66:
3446:
1264:, the Ming refused the exchange. Huang Taiji rejected the comparison, saying that, "Neither is your Ming ruler a descendant of the Song nor are we heir to the Jin. That was another time." Hong Taiji had not wanted to conquer the Ming. The Ming's refusal ultimately led him to take the offensive. The people who first encouraged him to invade the Ming dynasty were his ethnic Han advisors Fan Wencheng, Ma Guozhu, and Ning Wanwo. Hong Taiji recognized that the Manchus needed Han defectors in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, and thus explained to other Manchus why he also needed to be lenient to recent defectors like Ming general Hong Chengchou, who surrendered to the Qing in 1642.
1295:
4360:
1513:
1447:
He controlled the Upper Three
Banners or the Elite banners which at the time were the Plain/Bordered Yellow Banners and Plain Blue Banner. Later the Plain Blue Banner was switched by Dorgon to the Plain White Banner as the third Elite Banner. At the end of his reign, Hong Taiji gave the two Yellow Banners to his eldest son Hooge. Daisan, who was the second son of Nurhaci, and his son controlled the two Red Banners. Dorgon and his two brothers controlled the two White Banners and Šurhaci's son
1357:, and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among the Han people, then it was not too much to change it. At the same time, Hong Taiji conquered the territory north of Shanhai pass by Ming Dynasty and
729:
1309:
1028:
1318:
2950:
909:", but this appellation is now considered mistaken. Hong Taiji was never mentioned under this name in Manchu and Chinese sources; it was a mistake first made by Russian clergyman G.V. Gorsky and later repeated by sinologists starting in the early twentieth century. Giovanni Stary states that this name may have originated by confusing "Abkai" with
3221:
2878:
1401:
theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later) Jin to Qing in 1636 because of
1446:
Before Hong Taiji was emperor, he controlled the two White banners. Upon
Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji immediately switched his two White Banners with Nurhaci's two Yellow Banners, which should have been passed on to Dorgon and his brothers. As emperor, he was the holder of three banners out of eight.
1405:
According to Taoist philosophy, the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent, thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars. Hong Taiji therefore adopted the new name of Great Qing (大清), the
Chinese character of which has
1255:
Huang Taji's plan at first was to make a deal with the Ming dynasty. If the Ming was willing to give support and money that would be beneficial to the Qing's economy, the Qing in exchange would not only be willing to not attack the borders, but also admit itself as a country one level lower than the
1201:." The Manchus themselves such as Hong Taiji did not personally believe in Tibetan Buddhism and few wanted to convert. Hong Taiji described some Tibetan Buddhist lamas as "incorrigibles" and "liars", but still patronized Buddhism in order to harness the Tibetans' and Mongols' belief in the religion.
1390:
in
Shenyang, recommended khan of Later Jin to be the emperor of Great Qing empire. Russian archive contains translations of the 1636 year Hong Taiji decree with the provision that after the fall of the Qing dynasty Mongols will return to their previous laws, i.e. independence. Whatever the precise
1272:
When Hong Taiji came into power, the military was composed of entirely Mongol and Manchu companies. By 1636, Hong Taiji created the first of many
Chinese companies. Before the conquest of the Ming dynasty, the number of companies organized by him and his successor was 278 Manchus, 120 Mongols, and
1219:
and later also bought the Red
Cannons into the army. Though the Ming dynasty still had more cannons, Hong Taiji now possessed the cannons of equal might and Asia's strongest cavalry. Also during this time, he sent several probing raids into northern China which were defeated. First attack went
1391:
motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty and also changed his era name to Chóngdé in 1636. The reasons for the choice of Qing as the new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in
1421:. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it was in
1231:
Joseon Korea, as the latter did not accept that Hong Taiji had become emperor and refused to assist in operations against the Ming. With the Joseon dynasty surrendered in 1637, Hong Taiji succeeded in making them cut off relations with the Ming dynasty and force them to submit as
1273:
165 Han. By the time of Hong Taiji's death there were more ethnic Han than
Manchus and he had realized the need for there to be control exerted whilst getting approval from the Han majority. Not only did he incorporate the Han into the military, but also into the government. The
1332:
is not known and so the reasons for its adoption remain opaque. There are many theories as to the reason for the choice of name but two of the most commonly cited are its sounding similar to the Manchu word for "brave" and a possible connection with the
Bodhisattva
889:
Nurhaci had designated from among his sons. However, an archival document rediscovered in 1996 and recounting events from 1621 calls him "Hong Taiji" in a discussion concerning the possible naming of
Nurhaci's heir apparent, a title that the document refers to as
1495:
became the first Qing emperor to rule from that new capital. That the Qing state succeeded not only in conquering China but also in establishing a capable administration was due in large measure to the foresight and policies of Hong Taiji. His body was buried in
2902:
2997:
1196:
in public, in private he disdained the
Buddhist belief of the Mongols and thought it was destructive of Mongol identity. He is quoted to have said that, "The Mongolian princes are abandoning the Mongolian language; their names are all in imitation of the
1285:
and others. Each of these lower ministries was headed by a Manchu prince, but had four presidents: two were Manchu, one was Mongol, and one was Han. This basic framework remained, even though the details fluctuated over time, for some time.
1438:) and other Amur valley Jurchen tribes had an oral version of the same tale. It also fits with Jurchen history since some ancestors of the Manchus originated north before the 14th-15th centuries in the Amur and only later moved south.
1433:
and his much shorter and simpler in addition to being older. This is believed to be the original version and Hongtaiji changed it to Changbai mountain. It shows that the Aisin Gioro clan originated in the Amur area and the Heje
1580:. In this sense, Hong Taiji is considered by some historians as the true first emperor for the Qing dynasty. Some historians suspect Hong Taiji was overall underrated and overlooked as a great emperor because he was a Manchu.
1070:, in order to block the succession of his younger brother. This is speculated because at the time of Nurhaci's death, there were four Lords/Beile with Hong Taiji holding the lowest rank, but also being the most fit one.
1344:
founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from ethnic Han who viewed the
925:, an honorary name given to the younger sons of hereditary monarchs. According to another view, Hong Taiji was mistakenly referred to as Abahai as a result of a confusion with the name of Nurhaci's main consort
3447:
Kuzmin S.L. and Batsaikhan O. On the decree of the Hong taiji (Abahai) emperor on the restoration of independence of the Mongols after the fall of the Qing Dynasty. – Vostok (Oriens), 2019, no 5, pp. 200-217.
3006:, p. 397, note 71 ("that Hong (not Hung) Taiji was indeed his given name, and not a title, is persuasively established on the basis of new documentary evidence in Tatiana A. Pang and Giovanni Stary...").
894:. Tatiana Pang and Giovanni Stary, two specialists of early Manchu history, consider this document as "further evidence" that Hong Taiji was his real name, "not being at all connected with the Chinese title
1417:(布庫里雍順), was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the
1128:
A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups.
1406:
the water symbol on its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household.
65:
4453:
872:"Hong Taiji" was very rarely used in Manchu sources, because they observed a taboo on the personal names of emperors. In redacted documents, Hong Taiji was simply called the "
1463:, the last Ming fortification guarding access to the north China plains. Because he died without having named an heir, the Qing state now faced a succession crisis. The
1240:. Also during this period, Hong Taiji took over Inner Mongolia in three major wars, each of them victorious. From 1636 until 1644, he sent 4 major expeditions into the
876:
4059:(2005). "Whose Empire Shall It Be? Manchu Figurations of Historical Process in the Early Seventeenth Century: East Asia from Ming to Qing". In Lynn A. Struve (ed.).
4743:
4638:
4560:
3533:
1212:
and his use of artillery. During the next five years, Hong Taiji spent resources in training his artillery to offset the strength of the Ming artillery.
1277:
was formed as the highest level of policy-making and was composed entirely of Manchu. However, Hong Taiji adopted from the Ming such institutions as the
1097:, which was the third strongest banner. Those three banners would officially become the Upper Three Banners during the early years of the Qing dynasty.
865:("imperial"), misleadingly implies that Hong Taiji once held the title of "imperial prince" or heir apparent, even though his father and predecessor
4417:
835:皇太子 ("crown prince", "imperial prince"), but in Mongolian it meant, among other things, something like "respected son". Alternatively, historian
4565:
4493:
3437:
Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary By Giovanni Stary, Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, Michael Weiers
2672:
1464:
1274:
1145:) which was established for indirect government of Inner Mongolia after the Mongols were conquered by Hong Taiji. In 1638 it was renamed to
4449:
4813:
4096:
3711:
4545:
3857:
Rawski, Evelyn S. (1991). "Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership". In Watson, Rubie S.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (eds.).
4585:
3765:
1475:. As a compromise, Hong Taiji's five-year-old ninth son Fulin was chosen, while Dorgon – alongside Nurhaci's nephew
1173:. His personal military abilities were widely praised and he effectively developed the military-civil administration known as the
4229:
4091:
3706:
3099:
2859:
Most sources give the date of Hong Taiji's death on September 21 (Chongde 崇德 8.8.9); however others give the date as September 9.
4788:
4484:
2584:
4798:
4433:
3999:
3754:
3470:
3312:
3283:
3245:
4405:
4401:
4238:
4189:
4167:
79:
4393:
2730:
746:
4793:
2659:
1397:
1298:
Edict by Hong Taiji in the Mongolian language, issued to many Mongol lords who were in the military of the Ming dynasty
4359:
4070:
4046:
3980:
3931:
3912:
3889:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3804:
3733:
3685:
3666:
3644:
3152:
3126:
2745:
1089:— and the most influence. From there, he slowly got rid of his competitors' powers. Later, he would also receive the
4397:
4389:
2529:
1048:
593:
3487:
3358:
3235:
2680:
1204:
Hong Taiji started his conquest by subduing the potent Ming ally in Korea. February 1627 his forces crossed the
1349:, rival state to the Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer
613:
2831:
1735: Yingtian xingguo hongde zhangwu kuanwen rensheng ruixiao jingmin zhaoding longdao xiangong Wen Emperor (
4429:
2667:
1497:
627:
203:
921:. Though "Abahai" is indeed "unattested in Manchu sources", it might also have derived from the Mongol word
742:
2602:
1362:
4222:
1480:
1341:
4803:
4022:]. Citing from 1976–77 edition by Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, in 48 volumes with continuous pagination.
3840:
New Light on Manchu Historiography and Literature: The Discovery of Three Documents in Old Manchu Script
4808:
4477:
2698:
1429:
where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. This was recorded in the
1149:. Initially, the ministerial affairs were settled, while vice-ministers were set up as vice-ministers.
4035:
di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). "Did Guns Matter? Firearms and the Qing Formation". In Lynn A. Struve (ed.).
797:, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of the
4152:
3789:"The Legitimacy of Khanship among the Oyirad (Kalmyk) Tribes in Relation to the Chinggisid Principle"
2811:
1723: Yingtian xingguo hongde zhangwu kuanwen rensheng ruixiao jingmin longdao xiangong Wen Emperor (
2735:
1827:
994:
937:
778:
567:
221:
174:
119:
1062:
Although it has always been regarded as gossip, he was said to have been involved in the suicide of
843:, a word that appeared in other Mongolian titles at the time. Early seventeenth-century Chinese and
4381:
4056:
3792:
3719:
2707:
1520:
As the emperor, he is commonly recognized as having abilities similar to the best emperors such as
1294:
899:
2967:, p. 397, note 71 ("Huang Taiji" gives the "mistaken impression that he was a crown prince").
1125:, "Han people") followers so Hong Taiji began their assimilation into the country and government.
4373:
1847:
1573:
1549:
1525:
1228:
235:
71:
3428:
Marriage and inequality in Chinese society By Rubie Sharon Watson, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, p.177
4445:
4441:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4377:
4215:
3941:
Stary, Giovanni (1984). "The Manchu Emperor "Abahai": Analysis of an Historiographic Mistake".
3169:"Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty"
1577:
1541:
1402:
internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for the throne.
1249:
1086:
1081:'s two Yellow banners. In the end, Hong Taiji had control over the highest class banners — the
3972:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
3788:
3460:
1256:
Ming dynasty; however, since Ming court officials were reminded of the deal that preceded the
4470:
4409:
4385:
4369:
4018:
3654:
3527:
3302:
3273:
3095:
2791:
1662: Yingtian xingguo hongde zhangwu kuanwen rensheng ruixiao longdao xiangong Wen Emperor (
1694:
1553:
1383:
266:
3900:
3368:
1471: – a proven military leader – or to Hong Taiji's eldest son
1189:, who joined the Later Jin state either following negotiated agreements or military defeat.
40:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
4783:
4778:
4085:
4080:
3700:
3695:
3632:
3103:
2191:
of the Second Rank (和碩恪純公主; 7 January 1642 – December 1704 or January 1705), 14th daughter
1910:
1537:
1056:
836:
555:
499:
Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong
805:" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636.
8:
4818:
4523:
3776:
1595:
1414:
1082:
244:
1479: – was given the title of "prince regent". Fulin was officially crowned
1208:
which had frozen. In 1628, he attempted to invade the Ming dynasty, but was defeated by
902:
views this as persuasive evidence that Hong Taiji was not a title, but a personal name.
3954:
3507:
3204:
2760:
1962:
1767:
of the First Rank (固倫淑哲端獻公主; 16 December 1633 – February/March 1648), seventh daughter
1617:
1545:
1418:
1379:
461:
438:
3009:
2090:
Lady of the Second Rank (縣君; 30 November 1635 – August/September 1661), 10th daughter
4314:
4066:
4042:
3995:
3976:
3927:
3908:
3885:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3800:
3750:
3729:
3681:
3662:
3640:
3466:
3308:
3279:
3241:
3196:
3188:
3168:
3148:
3122:
2741:
2685:
2024:
Princess of the First Rank (固倫公主; 15 December 1633 – April/May 1649), sixth daughter
1528:
due to his effective rule, use of talent, and warring skills. According to historian
1261:
1162:
1090:
707:
699:
315:
3878:
2198:(吳應熊; 1634 – 18 May 1674) on 9 October 1653 and had issue (three sons, one daughter)
2075:(葉布舒), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 25 November 1627 – 23 October 1690), fourth son
1676:
of the First Rank (固倫永安端貞公主; 7 October 1634 – February/March 1692), eighth daughter
4717:
4663:
4595:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4279:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
3966:
3766:"Manchu Patronage and Tibetan Buddhism During the First Half of the Ch'ing Dynasty"
3499:
3208:
3180:
2611:
1859:
1806:
1723:
1719:
of the First Rank (固倫雍穆公主; 31 January 1629 – February/March 1678), fourth daughter
1699:
1680:
1661:
1600:
1472:
1430:
1193:
1001:太宗, the name that was conventionally given to the second emperor of a dynasty. His
914:
782:
650:
323:
2135:
Lady of the Third Rank (鄉君; 9 April 1637 – November/December 1678), 12th daughter
4712:
4648:
4575:
4344:
4339:
4324:
4304:
4282:
4199:
4060:
4036:
3970:
3818:
3723:
3142:
3116:
2635:
1784:
1745:
1492:
1392:
1325:
1303:
1233:
1114:
1078:
1002:
918:
822:
750:
736:
534:
509:
489:
450:
429:
406:
350:
108:
2162:(常舒), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 13 May 1637 – 13 February 1700), seventh son
1215:
Hong Taiji upgraded the weapons of the Empire. He realized the advantage of the
4309:
4207:
1984:
1885:
of the First Rank (敖漢固倫公主; 3 April 1621 – February/March 1654), first daughter
1565:
1561:
1521:
1512:
1278:
1209:
1073:
Originally, at the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled the two White
798:
685:
3121:, Studies on China, vol. 28, University of California Press, p. 65,
1853:
1459:
Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643 just as the Qing was preparing to attack
4772:
4722:
4689:
4653:
4580:
3192:
3118:
Empire at the margins: culture, ethnicity, and frontier in early modern China
2887:, p. 50 ("probably a rendition of the Mongol noble title, Khongtaiji");
2597:
2176:(韜塞), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 12 March 1639 – 23 March 1695), tenth son
2002:
1967:
1936:
1915:
1533:
1483:
on 8 October 1643 and it was decided that he would reign under the era name "
1178:
1077:, but after Lady Abahai's death, he switched his two banners with Dorgon and
1074:
839:
argues that "Hung Taiji" was a title "of Mongolian inspiration" derived from
339:
4528:
3725:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
2782:
1643: Yingtian xingguo hongde zhangwu kuanwen rensheng ruixiao Wen Emperor (
1932:
of the First Rank (固倫端順公主; 30 April 1636 – July/August 1650), 11th daughter
1741:
of the First Rank (固倫淑慧公主; 2 March 1632 – 28 February 1700), fifth daughter
1094:
4290:
4286:
4272:
4242:
4181:
4161:
4148:
3814:
3200:
2195:
1657:
of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主; 2 August 1628 – June/July 1686), third daughter
1569:
1460:
1422:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, of whom Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation.
1257:
1237:
1170:
1040:
948:(Manchu: Gosin Onco Hūwaliyasun Enduringge Han), and he was referred to as
941:
933:
827:
794:
786:
657:
572:
178:
115:
20:
3398:
2899:
was "quite common among the Mongols, from whom the Jurchens borrowed it").
2119:
2094:
4112:
4084:
4041:. Cambridge (MA) and London: Harvard University Press. pp. 121–166.
3699:
3184:
2693:
2153:
2028:
1557:
1410:
1358:
1182:
1181:. This system was well-suited to accept the different peoples, primarily
1106:
1067:
1052:
990:
926:
770:
525:
475:
45:
29:
3958:
3511:
3104:
https://en.wikisource.org/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Abahai
2716:
2643:
1426:
1241:
1205:
953:
949:
33:
3905:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
3659:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
2109:
of the First Rank (愨厚鎮國公; 12 March 1637 – 5 September 1670), sixth son
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
4753:
4702:
4658:
4633:
4590:
4555:
3820:
Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669
3167:
Wei, Ryan Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi (November 2016).
2630:
2589:
2229:
2084:
1948:
1865:
1628:
1476:
1448:
1282:
1216:
1158:
1146:
358:
327:
4697:
4618:
4518:
3680:(2nd Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers.
3637:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
3503:
3462:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
3237:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
3144:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
2740:
Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen.
2071:
1956:
of the First Rank (襄昭親王; 20 January 1642 – 22 August 1656), 11th son
1467:
debated on whether to grant the throne to Hong Taiji's half-brother
1019:), which means "the culturing emperor" or "the emperor of letters".
2619:
2139:
2043:
2018:
1989:
1970:
1939:
1918:
1892:
1809:
1771:
1755:
1748:
1726:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1645:
1635:
1603:
1529:
1501:
1387:
1334:
671:
3678:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
3608:
789:. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father
4503:
4258:
4141:
3880:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
2310:
1833:
1642:
1632:
1488:
1484:
1302:
In 1635, Hong Taiji changed the name of his people from Jurchen (
1220:
through the Jehol Pass, then in 1632 and 1634 he sent raids into
1044:
1036:
866:
790:
583:
562:
550:
137:
41:
3304:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
3275:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
3115:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (2006),
3065:
1997:
335:
4748:
4707:
4643:
4623:
4570:
4540:
4462:
3077:
2959:, p. 13 (""Nurhaci never assigned him to such position");
2926:
2064:
1889:
1800:
1468:
1435:
1245:
1221:
1186:
1166:
1063:
844:
802:
291:
3861:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 170–203.
2963:, p. 165 ("this is certainly not what his name meant");
1624:(固倫溫莊公主; 10 September 1625 – April/May 1663), second daughter
4738:
4628:
4550:
2255:
1308:
1109:
officials. After a 1623 revolt, Nurhaci came to mistrust his
1051:, and he might have been genetically related to the Mongolic
1027:
3975:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3639:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
885:), indicating that he was the fourth ranked among the eight
793:
had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the
4349:
3661:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pressv. pp. 73–119.
2654:
1935:
Married Garma Sodnam (噶爾瑪索諾木; ? – 1663) of the Mongol
1198:
1340:
The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the
831:. That Mongolian term was itself derived from the Chinese
4065:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 31–72.
2987:
2985:
2938:
1705:(博爾濟吉特氏; 28 March 1613 – 27 January 1688), personal name
944:, after he changed its name. His title as Great Khan was
761:(28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also rendered as
3907:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–72.
3584:
2009:(承澤裕親王 碩塞; 17 January 1629 – 12 January 1655), fifth son
1487:." A few months later, Qing armies led by Dorgon seized
1378:) and a golden Buddha called "Mahakala". In April 1636,
1317:
956:, which were used in his lifetime to record dates, were
4253:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
3029:
2806:("prosperous way and manifestation of might") was added
2779:
Hong Taiji's complete posthumous name was much longer:
1157:
He continued the expansion of the Later Jin dynasty in
3346:
2982:
2970:
1005:, which was chosen to reflect his style of rule, was "
3924:
A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations
3749:(in Chinese). Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社 .
3572:
3053:
704:
690:
676:
662:
3458:
3233:
3041:
1252:. By 1644, the entire region was under his control.
1105:
During his reign, Hong Taiji started recruitment of
3823:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
3596:
3179:(3). The Japan Society of Human Genetics: 407–411.
3147:, University of California Press, pp. 155–56,
2714:Portrayed by Kim Jun-won in the 2023 MBC TV series
1606:(博爾濟吉特氏; 31 May 1599 – 28 May 1649), personal name
3877:
3307:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 65–.
3278:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 64–.
2042:Married Hashang (哈尚; ? – 1651) of the Mongol
1568:. His political abilities were paralleled only by
3994:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
3465:. University of California Press. pp. 198–.
3240:. University of California Press. pp. 214–.
3114:
2093:Married Huisai (輝塞; ? – 1651) of the Manchu
2027:Married Kuazha (誇札; ? – 1649) of the Manchu
1788:(順治帝; 15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661), ninth son
1754:Married Sabdan (色布騰; ? – 1667) of the Barin
1244:region. In 1640 he completed the conquest of the
905:Western scholars used to refer to Hong Taiji as "
427:Tiancong (天聰): 16 February 1627 – 6 February 1636
4770:
4237:
3532:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2138:Married Bandi (班迪; ? – 1700) of the Mongol
1888:Married Bandi (班第; ? – 1647) of the Mongol
1812:(博爾濟吉特氏; 1609 – 22 October 1641), personal name
1722:Married Birtakhar (弼爾塔哈爾; ? – 1667) of the
2754:Qing dynasty Taizong's veritable records《清太宗實錄》
1973:(博爾濟吉特氏; 1606 – June/July 1667), personal name
1878:(洛格; 1611 – November/December 1621), second son
1451:controlled the remaining Bordered Blue Banner.
1039:, whom he succeeded as the second ruler of the
448:Chongde (崇德): 7 February 1636 – 7 February 1644
3514:. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020
4478:
4223:
3452:
3166:
2841:
2832:
2821:
2812:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2609:Portrayed by Liu Dekai in the 2003 TV series
1872:(肅武親王; 16 April 1609 – 4 May 1648), first son
1532:, Hong Taiji had the broad and wise views of
1465:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
1409:Hongtaiji claimed that the progenitor of his
1248:, when he defeated and captured their leader
1010:
973:
960:
856:
632:
618:
3884:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3297:
3295:
3227:
2184:(格格) of the Cilei clan (奇壘氏; ? – 1645)
1132:
1118:
4038:The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time
4008:
3926:. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
3921:
3676:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986).
3385:
2705:Portrayed by Kim Beob-rae in the 2017 film
1382:of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the
847:sources rendered his name as "Hong Taiji" (
825:, it was borrowed from the Mongolian title
4485:
4471:
4230:
4216:
4062:Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition
3859:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
3675:
3652:
3590:
3566:
3459:Pamela Kyle Crossley (February 15, 2000).
3340:
3234:Pamela Kyle Crossley (February 15, 2000).
2757:Royal archives of the Qing dynasty (清宮档案).
1660:Married Kitad (奇塔特; ? – 1653) of the
817:" was a title or a personal name. Written
3989:
3838:Pang, Tatiana A.; Giovanni Stary (1998).
3837:
3488:"New Light on The Origins of The Manchus"
3292:
3071:
2991:
2956:
2888:
1022:
769:in Western literature, also known by his
4097:United States Government Printing Office
4034:
3786:
3712:United States Government Printing Office
3631:
3140:
3083:
3019:
2976:
2960:
2944:
2932:
2916:
2679:Portrayed by Jung Sung-woon in the 2015
2583:Portrayed by Kim Yoon-hyung in the 1981
1511:
1293:
1026:
4055:
3965:
3898:
3763:
3728:, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
3718:
3614:
3578:
3550:
3364:
3352:
3260:
3059:
3023:
3003:
2964:
2915:as "meaning loosely 'Respected Son'");
2908:
2892:
2666:Portrayed by Byun Joo-hyun in the 2014
2653:Portrayed by Nam Kyung-eub in the 2013
1921:(博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 1674), personal name
1641:Married Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the
1454:
1289:
1131:It is the predecessor of Mongol Yamen (
747:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
306: 1634; died 1641)
19:For the title used by the Mongols, see
4771:
4079:
3875:
3856:
3694:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
2891:, p. 13 ("of Mongolian origin");
2884:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2327:
2220:
2216:
706:
4466:
4211:
4009:Zhao, Erxun 趙爾巽; et al. (1927).
3940:
3813:
3546:
3485:
3047:
3035:
3015:
2534:
2528:
2518:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2477:
2467:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2419:
2409:
2397:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2368:
2358:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2132:(格格) of the Sayin Noyan clan (賽音諾顏氏)
1516:Statue of Hong Taiji in Beiling Park
1441:
1361:in Inner Mongolia. He won one of the
4092:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3741:
3707:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3602:
3554:
3134:
3100:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1679:Married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the
993:, by which he was worshipped at the
366:Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank
16:Founding emperor of the Qing dynasty
3374:
3321:
2846:("illustrious stability") was added
2826:("reverent and diligent") was added
2731:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
2170:(格格) of the Keyikelei clan (克伊克勒氏)
2039:(5 November 1635 – April/May 1652)
1043:dynasty in 1626. He might have had
808:
384:Princess Duanshun of the First Rank
369:Princess Jingduan of the First Rank
13:
4814:Deliberative Princes and Ministers
4028:
3842:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3799:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 319–31.
3492:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3419:清太宗實錄 "Qing Taizong shilu" Part 20
2660:Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers
2577:
1770:Married Lamasi (喇瑪思) of the Jarud
1100:
387:Princess Kechun of the Second Rank
381:Princess Yong'an of the First Rank
340:Prince Chengzeyu of the First Rank
100:(as Khan of the Later Jin dynasty)
14:
4830:
3657:. In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.).
2115:(16 August 1638 – May/June 1657)
1363:Yuan dynasty's imperial jade seal
1275:Council of Deliberative Officials
1035:Hong Taiji was the eighth son of
851:). The modern Chinese rendering "
482:Emperor Kuanwen Rensheng (寬溫仁聖皇帝)
404:Aisin-Gioro Hong Taiji (愛新覺羅·皇太極)
378:Princess Shuzhe of the First Rank
375:Princess Shuhui of the First Rank
372:Princess Yongmu of the First Rank
4492:
4358:
3903:. In Willard J. Peterson (ed.).
3797:The Mongol Empire and its Legacy
3773:The Journal of the Tibet Society
3399:"In Japanese:その後の「制誥之寶」とマハーカーラ像"
2923:and other meaning as "viceroy").
2118:Married Laha (拉哈) of the Manchu
2031:in December 1644 or January 1645
1822:(27 August 1637 – 13 March 1638)
1648:in 1645 and had issue (two sons)
1316:
1307:
727:
363:Princess Aohan of the First Rank
150:(as Emperor of the Qing dynasty)
64:
3560:
3540:
3479:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3391:
3266:
3254:
3215:
3160:
3108:
3089:
2919:, p. 330 (derivation from
2853:
2773:
2751:Qing imperial genealogy(清皇室四譜).
1192:Although Hong Taiji patronized
303:
278:
253:
3876:——— (1998).
3624:
3141:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002),
2842:
2833:
2822:
2813:
2802:
2793:
2784:
1744:Married Suo'erha (索爾哈) of the
1031:Hong Taiji in regular clothing
1011:
974:
961:
869:never designated a successor.
857:
705:
691:
677:
663:
633:
619:
1:
4789:17th-century Chinese monarchs
4418:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
3992:Chinese History: A New Manual
3742:Gong, Baoli 宫宝利, ed. (2010).
2866:
1942:in December 1647/January 1648
1267:
777:, was the second khan of the
765:and sometimes referred to as
328:Prince Suwu of the First Rank
4799:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
3990:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012).
3922:Schirokauer, Conrad (1978).
3901:"State Building before 1644"
2871:
2603:The Affaire in the Swing Age
1152:
965:("heavenly wisdom"; Manchu:
952:by his Mongol subjects. His
861:), which uses the character
7:
4190:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
4168:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
3791:. In Reuven Amitai-Preiss;
3764:Grupper, Samuel M. (1984).
3617:, pp. 313–315 and 858.
2724:
2206:
1842:(洛博會; 1611–1617), third son
1631:(額哲; ? – 1641) of the
1481:emperor of the Qing dynasty
484:Bogda Chechen Khan (博格達徹辰汗)
80:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
4835:
3899:Roth Li, Gertrude (2002).
3775:(4): 47–75. Archived from
3653:Dennerline, Jerry (2002).
2434:
2321:
2218:
1328:. The original meaning of
1161:, pushing deeper into the
1133:
1119:
932:Hong Taiji was the second
454:
433:
27:
18:
4794:17th-century Mongol khans
4731:
4686:
4672:
4604:
4502:
4367:
4356:
4249:
4196:
4187:
4175:
4164:was established in 1636.
4146:
4138:
4133:
4106:
3173:Journal of Human Genetics
2834:應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝
2736:Qing conquest of the Ming
2512:
2494:
2486:
2461:
2442:
2438:
2403:
2385:
2377:
2352:
2333:
2329:
2293:
2274:
2266:
2238:
2222:
2142:in September/October 1651
2097:in September/October 1651
1583:
1507:
995:Imperial Ancestral Temple
978:("lofty virtue"; Manchu:
969:) from 1627 to 1636, and
913:, which was Hong Taiji's
719:
698:
684:
670:
656:
649:
644:
640:
626:
612:
608:
603:
589:
579:
561:
549:
531:
524:
512:: Genggiyen šu hūwangdi (
495:
488:
481:
474:
424:
419:
403:
398:
394:
314:
210:
198:
184:
158:
154:
143:
133:
125:
114:
104:
93:
85:
78:
63:
54:
3787:Miyawaki, Junko (1999).
2911:, p. 397, note 71 (
2895:, p. 397, note 71 (
2766:
2624:The Legend of Xiaozhuang
2046:in October/November 1648
1262:wars with the Jin Empire
940:and then Emperor of the
614:Traditional Chinese
229:(died 1612)
89:1636 – 21 September 1643
4184:was established in 1636
3951:(subscription required)
3943:Central Asiatic Journal
3086:, pp. 137 and 165.
3074:, pp. 270 and 806.
3026:, p. 396, note 71.
2935:, p. 165, note 82.
2814:應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏隆道顯功文皇帝
1987:(葉赫那拉氏), personal name
1574:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1550:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1526:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1093:from his fifth brother
1087:Bordered Yellow Banners
1049:Yehe-Nara Monggo Jerjer
1047:ancestry as the son of
813:It is unclear whether "
775:Emperor Taizong of Qing
628:Simplified Chinese
503:(應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功
72:Hong Kong Palace Museum
3341:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986
2696:in the 2017 TV series
2646:in the 2012 TV series
2633:in the 2006 TV series
2622:in the 2015 TV series
2600:in the 2003 TV series
2420:Hong Taiji (1592–1643)
2369:Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
1802:Primary Consort Minhui
1578:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1542:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1517:
1500:, located in northern
1425:province close to the
1299:
1032:
1023:Consolidation of power
881:" or "fourth prince" (
735:This article contains
453:: Wesihun erdemungge (
292:Primary Consort Minhui
129:20 October 1626 – 1636
4271:Enthroned in 1626 as
4081:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4019:Draft History of Qing
3967:Wakeman, Frederic Jr.
3696:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3655:"The Shun-chih Reign"
3633:Crossley, Pamela Kyle
3096:Arthur W. Hummel, Sr.
2992:Pang & Stary 1998
2957:Pang & Stary 1998
2889:Pang & Stary 1998
2794:應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝隆道顯功文皇帝
1695:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
1554:Emperor Taizu of Song
1515:
1297:
1030:
986:) from 1636 to 1643.
267:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
4113:House of Aisin-Gioro
3185:10.1038/jhg.2016.142
2673:The Three Musketeers
1911:Noble Consort Yijing
1538:Emperor Gaozu of Han
1455:Death and succession
1290:Renaming the dynasty
1227:In 1636, Hong Taiji
4285:began to rule over
4166:Himself became the
3498:(1): 245, 239–282.
3486:Huang, Pei (1990).
3401:. 宣和堂遺事 宣和堂の節操のない日記
2122:in March/April 1652
2017:(側福晉) of the Jarud
1638:on 16 February 1636
1596:Empress Xiaoduanwen
1055:as a member of the
441:: Тэнгэрийн сэцэн (
245:Empress Xiaoduanwen
3714:. pp. 255–59.
3388:, pp. 326–327
3038:, pp. 298–99.
2947:, pp. 164–65.
2761:Samjeondo Monument
2648:In Love With Power
2478:Yangginu (d. 1584)
1963:Consort Kanghuishu
1836:(鈕祜祿氏; 1593–1612)
1546:Emperor Wen of Sui
1518:
1442:The banners status
1419:Changbai Mountains
1353:and overthrow the
1300:
1033:
980:Wesihun erdemungge
4809:Founding monarchs
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4460:
4459:
4206:
4205:
4197:Succeeded by
4128:21 September 1643
4001:978-0-674-06715-8
3782:on March 3, 2016.
3756:978-7-5134-0018-3
3472:978-0-520-92884-8
3314:978-0-521-24334-6
3285:978-0-521-24334-6
3247:978-0-520-92884-8
3222:ed. Walthall 2008
2800:Longdao xiangong
2785:應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝文皇帝
2574:
2573:
2530:Empress Xiaocigao
2015:Secondary consort
2007:of the First Rank
1981:Secondary consort
1904:Secondary Consort
1870:of the First Rank
1622:of the First Rank
1163:Mongolian Plateau
1091:Plain Blue Banner
781:and the founding
779:Later Jin dynasty
743:rendering support
723:
722:
715:
714:
651:Standard Mandarin
599:
598:
594:Empress Xiaocigao
545:
544:
188:21 September 1643
120:Later Jin dynasty
4826:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4612:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4362:
4295:
4289:, replacing the
4255:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4139:Preceded by
4129:
4122:
4121:28 November 1592
4104:
4103:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4052:
4023:
4005:
3986:
3962:
3952:
3937:
3918:
3895:
3883:
3872:
3853:
3834:
3815:Oxnam, Robert B.
3810:
3783:
3781:
3770:
3760:
3744:Shunzhi shidian
3738:
3720:Elliott, Mark C.
3715:
3703:
3691:
3672:
3649:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3386:Schirokauer 1978
3383:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3318:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2882:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2612:Xiaozhuang Mishi
2212:
2211:
2154:Irgen-Gioro clan
2029:Irgen-Gioro clan
1952:(博穆博果爾), Prince
1674:Yong'an Duanzhen
1491:, and the young
1431:Jiu Manzhou Dang
1320:
1315:) to Manchu, or
1311:
1194:Tibetan Buddhism
1165:and raiding the
1140:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1057:Aisin-Gioro clan
1014:
1013:
977:
976:
964:
963:
946:Bogd Sécén Khaan
860:
859:
850:
809:Names and titles
749: instead of
731:
730:
711:
710:
709:
694:
693:
692:T'ien-ts'ung Han
680:
679:
666:
665:
642:
641:
636:
635:
622:
621:
601:
600:
540:
519:
467:
458:
444:
435:
414:
396:
395:
307:
305:
282:
280:
257:
255:
230:
191:
169:28 November 1592
168:
166:
70:Portrait in the
68:
59:
52:
51:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4758:
4727:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4610:
4609:
4600:
4498:
4491:
4461:
4456:
4363:
4354:
4283:Shunzhi Emperor
4280:
4269:
4251:
4245:
4236:
4202:
4200:Shunzhi Emperor
4193:
4185:
4179:
4165:
4156:
4144:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4073:
4049:
4031:
4029:Further reading
4026:
4002:
3983:
3950:
3934:
3915:
3892:
3869:
3850:
3831:
3807:
3793:David O. Morgan
3779:
3768:
3757:
3736:
3688:
3669:
3647:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3591:Dennerline 2002
3589:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3567:Dennerline 2002
3565:
3561:
3553:, p. 297;
3545:
3541:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3504:10.2307/2719229
3484:
3480:
3473:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3322:
3315:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:, p. 165;
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2907:
2903:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2727:
2636:Da Qing Fengyun
2580:
2578:Popular culture
2575:
2209:
1795:Primary Consort
1785:Shunzhi Emperor
1765:Shuzhe Duanxian
1737:(阿圖), Princess
1715:(雅圖), Princess
1698:(孝莊文皇后) of the
1599:(孝端文皇后) of the
1586:
1510:
1493:Shunzhi Emperor
1457:
1444:
1380:Mongol nobility
1326:Manchu language
1292:
1270:
1234:tributary state
1155:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1103:
1101:Ethnic policies
1025:
1003:posthumous name
919:Manchu language
848:
837:Pamela Crossley
811:
756:
755:
754:
751:Manchu alphabet
741:Without proper
732:
728:
571:
538:
533:
517:
515:
513:
508:
490:Posthumous name
483:
466:ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠢ
465:
464:: Дээд эрдэмт (
460:
456:
449:
442:
437:
428:
412:
410:
405:
390:
351:Shunzhi Emperor
310:
309:
301:
297:
294:
284:
281: 1625)
276:
272:
269:
259:
256: 1614)
251:
247:
232:
228:
224:
206:
193:
189:
172:
171:(萬曆二十年 十月 二十五日)
170:
164:
162:
109:Shunzhi Emperor
74:
57:
56:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Nurhaci's sons
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4681:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4172:
4158:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4134:Regnal titles
4131:
4130:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4086:"Abahai"
4083:, ed. (1943).
4077:
4071:
4053:
4047:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3987:
3981:
3963:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3896:
3890:
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3784:
3761:
3755:
3739:
3734:
3716:
3701:"Fu-lin"
3698:, ed. (1943).
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3650:
3645:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3605:, p. 255.
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3549:, p. 38;
3539:
3478:
3471:
3451:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3390:
3373:
3357:
3355:, p. 205.
3345:
3320:
3313:
3291:
3284:
3265:
3253:
3246:
3226:
3214:
3159:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3107:
3088:
3076:
3072:Wilkinson 2012
3064:
3052:
3050:, p. 299.
3040:
3028:
3008:
2996:
2981:
2979:, p. 164.
2969:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2901:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2699:Rule the World
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2640:
2627:
2616:
2607:
2594:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:Gūwalgiya clan
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:Gūwalgiya clan
2078:
2077:
2076:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:Ninth daughter
2034:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1985:Yehe-Nara clan
1978:
1966:(康惠淑妃) of the
1959:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1914:(懿靖貴妃) of the
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:on 25 May 1633
1879:
1873:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1805:(敏惠元妃) of the
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1585:
1582:
1566:Yongle Emperor
1562:Hongwu Emperor
1509:
1506:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1415:Bukūri Yongšon
1291:
1288:
1279:Six Ministries
1269:
1266:
1210:Yuan Chonghuan
1167:Joseon dynasty
1154:
1151:
1102:
1099:
1024:
1021:
984:Degedü Erdemtü
810:
807:
745:, you may see
733:
726:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
702:
696:
695:
688:
682:
681:
674:
668:
667:
660:
654:
653:
647:
646:
645:Transcriptions
638:
637:
630:
624:
623:
616:
610:
609:
606:
605:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
565:
559:
558:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
529:
528:
522:
521:
493:
492:
486:
485:
479:
478:
472:
471:
470:
469:
446:
443:ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ
432:: Abkai sure (
422:
421:
417:
416:
409:: Hong taiji (
401:
400:
392:
391:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
342:
333:
330:
320:
318:
312:
311:
299:
295:
290:
289:
288:
287:
274:
270:
265:
264:
263:
262:
249:
243:
242:
241:
240:
238:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
208:
207:
204:Zhao Mausoleum
202:
200:
196:
195:
192:(aged 50)
186:
182:
181:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
75:
69:
61:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4831:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:commanders of
4685:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4611:(before 1636)
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:In 1644, the
4278:
4274:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4072:0-8248-2827-5
4068:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4057:Elliott, Mark
4054:
4050:
4048:0-674-01399-9
4044:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3982:0-520-04804-0
3978:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3933:0-15-505570-4
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3914:0-521-24334-3
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3891:0-520-22837-5
3887:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3868:0-520-06930-7
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3849:3-447-04056-4
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3830:0-226-64244-5
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3806:90-04-11946-9
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:0-8047-4684-2
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3687:0-06-181235-8
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3668:0-521-24334-3
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3646:0-520-21566-4
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3593:, p. 78.
3592:
3587:
3581:, p. 71.
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3343:, p. 592
3342:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3263:, p. 203
3262:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3154:0-520-23424-3
3150:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3128:0-520-23015-9
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3084:Crossley 1999
3080:
3073:
3068:
3062:, p. 69.
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3020:Crossley 1999
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2994:, p. 13.
2993:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:Crossley 1999
2973:
2966:
2962:
2961:Crossley 1999
2958:
2953:
2946:
2945:Crossley 1999
2941:
2934:
2933:Crossley 1999
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:Miyawaki 1999
2914:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:0-670-81164-5
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2692:Portrayed by
2691:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:Portrayed by
2641:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:Portrayed by
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:Portrayed by
2617:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2598:Tang Guoqiang
2596:Portrayed by
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2140:Borjigin clan
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:13th daughter
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2044:Borjigin clan
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:Borjigin clan
2016:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1983:(側福晉) of the
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:Borjigin clan
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:Borjigin clan
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:Borjigin clan
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1893:Borjigin clan
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:Ula-Nara clan
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:Borjigin clan
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1772:Borjigin clan
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:Borjigin clan
1753:
1750:
1749:Borjigin clan
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1727:Borjigin clan
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:Borjigin clan
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1684:Borjigin clan
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:Borjigin clan
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1646:Borjigin clan
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:Borjigin clan
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:Borjigin clan
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Qin Shi Huang
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Banner system
1176:
1175:Eight Banners
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:monggo jurgan
1129:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:Hong Taiji's
987:
985:
982:, Mongolian:
981:
972:
968:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
898:". Historian
897:
893:
888:
884:
880:
879:
878:
870:
868:
864:
854:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:
718:
708:
703:
701:
697:
689:
687:
683:
675:
673:
669:
661:
659:
655:
652:
648:
643:
639:
631:
629:
625:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
574:
569:
566:
564:
560:
557:
554:
552:
548:
536:
530:
527:
523:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
480:
477:
473:
463:
452:
447:
440:
431:
426:
425:
423:
418:
408:
402:
397:
393:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
321:
319:
317:
313:
293:
286:
285:
268:
261:
260:
246:
239:
237:
234:
233:
223:
216:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
183:
180:
176:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
67:
62:
53:
48:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
4679:(since 1636)
4673:
4605:
4533:
4513:
4512:Four Senior
4495:Yizheng wang
4494:
4406:N. Dynasties
4402:S. Dynasties
4299:
4291:Ming dynasty
4287:China proper
4276:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4252:
4243:Qing dynasty
4188:
4182:Qing dynasty
4176:
4162:Qing dynasty
4160:
4147:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4090:
4061:
4037:
4017:
4014:
4011:Qingshi gao
4010:
3991:
3971:
3946:
3942:
3923:
3904:
3879:
3858:
3839:
3819:
3796:
3777:the original
3772:
3747:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3677:
3658:
3636:
3615:Wakeman 1985
3610:
3598:
3586:
3579:Roth Li 2002
3574:
3569:, p. 74
3562:
3557:, p. 51
3551:Wakeman 1985
3542:
3528:cite journal
3516:. Retrieved
3495:
3491:
3481:
3461:
3454:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3405:December 17,
3403:. Retrieved
3393:
3365:Wakeman 1985
3360:
3353:Wakeman 1985
3348:
3303:
3274:
3268:
3261:Wakeman 1985
3256:
3236:
3229:
3217:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3143:
3136:
3117:
3110:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3060:Grupper 1984
3055:
3043:
3031:
3024:Elliott 2001
3011:
3004:Elliott 2001
2999:
2972:
2965:Elliott 2001
2952:
2940:
2928:
2920:
2913:Khong tayiji
2912:
2909:Elliott 2001
2904:
2897:Khong tayiji
2896:
2893:Elliott 2001
2880:
2855:
2775:
2715:
2708:The Fortress
2706:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2647:
2634:
2623:
2610:
2601:
2588:
2196:Wu Yingxiong
2188:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2152:(格格) of the
2149:
2129:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2083:(格格) of the
2080:
2070:
2063:(格格) of the
2060:
2054:
2053:
2036:
2014:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1929:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1852:(繼妃) of the
1848:
1839:
1834:Niohuru clan
1832:(元妃) of the
1829:Consort Yuan
1828:
1819:
1813:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1738:
1734:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1673:
1654:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1570:Genghis Khan
1519:
1461:Shanhai Pass
1458:
1445:
1423:Heilongjiang
1408:
1404:
1396:
1384:Han mandarin
1355:Ming dynasty
1351:China proper
1347:Song dynasty
1339:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1301:
1271:
1258:Song dynasty
1254:
1238:Qing dynasty
1226:
1214:
1203:
1191:
1174:
1171:Ming dynasty
1156:
1142:
1130:
1127:
1110:
1104:
1072:
1061:
1034:
1016:
1006:
998:
988:
983:
979:
970:
966:
957:
945:
942:Qing dynasty
931:
922:
910:
906:
904:
900:Mark Elliott
895:
891:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
862:
852:
840:
832:
828:Khong Tayiji
826:
818:
814:
812:
795:Ming dynasty
787:Qing dynasty
774:
766:
762:
758:
757:
734:
664:Tiāncōng Hán
658:Hanyu Pinyin
537:: Taidzung (
532:Taizong (太宗)
504:
500:
496:
222:Consort Yuan
194:(崇德八年 八月 九日)
190:(1643-09-21)
147:
97:
44:
37:
25:
21:Khong Tayiji
4784:1643 deaths
4779:1592 births
4398:16 Kingdoms
4108:Hong Taiji
3953:: 296–299.
3625:Works cited
3518:November 5,
2921:huang taizi
2885:Rawski 1998
2694:Raymond Lam
2532:(1575–1603)
2313:(1559–1626)
2258:(1543–1583)
2232:(1526–1583)
2105:(高塞), Duke
2065:Yanzha clan
1558:Kublai Khan
1411:Aisin Gioro
1359:Ligdan Khan
1342:Jin dynasty
1217:Red Cannons
1107:Han Chinese
1068:Lady Abahai
1066:'s mother,
1053:Daur people
1017:šu hūwangdi
1007:Wen Huangdi
991:temple name
967:Abka-i sure
954:reign names
927:Lady Abahai
896:huang taizi
883:duici beile
853:Huang Taiji
833:huang taizi
771:temple name
763:Huang Taiji
678:ㄊㄧㄢ ㄘㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˊ
575:(1636–1643)
570:(1626–1636)
556:Aisin-Gioro
526:Temple name
476:Regnal name
134:Predecessor
94:Predecessor
46:Aisin-Gioro
30:Manchu name
4819:Hong Taiji
4773:Categories
4534:Hong Taiji
4529:Manggūltai
4390:3 Kingdoms
4277:Hong Taiji
4194:1636–1643
4157:1626–1636
3547:Oxnam 1975
3367:, p.
3048:Stary 1984
3036:Stary 1984
3016:Stary 1984
2867:References
2717:My Dearest
2683:TV series
2670:TV series
2657:TV series
2644:Hawick Lau
2587:TV Series
2287:Empress Yi
1849:Consort Ji
1820:Eighth son
1782:(福臨), the
1564:, and the
1427:Amur river
1365:(Chinese:
1268:Government
1206:Yalu River
1095:Manggūltai
950:Bogda Khan
911:Abkai sure
819:Hong taiji
815:Hong Taiji
759:Hong Taiji
686:Wade–Giles
604:Hong Taiji
434:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠰᡠᠷᡝ
236:Consort Ji
165:1592-11-28
55:Hong Taiji
38:Hong Taiji
34:given name
4754:Sahaliyan
4703:Jirgalang
4659:Sahaliyan
4634:Jirgalang
4591:Sahaliyan
4566:Jaisanggū
4556:Jirgalang
4315:Yongzheng
4177:New title
4153:Later Jin
3603:Fang 1943
3555:Gong 2010
3224:, p. 148.
3193:1434-5161
2872:Citations
2840:Zhaoding
2631:Jiang Wen
2590:Daemyeong
2230:Giocangga
2187:Princess
2156:(伊爾根覺羅氏)
2085:Nara clan
2055:Concubine
2021:(博爾濟吉特氏)
2005:Chengzeyu
1975:Batmadzoo
1954:Xiangzhao
1949:Bomubogor
1928:Princess
1881:Princess
1763:Princess
1672:Princess
1653:Princess
1620:Wenzhuang
1618:Princess
1477:Jirgalang
1449:Jirgalang
1386:held the
1283:Censorate
1159:Manchuria
1153:Expansion
1147:Lifanyuan
1045:Mongolian
1041:Later Jin
1015:(Manchu:
938:Later Jin
568:Later Jin
514:ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
462:Mongolian
457:ᠡᠷᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡬᡝ
439:Mongolian
420:Era dates
359:Bomubogor
175:Manchuria
144:Successor
105:Successor
42:clan name
4606:Tiancong
4504:Tianming
4350:Xuantong
4335:Xianfeng
4330:Daoguang
4320:Qianlong
4239:Emperors
3969:(1985).
3959:41927447
3817:(1975).
3795:(eds.).
3722:(2001),
3635:(1999),
3201:27853133
2820:Jingmin
2725:See also
2620:Nie Yuan
2207:Ancestry
2194:Married
2182:Mistress
2168:Mistress
2150:Mistress
2130:Mistress
2081:Mistress
2061:Mistress
1990:Wuyunzhu
1930:Duanshun
1856:(烏拉那拉氏)
1807:Khorchin
1724:Khorchin
1707:Bumbutai
1700:Khorchin
1681:Khorchin
1662:Khorchin
1655:Jingduan
1627:Married
1601:Khorchin
1530:Jin Yong
1502:Shenyang
1498:Zhaoling
1388:Kurultai
1335:Manjusri
1250:Bombogor
1169:and the
958:Tiancong
915:era name
799:Jurchens
672:Bopomofo
539:ᡨᠠᡳᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ
211:Consorts
173:Fu Ala,
28:In this
4674:Chongde
4546:Degelei
4345:Guangxu
4340:Tongzhi
4325:Jiaqing
4305:Shunzhi
4300:Taizong
4264:Taizong
4241:of the
4142:Nurhaci
3949:(3–4).
3512:2719229
3209:7685248
2686:Hwajung
2311:Nurhaci
2003:Prince
1923:Namjung
1866:Prince
1840:Lobohoi
1774:in 1645
1758:in 1648
1751:in 1643
1746:Khalkha
1729:in 1641
1709:(布木布泰)
1686:in 1645
1667:in 1639
1616:(馬喀塔),
1589:Empress
1489:Beijing
1485:Shunzhi
1324:in the
1236:of the
1229:invaded
1187:Mongols
1141:蒙古衙門,
1075:Banners
1037:Nurhaci
999:Taizong
971:Chongde
936:of the
917:in the
874:Fourth
867:Nurhaci
791:Nurhaci
785:of the
783:emperor
773:as the
584:Nurhaci
563:Dynasty
518:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
497:Emperor
455:ᠸᡝᠰᠢᡥᡠᠨ
308:
300:
296:
283:
275:
271:
258:
250:
231:
227:
148:Himself
138:Nurhaci
118:of the
98:Himself
4749:Abatai
4732:Others
4708:Dorgon
4698:Daišan
4690:Banner
4644:Dorgon
4624:Abatai
4619:Daišan
4571:Dorgon
4541:Abatai
4519:Daišan
4514:Beiles
4430:W. Xia
4310:Kangxi
4124:
4069:
4045:
3998:
3979:
3957:
3930:
3911:
3888:
3865:
3846:
3827:
3803:
3753:
3732:
3684:
3665:
3643:
3510:
3469:
3311:
3282:
3244:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3151:
3125:
2744:
2189:Kechun
2160:Cangšu
2107:Quehou
2087:(那拉氏)
2072:Yebušu
2067:(顏扎氏)
1993:(烏雲珠)
1977:(巴特瑪璪)
1925:(娜木鐘)
1864:(豪格),
1816:(海蘭珠)
1814:Harjol
1739:Shuhui
1717:Yongmu
1643:Chahar
1633:Chahar
1614:Makata
1608:Jerjer
1584:Family
1576:, and
1560:, the
1522:Yongle
1508:Legacy
1469:Dorgon
1436:Hezhen
1413:clan,
1398:wuxing
1393:Manchu
1304:Manchu
1281:, the
1246:Evenks
1222:Shanxi
1137:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
1117::
1115:Manchu
1064:Dorgon
997:, was
923:Abaġai
907:Abahai
845:Korean
823:Manchu
803:Manchu
767:Abahai
737:Manchu
590:Mother
580:Father
535:Manchu
510:Manchu
451:Manchu
430:Manchu
407:Manchu
347:Cangšu
332:Yebušu
199:Burial
32:, the
4739:Ajige
4718:Hooge
4664:Hooge
4629:Ajige
4596:Hooge
4551:Ajige
4374:Shang
4259:Taizu
4126:Died:
4119:Born:
4016:[
3955:JSTOR
3780:(PDF)
3769:(PDF)
3746:顺治事典
3508:JSTOR
3205:S2CID
3102:p.1.
3098:1943
2767:Notes
2455:Taicu
2256:Taksi
2174:Toose
1968:Abaga
1937:Abaga
1916:Abaga
1890:Aohan
1883:Aohan
1861:Hooge
1780:Fulin
1610:(哲哲)
1473:Hooge
1395:– or
1330:Manju
1322:manju
1313:jušen
1199:lamas
1135:ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
1121:ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
1111:Nikan
1083:Plain
892:taise
887:beile
877:Beile
863:huang
739:text.
551:House
413:ᡨᠠᡳᠵᡳ
399:Names
355:Toose
324:Hooge
316:Issue
302:(
298:
277:(
273:
252:(
248:
225:
126:Reign
86:Reign
4744:Dudu
4723:Yoto
4713:Dodo
4654:Yoto
4649:Dodo
4639:Dudu
4586:Šoto
4581:Yoto
4576:Dodo
4561:Dudu
4524:Amin
4446:Qing
4442:Ming
4438:Yuan
4426:Song
4422:Liao
4414:Tang
4378:Zhou
4273:Khan
4149:Khan
4067:ISBN
4043:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3977:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3863:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3825:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3751:ISBN
3730:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3641:ISBN
3534:link
3520:2020
3467:ISBN
3407:2015
3309:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3197:PMID
3189:ISSN
3149:ISBN
3123:ISBN
2803:隆道顯功
2742:ISBN
2655:JTBC
2585:KBS1
2103:Gose
1998:Šose
1876:Loge
1868:Suwu
1713:Yatu
1629:Ejei
1242:Amur
1185:and
1085:and
1079:Dodo
934:Khan
841:hung
801:to "
573:Qing
344:Gose
336:Šose
185:Died
179:Ming
159:Born
116:Khan
4676:era
4608:era
4506:era
4454:PRC
4450:ROC
4434:Jīn
4410:Sui
4394:Jìn
4386:Han
4382:Qin
4370:Xia
4151:of
4013:清史稿
3500:doi
3369:204
3181:doi
2681:MBC
2668:tvN
2346:Agu
1735:Atu
1260:'s
1183:Han
1177:or
1012:文皇帝
858:皇太極
855:" (
849:洪台極
821:in
700:IPA
634:天聪汗
620:天聰汗
516:ᡧᡠ
505:文皇帝
501:Wen
411:ᡥᠣᠩ
58:皇太極
36:is
4775::
4452:/
4448:→
4444:→
4440:→
4436:→
4432:/
4428:/
4424:/
4420:→
4416:→
4412:→
4408:→
4404:/
4400:→
4396:/
4392:→
4388:→
4384:→
4380:→
4376:→
4372:→
4275:,
4170:.
4095:.
4089:.
3947:28
3945:.
3771:.
3710:.
3704:.
3530:}}
3526:{{
3506:.
3496:50
3494:.
3490:.
3376:^
3323:^
3294:^
3203:.
3195:.
3187:.
3177:62
3175:.
3171:.
3018:;
2984:^
2843:昭定
2837:)
2823:敬敏
2817:)
2797:)
2001:,
1572:,
1556:,
1552:,
1548:,
1544:,
1540:,
1536:,
1524:,
1504:.
1306::
1224:.
1059:.
1009:"
975:崇德
962:天聰
929:.
338:,
326:,
304:m.
279:m.
254:m.
177:,
4486:e
4479:t
4472:v
4293:.
4231:e
4224:t
4217:v
4099:.
4075:.
4051:.
4004:.
3985:.
3961:.
3936:.
3917:.
3894:.
3871:.
3852:.
3833:.
3809:.
3759:.
3690:.
3671:.
3536:)
3522:.
3502::
3475:.
3449:.
3409:.
3371:.
3317:.
3288:.
3250:.
3211:.
3183::
2788:)
2748:.
2720:.
2711:.
2701:.
2689:.
2676:.
2663:.
2650:.
2639:.
2626:.
2615:.
2605:.
2593:.
1434:(
1376:寶
1373:之
1370:誥
1367:制
1113:(
753:.
541:)
520:)
507:)
468:)
459:)
445:)
436:)
415:)
167:)
163:(
49:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
