. Bond) 1707:12 months' imprisonment, 1313: 1149: 1064:§ 283 Race discrimination 996: 891: 615: 542: 492: 478:member Lazar Prodanovic. 5783:Denial of Crimean Tatars 5612:Myth of the golden exile 5134:24 February 2021 at the 3857:www.gazzettaufficiale.it 3599:"Article 2 Law 927/1979" 3395:Shoshan, Nitzan (2008), 3312:Constitutional Council, 2786:. London. 14 August 2009 2573:try to shut somebody up. 2513: 23 September 1998). 2119: 2025:13 months' imprisonment 1983:10 months' imprisonment 1337: 1041: 677:Armenian genocide denial 636:, on the basis of which 289:An uproar resulted when 172:Criticism and commentary 6187:Perinçek v. Switzerland 5617:Phantom time hypothesis 5211:Knowledge falsification 4691:San Francisco Chronicle 4052:20 October 2007 at the 3300:11 January 2015 at the 2852:(in French). juridat.be 2382:15 January 2008 at the 2100:Rwandan genocide denial 2041:10 years' imprisonment 1467:Communications Act 2003 1447:In September 2021, the 1173:1998 nr 155 poz. 1016) 630:crimes against humanity 485:passed a law using the 42:Between 1941 and 1945, 6285:Genocide justification 6248:Accusation in a mirror 6235:Historical revisionism 6051:The Ottoman Lieutenant 5502:Allah as a lunar deity 5389:Double genocide theory 5185:Historical negationism 5143:Voices on Antisemitism 4870:7 January 2010 at the 3699:10 August 2011 at the 2109:Secondary antisemitism 2102:, which is illegal in 2011:10 months time served 1967:2 years' imprisonment 1905:5 years' imprisonment 1833:5 years' imprisonment 1752:Gaston-Armand Amaudruz 1594: 1440: 1412: 1304: 1265: 1221: 1187:This Act shall govern: 1180:deprivation of liberty 1143: 1130: 1105: 1088: 1069: 1039: 928: 873: 860: 839: 805: 759: 747: 729: 728: 719: 654:Human Rights Committee 640:were convicted by the 634:London Charter of 1945 613: 540: 514: 471:Bosnia and Herzegovina 466:Bosnia and Herzegovina 452:Bosnia and Herzegovina 449: 408: 334: 312:, Holocaust historian 287: 136:genocide justification 60:German-occupied Europe 37: 5980:Falsifiers of History 5958:The Birth of a Nation 5709:Stab-in-the-back myth 5486:Operation Legacy (UK) 5353:Austria victim theory 4909:14 April 2009 at the 4875:European Jewish Press 4435:11 March 2009 at the 4183:. Reuters. 5 May 2014 2878:on 19 September 2009. 2644:"His Right to Say It" 1615:freedom of expression 1539: 1433:Racial discrimination 1425: 1353: 1278: 1238: 1160: 1131: 1118: 1101: 1082: 1061: 1011: 902: 861: 852: 813: 775: 761:Strafgesetzbuch § 86a 723: 706: 685: 664:were rejected by the 604: 559:German-born immigrant 527: 500: 425: 396: 318: 279: 159:anti-Nazi legislation 142:in a positive light. 32: 6349:Lists of legislation 6106:Nation Europa Verlag 5882:FactCheckArmenia.com 5778:Censorship of images 5495:Other manifestations 5378:Italiani brava gente 4808:23 June 2016 at the 4727:Francillon, Claude. 4709:The Spokesman-Review 4590:"Pastörs v. Germany" 4244:on 17 September 2008 3853:"Gazzetta Ufficiale" 3826:JTA (10 June 2016). 3187:Justice Laws Website 2929:on 16 September 2009 1889:years' imprisonment 1801:years' imprisonment 848:German criminal code 668:, in 1996 and 2003. 267:Christopher Hitchens 193:British Commonwealth 76:has been exaggerated 6270:Conspiracy theories 6254:Ash heap of history 5811:Sun Language Theory 5576:Myth of English aid 4801:Stalinsky, Steven. 4543:The Daily Telegraph 4343:. 13 February 2019. 4317:. 22 September 2021 4290:Swiss Confederation 4136:on 28 November 2009 3832:The Times of Israel 3720:. NOL. 21 May 2010. 3629:. 10 February 2016. 3615:. 2 September 2014. 3532:"§ 194 Strafantrag" 2784:The Daily Telegraph 2489: 16 July 1982). 2431:11 May 2020 at the 1200:- communist crimes, 898:Hellenic Parliament 850:are also relevant: 755:German criminal law 503:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 360:racial vilification 314:Deborah E. Lipstadt 259:Pierre Vidal-Naquet 197:civil law countries 195:countries from the 132:banned Nazi symbols 6230:Historical fiction 6025:Jasenovac – istina 5951:A Verdade Sufocada 5857:Adelaide Institute 5761:All-Russian nation 5718:Israel / Palestine 5697:Myth of Langemarck 5676:Western Azerbaijan 5539:Christ myth theory 5507:Ancient astronauts 5417:Other whitewashing 5291:Croatian Knowledge 5281:Cambodian genocide 5126:Jonathan Josephs, 5058:. 26 October 2018. 4970:The Jerusalem Post 4832:The New York Times 4525:The New York Times 4386:The New York Times 4356:"Holocaust Denial" 4213:on 20 January 2012 4083:tekst ujednolicony 3793:. 15 January 2015. 3775:. 15 January 2015. 3757:. 14 January 2015. 3415:on 21 January 2016 2711:, Jewish Chronicle 2656:on 10 October 2014 2621:The Jerusalem Post 2524:Faurisson v France 1914:Richard Williamson 1857:Wolfgang Fröhlich 1603:Pastörs v. Germany 632:as defined in the 571:The Canadian Press 515: 384:Verbotsgesetz 1947 368:Adelaide Institute 263:Timothy Garton Ash 242:) and also by the 210:and in particular 70:—the assertion by 38: 6339:Holocaust studies 6316: 6315: 6275:False attribution 6218: 6217: 6198:International law 6084:Publishing houses 5845: 5844: 5832:Irish slaves myth 5652:Cemetery in Julfa 5595:Khazar hypothesis 5550:Damnatio memoriae 5433:Czechoslovak myth 5412: 5411: 5325:Rohingya genocide 5266:Armenian genocide 4694:, 8 January 2006. 4453:Eur-lex.Europa.eu 3928:Council of Europe 3277:Garaudy v. France 2090:Freedom of speech 2045: 2044: 1972:12 November 2015 1960:Vincent Reynouard 1956:11 February 2015 1842:Vincent Reynouard 1822:15 February 2007 1764:20 February 2006 1666:27 February 1998 1654:Jean-Marie Le Pen 961:National Assembly 949:freedom of speech 681:freedom of speech 392:revival of Nazism 232:Council of Europe 155:freedom of speech 16:(Redirected from 6361: 6306: 6305: 6119: 6118: 5705: 5665: 5637: 5636: 5584: 5473: 5443:Driftwood theory 5341: 5340: 5330:Rwandan genocide 5313:Nanjing Massacre 5308:Khojaly massacre 5276:Bosnian genocide 5178: 5171: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5114: 5113: 5101: 5095: 5091:counter-currents 5083: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5019: 5010: 4998: 4992: 4980: 4974: 4962: 4956: 4944: 4938: 4926: 4920: 4901: 4895: 4884: 4878: 4862: 4856: 4842: 4836: 4824: 4818: 4799: 4793: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4725: 4719: 4715:Associated Press 4701: 4695: 4679: 4673: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4629:Associated Press 4621: 4615: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4516: 4510: 4498: 4492: 4480: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4446: 4440: 4427: 4421: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4391:Associated Press 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4354:Kahn, Robert A. 4351: 4345: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4240:. Archived from 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4065: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3920: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3657:. 11 March 2018. 3651: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3601:. 16 March 2015. 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3482:"§ 6 Völkermord" 3478: 3472: 3471: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3411:, archived from 3392: 3386: 3385: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3286: 3280: 3273:Marais c. France 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925:. Archived from 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2892:. Archived from 2886: 2880: 2879: 2874:. Archived from 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2702: 2696: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2652:. Archived from 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2542: 2536: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2462:on 21 April 2016 2461: 2455:. 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Evans 182:D. D. Guttenplan 68:Holocaust denial 35:Holocaust denial 21: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6294: 6280:Furtive fallacy 6244: 6214: 6193: 6150: 6110: 6079: 6063: 6038:Leuchter report 5944:A Town Betrayed 5931: 5841: 5827:1776 Commission 5815: 5801:Denial of Kurds 5789: 5744: 5713: 5699: 5680: 5659: 5635: 5578: 5490: 5467: 5418: 5408: 5339: 5258: 5253: 5250:Genocide denial 5244: 5232:Rationalization 5187: 5182: 5136:Wayback Machine 5122: 5117: 5102: 5098: 5084: 5080: 5067: 5063: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5020: 5013: 4999: 4995: 4981: 4977: 4963: 4959: 4945: 4941: 4927: 4923: 4911:Wayback Machine 4902: 4898: 4885: 4881: 4872:Wayback Machine 4863: 4859: 4845:Valérie Igounet 4843: 4839: 4825: 4821: 4810:Wayback Machine 4800: 4796: 4782: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4745: 4741: 4726: 4722: 4702: 4698: 4680: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4622: 4618: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4571:on 20 July 2011 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4518:Bilefsky, Dan. 4517: 4513: 4499: 4495: 4481: 4477: 4463: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4437:Wayback Machine 4428: 4424: 4413:Mel Mermelstein 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4162:Romania Insider 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4074:Wayback Machine 4063: 4054:Wayback Machine 4040: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3977:on 17 July 2011 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3899:(in Lithuanian) 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3877:on 4 March 2016 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3737:Huffington Post 3729: 3725: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3701:Wayback Machine 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3673:The Independent 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3460: 3459: 3448: 3431: 3420: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3302:Wayback Machine 3287: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3108:KamloopsBCNow. 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2896:on 28 July 2011 2888: 2887: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2659: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2565: 2563: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433:Wayback Machine 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2398: 2394: 2384:Wayback Machine 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2345: 2343: 2332: 2330: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2304: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2278: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2252: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2213: 2202: 2200: 2189: 2187: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2148: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2060: 2053: 2050: 1926:16 August 2012 1885: 1881: 1880: 1806:3 October 2006 1797: 1793: 1792: 1628: 1599: 1547: 1506: 1490:judicial notice 1486:Mel Mermelstein 1479:First Amendment 1475: 1458: 1445: 1417: 1360: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1316: 1270: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1188: 1186: 1177: 1152: 1110: 1093: 1074: 1053: 1044: 999: 957: 894: 886:judicial notice 878: 876:Judicial notice 857: 844: 749:Volksverhetzung 739: 734: 618: 592: 545: 523: 495: 454: 413: 376: 348: 343: 212:András Schiffer 180:. According to 174: 166:judicial notice 88:genocide denial 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Cherry picking 6262: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6210:Right to truth 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6005:Hitler Diaries 6002: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5806:History Thesis 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786: 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