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One of the defining events of Hong Taiji's reign was the official adoption of the name "Man" (满) for the united
Jurchen people in November 1635. In 1635, the Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. Hong Taiji conquered the territory
2730:
Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two
Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet another defeat in 1627 at the hands of Yuan Chonghuan. As before, this defeat was in part due to the Ming's newly
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domains on the plains of
Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhaci's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and
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Nurhaci broke three of the four Ming armies, forcing the survivors and the fourth to retreat in disorder. This caused the power sphere of the Later Jin to extend over the entire eastern part of
Liaoyang.
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This was followed by the creation of the first two Han
Banners in 1637 (increased to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a
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With the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, Nurhaci took a hostile attitude towards the Ming for favoritism and meddling in the affairs of the
Jurchen tribes. In 1618, he proclaimed his
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stunned the Ming court. In 1619, he attacked the Yehe (葉赫) in an attempt to provoke the Ming. The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by
Military Commissioner
2608:(a military subdivision during the Ming dynasty), collectively known as the "Three Wei of Jianzhou". The leaders of the Jurchen tribes were usually chosen as commanders of the
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Originally a Ming vassal who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power, the
Jianzhou Jurchen leader
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2798:. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the
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sent military commissions to gain control of the
Jurchen tribes in Manchuria. The Ming government divided the Jianzhou Jurchens into three
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acquired cannons. To redress his technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps, the
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2735:(Chinese: 重軍) from among his existing Han troops who cast their own cannons with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists.
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The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, p. 29
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Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. His five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the
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promoted the unification of the Jurchens living in Manchuria at the beginning of the 17th century. He organized "
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was also dedicated to the emperor (Bogd Sécén Khaan) by nobility. When he was said to be presented with the
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The unbroken series of military successes by Nurhaci came to an end in January 1626 when he was defeated by
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officially renamed the realm to "Great Qing", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty. During the
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claimants and loyalists, going on to rule an empire comprising all of China, stretching as far as
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refused to serve Li's Shun forces. Wu instead made an alliance with the Qing and opened the
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Hong Taiji mediator wood letter card, have three languages of Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese
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cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.
2627:, was killed. The Jianzhou Jurchens were forced to move southwards, and finally settled at
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provided Nurhaci access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the
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and were then divided into three tribes, the most powerful of which during the
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3042:"The Myth of the Seal Transmitting the State in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties"
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Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Volume 4, p.25
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to the Banner armies led by Dorgon, who defeated Li and the rebels at the
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and seized the capital. Zhang Xianzhong and enfeoffed princes of the
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clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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2723:. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son,
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were strong at that time, and attacked the Jianzhou Jurchens.
34:, a dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3733:
2695:. In a series of winter battles known collectively as the
2452:
formally submitted to the Later Jin. The following year,
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651:
635:
621:
605:
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1483:
1405:
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2817:as regent and de facto leader of the Qing dynasty.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2659:. This marks the start of the Later Jin dynasty.
4505:
2634:
3649:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2739:north of Shanhai Pass by the Ming dynasty and
4069:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4040:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3108:
2848:remained in control of southern China as the
2675:; 七大恨) which effectively declared war on the
2529:
2515:
2138:
2104:
1666:
560:
541:
2750:of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility, and the
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3039:
179:Later Jin (后金) c. 1626 shown in light green
3115:
3101:
2145:
2131:
2111:
2097:
1673:
1659:
173:
3729:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2790:from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3578:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3018:(in Chinese). 2008-02-18. Archived from
2433:, its name was derived from the earlier
2152:
2044:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
4185:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3122:
2893:, the founder of the Later Jin dynasty.
2510:Historians debate whether the official
724:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4506:
3068:(滿洲實錄). Zhonghua Book Company, p. 283.
2703:Relocating his court from Jianzhou to
2596:. In order to attack and suppress the
4483:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3724:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3096:
2126:
3704:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3059:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4534:Former countries in Chinese history
4452:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2549:form of the name was ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (
2431:reunification of the Jurchen tribes
24:
4169:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3538:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3531:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3411:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3235:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2553:), meaning simply "Golden State".
25:
4545:
4458:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4299:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4174:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3326:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2813:, with Hong Taiji's half brother
4269:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3585:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3341:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3044:. New History Journal (新史學雜誌) -
2954:
2940:
2918:
2898:
2882:
2862:
1709:
754:
704:
479:
454:
440:
426:
41:
27:Jurchen-led dynasty in Manchuria
3316:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3202:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2371:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1876:Medieval to Early Modern period
52:needs additional citations for
3970:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3260:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3071:
3002:
1613:Science and technology history
652:
636:
622:
606:
561:
542:
13:
1:
4404:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4179:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4035:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3719:Provincial military commander
3709:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3694:Imperial Household Department
3521:Preparative Constitutionalism
3225:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2995:
2691:along four routes to besiege
2514:name of the state was "Jin" (
2421:. Established in 1616 by the
1962:Sino-Russian border conflicts
983:
942:
918:
895:
871:
812:
4529:Transition from Ming to Qing
4163:Researches on Manchu Origins
3568:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3178:Transition from Ming to Qing
3168:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2781:
2662:
2635:Establishment of the Khanate
7:
4063:Changzhou School of Thought
3573:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3548:Railway Protection Movement
3526:1909 Parliamentary election
3511:British expedition to Tibet
3421:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3381:Self-Strengthening Movement
3356:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2933:
2869:Later Jin cavalry charging
2828:captured the Ming capital,
2580:had traditionally lived in
1738:Ancient to Classical period
336:• Proclamation of the
323:• Enthronement of the
10:
4550:
4463:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3351:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3290:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3280:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3250:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2855:
2565:
2556:
676:
154:
148:
76:"Later Jin" 1616–1636
32:Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
29:
4473:Names of the Qing dynasty
4416:
4384:
4341:
4334:
4203:
4121:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4048:
3980:
3901:
3806:
3602:
3493:
3451:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
3446:Gongche Shangshu movement
3391:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3303:
3240:Chinese Rites controversy
3210:
3140:
3131:
2764:Yuan dynasty's jade seals
2568:Manchuria under Ming rule
2562:Rise of Jianzhou Jurchens
2530:
2516:
2417:and the precursor to the
2346:Manchuria under Ming rule
2164:
2034:Kwantung Leased Territory
1487:
1409:
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362:• Annexation of the
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4394:Great Qing Treasure Note
4214:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3924:Administrative divisions
3741:Administrative divisions
3669:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3010:
1882:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
537:Traditional Chinese
30:Not to be confused with
3990:Chengde Mountain Resort
3791:Three Eastern Provinces
3441:First Sino-Japanese War
3416:Northern Chinese Famine
3275:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3173:Qing invasion of Joseon
2975:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
2770:of the Yuan dynasty by
2505:
2444:In 1635, the lingering
556:Simplified Chinese
4371:Great Qing Copper Coin
4259:Convention of Tientsin
4192:Annotated Bibliography
4140:Qing official headwear
3183:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3066:Manju i Yargiyan Kooli
2842:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2719:while laying siege to
2411:royal dynasty of China
2397:, officially known as
2361:2nd invasion of Joseon
2356:1st invasion of Joseon
2039:Nationalist government
712:This article contains
377:Elevation to an empire
4445:Draft History of Qing
4304:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4085:performance criticism
3689:Imperial Commissioner
3679:Great Qing Legal Code
3478:Eight-Nation Alliance
3461:Third plague pandemic
3371:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3295:White Lotus Rebellion
2905:Official portrait of
2889:Official portrait of
2598:Northern Yuan dynasty
2566:Further information:
2460:, the Qing conquered
2446:Northern Yuan dynasty
1478:(mainland, 1912–1949)
224:Common languages
18:Later Jin (1616-1636)
4376:Great Qing Gold Coin
4309:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4254:Convention of Peking
4134:Pentaglot Dictionary
4116:Literary inquisition
3826:Ever Victorious Army
3659:Deliberative Council
3563:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3516:1905 Batang uprising
3456:Hundred Days' Reform
3346:Small Swords Society
3040:Kai-lung Ho (2012).
2846:Ming imperial family
2592:, living around the
2458:Ming–Qing transition
2156:Ming−Qing transition
2024:Far Eastern Republic
1794:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
1769:Yan (Warring States)
578:Later Gold(en) State
302:Deliberative Council
61:improve this article
4429:Anti-Qing sentiment
4279:Treaty of the Bogue
4219:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4151:Complete Tang Poems
3831:Green Standard Army
3714:Provincial governor
3684:Imperial Clan Court
3664:Diplomatic missions
3639:Consultative Bureau
3386:Tongzhi Restoration
3265:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3245:Ten Great Campaigns
3153:Jurchen unification
2743:in Inner Mongolia.
2623:, commander of the
2615:The northern tribe
2572:Jurchen unification
2351:Jurchen unification
1932:Jurchen Jin dynasty
1891:Andong Protectorate
692:(Amaga) Aisin Gurun
4524:Dynasties of China
4314:Treaty of Tientsin
4025:Western Qing tombs
4020:Eastern Qing tombs
3846:Peking Field Force
3590:Manchu Restoration
3483:Declaration of war
3436:Jindandao incident
3255:Lhasa riot of 1750
2594:Changbai Mountains
2545:clan in 1115. The
2204:Peasant rebellions
2014:Beiyang government
1720:Prehistoric period
1493:
1303:Five Dynasties and
1295:
1230:Southern dynasties
1158:
1057:Chu–Han Contention
1049:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
4501:
4500:
4412:
4411:
4324:Treaty of Whampoa
4319:Treaty of Wanghia
4294:Treaty of Nanking
4264:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4239:Chefoo Convention
4234:Burlingame Treaty
4105:Kangxi Dictionary
4010:Old Summer Palace
3841:Firearm Battalion
3644:Cup of Solid Gold
3598:
3597:
3543:Manchurian plague
3506:Late Qing reforms
3497:(1901–1912)
3431:Sikkim expedition
3361:Panthay Rebellion
3331:Taiping Rebellion
3307:(1801–1900)
3285:Sino-Nepalese War
3230:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3216:(1683–1799)
3144:(1616–1683)
2980:Jianzhou Jurchens
2928:, the Prince Rui.
2800:Chongzhen Emperor
2788:series of battles
2590:Jianzhou Jurchens
2498:Republic of China
2390:
2389:
2121:
2120:
2063:Chinese Civil War
2059:Liaoshen Campaign
2049:Japanese invasion
2004:Russian invasions
1864:Göktürk Khaganate
1726:Liao civilization
1683:
1682:
1640:Transport history
1566:Education history
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1519:Republic of China
1501:People's Republic
1474:Republic of China
1453:
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979:Spring and Autumn
842:Liao civilization
720:rendering support
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594:Standard Mandarin
517:
516:
491:
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467:
466:
434:Jianzhou Jurchens
283:• 1626–1636
271:• 1616–1626
250:Absolute monarchy
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4541:
4478:New Qing History
4361:Qianlong Tongbao
4339:
4338:
4284:Treaty of Canton
4224:Unequal treaties
4030:Fuling Mausoleum
3629:Advisory Council
3558:Wuchang Uprising
3498:
3401:Tianjin Massacre
3366:Second Opium War
3308:
3270:Sino-Burmese War
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3195:Battle of Penghu
3163:Seven Grievances
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2873:infantry in the
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2685:Battle of Fushun
2669:Seven Grievances
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2534:
2521:
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2496:established the
2423:Jianzhou Jurchen
2366:Seven Grievances
2221:She–An Rebellion
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2082:Russian Far East
1814:Sima Jin dynasty
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1603:Military history
1561:Economic history
1549:Related articles
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748:History of China
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4439:Chuang Guandong
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4289:Treaty of Kulja
4274:Treaty of Aigun
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4098:History of Ming
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3902:Special regions
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3836:Imperial Guards
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3553:1911 Revolution
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3466:Boxer Rebellion
3426:Sino-French War
3376:Amur Annexation
3321:First Opium War
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3190:Great Clearance
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3016:Chinese Economy
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2811:Shunzhi Emperor
2784:
2748:Mongol nobility
2746:In April 1636,
2709:Khorchin Mongol
2697:Battle of Sarhū
2673:nadan amba koro
2665:
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2437:founded by the
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2073:Northeast China
2018:Fengtian Clique
1995:Chuang Guandong
1990:Amur Annexation
1985:
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1976:
1907:Dongdan Kingdom
1902:Little Goguryeo
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728:Manchu alphabet
718:Without proper
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647:Tongyong Pinyin
639:Hou⁴ Chin¹ Kuo²
638:
637:Hou⁴-chin¹-kuo²
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574:Literal meaning
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3406:Margary Affair
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3396:Mudan incident
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3336:Nian Rebellion
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2962:History portal
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2717:Yuan Chonghuan
2679:. He occupied
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2602:Hongwu Emperor
2578:Jurchen people
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2009:Russian Dalian
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4049:Society &
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4041:
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4033:
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4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Summer Palace
4013:
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4008:
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4005:Mukden Palace
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
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3981:Palaces &
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3821:Eight Banners
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3674:Grand Council
3672:
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3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
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3504:
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3501:
3494:20th century
3492:
3484:
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3476:
3472:
3469:
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3404:
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3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
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3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
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3311:
3304:19th century
3302:
3296:
3293:
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3139:
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3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3022:on 2015-06-18
3021:
3017:
3013:
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3001:
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2896:
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2872:
2865:
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2859:
2853:
2851:
2850:Southern Ming
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:imperial seal
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
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2736:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
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2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:" in 1635 by
2650:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Wild Jurchens
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2554:
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2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
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2519:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Southern Ming
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
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2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2290:
2287:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
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2269:
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2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
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2249:
2246:
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2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Southern Ming
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Green Ukraine
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:Modern period
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Northern Yuan
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
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1879:
1873:
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1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Xianbei state
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Takri Kingdom
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1723:
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1707:
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1662:
1657:
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1654:
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1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Naval history
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:Music history
1589:
1587:
1586:Media history
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Legal history
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1525:1949–present)
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1476:
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1471:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1340:Southern Song
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:Northern Song
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:(206–202 BCE)
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:(221–207 BCE)
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:(475–221 BCE)
999:
996:
980:
977:
976:
974:(771–256 BCE)
972:
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
956:
939:
938:
934:
933:
915:
914:
910:
909:
892:
891:
887:
886:
868:
867:
863:
862:
858:
852:
851:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
827:
826:
809:
808:
804:
803:
799:
798:
794:
793:
789:
783:
782:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
757:
753:
752:
749:
746:
745:
741:
737:
736:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
695:
691:
689:
685:
675:
673:
672:Manchu script
669:
664:
650:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
620:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
595:
591:
586:
582:
576:
572:
567:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
520:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
496:Today part of
494:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:Northern Yuan
460:
453:
452:
449:
446:
439:
438:
435:
432:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
372:
368:
365:
364:Northern Yuan
359:
355:
352:
346:
342:
339:
333:
329:
326:
325:Tianming Khan
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
280:
277:
274:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:after 1635),
233:
229:
226:
222:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
176:
171:
166:
162:
140:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2018
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4519:Qing dynasty
4488:Treaty ports
4450:
4443:
4417:Other topics
4190:
4183:
4161:
4149:
4132:
4127:Peiwen Yunfu
4125:
4103:
4096:
4067:
3816:Beiyang Army
3798:Zongli Yamen
3654:Da-Qing Bank
3471:Red Lanterns
3157:
3124:Qing dynasty
3082:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3015:
3004:
2970:Qing dynasty
2948:China portal
2911:Qing dynasty
2838:Shanhai Pass
2819:
2808:
2785:
2752:Han mandarin
2745:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2714:
2702:
2677:Ming dynasty
2672:
2666:
2638:
2625:Jianzhou Wei
2624:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2586:Ming dynasty
2575:
2550:
2538:
2523:
2509:
2502:
2468:and various
2466:Shun dynasty
2443:
2419:Qing dynasty
2402:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2376:Great Plague
2329:Shanhai Pass
2196:
2169:Belligerents
1956:
1922:Liao dynasty
1912:Later Balhae
1887:Tang dynasty
1839:Northern Yan
1581:LGBT history
1517:
1499:
1472:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1338:
1328:
1316:
1305:Ten Kingdoms
1301:
1254:
1241:
1228:Northern and
1226:
1196:
1174:
1164:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:(220–280 CE)
1098:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1043:
1030:
970:Eastern Zhou
968:
960:Western Zhou
958:
935:
911:
888:
864:
840:
834:
828:
805:
795:
711:
688:Romanization
623:ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
601:Hanyu Pinyin
531:Chinese name
475:Qing dynasty
448:Ming dynasty
416:Succeeded by
415:
410:
400:Chinese cash
395:Chinese coin
312:Imperial era
160:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4424:Aisin Gioro
4386:Paper money
4145:Qing poetry
3866:Wuwei Corps
3861:Shuishiying
3622:Family tree
2985:Aisin Gioro
2741:Ligdan Khan
2588:was called
2551:Aisin Gurun
2435:Jin dynasty
1779:Han dynasty
1700:History of
1628:Discoveries
1623:Cartography
1618:Archaeology
1556:Art history
1445:(1644–1912)
1432:(1368–1644)
1419:(1271–1368)
1389:(1115–1234)
1376:(1038–1227)
1372:Western Xia
1344:(1127–1279)
1176:Eastern Jin
1166:Western Jin
1091:(25–220 CE)
1087:Eastern Han
1067:Western Han
946: 1046
926: 1046
922: 1250
899: 1600
875: 2070
816: 8500
797:Paleolithic
788:Prehistoric
666:Manchu name
655:Hòu Jin Guó
609:Hòu Jīn Guó
512:North Korea
411:Preceded by
298:Legislature
216:(1625–1636)
210:(1622–1625)
204:(1616–1622)
161:Aisin gurun
4508:Categories
4092:Four Wangs
3983:mausoleums
3936:Golden Urn
3909:Inner Asia
3886:Xiang Army
3856:Hushenying
3781:Liangguang
3761:Liangjiang
3699:Lifan Yuan
3604:Government
3026:2013-04-28
2996:References
2907:Hong Taiji
2826:Li Zicheng
2804:Great Wall
2733:ujen cooha
2725:Hong Taiji
2653:Hong Taiji
2492:until the
2462:Li Zicheng
2454:Hong Taiji
2425:chieftain
1829:Former Qin
1824:Former Yan
1633:Inventions
1363:(916–1125)
1334:(960–1127)
1322:(960–1279)
989: – c.
987: 770
948: – c.
924: – c.
913:Late Shang
901: – c.
877: – c.
818: – c.
631:Wade–Giles
288:Hong Taiji
246:Government
87:newspapers
3914:Manchuria
3881:Huai Army
3871:Yong Ying
3756:Shaan-Gan
3212:High Qing
3158:Later Jin
2834:Wu Sangui
2820:In 1644,
2782:Aftermath
2772:Ejei Khan
2754:held the
2663:Expansion
2582:Manchuria
2478:Manchuria
2450:Ejei Khan
2429:upon his
2415:Manchuria
2403:Great Jin
2395:Later Jin
2278:Guangning
2273:Zhenjiang
2268:Shen-Liao
2197:Later Jin
2069:Manchuria
2054:Manchukuo
1972:Qing rule
1957:Later Jin
1947:Ming rule
1937:Yuan rule
1834:Later Yan
1702:Manchuria
1309:(907–979)
1270:(690–705)
1260:(618–907)
1247:(581–618)
1234:(420–589)
1202:(304–439)
1180:(317–420)
1170:(266–316)
1138:(266–420)
1081:(9–23 CE)
807:Neolithic
771:Dynasties
653:Hòujinguó
607:Hòujīnguó
522:Later Jin
236:Mongolian
230:(renamed
168:1616–1636
4514:Khanates
4366:Hongqian
4335:Currency
4205:Treaties
4111:Kaozheng
4058:Booi Aha
4000:Hetu Ala
3953:Timeline
3948:Xinjiang
3919:Mongolia
3876:Chu Army
3851:New Army
3808:Military
3746:Viceroys
3051:12 April
2934:See also
2792:Songshan
2760:Shenyang
2756:Kurultai
2721:Ningyuan
2705:Liaodong
2693:Hetu Ala
2689:Yang Hao
2629:Hetu Ala
2621:Mengtemu
2486:Xinjiang
2482:Mongolia
2405:, was a
2319:Song-Jin
2299:Dalinghe
2289:Ning-Jin
2284:Ningyuan
2185:Tungning
1927:Xingliao
1809:Goguryeo
1744:Gojoseon
1691:a series
1689:Part of
1596:Timeline
1523:(Taiwan,
1503:of China
1017:Imperial
766:Timeline
740:a series
738:Part of
617:Bopomofo
504:Mongolia
391:Currency
208:Tungking
202:Hetu Ala
4351:Zhiqian
4343:Coinage
4080:Economy
4051:culture
3786:Yun-Gui
3776:Min-Zhe
3771:Sichuan
3766:Huguang
3612:Emperor
3133:History
2891:Nurhaci
2856:Gallery
2830:Beijing
2796:Jinzhou
2776:Emperor
2645:Banners
2641:Nurhaci
2557:History
2539:Hòu Jīn
2512:Chinese
2427:Nurhaci
2407:Jurchen
2401:or the
2340:Related
2324:Beijing
2258:Xicheng
2253:Tieling
2248:Kaiyuan
2227:Battles
1917:Jeongan
1844:Kumo Xi
1799:Cao Wei
1774:Xiongnu
1267:Wu Zhou
857:Ancient
836:Yangtze
375:•
349:•
276:Nurhaci
240:Chinese
228:Jurchen
195:Capital
189:Khanate
101:scholar
3965:Taiwan
3141:Early
3126:topics
2926:Dorgon
2815:Dorgon
2681:Fushun
2649:Manchu
2600:, the
2547:Manchu
2543:Wanyan
2490:Taiwan
2488:, and
2448:under
2439:Wanyan
2334:Penghu
2309:Lüshun
2304:Wuqiao
2263:Chahar
2238:Qinghe
2233:Fushun
2000:Korean
1951:Nurgan
1897:Balhae
1859:Shiwei
1849:Khitan
1784:Wuhuan
1759:Yemaek
1754:Donghu
1749:Sushen
1693:on the
1465:Modern
1121:, and
839:, and
830:Yellow
742:on the
714:Manchu
508:Russia
261:
232:Manchu
214:Mukden
185:Status
155:ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4157:Queue
4075:Dibao
3931:Tibet
3751:Zhili
3634:Amban
2474:Tibet
2409:-led
2243:Sarhū
1819:Yuwen
1804:Buyeo
890:Shang
716:text.
681:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
679:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
677:ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ
500:China
157:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
151:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
149:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
108:JSTOR
94:books
3893:Navy
3734:Ejen
3617:List
3053:2023
2871:Ming
2822:Shun
2794:and
2657:khan
2576:The
2570:and
2506:Name
2393:The
2314:Amur
2294:Jisi
2209:Shun
2192:Qing
2175:Ming
2080:(in
2002:and
1966:Jaxa
1854:Mohe
1441:Qing
1428:Ming
1415:Yuan
1359:Liao
1318:Song
1256:Tang
937:Zhou
928:BCE)
382:1636
369:1635
356:1619
343:1618
330:1616
257:Khan
80:news
2758:in
2610:wei
2606:wei
2524:Jīn
2464:'s
2413:in
2399:Jin
1385:Jin
1243:Sui
1134:Jin
1118:Shu
1112:Wei
1077:Xin
1045:Han
1032:Qin
866:Xia
153:or
143:Jin
63:by
4510::
3014:.
2806:.
2631:.
2612:.
2532:後金
2522:,
2500:.
2484:,
2480:,
2476:,
2214:Xi
1124:Wu
1115:,
984:c.
943:c.
919:c.
896:c.
872:c.
833:,
813:c.
563:后金
544:後金
238:,
3116:e
3109:t
3102:v
3055:.
3029:.
2913:.
2877:.
2671:(
2536:,
2528:(
2518:金
2146:e
2139:t
2132:v
2112:e
2105:t
2098:v
2084:)
2071:/
2065:)
2061:(
2020:)
2016:(
1968:)
1964:(
1953:)
1949:(
1893:)
1889:(
1674:e
1667:t
1660:v
993:)
982:(
952:)
941:(
917:(
905:)
894:(
881:)
870:(
822:)
811:(
730:.
566:国
547:國
397:,
146:金
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
20:)
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