Manchu language - Knowledge

1020: 12156:, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels. The Manchus followed the same syllabic method when learning Manchu script, also with syllables divided into twelve different classes based on the final phonemes of the syllables. Today, the opinion on whether it is alphabet or syllabic in nature is still split between different experts. In China, it is considered syllabic and Manchu is still taught in this manner. The alphabetic approach is used mainly by foreigners who want to learn the language. Studying Manchu script as a syllabary takes a longer time. 934: 18078: 195: 1278: 1881: 18102: 276: 15334: 557: 2801:(in Heilongjiang) could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimic the sinicized pronunciation of Manchus in Beijing, because they learned the Beijingese pronunciation from either studying in Beijing or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing, and they could tell them apart, using the Chinese influenced Beijingese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society. 525: 327: 47: 18090: 2235:

related Xibe, Jerry Norman (1974) found yet another system – stress was usually penultimate (rarely antepenultimate) in the stem and was not affected by the addition of suffixes, except for monosyllabic suffixes beginning in a voiceless sound, which were treated as part of the stem for the purposes of stress placement. Disyllabic suffixes sometimes had secondary stress of their own.

2707:" syllables. The reasoning behind this was that the language had a kind of sound symbolism where front vowels represented feminine objects or ideas and the back vowels represented masculine objects or ideas. As a result, there were a number of word pairs in the language in which changing the vowels also changed the gender of the word. For example, the difference between the words 1237:) which is active in promoting Manchurian culture. The Association publishes books about Manchurian folklore and history and its activities are run independently from the local government. Among the various classes of the Manchurian language and calligraphy some turned out to be a success. Beijing has the biggest and most wealthy Beijing Daxing Regency Manchu Association ( 2243:

Manchu absorbed a large number of non-native sounds into the language from Chinese. There were special symbols used to represent the vowels of Chinese loanwords. These sounds are believed to have been pronounced as such, as they never occurred in native words. Among these, was the symbol for the high

1259:

Despite the increased efforts to revive the Manchu language, there are many obstacles standing in the way. Even with increased awareness, many Manchus choose to give up their language, some opting to learn Mongolian instead. Manchu language is still thought of as a foreign language in a Han-dominated

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reported that the language is offered (as an elective) in one university, one public middle school, and a few private schools. There are also other Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language. Thousands of non-Manchu speakers have learned the

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in 1764. Modern written Xibe is very close to Manchu, although there are slight differences in the writing system which reflect distinctive Xibe pronunciation. More significant differences exist in morphological and syntactic structure of the spoken Xibe language. For one example among many, there is

670:

The use of the language for the official documents declined throughout Qing history as well. In particular, at the beginning of the dynasty, some documents on sensitive political and military issues were submitted in Manchu but not in Chinese. Later on, some Imperial records in Manchu continued to be

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Manchus when learning, instead of saying l, a—la; l, o—lo; &c., were taught at once to say la, lo, &c. Many more syllables than are contained in their syllabary might have been formed with their letters, but they were not accustomed to arrange them otherwise. They made, for instance, no such

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within one united culture". Another reason for revivalism lay in the archives of the Qing Empire–a way to translate and resolve historical conflicts between the Manchus and the state. Lastly, the people wanted to regain their language for the rituals and communication to their ancestors–many shamans

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A Manchu-language course over three years was required for the highest ranking Han degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu. Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen themselves did not know Manchu anymore and that, in retrospect,

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Alphabet: Some scholars consider the Manchu script to be a syllabic one. Others see it as having an alphabet with individual letters, some of which differ according to their position within a word. Thus, whereas Denis Sinor argued in favor of a syllabic theory,30 Louis Ligeti preferred to consider

1369:

This open syllable structure might not have been found in all varieties of spoken Manchu, but it was certainly found in the southern dialect that became the basis for the written language. It is also apparent that the open-syllable tendency of the Manchu language had been growing ever stronger for

1004:

argued forcibly that knowing Manchu allows the scholar to render Manchu personal and place names that have been "horribly mutilated" by their Chinese transliterations and to know the meanings of the names. He goes on that the Manchu translations of Chinese classics and fiction were done by experts

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Manchu has no grammatical gender, although the distinction between nouns referring to humans and nouns referring to non-humans does play a certain role in its grammar (as explained below). However, as already mentioned, biological gender is expressed by different vowels in a number of word pairs,

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The Manchu language enjoys high historical value for historians of China, especially for the Qing dynasty. Manchu-language texts supply information that is unavailable in Chinese, and when both Manchu and Chinese versions of a given text exist they provide controls for understanding the Chinese.

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lent slight prominence to the vowel of its first syllable by lengthening it, but on the other hand suffixes such as the case markers and the interrogative particles received stress, as did the perfect participle suffix and the optative suffix when these forms have future meaning. In the closely

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into Manchu and spent 25 years on the Manchu language. Shen wrote: "I am a Han. But all my life I have made a hobby of Manchu." Shen didn't have to learn Manchu as part of his job because he was never an official so he seems to have studied it voluntarily. Most Han people were not interested in

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reform allowed for international studies to be done in China. The dying language and ethnic culture of Manchus gained attention, providing local support. Websites facilitate communication of language classes or articles. Younger generations also spread and promote their unique identity through

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had a major influence on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in that city, and because Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinicized pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing, the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars.

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promoted bilingual education. However, many programs are not suited to the ethnic culture or to passing knowledge to the younger generations. If the programs were created via "top-down political processes" the locals tend to look at them with distrust. But if they were formed via specialized

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As in other East Asian languages, educated Manchus in the imperial period tended to avoid personal pronouns, especially for the first and second person, and often used paraphrases instead. For example, Manchu officials, when talking to the Emperor, referred to themselves with the word

662:

banner detachment in Heilongjiang show that only 1% of the bannermen could read Manchu and no more than 0.2% could speak it. Nonetheless as late as 1906–1907 Qing education and military officials insisted that schools teach Manchu language and that the officials testing soldiers'

657:

By the end of the 19th century the language had declined to such an extent that even at the office of the Shengjing general the only documents written in Manchu (rather than Chinese) would be the memorials wishing the emperor long life; during the same period the archives of the

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Despite the alphabetic nature of its script, Manchu was not taught phoneme per letter like western languages are; Manchu children were taught to memorize all the syllables in the Manchu language separately as they learned to write, like Chinese characters. To paraphrase Meadows

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added as a fifth language. The four-language version of the dictionary with Tibetan was in turn based on an earlier three-language version with Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese called the "Imperially-Published Manchu Mongol Chinese Three pronunciation explanation mirror of Qing"

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According to Gorelova, neither the finite verb forms nor the converbs have special negative forms; only the participle does. If a verb or converb need to be negated, a participle must be used instead of them. The participle is negated by a combination with the word

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Since the 1980s, there have been increased efforts to revive the Manchu language. Revival movements are linked to the reconstruction of ethnic Manchu identity in the Han-dominated country. The Manchus mainly lead the revival efforts, with support from the

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in Manchu are not very distinct from nouns as regards their grammatical properties, so many scholars have argued that they are not a separate part of speech; it has been claimed that they are simply a special type of nouns with semantics of quality.

11939:"only three women lived in three houses", lit. "only of three women only ...". Postpositions may govern participles, which then have the meaning of verbal nouns, and the postpositions themselves acquire a function similar to that of conjunctions ( 3603:

While Manchu is a synthetic and agglutinative language typologically similar to the neighbouring Mongolic and Turkic languages, its morphology is nevertheless less complex than theirs and its synthetic character is not so pronounced as theirs.

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An anonymous author remarked in 1844 that the transcription of Chinese words in Manchu alphabet, available in the contemporary Chinese–Manchu dictionaries, was more useful for learning the pronunciation of Chinese words than the inconsistent

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Direct objects sometimes also take the nominative. It is commonly felt that the marked accusative has a definite sense, like using a definite article in English. However, in the negative form, transitive verbs always take the accusative:

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The Manchus of Beijing were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics, whereas the Manchus of

8847:"please, sit down". When the optative refers to the second or third person, its meaning is close to that of an imperative. When it refers to an action that hasn't yet taken place, it also has the additional meaning of future. 2768:

Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation, so k before i and e=ch', g before i and e=ch, h and s before i=hs, etc. H before a, o, u, ū, is the guttural Scotch or German ch.

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translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. This showed in the titles of Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign which were direct translations contrasted with Manchu books translated during the

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use of the consonants l, m, n, and r, as westerners do; hence if the Manchu letters s, m, a, r, t, are joined in that order a Manchu would not able to pronounce them as English speaking people pronounce the word 'smart'.

2068:, a German sinologist and Manchurist, proposes that it was pronounced as a front rounded vowel initially, but a back unrounded vowel medially. William Austin suggests that it was a mid-central rounded vowel. The modern 2348:

function as "neutral" vowels for the purposes of vowel harmony. As a rule, back and front vowels cannot co-occur in a word: in other words, the lone front vowel never occurs in a word with any the regular back vowels

3041:) always falls at the end of the phrase. Thus, adjectives and adjectival phrases always precede the noun they modify, and the arguments to the verb always precede the verb. As a result, Manchu sentence structure is 8265:"to be". This is the dictionary form of the verb. The meaning of the form is of present or future tense. It can express usual, frequent, generic actions, concrete actions in the present, or actions in the future: 8073:

can be translated with clauses introduced by "until"; it expresses a subordinate action that is taking place simultaneously with that of the finite verb, and the latter continues until the first one is finished.

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Currently, several thousand people can speak Manchu as a second language through primary education or free classes for adults offered in China. However very few native Manchu speakers remain. In what used to be

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structures and has an inventory of converbial suffixes to indicate the relationship between the subordinate verb and the finite verb that follows it. An example is these two sentences, which have finite verbs:

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Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature

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Language revival was one method the growing numbers of Manchus used in order to reconstruct their lost ethnic identity. Language represented them and set them apart from other minority groups in the "

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scholar, consulted Manchu translations of Chinese works as well, and wrote that the Manchu language "would open an easy entrance to penetrate … into the labyrinth of Chinese literature of all ages."

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Soldierly Methods: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of Sun Zi bingfa. 2008. By Victor H. Mair with a complete transcription and word-for-word glosses of the Manchu translation by H. T. Toh

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expresses an action that is simultaneous with that of the finite verb, but it may also denote secondary meanings such as manner, condition, cause and purpose, and it can often be translated with an

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However, the genitive can often express the same instrumental meaning. It has been claimed that the genitive is used for the instrument of one's own actions as opposed to those of others (e.g.

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which is now under the administration of the Republic of China. Consisting of mostly Manchus and Mongols, they act as the link between the people, their ethnic leaders and the state.

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as part of the Qing army. He then started learning Manchu and writing books on Manchu grammar from Bordered Yellow Manchu Bannermen in 1677 after moving to Beijing. He translated the

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Indefinite ablative: indicates "from a place, from a situation" when it is unknown whether the action is really from the exact place or situation or around or near it by the suffix

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Erling von Mende. 2015. "In Defence of Nian Gengyao, Or: What to Do About Sources on Manchu Language Incompetence?". Central Asiatic Journal 58 (1-2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 59–87.

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writing style. They considered Manchu translations, or parallel Manchu versions, of many Chinese documents and literary works very helpful for understanding the original Chinese.

15394: (« The Manchu language »), coll. « Języki Azjii i Afryki » (« The languages of Asia and Africa »), Dialog, Warsaw, 192 p. 5294:, marking the genitive case) but had already lost their productivity to become fossilized in certain lexemes by the time of the earliest written records of the Manchu language: 1011:. Because Manchu is not difficult to learn, it "enables the student of Sinology to use the Manchu versions of the classics in order to verify the meaning of the Chinese text". 954: 5140:

Indefinite locative: indicates "at a place, in a situation" when it is unknown whether the action happens exactly at the place or situation or around or near it by the suffix

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Indefinite allative: indicates "to a place, to a situation" when it is unknown whether the action reaches exactly to the place or situation or around or near it by the suffix

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When this form is used predicatively it is usually translated as a future tense in English; it often carries an indefinite or conditional overtone when used in this fashion:

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in Manchu has been described in very different ways by different scholars. According to Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1892), it was always on the last syllable. In contrast,

734:). His father was a naval officer for the Qing and his grandfather was an official of the Ming dynasty before rebels murdered him. Shen Qiliang himself fought against the 7057:"whatever places he passed by", "all places he passed by". This suffix didn't exhibit vowel-harmony alternations in older Manchu, but it later acquired the back variant 812:"the founding emperors of the (Qing) dynasty (had been) unable to coerce the country's ministers and people to learn the national writing and national speech (Manchu)". 683:

A large number of Manchu documents remain in the archives, important for the study of Qing-era China. Today written Manchu can still be seen on architecture inside the

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was shocked to see a Manchu official, Guo'ermin, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now

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In particular, when the vowel /o/ or diphthong /oi/ appears at the beginning of a word, it is frequently pronounced and respectively in Beijing accent. For example,

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Klaproth, Julius von. 1828. Chrestomathie mandchou : ou, Recueil de textes mandchou : destiné aux personnes qui veulent s'occuper de l'étude de cette langue

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Pamela Kyle Crossley; Helen F. Siu; Professor of Anthropology Helen F Siu; Donald S. Sutton, Professor of History and Anthropology Donald S Sutton (19 January 2006).

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can be translated with the conjunction "before"; it expresses a subordinate action that has not yet taken place at the time of the main one and will only take place

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are derived both from verb and from noun stems; when the word is derived from a verb. the meaning is sometimes of an agent noun. The following suffixes are used:

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as heads of the predicate in a independent clause. (As already mentioned, some participles can have the same function, but they are not limited to it.) All Manchu

824:

had Chinese books translated into Manchu. Han Chinese and Manchus helped Jesuits write and translate books into Manchu and Chinese. Manchu books were published in

808:, and Mongolian. Han Chinese officials learned languages on the frontier regions and Manchu in order to be able to write and compile their writings on the region. 12022:; these probably entered it via Mongolian as well. It has been estimated that twenty to thirty percent of the Manchu vocabulary consists of Mongolian loanwords. 13619: 3924:. The particles can be written with the noun to which they apply or separately. They do not obey the rule of vowel harmony but are also not truly postpositions. 772:), which was co-written by a Manchu named Uge. Uge gave private Manchu language classes, which were attended by his friend Chen. Chen arranged for its printing. 14998:

Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)

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Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)

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expresses an action that the speaker wishes or intends to see performed – either by themselves or by others. Its meaning is sometimes akin to that of Chinese

6808:. (The perfect participle of these verbs is also irregular). Three of the most common verbs in Manchu also have irregular forms for the imperfect participle: 622:

many started losing the language. Trying to preserve the Manchu identity, the imperial government instituted Manchu language classes and examinations for the

12102:. All the Manchu vowels and the syllables commencing with a consonant are represented by single Chinese characters as are also the syllables terminating in 4547:

It can also indicate a person who is in possession of something in the construction meaning "A has B", which is expressed literally as "To A (there) is B":

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rather than a phoneme of its own, though work in Tungusic historical linguistics suggests that the Manchu palatal nasal has a very long history as a single

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learning non-Han languages so it is not known why Shen was doing it, but he did praise Manchu writing, saying that it was simpler and clearer than Chinese.

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The form of suffixes often varies depending on the rules of vowel harmony. Certain suffixes have only one form and are not affected by vowel harmony (e.g.

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are expressed by the union of the sounds of two characters, there being no Mandarin syllables terminating with these consonants. Thus the Manchu syllable

1358:. This resulted in almost all native words ending in a vowel. In some words, there were vowels that were separated by consonant clusters, as in the words 15455: 15226: 7752:

expresses an action that took place before the action of the finite verb; a secondary meaning is one of cause. It is the second most frequent converb:

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master say-IMPERF.CVB. study-DUR.CVB think-IMPERF.PTCP-NEG TOP useless be-IMPERF.IND. think-DUR.CVB study-IMPERF.PTCP-NEG TOP, dangerous be-IMPERF.IND.

3944:): one of the principal syntactic cases, it indicates participants/direct object of a sentence. It is written separate from the word that it follows. 1261: 1260:

Chinese speaking country. Obstacles are also found when gaining recognition from the state. Resistance through censorship prevented the performing of

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Only nouns referring to humans decline for number. The plural number is formed by the addition of several suffixes, depending on the specific noun.

1216: 978: 15268: 401:. Several thousand can speak Manchu as a second language through governmental primary education or free classes for adults in classrooms or online. 11858:"to", are not derived from other words, while others are originally declined forms of other parts of speech, such as nouns in a certain case (e.g. 4001:

Certain Manchu verbs govern the accusative in spite of the fact that verbs with similar semantics in other languages do not take a direct object:

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knew the Manchu language and wrote a book in Chinese on the frontier regions of China by translating and using the Manchu-language sources in the

797: 8860:"not be (here)": thus, literally, "I am-not doing-X". Still, Möllendorff (1892) does give an example of the negation of an indicative form with 18152: 707: 15286:

Kane, Daniel. 1997. "Language Death and Language Revivalism the Case of Manchu". Central Asiatic Journal 41 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 231–49.

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Still, the use of the language among the bannermen declined throughout the 18th century. Historical records report that as early as 1776, the

13921:. Vol. 31–32. Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. 2002. p. 208. 1370:

the several hundred years since written records of Manchu were first produced: consonant clusters that had appeared in older forms, such as

17866: 15577: 13593: 11796:"handle" is used for objects with a handle or a hilt such as knives, swords, sabres, spades, fans etc.(similarly to the Chinese classifier 2436:), one of which is added to front-vowel stems and the other to back-vowel stems. Finally, there are also suffixes with three forms, either 4266:): one of the principal syntactic cases, it is used to indicate possession or the means by which something is accomplished. The allomorph 13645: 9909:

is a somewhat problematic and controversial category in Manchu. The form for passive voice in Manchu is generally formed with the suffix

285: 15058: 13227:. Vol. 64 of Teachers College New York, NY: Contrib. to education (2 ed.). Teachers College, Columbia University. p. 58. 12471: 13723: 12439: 8724:"Let him write (if he wants to)". It appears to be derived from the optative form (on which see below) and the interrogative particle 5535:"our house" etc. Like English, Manchu has special forms for substantively used possessive pronouns; these are formed with the suffix 1091: 456:

found in most European languages, some gendered words in Manchu are distinguished by different stem vowels (vowel inflection), as in

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Loss of vowels under certain conditions. The vowel /i/ following consonant /t͡ʃʰ/ (c) or /t͡ʃ/ (j) usually disappears. For example,

671:

produced until the last years of the dynasty. In 1912 the Qing was overthrown, most Manchus could not speak their language, and the

18137: 13697: 12762: 6993:, while originally meaning "who has written", can also be used in the sense "(I, you, etc.) wrote". Certain verbs take, instead of 6460:

of the second person, singular and plural; otherwise the verb takes participial, converbal and verbal suffixes, which also express

5515:

The 3rd person pronouns are used with human referents, but do not refer to non-humans. With non-humans, the demonstrative pronouns

2723:(father) was essentially a contrast between the front vowel, , of the feminine and the back vowel, , of the masculine counterpart. 8681:, which is directed at a person of lower rank and which is used also as an optative or impersonal imperative of the third person: 7148:

These nominalized forms can express either the abstract notion of an action, the object of an action or the subject of an action:

5721:"that" can also be used alone like personal pronouns (and are obligatorily so for non-human referents). They form the plural with 17472: 15621: 15053: 12500: 1207:

language through these measures. Despite the efforts of NGOs, they tend to lack support from high-level government and politics.

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NGOs provide large support through "Manchu classes". Manchu is now taught in certain primary schools as well as in universities.

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A number of European scholars in the 18th century were frustrated by the difficulties in reading Chinese, with its "complicated"

626:, offering rewards to those who excelled in the language. Chinese classics and fiction were translated into Manchu and a body of 587:

retain traditional structure, the Chinese language is a source of major influence upon Manchu, altering its form and vocabulary.

15503: 13671: 974:История о завоевании китайским ханом Канхием калкаского и элетского народа, кочующего в Великой Татарии, состоящая в пяти частях 7084:"to be": thus, almost literally, "(which) was doing (something)". It expresses an incomplete or continuing action in the past: 2809:

Phonetically, there are some characteristics that differentiate the Beijing accent from the standard spelling form of Manchu.

903: 504:) ("national language"), which was used by previous non-Han dynasties to refer to their languages and, in modern times, to the 15175: 13832: 12609: 12582: 12555: 12510: 12099: 1019: 879: 15513: 13623: 15639: 15450: 12627:"Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" 15419: 14188:

Abhandlungen der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz.

12397: 1663: 1643: 1005:

familiar with their original meaning and with how best to express it in Manchu, such as in the Manchu translation of the

344: 306: 14054: 5204:: indicates "facing/toward" (something/an action) and shows only position and tendency, not movement into by the suffix 2759:

This section is about the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing. For the Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing, see

15766: 15120: 13355: 13321: 13268: 13205: 13152: 13125: 13001: 12886: 12832: 1949: 3271:

Both sentences can be combined into a single sentence by using converbs, which relate the first action to the second:

1162:. People began to reveal their ethnic identities that had been hidden due to 20th century unrests and the fall of the 949:

Study of the Manchu language by Russian sinologists started in the early 18th century, soon after the founding of the

15399: 15385: 15370: 15239: 14897: 14874: 14718: 14698:. Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968, S. 458f., “directional complement”; Gregor Kneussel: 14691: 14109: 14086: 13975: 13438: 13412: 13393: 12743: 12698: 12304: 12283: 12262: 4234:

The accusative may also indicate the space in which motion is happening or the means by which it is happening, as in

1321: 1299: 1292: 18162: 18132: 17859: 15570: 12935:. Vol. 1 of Harvard-Yenching Library studies: Harvard Yenching Library. Chinese University Press. p. 85. 12908:. Vol. 1 of Harvard-Yenching Library studies: Harvard Yenching Library. Chinese University Press. p. 84. 6282:

as an inflectional category; instead, comparisons are formed just by inflecting the compared noun in the ablative.

1591: 1503: 691:

and Manchu. Another limited use of the language was for voice commands in the Qing army, attested as late as 1878.

2288:(apple) (Chinese: píngguǒ), the Manchu language also had a large amount of loanwords from other languages such as 15669: 13752:

Tawney, Brian. "Reading Jakdan's Poetry: An Exploration of Literary Manchu Phonology". MA Thesis (Harvard, RSEA).

11876:"on top of", "top" are simply identical to nouns. Each postposition governs a certain noun case, with most, like 7033:"all" is added to a perfective or imperfective participle, the resulting form has a relative/indefinite meaning: 1720: 1571: 950: 296: 15529:

Tawney, Brian. "Reading Jakdan's Poetry: An Exploration of Literary Manchu Phonology". AM Thesis (Harvard, RSEA)

12932:

Treasures of the Yenching: Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Harvard-Yenching Library : Exhibition Catalogue

12905:

Treasures of the Yenching: Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Harvard-Yenching Library : Exhibition Catalogue

5874:

When pronouns function as attributes, the case marker is not placed after the pronoun, but only after the noun:

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from Chinese were used. Another alternative were combinations of the personal pronouns in genitive and the word

2919:/χot͡ʃiχon/ is pronounced . There are also other cases where a vowel disappears in Beijing accent. For example, 961: 906:(1669–1748) benefited from the existence of the parallel Manchu text when translating the historical compendium 15305: 15083: 13900: 13294: 13178: 12940: 12913: 12859: 7360:) have an adverbial function, and constructions with them often correspond to subordinate clauses in English. 7326:

Yuan Fai GEN female child speak-IMPERF.PTCP-NOMI that elder.brother younger.brother seven man all power big man

5251:

Indefinite accusative: indicates that the touch of the verb on the object is not surely complete by the suffix

1974: 472:

The Qing dynasty used various Mandarin Chinese expressions to refer to the Manchu language, such as "Qingwen" (

15423: 13380:

Anonymous, "Considerations on the language of communication between the Chinese and European governments", in

9176:

now take-PTCP.IMPERF-NEG become-CVB.COND other take-PTCP.PERF DAT you.GEN inside PTCL.PROH bad think-PTCP.PERF

796:

for not succeeding in his Manchus studies. Injišan, and Ortai, both Manchus, funded his work. The Han Chinese

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contrast as well, because the perfect and imperfect participles have partly developed a secondary meaning of

1110: 12169:

However this was in 1849, and more research should be done on the current teaching methods used in the PRC.

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In verbs of locomotion in the broadest sense there is a distinction between movement away from the speaker (

9881:– The synthetical forms of the imperative can be replaced with analytical forms consisting of a converb and 9853:– The synthetical forms of the imperative can be replaced with analytical forms consisting of a converb and 2779: 1109:(or Sibe) are often considered to be the modern custodians of the written Manchu language. The Xibe live in 638:"If some special encouragement … is not offered, the ancestral language will not be passed on and learned." 340: 221: 16702: 15762: 12736:

Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928.

4797:

The dative can also indicate the source of a statement or quotation, meaning roughly "according to", as in

1581: 262: 15477: 13260:

The Emperor's New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign (1662–1722)

12337:

A catalog of the Wade collection of Chinese and Manchu books in the library of the University of Cambridge

4161:

The direct object expressing an object that is caused to perform an action also stands in the accusative:

2212: 2204: 2189: 2173: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1724: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1531: 1366:('heaven'); however, in most words, the vowels were separated from one another by only single consonants. 1339: 654:(reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. 18147: 18142: 17852: 15617: 15563: 9457:

Gorelova believes that this form is originally identical to the negation of the imperfect participle in -

7981:

A similar meaning is expressed by adding the ending not to the stem, but to the finite imperfect form in

4388:

Verbs and participles can also be modified by a phrase in the genitive, resulting in adverbial meaning:

3932:

One of the principal syntactic cases, it is used for the subject of a sentence and has no overt marking.

3124:, "with", requires its nominal argument to have the genitive case, which causes the genitive case marker 3042: 1984: 1916: 603: 15460: 13144:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

13117:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

12878:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928

12601:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

7886:

you House-DAT arrive-PERF.CVB a.little rest-PERF.CVB food eat-PERF.CVB, face wash-PERF.CVB then come-OPT

3613:

where a phonologically back vowel is associated with males and a phonologically front one with females:

839:. Among his directives were to eliminate directly borrowed loanwords from Chinese and replace them with 18068: 12053: 9468:

Interrogative forms are derived from declarative ones by the edition of further suffixes. The particle

7041:"whatever I said", "everything I said". The pronoun can also merge into the preceding word as a suffix 3852:

In addition, plurality can be expressed by the addition of some words meaning "all" or "many", such as

2268:

were also represented with consonant symbols that were only used with loanwords such as in the case of

1653: 1493: 1483: 1170: 1159: 1071: 1063: 743: 15408:

Zakharov, Iv. Iv. (Захаров, Ив. Ив.) Грамматика манчжурского языка . St. Petersburg 1879 (in Russian).

15255: 5523:"that" are used instead. Possession can be expressed with the genitive form of the personal pronouns: 16611: 15344: 12472:

China News (originally Beijing Morning Post): Manchu Classes in Remin University (Simplified Chinese)

12057: 2003: 1872:, and they were distinguished in the Manchu alphabet, but are not distinguished in the romanization. 1601: 1079: 20: 15216:

Fletcher, Joseph (1973), "Manchu Sources", in Leslie Donald, Colin Mackerras and Wang Gungwu (ed.),

13802:(ed.), Indiana University Publications, Vol. 13 of the Uralic and Altaic Series, Bloomington IN 1962 13698:"Northeastern News: Don't let Manchu language and scripts become a sealed book (simplified Chinese)" 13197:

Books in Numbers: Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Harvard-Yenching Library : Conference Papers

12824:

Books in Numbers: Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Harvard-Yenching Library : Conference Papers

12370:

Verzeichniss der chinesischen und mandshuischen Bücher und Handschriften der K. Bibliothek zu Berlin

12231:. Canton: Press of S.W. Williams. pp. 54http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1205/guide/6302 8193:"to do especially, regard as the most important aspect". Other examples of this use are the phrases 1158:

era when non-Han ethnic expression was allowed. By the 1980s, Manchus had become the second largest

969:

The history of Kangxi's conquest of the Khalkha and Oirat nomads of the Great Tartary, in five parts

820:

Chinese fiction books were translated into Manchu. Bannermen wrote fiction in the Chinese language.

18127: 18039: 17092: 16631: 16596: 15697: 15468: 15434: 12788: 10325: 4464:

Adverbs are regularly formed from nouns by a repetition of the noun followed by a genitive marker:

1928: 1525: 1286: 933: 15338: 13550:"Facing the Decline of Minority Languages: The New Patterns of Education of Mongols and Manchus". 13516:"Identity reproducers beyond the grassroots: The middle class in the Manchu revival since 1980s". 2950:

Systemic merger of /q/ and /χ/ into , and /k/ and /x/ into between voiced phonemes. For example,

835:

commissioned projects such as new Manchu dictionaries, both monolingual and multilingual like the

17793: 17487: 16745: 16656: 16538: 16533: 12095: 8697:"Let him go!“. It may be used to command another person to cause a third person to do something. 7733:

fuze hendu-me. taci-mbime gūni-r-akū oci, mekele o-mbi. gūni-mbime taci-r-akū oci, jecuhuri o-mbi

1513: 1202: 1189: 994: 923: 15155: 13597: 13347:

Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911

13313:

Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911

11842:"bundle" for “Bundles” for sheaves of grain, bundles of paper, bunches of keys, caravans, etc., 17516: 17333: 17015: 15840: 15835: 15806: 15794: 13646:"Shenyang Daily: Young Man Teaches Manchu For Free To Rescue the Language (simplified Chinese)" 5667: 4814:

Finally, as already mentioned, it can express location in space or time, thus functioning as a

4377:

Sometimes a broader attributive relation (not necessarily a possessive one) is expressed, e.g.

2396:); these include the suffixes of the accusative, dative-locative and alternate ablative cases ( 1303: 413: 375: 18114:

PCVB:perfect converb ICVB:imperfect converb IPTC:imperfect participle PPTC:perfect participle

15315: 14980: 14964: 13724:"Beijing Evening News: 1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language (simplified Chinese)" 13649: 13470: 13345: 13311: 13284: 13258: 13195: 13168: 13142: 12849: 12822: 12688: 12599: 12545: 12348:

A Catalogue of the Collection of Chinese and Manchu Books Given to the University of Cambridge

7739:

The Master said: Studying without thinking is useless. Thinking without studying is dangerous.

7540:(which, in turn, is originally also a combination of an imperfect converb and the copula verb 872:), which was in turn based on the "Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing" ( 18023: 17805: 17781: 17504: 17467: 15965: 15013: 14996: 13238: 13222: 13115: 12930: 12903: 12876: 12572: 11099: 10230: 10226: 6384: 2731:

Dialects of Manchu include a variety of its historical and remaining spoken forms throughout

1772: 1620: 1441: 1431: 1347: 908: 17679: 13200:. Vol. 8 of Harvard-Yenching Institute studies. Chinese University Press. p. 215. 12827:. Vol. 8 of Harvard-Yenching Institute studies. Chinese University Press. p. 209. 12322: 8237:

The Manchu finite verbal forms are set apart from others by the fact that they can function

6468:. It has been argued that the aspect contrast to some extent has acquired the function of a 5997:"how, why?". The following table exemplifies the case declension of interrogative pronouns: 1719:

Manchu has twenty consonants, shown in the table using each phoneme's representation in the

17452: 17313: 17132: 17112: 17097: 16833: 16798: 16606: 15151:

Translations from the Manchu: with the original texts, prefaced by an essay on the language

15042: 13731: 12445: 12228:

Translations from the Manchu: with the original texts, prefaced by an essay on the language

11838:"mouth" for animals, objects with openings (pots, bags etc.), ports, mountain passes etc., 11417: 9822: 7329:"This is what Yuan Fai’s daughter says: all those seven brothers are powerful and big men;" 6707: 6336: 6279: 2223: 1751:

was also found mostly in loanwords and onomatopoeiae and there was no single letter in the

1451: 836: 739: 15550: 15518: 15047: 9825:

forms of the imperative can be replaced with analytical forms consisting of a converb and

6448:"May I take a bird as a husband?", lit. "If taking a bird as a husband, does it become?" 3739:

is mostly limited to words denoting persons of a certain age or generation and relatives (

560:

Official designation for China in Manchu, reads vertically to the next word to the right:

8: 17995: 17765: 17745: 17509: 17436: 17137: 17087: 17082: 16493: 16060: 15644: 15539: 15149: 12335: 12226: 12073: 12045: 10920: 10916: 10178: 10150: 9730:"is finished" (note that this same construction is the origin of the indicative perfect). 9652: 9575: 9556:"Are you not studying the Manchu language?" (lit. "Are you not reading Manchu books?"). 9473: 6834: 6744: 6733: 6412: 2265: 1815: 1338:" language because the only consonant that came regularly at the end of native words was 1252: 509: 445: 372: 125: 17122: 17107: 15722: 14682:

Gorelova 2002, 233, 239f.; Haenisch 1986, 53; vgl. Manfred Reichardt, Shuxin Reichardt:

13878: 13873: 13772: 13701: 12759: 12191: 8081:

In Classical Manchu this form is no longer very productive. The most frequent forms are

6456:

The Manchu verb has no number and person agreement. The pure verb stem functions as the

4603:

Another function is to indicate the instrument of action, making it play the role of an

3048:

Manchu uses a small number of case-marking particles that are similar to those found in

1860:

were backed before /a/, /ɔ/, or /ʊ/ to and , respectively. Some scholars analyse these

18157: 17928: 17875: 17710: 17482: 17416: 17365: 17318: 17262: 16992: 16935: 16661: 15817: 15586: 15534: 13289:. Vol. 27 of Studies on China. University of California Press. 2005. p. 323. 13173:. Vol. 27 of Studies on China. University of California Press. 2005. p. 321. 13096: 13057: 13018: 12977: 12657: 12649: 12091: 12077: 12011: 12007: 11745: 8245:

verbal forms seem to be derived from non-finite ones such as participles and converbs.

6729: 6717:

suffixes – among them case markers – and in that form, they can function like nouns as

6465: 6136: 5942: 5318:

distinction and mostly use the same case markers as nouns, but with some stem changes.

5172: 2289: 1461: 997:

used at the time by the writers transcribing Chinese words in English or French books.

977:), as well as some legal treatises and a Manchu–Chinese dictionary. In the late 1830s, 878:) in Manchu and Chinese, which used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and 580: 453: 429: 378: 117: 17117: 15727: 15204: 13442: 13038:"Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Ottomans" 12997:"Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Ottomans" 7889:"After you have come home, rested a little, eaten and washed your face, come (to me)." 7756:"(after) having written", "after I wrote", or, more idiomatically, "I wrote and ...". 7323:

yuan fai i sargan jui hendu-re-nge tere ahūn deo hadan niyalma gemu hūsun amba niyalma

5278:

In addition, there were some suffixes, such as the primarily-adjective-forming suffix

516:) referred to all three Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, not just one language. 484:) ("Qing language"). The term "national" was also applied to writing in Manchu, as in 254: 17689: 17349: 17223: 17168: 17060: 16968: 16963: 16920: 16842: 16573: 16553: 16478: 16455: 16228: 16110: 16080: 15922: 15913: 15865: 15855: 15702: 15634: 15544: 15485: 15395: 15381: 15366: 15301: 15235: 15189: 15116: 15079: 14893: 14870: 14714: 14687: 14105: 14082: 14077:

Gorelova 2002, 214f.; Haenisch 1986, 42f.; vgl. Manfred Reichardt, Shuxin Reichardt:

13971: 13896: 13828: 13675: 13478: 13434: 13408: 13389: 13351: 13317: 13290: 13264: 13201: 13174: 13148: 13121: 13100: 13077:"Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Otomans" 13061: 13022: 12981: 12936: 12909: 12882: 12855: 12828: 12796: 12739: 12694: 12661: 12605: 12578: 12551: 12506: 12300: 12279: 12258: 12132: 6718: 6702:

forms are derived from them. They can have four different functions in the sentence:

6469: 5162: 4604: 3056:. Case markers and postpositions can be used together, as in the following sentence: 2231: 1968: 1803: 1413: 1355: 899: 801: 789: 735: 688: 650:). By the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The 631: 627: 13569: 13254: 1200:. It is taught there as a tool for reading Qing-dynasty archival documents. In 2009 302: 18106: 18057: 18031: 18003: 17967: 17913: 17890: 17760: 17755: 17725: 17684: 17664: 17553: 17548: 17492: 17462: 17411: 17300: 17173: 17153: 17102: 17069: 17030: 17025: 17020: 16978: 16973: 16955: 16803: 16793: 16697: 16646: 16641: 16616: 16543: 16236: 16213: 16208: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16090: 16030: 15955: 15898: 15893: 15878: 15649: 15600: 13088: 13049: 13010: 12969: 12968:(2). the Society for Qing Studies and The Johns Hopkins University Press: 106–107. 12641: 12065: 12041: 12019: 12015: 11733: 10772: 10417:"to hack". When derived from a verb stem that ends in the passive/causative suffix 10166: 9026:

The negated participles are often followed by converb forms of the auxiliary verbs

6737: 6722: 6487:

There are 13 basic verb forms, some of which can be further modified with the verb

6461: 6129: 5241: 5201: 5115: 3897: 2861: 2023: 1823: 1612: 1408: 1403: 1122: 832: 643: 599: 505: 449: 441: 437: 433: 421: 398: 158: 17308: 12368: 10837:

verb or expresses an inherent development or capability of an object or a person:

2284:). In addition to the vocabulary that was borrowed from Chinese, such as the word 2230:(1879) gives numerous specific rules: on the one hand, he seems to say that every 1023:"Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in 602:

as 'Manchu'. The Jurchen are the ancestors of the Manchu and ruled over the later

17918: 17903: 17740: 17730: 17720: 17669: 17659: 17533: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17285: 17270: 17238: 17228: 17213: 17203: 17193: 17163: 17127: 17077: 17040: 17005: 16945: 16925: 16905: 16870: 16855: 16850: 16773: 16712: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16626: 16518: 16488: 16437: 16412: 16397: 16371: 16366: 16346: 16331: 16276: 16218: 16203: 16198: 16183: 16178: 16123: 16055: 16035: 15970: 15945: 15873: 15850: 15752: 15717: 15712: 15687: 15659: 15654: 15295: 15110: 15073: 14179: 13950: 13933: 13916: 13890: 13822: 13594:"China Nationality Newspaper: the Rescue of Manchu Language (simplified Chinese)" 13385: 12766: 12747: 12665: 12357: 12346: 12207: 12085: 12037: 12031: 11909: 11888:"with" governing the genitive, and two smaller groups governing the dative (e.g. 11397: 10834: 10550:"book". A more peculiar meaning of an obtained object is expressed by the suffix 9968:

instead, although it has also been claimed to have a different shade of meaning.

9906: 6457: 6376: 4098:

high.official(amban)-PL gentleman way ACC care.about-IMPERF, food ACC care.about-

3905: 3901: 3710:

has broad usage: it is used, inter alia, with many words expressing occupations (

3049: 2789: 2760: 2744: 1939: 1802:

was "hard k". This suggests that the phonological contrast between the so-called

1752: 1425: 1418: 1343: 862: 672: 651: 584: 386: 348: 175: 109: 57: 8173:"constantly reminding". It appears to be derived from the perfect participle in 6218:

An adjective as an attribute stands without case suffixes in front of the noun.

5182:

Identical: indicates that something is the same as something else by the suffix

2693:

The vowel harmony was traditionally described in terms of the philosophy of the

1264:, a festival in recognition of a new reconstructed Manchu identity, in Beijing. 267: 18094: 17985: 17975: 17946: 17936: 17750: 17694: 17674: 17477: 17442: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17328: 17280: 17218: 17188: 17183: 17045: 17035: 17000: 16910: 16875: 16860: 16808: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16707: 16651: 16621: 16601: 16591: 16586: 16563: 16483: 16468: 16463: 16432: 16407: 16392: 16387: 16356: 16351: 16341: 16336: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16266: 16241: 16188: 16100: 16085: 16050: 16020: 16015: 15995: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15903: 15888: 15830: 15825: 15732: 15692: 15677: 15324: 13867: 13799: 13766: 13243:. Bureau of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. 1915. p. 58. 12185: 12081: 12069: 11725: 9972: 9668: 7141: 6714: 5211: 2969:

Conversely, /χ/ may be pronounced as at the beginning of a word. For example,

2065: 1197: 1095: 1001: 938: 845: 805: 781: 684: 659: 595: 529: 168: 15707: 12414: 12401: 11846:"surface" for flat objects such as flags, mirrors, fans and meat cutlets etc. 11720:

For dates, Manchu uses a system similar to Chinese, combining a cycle of ten (

9637:

What is the reason for this?"). It generally stands at the end of a sentence:

18121: 18016: 17980: 17908: 17898: 17735: 17609: 17585: 17528: 17357: 17290: 17248: 17233: 17158: 17010: 16915: 16788: 16783: 16636: 16548: 16528: 16523: 16513: 16503: 16498: 16473: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16402: 16361: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16271: 16261: 16256: 16246: 16193: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16095: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16045: 16025: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15960: 15950: 15935: 15930: 15883: 15845: 15747: 15737: 15489: 15439: 13482: 12800: 12645: 12574:

Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China

10174: 9179:"If you don't take it now and somebody else does, don't hold it against him!“ 8803: 6477: 4815: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3863:“all/many men/persons”), by the addition of words meaning "kind" or "class" ( 3053: 2321: 2309: 2227: 2069: 1898: 1814:) in Manchu as it was spoken during the early modern era was actually one of 1378:('to yell'), were gradually simplified, and the words began to be written as 1351: 1335: 1211: 1040:. As of 2007, the last native speakers of the language were thought to be 18 1036:

virtually no one speaks the language, the entire area having been completely

755: 623: 417: 397:(1644–1912) of China, although today the vast majority of Manchus speak only 390: 131: 88: 15528: 15514:

Manju Nikan Inggiri Gisun i Buleku Bithe (Manchu–Chinese–English dictionary)

8165:, expresses durative, periodic, frequent or intensive actions or processes: 7536:

can be added not only to the stem, but also to the finite imperfect form in

4709:"You see with your eyes") and for non-past actions as opposed to past ones ( 2056:; however, in some cases, it was found occurring along with the front vowel 18082: 17715: 17580: 17543: 17243: 17208: 17198: 17178: 17050: 16930: 16895: 16885: 16880: 16865: 16753: 16677: 16581: 16558: 16251: 16118: 16040: 15990: 15940: 15742: 15682: 13949:

Shirokogoroff, S. M. (1934). "Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit.".

13932:

Shirokogoroff, S. M. (1934). "Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit.".

13872:(reprint ed.). Shanghai: American Presbyterian mission Press. p. 12973: 12049: 11749: 11440:"three each" etc. Fractions are formed according to the following pattern: 10718: 9630: 8919:"is not" is the most universal negator in Manchu. It is a negative copula: 8868:"I don't speak". The particle may be translated with the Chinese particles 6481: 4728:

A related function is to express the agent of a verb in the passive voice:

3783:

occurs in a number of nouns mostly with that type of meaning, too, e.g. in

2704: 2700: 1740: 1728: 1163: 1087: 1041: 1037: 1007: 942: 664: 619: 615: 394: 200: 13620:"iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese)" 12294: 12273: 12252: 8185:

in its adverbial function. Such forms have sometimes turned into adverbs:

7166:

Direct speech and quotes are often introduced with nominalized forms like

238: 17626: 17602: 17575: 17565: 17538: 17523: 17499: 17323: 16900: 16823: 16818: 16778: 16508: 14511:

Gorelova 2002, 293f., 295, 299f.; Haenisch 1986, 58; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13672:"Beijing Evening News: the Worry of Manchu language (simplified Chinese)" 9563:

can also be used as an imperative to older or socially superior persons:

8242: 6699: 3913: 3038: 3030: 2317: 1893: 1635: 1106: 821: 784:

studied the Manchu language in the Qing. The Han Chinese Hanlin graduate

15287: 15097:

Alphabet: Some scholars consider the Manchu script to be a syllabic one.

15046: 12653: 8057:

forms a construction that can be translated as "even if" or "although":

5214:: indicates "backward" or "against (something)" from the root 'ca' (see 4490:

Its primary function is to indicate the semantic role of the recipient:

1210:

The state also runs programs to revive minority cultures and languages.

17654: 17592: 17570: 16940: 16813: 15180: 13092: 13053: 13014: 12547:

Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919

12419: 11900:'together with" takes the nominative. Postpositions may express place ( 10676: 10422: 10233:). This is similar to the complement of direction in Chinese (andative 9747: 7373: 6473: 6372: 3022: 2980:

Assmilation of alveolar and postalveolar stops after /n/. For example,

2313: 2053: 1910: 1903: 1833: 1155: 848:'s reign which were Manchu transliterations of the Chinese characters. 591: 9472:

can be added to a verbal form in order to convert a statements into a

8653:"The Empresses themselves used to pick berries from the mulberry tree" 8605:"to be". It expresses usual and frequent actions in the distant past: 17844: 17631: 17619: 17614: 17558: 16890: 15629: 15555: 15540:

Meadows, Thomas Taylor. 1849. A Manchu chrestomathy with translations

15523: 13794:

Austin, William M., "The Phonemics and Morphophonemes of Manchu", in

13433:) Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Novosibirsk, 1998. 2 12153: 10025: 9183:

The negated form of the conditional converb here is the construction

7565: 6211: 5315: 5244:: indicates change in the quality or form of something by the suffix 5017:, which has been said to have more or less the same ablative uses as 2732: 2085: 1995: 1960: 1880: 1819: 1565: 1178: 1114: 1033: 1024: 785: 382: 247: 231: 213: 78: 12958:"The Literati rewriting of China in The QianLong-Jiaqing Transition" 11026:, sometimes with intensive and causative meaning, with the suffixes 10085:

is also possible in order to form a passive causative construction:

8326:

dog night keep.guard-IMPERF chicken early.in.the.morning sing-IMPERF

8005:

can express a condition, but also the time when something happened:

7564:) “while writing”. This form is also used in the following quote by 7556:

which expresses a non-completed or continuing action. An example is

7392:"conquer", lit. "stabilise, (while) levelling" (a calque of Chinese 4884:): indicates the origin of an action or the basis for a comparison. 953:

in Beijing, to which most early Russian sinologists were connected.

275: 18101: 17597: 14241:

Gorelova 2002, 256f, 289f.; Haenisch 1986, 54; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13076: 13037: 12996: 12957: 11390: 8329:"A dog keeps guard at night, a rooster crows early in the morning." 7140:

Both participles and verbs in the perfect or imperfect form can be

6698:

Participles play an important role in Manchu grammar, because most

6420: 6403:(interrogative, also exclamatory). Of the interrogative particles, 5290:, that appear to have originally been case markers (in the case of 2740: 2739:(the capital). Notable historical Manchu dialects include Beijing, 1248: 1134:, that is very common in modern spoken Xibe but unknown in Manchu. 1118: 1045: 861:; "Imperially-Published Four-Script Textual Mirror of Qing"), with 793: 751: 647: 425: 314: 15333: 14886:. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur / Wàiwén chūbǎnshè 14707:. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur / Wàiwén chūbǎnshè 14098:. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur / Wàiwén chūbǎnshè 8061:"even if I write". It appears to be derived from the conditional. 7883:

si boo-de isina-fi majige teye-fi buda je-fi dere obo-fi jai ji-ki

7345:"there is an order" (lit."A thing which has been ordered exists". 4270:

is used after words ending in a consonant other than /n/, whereas

17636: 10870:

forms verbs that express the effort to achieve a certain result:

10500:

are derived both from verb and from noun stems with the suffixes

9610:"true, real, truth, reality" had the special interrogative forms 7353: 6756:

The imperfect participle is formed by adding the variable suffix

3678:"female phoenix"; similarly for words related to genders such as 3144: 2736: 2695: 2381:, "to embroider", "to collect".) In contrast, the neutral vowels 1472: 1127: 1083: 986: 825: 703: 556: 533: 524: 409: 310: 15445: 14448:

Gorelova 2002, 286ff.; Haenisch 1986, 56f.; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

12359:

Descriptive catalogue of the Chinese, Japanese, and Manchu books

12044:, which in turn was based on the vertically written pre-Islamic 11977:"perhaps", "or"). Others are originally case forms or converbs ( 11393:

are also used, above all in the translation of Buddhist texts.

10267:"come"). Besides, a missive form is constructed with the suffix 10144: 10089:"have (something) written", lit. "make (something) be written". 9293:

and seems to enhance its negative sense, as seen in the example

8573:

The second part of the suffix, originating from the copula verb

6841:

alongside the imperfect participle makes a negative imperative.

4285:

Its primary function is to indicate the possessor of an entity:

14829:

Möllendorff 1892, 6f., Gorelova 2002, 201f.; Haenisch 1986, 45.

14376:

Gorelova 2002, 278f.; Haenisch 1986, 55f.; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13771:. Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press. pp. 12760:

Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the Manchu Language

12190:. Printed at the American Presbyterian mission press. pp. 7357: 5648: 2813:

There are some occasional vowel changes in a word. For example

2748: 1861: 1224: 1193: 1182: 1177:

Manchu associations can be found across the country, including

985:. A school to train Manchu language translators was started in 927: 883: 840: 694:

Bilingual Chinese-Manchu inscriptions appeared on many things.

282: 15276:

Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

14985:. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co. May–August 1837. p. 198. 14969:. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co. May–August 1837. p. 197. 14349:

Gorelova 2002, 276ff.; Haenisch 1986, 55; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13552:

The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

13263:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 167. 12505:. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 6833:

Imperfect participles can be used as objects, attributes, and

5725:

and are declined in a way that isn't always entirely regular:

1852:

were palatalized before /i/ or /y/ to , , and , respectively.

1778:

Early Western descriptions of Manchu phonology labeled Manchu

420:. It has been demonstrated that it is derived mainly from the 46: 15509:

Manchu Word Of The Day, Open Source Manchu–English dictionary

14475:

Gorelova 2002, 296f.; Haenisch 1986, 57; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

14403:

Gorelova 2002, 280f.; Haenisch 1986, 56; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

14259:

Gorelova 2002, 224f.; Haenisch 1986, 54; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13570:"In China, the Forgotten Manchu Seek to Rekindle Their Glory" 8930:"there is no clothing." It may also negate attributes, as in 8197:"selflessly", lit. "constantly throwing oneself around", and 2999:/si/ is pronounced as in the middle of a word. For example, 2942:

This section is primarily based upon Aisin Gioro Yingsheng's

2798: 2389:

are free to occur in a word with any other vowel or vowels.

1144: 1099: 895: 792:'s archives. Hanlin Academy in 1740 expelled the Han Chinese 567: 68: 15429: 12344: 9450:

father mother only ill-PTCP(NEG) say-CVB.IMPERF worry-IMPERF

9173:

te gaija-r-akū o-ci gūwa gai-ka de sini dolo ume ehe gūni-he

8201:"to fight to the death", lit. "to fight, constantly dying". 3765:

can also be used with nouns with the same types of meaning:

2703:" syllables whereas syllables with back vowels were called " 1767:, and has thus often been considered a sequence of phonemes 618:

Imperial court, but as Manchu officials became increasingly

15316:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.58.1-2.0059

14457:

Gorelova 2002, 290; Haenisch 1986, 57; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

14331:

Gorelova 2002, 273; Haenisch 1986, 55; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

14286:

Gorelova 2002, 263; Haenisch 1986, 54; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

14277:

Gorelova 2002, 292; Haenisch 1986, 54; Möllendorff 1892, 9.

13407:

Liliya M. Gorelova, "Manchu Grammar." Brill, Leiden, 2002.

12707: 10220: 3594:

That woman, though she came out of the house, went to town.

3034: 3026: 2452:). These are used in accordance with the following scheme: 1215:

governmental organizations, they fare better. According to

1148: 989:

in the 18th century, and existed for a fairly long period.

15322: 13764: 12183: 8700:

Another, milder form of command is formed with the ending

2699:. Syllables with front vowels were described as being as " 2060:. Much disputation exists over the exact pronunciation of 313:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

15508: 15112:

Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents (Second Edition)

13938:. Vol. 8–10. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. p. 122. 9315:

is used predominantly as a negative copula. Examples are

8941:

lit. "a person without brains", i.e. "a stupid person".

7518:

horse accusative hide-IMPERF.CVB House-DAT come-PERF.PTCP

6419:

is placed in the end of the sentence (and occurs also in

1755:

to represent it, but rather a digraph of the letters for

967:(died 1761) translated a number of Manchu works, such as 815: 697: 15115:(2 ed.). Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr. p. 16. 13970:(in Chinese). Beijing: Xueyuan Press. pp. 221–230. 13450: 12334:

Wade, Thomas Francis (1898). Herbert Allen Giles (ed.).

12327:

Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

9964:

In certain verbs, the passive is formed with the suffix

9453:"My only worry is that father and mother might get ill." 8740:) is constructed from the imperfect converb preceded by 5631:"subject". The Emperor, when talking to Manchu princes ( 5118:: indicates the ending point of an action by the suffix 4487:): indicates location, time, place, or indirect object. 2324:

differ from the actual phonetic realization. The vowels

11865:"in addition to", lit. "in the base of") and converbs ( 9809:

expresses a continuous action that has come to an end:

9281:, which seems to consist of the prohibitative particle 8225:"before entering, one makes a noise". A frozen form is 7376:

in English. This is the most frequent type of converb:

6764:

occurs when the final syllable of the stem contains an

5025:

by being specialized for the expression of comparison:

3378:

That woman, having come out of the house, went to town.

281:

Manchu is classified as "Critically Endangered" by the

14879:

Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch / Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ

14700:

Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch / Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ

14091:

Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch / Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ

12526: 9338:"not yet" is placed after the imperfect participle in 8934:"not deaf", and it may express the meaning "without": 2895:/oi/ becomes , especially after /q/ (g). For example, 1247:

Other support can be found internationally and on the

1192:

Manchu language research center in no.74, Xuefu Road,

436:. Its script is vertically written and taken from the 18066: 15329:. Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press. 15147: 12224: 12010:

vocabulary, Manchu contains loanwords above all from

11695:

Iterative numerals are formed mostly with the suffix

10036:

means "be written", but also "make (someone) write".

8995:

Accordingly, the negated forms of perfect indicative

8601:

is derived from the durative participle and the verb

8257:, which is derived from the imperfect converb ending 8204: 4099: 4081: 2312:. It is described as based on the opposition between 18042: 18034: 18026: 18006: 17940: 15430:

Abkai — Unicode Manchu/Sibe/Daur Fonts and Keyboards

15365:, Harvard University Press (Asia Center), Cambridge 15234:. Leiden; Boston; Köln.: Brill Academic Publishers. 15011: 12257:. Heilongjiang Korean Nationality Publishing House. 9644:"Why do we necessarily have to talk about profits?" 9362:

to produce a form that expresses apprehension/fear (

7159:

Negated forms can be nominalized like this as well:

6772:

occurs when the final syllable of the stem contains

5103:"(He) began to consider her better than other women" 4793:"(They) were killed by the Senior Zhao ruling house" 3750:"fathers"), although there are a few others such as 3133: 3125: 3117: 2878:/takilampi/ pronounced ), and /i/ becomes (such as 1864:

realizations as belonging to phonemes separate from

366: 51: 12929:Adolphson, Mikael S. (2003). Hanan, Patrick (ed.). 12902:Adolphson, Mikael S. (2003). Hanan, Patrick (ed.). 12738:University of Washington Press, 2000. Pages 52–54. 12597: 12488:

Phoenix Television: Jinbiao's 10-year Manchu Dreams

12254:满语研究通论 (General Theory of Manchu Language Research) 11748:, a significant number of classifiers (also called 8026:"as/when he went out to the hall and checked,...". 7156:"writing", "something written", "someone writing". 7072:appears to originate from the imperfect converb in 6248:As a predicate it stands at the end of the clause. 4152: 4138: 2790:

Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing

667:continue to conduct an oral examination in Manchu. 15293: 13820: 13760: 13758: 13471:"Chinese Village Struggles to Save Dying Language" 12251:Liu, Jingxian; Zhao, Aping; Zhao, Jinchun (1997). 9488:) and to the imperfect and perfect participles in 8569:"One read books by the light (reflected) in snow." 7245: 6989:often expresses an action in the past tense: e.g. 5013:In Classical Manchu, there was also a case marker 5009:"There is no time more important than the present" 4976: 4689:"Use your lips to read and your brain to remember" 3486:That woman, coming out of the house, went to town. 15380:Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey 15300:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai`i Press. 15108: 15071: 15032:. New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 15. 11752:), which stand between the numeral and the noun: 10923:meaning or the gradual development of an action: 10251:"come"). The andative is expressed by the suffix 9844: 9742:forms together with the past form of the copula, 9567:"Please sit down!", lit. "Will (you) sit down?" 8048: 7552:has been described as a separate durative converb 7024: 5165:: indicates every one of something by the suffix 4887:That can be the starting point in space or time: 4104:"Wise men care about the way, not about the food" 19:"Qingwen" redirects here. For the publisher, see 18119: 14694:, S. 76f., „Direktionalverben“; Yuen Ren Chao : 13286:Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China 13224:The Chinese System of Public Education, Issue 64 13170:Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China 12686: 12373:(in German). Paris: In der Königlichen Drunerel. 10824:"to speak Mongolian", "to behave like a Mongol". 10568:Adjectives or nouns denoting the possessor of a 6800:is added to a limited group of irregular verbs ( 6407:is placed after nouns as well as verbs, whereas 5100:other woman-PL {} from better consider-IMPERF {} 1227:, the historical Manchurian capital, there is a 508:language. In the Manchu-language version of the 13811:Gorelova (2002: 99–102) and references therein. 13755: 13147:. University of Washington Press. p. 109. 12854:. University of California Press. p. 382. 12713: 12604:. University of Washington Press. p. 109. 12320: 9602:"Do you eat it or not?" In addition, the words 8926:it is not difficult". It can negate existence: 8755:Certain verbs have irregular imperative forms: 8731:A prohibitative form (corresponding to Chinese 8708:, which is used in a concessive sense as well: 6895: 6499:(negative, instrumental, and interrogatives). 5175:: indicates a simile ("as/like") by the suffix 4331:It can also indicate a person's relationships: 15461:online Manchu–Chinese, Manchu–Japanese lexicon 15184:. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. 13120:. University of Washington Press. p. 62. 12881:. University of Washington Press. p. 61. 12577:. University of California Press. p. 38. 12564: 11961:Some conjunctions coincide with adverbs (e.g. 11872:"according to", lit. "following"). Some, like 9667:Composite verb forms are constructed with the 9633:and be added to nouns and adjectives as well ( 9358:The imperfect participle can be combined with 8476:he day come-IMPERF-INTERR come-PTCP.NEG-INTERR 8323:indahūn dobori tuwahiya-mbi coko erde hūla-mbi 8045:"say"). They can also serve as topic markers. 6885: 4457:people good intention GEN I-ACC look.at-IMPERF 2244:unrounded vowel (customarily romanized with a 393:, it was one of the official languages of the 17860: 15571: 15420:Manchu Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words 14887: 14881: 14708: 14702: 14213:. Berkeley: University of California Library. 14099: 14093: 13948: 13931: 12693:. Princeton University Press. pp. 213–. 12355: 12136: 12119: 11829: 11816: 11800: 11578:This is the same construction as in Chinese: 11484:"one-third" (literally: "of three parts one") 10246: 10237: 10145:Aspect: durative, frequentative and intensive 9797:"If you had become involved with bad people". 9319:"I am not (at fault), it is the (bad) year", 9265: 9238: 8899: 8890: 8881: 8872: 8814: 8735: 8720:"Speak (if you want to)" or "Please speak!"; 8500:"to be". It expresses an action in the past: 7396: 3820:is normally lost before the plural suffixes: 3645: 3052:, but there is also a separate class of true 1334:Written Manchu was close to being called an " 1238: 1232: 972: 917: 873: 867: 856: 763: 687:, whose historical signs are written in both 499: 489: 479: 473: 452:). Although Manchu does not have the kind of 15253: 15141: 14055:"Manchu Studies Group lesson 6 – noun cases" 13814: 11537:"part" can be in the genitive case as well: 10771:forms a verb, in which the base noun is the 8677:There is also a stronger form of command in 6935: 6910: 6853: 2328:function as back, as expected, but the only 2308:A crucial feature of the Manchu language is 1053: 561: 547: 389:. As the traditional native language of the 15224: 14820:Möllendorff 1892, 6f., Gorelova 2002, 201f. 13965: 13865: 13567: 13422: 13420: 13403: 13401: 13384:, vol XIII, June 1844, no. 6, pp. 281–300. 13376: 13374: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12444:(in Chinese). 26 April 2015. Archived from 12434: 12432: 12296:满语杂识 (Divers Knowledges of Manchu language) 12292: 12250: 11812:"sheet" for paper, lists etc. (cf. Chinese 11639:Multiplicatives are formed with the suffix 10399:are derived from verbs with the suffixes: 10339:are derived from verbs with the suffixes: 9872: 9598:"Do you know this or do you not know it?", 9582:after negatives, however, it is reduced to 9574:. It can be added to verb forms to produce 9544:can also be added to the negative particle 9220:"doesn't write and", "not having written", 7126: 7116: 6976:"The king having heard what was being said" 2871:/təxi/ pronounced ), /a/ becomes (such as 1727:was rare and found mostly in loanwords and 1723:, followed by its romanization in italics. 1137: 583:. Whilst Northern Tungus languages such as 519: 17867: 17853: 15793: 15578: 15564: 15358:, University of Washington Press, Seattle. 15078:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 16. 14484:Gorelova 2002, 301f.; Möllendorff 1892, 9. 14430:Gorelova 2002, 283f.; Möllendorff 1892, 9. 13087:(1). The Harvard-Yenching Institute: 176. 13048:(1). The Harvard-Yenching Institute: 182. 13009:(1). The Harvard-Yenching Institute: 181. 12789:"Manchu Language Lives Mostly in Archives" 12680: 12591: 11928:"only", governing the genitive case, e.g. 10759:A number of suffixes derive verbs, mostly 9701: 8999:, which contain the perfect participle in 8693:"Let it be reported!", "Let him report!", 8492:is derived from the perfect participle in 4790:senior ruling.house Zhao DAT kill-PASS-CVB 4686:mouth DAT read(IMP) mind DAT memorize(IMP) 2408:), the suffix for the imperfect converb (- 614:Manchu began as a primary language of the 274: 45: 15363:A Comprehensive Manchu–English Dictionary 15218:Essays on the Sources for Chinese History 14619:Gorelova 2002, 322f.; Haenisch 1986, 58f. 14601:Gorelova 2002, 261; Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14313:Gorelova 2002, 267ff.; Haenisch 1986, 55. 12928: 12901: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12068:, which is ancestral to Manchu, used the 12040:, which was derived from the traditional 11079:On the formation of verbs with a certain 9414: 9063: 8463: 8053:The concessive or adversative converb in 7950:"Since you are a trustworthy person, ..." 7692: 7624: 7333:Participles can also be nominalized with 7053:„whoever writes“, "whatever is written", 6339:. The most important final particles are 4990: 3877:"various affairs"), or by reduplication ( 2754: 2045:is absorbed into both consonants as /ɲ/. 1763:. is usually transcribed with a digraph 1322:Learn how and when to remove this message 710:wrote books on Manchu grammar, including 574: 15547:(with some texts translated into French) 15347:. 1974. "Structure of Sibe Morphology", 15297:Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents 15215: 15135:the Manchu script an alphabetical one.31 15075:Manchu: a textbook for reading documents 15059:United States Government Printing Office 14847:Gorelova 2002, 204f.; Haenisch 1986, 46. 14784:Gorelova 2002, 236f; Haenisch 1986, 51f. 14502:Haenisch 1986, 60; Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14038: 13888: 13431:The History of the Jin (Jurchen) Dynasty 13417: 13398: 13371: 13350:. Oxford University Press. p. 397. 13343: 13316:. Oxford University Press. p. 398. 13309: 12851:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900 12532: 12502:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 12460: 12429: 12366: 12205: 10976:also has intensive or durative meaning: 10221:Direction: ventive, andative and missive 10153:aspect can be expressed by the suffixes 9960:"(someone) was charged with the matter." 9901: 9570:The universal interrogative particle is 9274:"nothing unsaid", "he says everything". 9144: 9078: 8253:The imperfect is formed with the suffix 4930:It can also be used to compare objects: 4227:that/he ACC business do-CAUS-CVB go(IMP) 2937: 2088:and six triphthongs. The diphthongs are 1879: 1285:This article includes a list of general 1090:Province. A few speakers also remain in 1018: 932: 555: 523: 286:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 15269:"Why the Sinologue Should Study Manchu" 15202: 15005: 15001:. Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxvii–. 14673:Gorelova 2002, 242; Haenisch 1986, 51f. 14529:Gorelova 2002, 262; Haenisch 1986, 58f. 13935:Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales 13918:Cahiers de linguistique: Asie orientale 12498: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12118:is expressed by the Chinese characters 12062:Comprehensive Manchu-English Dictionary 11998:"when", lit. "in having become (so)"). 11676:Collectives are formed with the suffix 10060: 10045: 9971:Many verbs in the passive voice have a 8827:means "Let him go". Other examples are 8354: 8248: 8181:in some verbs) and the genitive ending 7726: 7669: 7657: 7601: 6964: 6945: 6899: 6751: 4871:“(They) live in mountains and forests.” 4725:“(Someone) caught with his own hand”). 4668: 4636: 4460:"people look at me with good intention" 4433: 4213: 4179: 4127: 4070: 4038: 3970: 2357:, which does occur in some words, i.e. 2196:, and they exist in Chinese loanwords. 1775:, and so it is shown here as phonemic. 945:, with parallel Chinese and Manchu text 889: 345:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 307:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 18120: 17874: 15585: 15446:Mini Buleku A Recorded Sibe Dictionary 15041: 14982:Asiatic journal and monthly miscellany 14966:Asiatic journal and monthly miscellany 14869:. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1990, 14838:Gorelova 2002, 204; Haenisch 1986, 45. 14775:Gorelova 2002, 236; Haenisch 1986, 51. 14766:Gorelova 2002, 235; Haenisch 1986, 51. 14757:Gorelova 2002, 235; Haenisch 1986, 51. 14686:. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1990, 14655:Gorelova 2002, 292; Haenisch 1986, 61. 14421:Gorelova 2002, 281; Haenisch 1986, 56. 14412:Gorelova 2002, 282; Haenisch 1986, 56. 14250:Gorelova 2002, 256; Haenisch 1986, 60. 14232:Gorelova 2002, 233; Haenisch 1986, 53. 14208: 14081:. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1990, 14034: 13796:American Studies in Altaic Linguistics 13563: 13561: 13140: 13113: 12874: 12847: 12719: 12550:. BRILL. 21 August 2014. p. 169. 10259:"go") and the ventive is expressed by 9710:– imperfect participle with optative: 9516:is pronounced /u/. Some examples are: 9463: 8148: 8144:"from ancient times until the present" 8064: 7996: 7163:"distrust", "one who does not trust". 7063: 3025:; the head-word of a phrase (e.g. the 2048:The relatively rare vowel transcribed 1174:do not understand the words they use. 816:Translation between Chinese and Manchu 698:Manchu studies during the Qing dynasty 17848: 16733: 15792: 15559: 15326:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts 15288:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928113 15266: 15173: 14865:Manfred Reichardt, Shuxin Reichardt: 14721:, S. 218f., „Komplement der Richtung“ 14358:Gorelova 2002, 276; Haenisch 1986, 60 14165: 14163: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14014: 13869:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts 13821:Liliya M. Gorelova (1 January 2002). 13768:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts 13545: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13468: 13456: 13193: 13074: 13035: 12994: 12955: 12820: 12786: 12492: 12345:Cambridge University Library (1898). 12187:A Manchu grammar: with analysed texts 12178:Learning texts of historical interest 11554: 11509: 11464: 10117:The associative voice is formed with 9992: 9940: 9496:, forming respectively the sequences 9447:ama eme damu nime-rahū se-me jobo-mbi 9326: 9303: 9122: 9007:. There are certain irregular forms: 8648: 8638: 8520: 8483: 8467: 8448: 8106: 7877: 7210: 6980: 6747:of a sentence, even without a copula. 6743:They can function as the head of the 6306: 6167:"whatever, whichever (attributive)"; 5572: 5042: 4958: 4899: 4773: 4422: 4349: 4303: 4010: 3519: 3411: 3303: 3204:that woman house ABL {go out}-PST.FIN 3180: 3081: 2988:/pɑnt͡ʃimpi/) is pronounced as , and 2864:of vowels. /ə/ becomes /əi/ (such as 2775:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts 2052:(pronounced ) was usually found as a 102:Thousands of second language speakers 15054:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 13866:Möllendorff, Paul Georg von (1892). 13253: 13240:Contributions to Education, Issue 64 12624: 12476: 12333: 11808:Further examples of classifiers are 10097:The reciprocal voice is formed with 9559:The imperfect interrogative form in 9250:alone can take other suffixes, too: 8907: 8662:The pure stem forms the imperative: 7954:Certain verbs have irregular forms: 7450:high wind blow-IMPERF.CVB begin-PTCP 7363: 6411:is placed after verbs only (both in 5934:today this place DAT why stop-IMPERF 5021:; in Xibe, however, it differs from 5006:this time ABL important NMLZ COP.NEG 4926:"(Someone) went away from the house" 4811:"according to the emperor's edict". 3797:Finally, a few words use the suffix 2804: 1271: 1014: 983:History of the Jin (Jurchen) Dynasty 16734: 15323:Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1892). 15321:Möllendorff, Paul Georg von. 1892. 15154:. Press of S.W. Williams. pp. 14067:from the original on 14 March 2023. 13765:Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1892). 13558: 13220: 12278:. Minzu University of China Press. 12184:Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1892). 12080:. There is no relation between the 12018:. There are also many loanwords of 11389:For higher numbers, loanwords from 10319: 10201:"laugh persistently in the crowd", 9929: 9540:"Have you drunk tea?" The particle 9111: 8712:"Come on / please, give it back!"; 8563:nimanggi i elden de bithe hūla-habi 8538: 8395: 8124: 7773: 7527: 7494: 7337:"place, circumstance, thing": e.g. 7105: 6326:"The horse is bigger than the dog." 6278:The adjective itself does not have 5906: 5663:"you (polite)" (lit. "your self"). 5614:"Whose is this thing? – It's mine." 5302:(an umbrella), derived from Manchu 4844: 4762: 4657: 4625: 4565: 4516: 3559: 3451: 3343: 3240: 3143:Manchu also makes extensive use of 381:native to the historical region of 13: 14160: 14043:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 163–193. 14011: 13968:Miscellaneous Knowledge of Manchu 13895:. Vol. 7. Brill. p. 77. 13528: 13496: 13081:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13042:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13002:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12956:Mosca, Mathew W. (December 2011). 12499:Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). 12408: 12400:. 17 December 2016. Archived from 12367:Klaproth, Heinrich Julius (1822). 12271: 12172: 12152:Mongols learned their script as a 11768: 9996: 9944: 9682:"be/become (such), be possible", 9662: 9651:can be added to negations to form 9410: 9163: 9097: 9055: 8644:hūwangheo beye nimala fata-mbihebi 8459: 8205:Converb in -nggala/-nggele/-nggolo 7947:you trustworthy person be-PERF.CVB 7743: 7688: 7620: 7521:"He went home to hide the horses." 7509: 7441: 7241: 7005:, and a few have irregular forms: 6363:(also as an adverb: affirmative); 6330: 5937:"Why have you stopped here today?" 5678:for proximal (close) entities and 5194:(apparently derived from the word 5107: 4910: 4478: 3570: 3535: 3462: 3354: 3319: 3251: 3191: 3116:In this example, the postposition 3100: 2829:/ot͡ʃoraqʰʊ/) is pronounced , and 2353:). (An exception is the diphthong 1386:(in this form meaning 'rain') and 1291:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 18174: 15413: 14867:Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch 14684:Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch 14079:Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch 13889:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). 13344:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). 13310:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). 12076:, which in turn was derived from 12025: 10906:"to look at oneself in a mirror". 10314: 10077:The combination of both suffixes 10056: 9441: 9430: 9300:"no persons (at all) are there". 9257:"I am not". A double negation in 9234:"those who aren't here" (Chinese 9059: 8843:"I will paper over the windows“, 8566:snow GEN light DAT book read-PERF 8444: 8406: 8365: 8317: 8290: 7722: 7684: 7653: 7616: 7585: 7479: 7426: 7237: 7135: 6792:occurs with stems containing all 5925: 5079: 4855: 4527: 4444: 4230:"Go and order him to do business" 4198: 4049: 3981: 3900:, which are marked by particles: 3427: 3207:That woman came out of the house. 2958:/sɑrqɑn/) is pronounced as , and 2944:Miscellaneous Knowledge of Manchu 2002: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1948: 1927: 1915: 1739:appears to have been common, but 1662: 1652: 1642: 1619: 1600: 1590: 1580: 1570: 1512: 1502: 1492: 1482: 1460: 1450: 1440: 1430: 1121:, having been moved there by the 760:Introduction to the Qing language 609: 18100: 18088: 18076: 18058:dead, split or changed languages 15504:Contrast In Manchu Vowel Systems 15356:A Concise Manchu–English Lexicon 15332: 15174:Aiyar, Pallavi (26 April 2007). 15102: 15065: 15035: 15030:A Grammar of the Mongol Language 15022: 14989: 14973: 14957: 14948: 14939: 14930: 14921: 14912: 14903: 14859: 14850: 14841: 14832: 14823: 14814: 14805: 14796: 14787: 14778: 14769: 14760: 14751: 14742: 14733: 14724: 14676: 14667: 14658: 14649: 14640: 14631: 14622: 14613: 14604: 14595: 14586: 14577: 14568: 14559: 14550: 14541: 14532: 14523: 14514: 14505: 14496: 14487: 14478: 14469: 14460: 14451: 14442: 14433: 14424: 14415: 14406: 14397: 14388: 14379: 11920:"for the sake of"), similarity ( 11892:"until") and the ablative (e.g. 11849: 11825:"volume" for books (cf. Chinese 10992:Other suffixes of this type are 10133:"to stand together in a group“, 9957:matter DAT charge-PASS-PTCP.PERF 9140: 8647:Empress self mulberry.tree pick- 8078:"until his power is exhausted". 7131:"They were making hats at home." 5627:"I"), and Han Chinese ones used 5623:"slave" (instead of the pronoun 5314:Manchu personal pronouns have a 4157:"(Someone) did not see the face" 2912:/ət͡ʃʰikʰə/ is pronounced , and 2303: 2030:, as in niyengniyeri /ɲeŋɲeri/. 1276: 880:Chinese characters to transcribe 678: 325: 193: 18138:Critically endangered languages 14370: 14361: 14352: 14343: 14334: 14325: 14316: 14307: 14298: 14289: 14280: 14271: 14262: 14253: 14244: 14235: 14226: 14217: 14202: 14193: 14172: 14151: 14142: 14133: 14124: 14115: 14071: 14047: 14002: 13993: 13984: 13966:Aisin Gioro, Yingsheng (2004). 13959: 13942: 13925: 13909: 13882: 13859: 13850: 13841: 13805: 13788: 13779: 13746: 13716: 13690: 13664: 13638: 13612: 13586: 13462: 13337: 13303: 13277: 13247: 13231: 13214: 13187: 13161: 13134: 13107: 13068: 13029: 12988: 12949: 12922: 12895: 12868: 12841: 12814: 12780: 12771: 12752: 12618: 12321:von Möllendorff, P. G. (1890). 12293:Aisin Gioro, Yingsheng (2004). 11956: 10984:"to think over carefully" from 10324:Manchu has numerous productive 10000: 9948: 9714:"I will go", "I will be there". 9629:Furthermore, it can be used in 9426: 9353: 9323:"this is not a simple matter". 9167: 9101: 9074: 8839:"I will/want to learn Manchu", 8557: 8488:The perfect indicative form in 8232: 8141:ancient.times-ABL now DAT until 7938: 7934: 7858: 7854: 7834: 7830: 7811: 7807: 7788: 7784: 7673: 7605: 7589: 7505: 7483: 7430: 7186:"relate, report", for example: 7037:"whatever things are present", 6430:"Is everything well at home?", 6335:Final particles can be used as 4868:mountain forest DAT live-IMPERF 4777: 4202: 3539: 3431: 3323: 2926:/əkʰʃəmpi/ is pronounced , and 1694: 1677: 1000:In 1930, the German sinologist 851:The Pentaglot was based on the 634:(reigned 1722–1735) explained, 512:, the term "Chinese language" ( 15456:Manchu–Chinese–English Lexicon 15435:Manchu language Gospel of Mark 15148:Thomas Taylor Meadows (1849). 14888: 14882: 14709: 14703: 14211:A grammatical sketch of Manchu 14100: 14094: 13955:. Vol. 9–10. p. 122. 13568:Ian Johnson (5 October 2009), 13469:Lague, David (18 March 2007). 12787:Lague, David (17 March 2007). 12538: 12390: 12225:Thomas Taylor Meadows (1849). 11830: 11817: 11801: 11739: 10247: 10238: 10141:"fight together with others". 10112: 9480:, the imperfect indicative in 9266: 9239: 9227:"the one who does not write", 8900: 8891: 8882: 8873: 8815: 8736: 8473:i inenggi ji-mbi-o jide-rakū-n 8153:The converb with the suffixes 8049:Concessive/adversative converb 7453:"A strong wind began to blow." 7397: 7025:Relative/indefinite participle 6693: 5931:enenggi ere ba de ainu ebu-mbi 5611:this then who-GEN thing – mine 4986: 4599:"The elder brother has a book" 4583: 3816:Note that the final consonant 3721:“workmen”) and nationalities ( 3646: 3587:that woman house ABL {go out}- 3574: 3479:that woman house ABL {go out}- 3466: 3371:that woman house ABL {go out}- 3358: 3264:that woman town DAT go-PST.FIN 3255: 3195: 3106:bi tere niyalma-i emgi gene-he 2996:/xəntumpi/) is pronounced as . 2340:central). Finally, the vowels 2260:which is used for the Chinese 2256:(Sichuan); and the triphthong 2248:, /ɨ/) found in words such as 2084:There are altogether eighteen 2026:)) is pronounced as /e/ after 1239: 918: 874: 868: 857: 764: 727: 715: 542: 537: 500: 490: 480: 474: 100:20 native speakers (2007) 1: 18153:Subject–object–verb languages 15176:"Lament for a dying language" 14877:, S. 262f.; Gregor Kneussel: 13730:. 13 May 2013. Archived from 13674:. 13 May 2013. Archived from 13141:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017). 13114:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017). 12875:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017). 12378: 12036:The Manchu language uses the 11984:"when", lit. "in the place", 11924:"like") or restriction (only 11713:"twice", ilanggeri "thrice", 10489:"cup", "offering table" from 10421:, the meaning is often of an 10092: 9805:– The imperfect converb with 9639:ainu urunakū aisi be hendumbi 9532:"Have you seen him? – Yes." S 8657: 7702: 7634: 7548:The resulting form ending in 7532:The imperfect converb ending 7515:morin be dali-me boo-de ji-he 6973:speak-IPTC ACC king hear-PCVB 6359:(suppositional, "probably"), 6206: 5957:"what, which" (attributive), 5097:fulu tua-mbi {(ma. tuwa-mbi)} 5093:encu hehe-ši {(ma. hehe-si)} 4717:"take with your own hand" vs 4543:"(Someone) gives to this man" 3935: 3927: 3761:"lords". However, the suffix 3598: 3109:I that person-GEN with go-PST 2977:/χɑmimpi/) is pronounced as . 2821:/t͡ʃʰimari/) is pronounced , 2079: 1836:to in some or all contexts. 1393: 1154:Revivalism began in the post- 1111:Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County 955:Illarion Kalinovich Rossokhin 15440:Manchu alphabet and language 15225:Gorelova M., Liliya (2002). 13194:Idema, Wilt L., ed. (2007). 12821:Idema, Wilt L., ed. (2007). 12640:(1). Sage Publications: 12. 12598:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000). 12383: 12323:"Essay on Manchu Literature" 12299:. Wenyuan Publishing House. 12072:, which is derived from the 11991:"if", lit. "if it is (so)", 11854:Some postpositions, such as 10009:state correct-PASS-PTCP.PERF 9795:ehe niyalma de hajilaha bici 9738:– the perfect participle in 9476:. It is added to the copula 9377:"If only he doesn't come“. 8479:"Will he come today or not?" 8374:I character ACC write-IMPERF 7029:When the indefinite pronoun 6351:(negating, "there is not"), 5686:for distal (far) entitites: 4274:is used in all other cases: 3834:"elder brothers"; the final 3261:tere sargan hoton de gene-he 3134: 3126: 3118: 2238: 2072:pronounce it identically to 1810:) and the voiceless series ( 1790:as "soft k", whereas Manchu 1267: 1171:plurality of ethnic cultures 1044:residents of the village of 562: 548: 440:(which in turn derives from 367: 52: 7: 15469:Anaku Manchu Script Creator 15294:Li, Gertraude Roth (2000). 14696:A Grammar of Spoken Chinese 12625:Zhao, Gang (January 2006). 12356:James Summers, ed. (1872). 12147: 11420:are formed with the suffix 11400:are formed with the suffix 11370:* irregular; cf. Mongolian 11093: 11090:, see the grammar section. 10361:-gan/gen/gon / -han/hen/hon 10229:) and towards the speaker ( 10217:"go forward step by step". 9524:"Will you give it to me?"; 9289:"what", may be used before 8988:"not (be going to) write", 8850: 8823:means "I will go", whereas 8797: 8504:"I wrote, I have written." 8069:The terminative converb in 8001:The conditional converb in 7348: 7076:and the perfect participle 7068:The durative participle in 6395:(with imperative; "just"), 5713:The demonstrative pronouns 5309: 5298:"pertaining to rain" as in 4875: 4253: 4242:("going along a road") and 3007:/usiχɑ/) is pronounced as . 2966:/urkun/) is pronounced as . 2933:/purulampi/ is pronounced . 2726: 2022:(generally pronounced like 1735:('pow pow'). Historically, 1229:Shenyang Manchu Association 1151:and international efforts. 981:translated from Manchu the 732:Daicing gurun-i yooni bithe 10: 18179: 15166: 15109:Gertraude Roth Li (2010). 15072:Gertraude Roth Li (2000). 14089:, S. 26; Gregor Kneussel: 12329:. 24–25. The Branch: 1–45. 12029: 11949:"after having seen", from 10808:is used in a similar way: 10754: 10397:Nouns denoting instruments 9781:– perfect participle with 9770:– perfect participle with 9722:– Perfect participle with 9350:"I have not seen it yet". 9342:at the end of the clause: 8577:, can also be replaced by 8377:"I am writing characters." 7356:(sometimes referred to as 7341:"what is said", "speech", 6985:The perfect participle in 5670:are formed with the stems 5605:ere uthai we-i jaka – mini 4596:elder.brother DAT book COP 3201:tere sargan boo ci tuci-ke 3011: 3000: 2989: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2951: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2896: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2849: 2848:/oŋŋolo/) is pronounced , 2841: 2830: 2822: 2814: 2780:Paul Georg von Möllendorff 2758: 2424:). Others have two forms ( 1390:('to cause a commotion'). 1055: 1054: 744:Thousand Character Classic 416:that demonstrates limited 360: 36: 18: 18055: 17994: 17966: 17959: 17927: 17889: 17882: 17816: 17789:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 17774: 17703: 17647: 17451: 17389: 17342: 17299: 17261: 17146: 17068: 17059: 16991: 16954: 16841: 16832: 16744: 16740: 16729: 16670: 16572: 16454: 16380: 16227: 16109: 15921: 15912: 15864: 15816: 15805: 15801: 15788: 15781: 15761: 15668: 15616: 15609: 15593: 15478:"Video: A Dying Language" 15376:Ramsey, S. Robert. 1987. 15254: 15194:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15012:Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). 14169:Gorelova (2002: 368–380). 14148:Gorelova (2002: 127, 145) 14039:Gorelova, Liliya (2002). 13388:. Modern reprint exists, 13386:Available on Google Books 13075:Mosca, Mathew W. (2010). 13036:Mosca, Mathew W. (2010). 12995:Mosca, Mathew W. (2010). 12687:S. Robert Ramsey (1987). 12137: 12120: 12006:Apart from the inherited 11732:"the twelve animals" or " 11050:"to wet thoroughly" from 10283:"go in order to report", 10016:Surprisingly, the suffix 10012:"The state is improving." 9758:"he had sat down there", 9659:"is that not beautiful?" 9346:"(he) has not come yet", 8767:"be present", "remain" – 8223:dosinggala asuki isibumbi 8019:"if you rely on people"; 7447:amba edun da-me deribu-he 7368:The imperfect converb in 7122:malaha boo-de weile-mbihe 6970:gisure-re be han donji-fi 6760:to the stem of the verb. 6728:They can function as the 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 4701:"Seeing with my eyes" vs 4327:"the master of the house" 3994:he house ACC build-IMPERF 3697: 3607: 3016: 2892:/nit͡ʃʰuxə/ pronounced ). 2837:/kisun/) is pronounced . 2629: 2558: 2471: 2320:, but these phonological 2218: 1875: 1634: 1611: 1564: 1471: 1424: 1400: 1233: 973: 775: 536:, in both Chinese (left, 293: 273: 261: 245: 229: 211: 206: 188:Official language in 186: 181: 165: 151: 106: 94: 84: 74: 64: 44: 35: 30: 21:Chingwin Publishing Group 15524:The Manchu Studies Group 14936:(Gorelova 2002: 351–360) 14927:Gorelova (2002: 344–351) 14739:Gorelova (2002: 155–156) 14730:Gorelova (2002: 194–200) 14628:Gorelova (2002: 302–303) 14439:(Gorelova 2002: 285–286) 14304:Gorelova (2002: 267–268) 13952:Rocznik orientalistyczny 12646:10.1177/0097700405282349 12440: 12048:. Manchu is now usually 12001: 11728:") and cycle of twelve ( 11404:before which stem-final 10833:forms in part a type of 10714:"somewhat/rather long". 10331: 9896: 9550:Manju bithe hūlambi waka 8992:"not (be going to) go“. 8944:The participle suffixes 8837:bi manju gisun be taciki 8831:"I will/want to write", 8593:Frequentative indicative 6796:'s. An irregular suffix 6503:Conjugation of the verb 6451: 4540:this man DAT give-IMPERF 4224:baita icihiya-bu-me gene 3891: 3888:"generations, worlds"). 3870:"various wild animals", 3580:tere sargan boo ci tuci- 3472:tere sargan boo ci tuci- 3364:tere sargan boo ci tuci- 3267:That woman went to town. 2885:/niru/ pronounced , and 2412:) and the nominalizers ( 2292:, for example the words 2172:(which is pronounced as 1786:as "soft t", and Manchu 1256:popular Internet media. 1138:Revitalization movements 951:Russian Orthodox Mission 800:had the ability to read 520:History and significance 467: 412:languages, Manchu is an 18163:Vowel-harmony languages 18133:Agglutinative languages 17786:Northern (Beijing) Sign 15378:The Languages of China. 15256:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie 15248:Haenisch, Erich. 1961. 13574:The Wall Street Journal 13427:История золотой империи 12425:(subscription required) 12351:. The University Press. 10271:(possibly connected to 10263:(possibly connected to 10255:(possibly connected to 9686:"say, tell, consider", 9213:"if he doesn't write", 9187:("if … doesn't take"). 8783:"come in order to …" – 8415:you where-DAT go-IMPERF 8211:-nggala/-nggele/-nggolo 7944:si tobsere niyalma o-fi 7897:"because, since" (from 7748:The perfect converb in 6736:in the equivalent of a 6491:(is), or the particles 6367:(restricting, "only"), 4468:“order”, “proper” > 4385:"a ceremonial arrow". 3779:The less common suffix 3112:I went with that person 3021:All Manchu phrases are 2856:/oilo/) is pronounced . 1306:more precise citations. 1203:The Wall Street Journal 1190:Heilongjiang University 1160:minority group in China 853:Yuzhi Siti Qing Wenjian 758:, helped edit the book 724:Great Qing Encyclopedia 604:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 566:(the Central country = 15795:Sino-Tibetan languages 15390:Tulisow, Jerzy. 2000. 15203:Elliott, Mark (2013). 14646:Gorelova (2002: 322f.) 14209:Norman, Jerry (1965). 14190:Jahrgang 1962, Nr. 4). 14184:Der Numerus im Manschu 13999:Gorelova 2002: 134–140 13892:Manchu Grammar, Part 8 13382:The Chinese Repository 13221:Kuo, Ping Wen (1915). 12974:10.1353/late.2011.0012 12848:Naquin, Susan (2000). 12746:. Partially available 12714:von Möllendorff (1890) 12690:The Languages of China 12245:For readers of Chinese 12167: 12110:; but those ending in 12098:, can also be used to 12054:transliteration system 11724:"the ten colours" or " 11065:"to be full, filled", 10291:"send with a report", 10287:"come with a report", 9594:"Have you not seen?", 9512:. In these sequences, 8835:"I will/want to say", 8418:"Where are you going?" 8169:"telling many times", 8138:julge-ci te de isitala 8012:"if, when you write"; 6355:(negating, "is not"), 5943:interrogative pronouns 5710:"local (from there)". 5668:demonstrative pronouns 5659:"I" (lit. "my self"), 5647:"orphan". In general, 5531:„your (sing.) house“, 5226:, etc.) by the suffix 4923:house-ABL go.away-PAST 3881:"generation, world" – 3140:and the postposition. 2771: 2755:Beijing Manchu dialect 2252:(Buddhist temple) and 2164:. The triphthongs are 1885: 1245: 1196:, listed Manchu as an 1028: 946: 770:Cing wen ki meng bithe 640: 575:Historical linguistics 571: 553: 514:Dulimbai gurun i bithe 424:though there are many 414:agglutinative language 333:This article contains 295:This article contains 15519:Manchu language guide 15424:Swadesh-list appendix 15361:Norman, Jerry. 2013. 15354:Norman, Jerry. 1978. 15349:Central Asian Journal 15267:Hauer, Erich (1930). 15220:, Canberra: ANU Press 15043:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 14918:Gorelova 2002, 206ff. 14909:Gorelova 2002, 209ff. 14748:Gorelova (2002: 235f) 14637:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14592:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14583:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14574:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14556:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14538:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 14493:Möllendorff 1892, 10. 12777:Rhoads (2000), p. 95. 12734:Edward J. M. Rhoads, 12275:满语语法 (Manchu Grammar) 12162: 11692:"four together" etc. 11526:five (part) ABL three 11418:Distributive numerals 11408:is elided (except in 10787:"to follow a trace"; 10326:derivational suffixes 10070:this-ACC go-CAUS(IMP) 10024:) also expresses the 9902:Passive and causative 9768:Durative past perfect 9698:"approach, be near". 9678:"be, exist, remain", 7390:necihiyeme toktobumbi 6919:1sg 2sg-ACC tell-IPTC 6873:"A man who complains" 6631:-nggala/nggele/nggolo 6536:imperfect participle 6484:tense, respectively. 6320:morin indahūn ci amba 6274:"The person is good." 5698:"local (from here)"; 5643:"wretched person" or 5322:Manchu Pronoun Cases 4450:niyalma sain mujilen 4009:high.official(amban)- 3591:, town DAT go-PST.FIN 3483:, town DAT go-PST.FIN 3375:, town DAT go-PST.FIN 2938:Changes in consonants 2766: 2361:, "younger brother", 1883: 1348:Northeastern Mandarin 1221: 1022: 936: 636: 559: 546:) and Manchu (right, 527: 15209:Manchu Studies Group 15028:Chinggeltei. (1963) 14664:Möllendorff 1892, 9. 14610:Gorelova (2002: 274) 14547:Gorelova (2002: 373) 14394:Gorelova (2002: 410) 14367:Möllendorff 1892, 9. 14322:Möllendorff 1892, 9. 14268:Gorelova (2002: 292) 14223:Gorelova (2002: 241) 14008:Gorelova (2002: 112) 12765:19 June 2013 at the 12404:on 17 December 2016. 12272:Ji, Yonghai (2011). 12100:transliterate Manchu 11916:"with"), causality ( 11744:In Manchu there is, 11643:or with a following 11481:three (part) ABL one 10638:"having holes" from 10535:"investigator" from 10299:"jump over there" – 10193:"evade everywhere", 10020:(or, in many cases, 9845:ombi "to be, become" 9793:"if I had written", 9653:rhetorical questions 9484:(which also ends in 9364:participium metuendi 9270:) is also possible: 9019:"has not exceeded“, 8976:"not have written", 8759:"seek", "request" – 8496:and the copula verb 8371:bi hergen be ara-mbi 8308:early.in.the.morning 8261:and the copula verb 8249:Imperfect indicative 8021:yamun de tucifi tuwa 8014:si niyalma de nikene 6752:Imperfect participle 4804:"in my opinion" and 4278:"of the house", but 4250:("riding a horse"). 3838:is likewise lost in 2207:, and the diphthong 1782:as "soft p", Manchu 904:De Moyriac de Mailla 890:Studies by outsiders 740:Hundred Family Names 630:accumulated. As the 17829:NM = Inner Mongolia 15422:(from Wiktionary's 15205:"Why Study Manchu?" 14520:Gorelova 2002, 295. 14466:Gorelova 2002, 291. 14385:Gorelova 2002, 284. 14340:Gorelova 2002, 272. 14295:Gorelova 2002, 266. 14199:Gorelova 2002, 241. 14157:Haenisch 1986, 50f. 14139:Gorelova 2002, 218. 13990:Gorelova 2002, 125. 13856:Haenisch 1986, 33f. 13847:Gorelova (2002: 94) 13704:on 28 December 2013 12962:Late Imperial China 12398:"Manchu Ethnologue" 12340:. University Press. 12112:r, k, s, t, p, I, m 11568:ninggun ubu-i sunja 11523:sunja (ubu) ci ilan 10554:in some words like 10109:"help each other". 9829:(the imperative of 9756:tere bade tehe bihe 9606:"good", "well" and 9578:in the same way as 9464:Interrogative forms 8412:si aibi-de gene-mbi 8149:Descriptive converb 8065:Terminative converb 7997:Conditional converb 7380:"(while) writing", 7125:Hat house-DAT make- 7088:"(I was) writing". 7064:Durative participle 7001:, fewer still take 6798:-dara, -dere, -doro 6549:perfect participle 6508: 6442:eigen gai-ci o-mbi- 6137:indefinite pronouns 6135:The most important 6058:"where, why, how?" 5941:The most important 5547:"somebody else's". 5323: 4475:“in proper order”. 4091:kice-mbi, jemengge 4087:amba-sa saisa doro 3997:"He builds a house" 3633:"brother-in-law" – 3043:subject–object–verb 2336:(even though it is 2272:(orange) (Chinese: 1818:(as shown here) or 1253:Cultural Revolution 780:Han Chinese at the 712:Guide to Qing Books 579:Manchu is southern 510:Treaty of Nerchinsk 16:East Asian language 18148:Tungusic languages 18143:Languages of China 17876:Tungusic languages 17366:Formosan languages 15587:Languages of China 15482:The New York Times 15250:Mandschu-Grammatik 15018:. pp. xxvii–. 14856:Haenisch 1986, 46. 14811:Haenisch 1986, 45. 14802:Haenisch 1986, 45. 14793:Haenisch 1986, 45. 14565:Gorelova 2002, 284 13626:on 25 January 2013 13475:The New York Times 13459:, p. 162-163. 13093:10.1353/jas.0.0035 13054:10.1353/jas.0.0035 13015:10.1353/jas.0.0035 12793:The New York Times 12448:on 8 November 2017 12092:Chinese characters 12078:Chinese characters 11953:"with, towards"). 11688:"three together", 11673:"threefold"; etc. 11632:three part GEN two 11424:again, stem-final 11416:"tenthousandth"). 11022:Verbs are derived 10587:"strong man" from 10539:"to investigate", 10493:"receive, hold up" 10303:"jump over here", 10073:"Order him to go!" 9954:baita de uša-bu-ha 9857:the imperative of 9635:ere ai turgun ni " 9596:suwe sambio sarkūn 8685:"Let him write!", 8484:Perfect indicative 8221:"before writing"; 8189:"especially" from 7993:"having written". 7388:"(while) asking", 7384:"(while) saying", 6981:Perfect participle 6627:prefatory converb 6562:imperfect converb 6502: 6179:"someone (else)"; 6104:"what sort of …?" 5993:"how much/many?", 5639:), called himself 5321: 5198:, meaning "same"). 5003:oyonggo ningge akū 4783:julergi gurun joo 4373:"the khan's child" 3827:"elder brother" – 3584:, hoton de gene-he 3476:, hoton de gene-he 3368:, hoton de gene-he 2902:/koimpi/ becomes . 2735:, and the city of 2377:, "building", and 1886: 1798:was "hard t", and 1702:⟨sh⟩ 1685:⟨ch⟩ 1466:⟨ng⟩ 1456:⟨ni⟩ 1029: 947: 914:Tung-chien Kang-mu 882:Manchu words with 720:Manju bithe jy nan 706:Han Chinese named 572: 554: 494:), in addition to 454:grammatical gender 371:) is a critically 18064: 18063: 18051: 18050: 17955: 17954: 17842: 17841: 17385: 17384: 17381: 17380: 17377: 17376: 17370: 17362: 17354: 17257: 17256: 16987: 16986: 16725: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16445: 15777: 15776: 15535:清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响 15484:. 15 March 2007. 15337:The full text of 14121:Haenisch 1986, 43 13834:978-90-04-12307-6 13785:Li (2000), p. 17. 12611:978-0-295-98040-9 12584:978-0-520-23015-6 12557:978-90-04-27927-8 12512:978-92-3-104096-2 12423:(18th ed., 2015) 12206:A. Wylie (1855). 12133:Kangxi Dictionary 12052:according to the 11930:damu ilan sarhan’ 11730:juwan juwe gargan 11571:six part-GEN five 11478:ilan (ubu) ci emu 11320: 11319: 10915:forms verbs with 10775:of the activity: 10655:"flatterer" from 10476:"to gird oneself" 10370:"a picture" from 10006:gurun dasa-bu-mbi 9813:"he used to say". 9754:"I had written", 9708:Indefinite future 9694:"be able to" and 9321:inu ja baita waka 9317:bi waka aniya kai 9202:are placed after 8997:-habi/-hebi/-hobi 8984:"not have gone"; 8936:gūnin akū niyalma 8689:"Let it be so!", 8490:-habi/-hebi/-hobi 8195:beye be waliyatai 8097:"be", "become"): 8071:-tala/-tele/-tolo 8029:Frozen forms are 7901:"be", "become"): 7893:A frozen form is 7364:Imperfect converb 7170:"tell, narrate", 7039:mini alaha ele ba 6870:complain-IPTC man 6713:They can receive 6706:They can be used 6691: 6690: 6614:terminal converb 6437:"What is this?", 6425:boo de gemu sain- 6323:horse dog ABL big 6130:relative pronouns 6128:are also used as 6114: 6113: 5872: 5871: 5513: 5512: 4605:instrumental case 4282:"of the palace". 3769:"elder sister" – 3674:"male phoenix" – 3662:"female animal", 3637:"sister-in-law", 3132:between the noun 2805:Changes in vowels 2691: 2690: 2280:(inch) (Chinese: 2211:is pronounced as 2203:is pronounced as 2015: 2014: 2008:⟨a⟩ 1989:⟨o⟩ 1979:⟨e⟩ 1954:⟨ū⟩ 1933:⟨u⟩ 1921:⟨i⟩ 1884:Vowels of Manchu. 1710:⟨x⟩ 1706:⟨ś⟩ 1689:⟨q⟩ 1673: 1672: 1668:⟨w⟩ 1658:⟨y⟩ 1648:⟨l⟩ 1625:⟨r⟩ 1606:⟨h⟩ 1596:⟨š⟩ 1586:⟨s⟩ 1576:⟨f⟩ 1559:⟨k⟩ 1551:⟨c⟩ 1543:⟨t⟩ 1535:⟨p⟩ 1528: 1518:⟨g⟩ 1508:⟨j⟩ 1498:⟨d⟩ 1488:⟨b⟩ 1479: 1446:⟨n⟩ 1436:⟨m⟩ 1332: 1331: 1324: 1015:Current situation 965: 924:Jean Joseph Amiot 790:Grand Secretariat 736:Three Feudatories 675:replaced Manchu. 632:Yongzheng Emperor 628:Manchu literature 379:Tungusic language 341:rendering support 321: 320: 303:rendering support 299:phonetic symbols. 18170: 18105: 18104: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18081: 18080: 18079: 18072: 18044: 18036: 18028: 18008: 17964: 17963: 17942: 17887: 17886: 17869: 17862: 17855: 17846: 17845: 17798: 17368: 17360: 17352: 17066: 17065: 16839: 16838: 16742: 16741: 16731: 16730: 15919: 15918: 15814: 15813: 15803: 15802: 15790: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15614: 15613: 15601:Standard Chinese 15580: 15573: 15566: 15557: 15556: 15500: 15498: 15496: 15473: 15465: 15451:Manchu Test Page 15405: 15392:Język mandżurski 15339:A Manchu Grammar 15336: 15330: 15311: 15283: 15273: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15245: 15233: 15221: 15212: 15199: 15193: 15185: 15160: 15159: 15145: 15139: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15106: 15100: 15099: 15094: 15092: 15069: 15063: 15062: 15050: 15039: 15033: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15009: 15003: 15002: 14993: 14987: 14986: 14977: 14971: 14970: 14961: 14955: 14952: 14946: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14928: 14925: 14919: 14916: 14910: 14907: 14901: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14863: 14857: 14854: 14848: 14845: 14839: 14836: 14830: 14827: 14821: 14818: 14812: 14809: 14803: 14800: 14794: 14791: 14785: 14782: 14776: 14773: 14767: 14764: 14758: 14755: 14749: 14746: 14740: 14737: 14731: 14728: 14722: 14712: 14711: 14706: 14705: 14680: 14674: 14671: 14665: 14662: 14656: 14653: 14647: 14644: 14638: 14635: 14629: 14626: 14620: 14617: 14611: 14608: 14602: 14599: 14593: 14590: 14584: 14581: 14575: 14572: 14566: 14563: 14557: 14554: 14548: 14545: 14539: 14536: 14530: 14527: 14521: 14518: 14512: 14509: 14503: 14500: 14494: 14491: 14485: 14482: 14476: 14473: 14467: 14464: 14458: 14455: 14449: 14446: 14440: 14437: 14431: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14413: 14410: 14404: 14401: 14395: 14392: 14386: 14383: 14377: 14374: 14368: 14365: 14359: 14356: 14350: 14347: 14341: 14338: 14332: 14329: 14323: 14320: 14314: 14311: 14305: 14302: 14296: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14278: 14275: 14269: 14266: 14260: 14257: 14251: 14248: 14242: 14239: 14233: 14230: 14224: 14221: 14215: 14214: 14206: 14200: 14197: 14191: 14176: 14170: 14167: 14158: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14140: 14137: 14131: 14128: 14122: 14119: 14113: 14103: 14102: 14097: 14096: 14075: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14059: 14051: 14045: 14044: 14036: 14009: 14006: 14000: 13997: 13991: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13946: 13940: 13939: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13913: 13907: 13906: 13886: 13880: 13877: 13863: 13857: 13854: 13848: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13818: 13812: 13809: 13803: 13792: 13786: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13762: 13753: 13750: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13700:. Archived from 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13683: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13648:. Archived from 13642: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13622:. Archived from 13616: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13596:. Archived from 13590: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13565: 13556: 13555: 13547: 13526: 13525: 13513: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13443:Editor's preface 13424: 13415: 13405: 13396: 13378: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13341: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13191: 13185: 13184: 13165: 13159: 13158: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13033: 13027: 13026: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12784: 12778: 12775: 12769: 12756: 12750: 12732: 12717: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12668:on 25 March 2014 12664:. Archived from 12631: 12622: 12616: 12615: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12568: 12562: 12561: 12542: 12536: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12496: 12490: 12485: 12474: 12469: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12436: 12427: 12426: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12394: 12374: 12363: 12352: 12341: 12330: 12310: 12289: 12268: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12140: 12139: 12123: 12122: 12066:Jurchen language 11973:"again", "and', 11941:sain ehe be tuwa 11937:ilan boo de tehe 11904:"above"), time ( 11833: 11832: 11820: 11819: 11804: 11803: 11770: 11684:"two together", 11556: 11511: 11466: 11398:ordinal numerals 11383:⁂ cf. Mongolian 11377:⁑ cf. Mongolian 11351:(from Mongolian 11340:(from Mongolian 11105: 11104: 11102:are as follows: 11072:"to guard" from 11024:from other verbs 10666:"arrogant" from 10440:"to teach" from 10250: 10249: 10242:"go" vs ventive 10241: 10240: 10067:tere-be gene-bu! 10062: 10058: 10047: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9931: 9762:"he had seen it" 9720:Definite perfect 9657:ere sain akū nio 9647:The combination 9622:"How are you?", 9576:yes/no-questions 9443: 9432: 9428: 9416: 9412: 9366:; cf. Mongolian 9285:and the pronoun 9269: 9268: 9242: 9241: 9169: 9165: 9146: 9142: 9124: 9113: 9103: 9099: 9080: 9076: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9023:"has not come". 8903: 8902: 8894: 8893: 8885: 8884: 8876: 8875: 8866:bi gisurembi akū 8818: 8817: 8739: 8738: 8650: 8640: 8559: 8540: 8522: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8450: 8446: 8408: 8397: 8367: 8356: 8319: 8292: 8126: 8108: 7940: 7936: 7879: 7860: 7856: 7836: 7832: 7813: 7809: 7790: 7786: 7775: 7728: 7724: 7704: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7675: 7671: 7659: 7655: 7636: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7607: 7603: 7591: 7587: 7544:"is", see below) 7528:Durative converb 7511: 7507: 7496: 7485: 7481: 7443: 7432: 7428: 7400: 7399: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7212: 7144:with the suffix 7128: 7118: 7107: 6966: 6947: 6937: 6912: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6867:habša-ra niyalma 6855: 6844:As an attribute: 6802:jon-, wen-, ban- 6738:dependent clause 6575:perfect converb 6509: 6501: 6413:yes/no-questions 6308: 6203:"every", "all". 6038:"with/by what?" 6000: 5999: 5989:"who is this?", 5973:"what sort of", 5927: 5908: 5728: 5727: 5574: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5324: 5320: 5081: 5044: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4960: 4912: 4901: 4857: 4846: 4779: 4775: 4764: 4670: 4659: 4638: 4627: 4585: 4567: 4529: 4518: 4446: 4435: 4424: 4351: 4324:house GEN master 4305: 4215: 4204: 4200: 4181: 4154: 4140: 4129: 4101: 4083: 4072: 4051: 4040: 4012: 3983: 3972: 3896:Manchu has five 3805:"grandmother" – 3776:"elder sisters". 3686:"woman's belt", 3658:"male animal" – 3649: 3648: 3576: 3572: 3561: 3541: 3537: 3521: 3468: 3464: 3453: 3433: 3429: 3413: 3360: 3356: 3345: 3325: 3321: 3305: 3257: 3253: 3242: 3197: 3193: 3182: 3139: 3131: 3123: 3102: 3083: 3002: 2991: 2983: 2972: 2961: 2953: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2898: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2862:Diphthongization 2851: 2843: 2832: 2824: 2816: 2784: 2537:"reciprocation" 2455: 2454: 2373:, "to discuss", 2369:, "department", 2214: 2206: 2191: 2175: 2009: 2006: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1955: 1952: 1934: 1931: 1922: 1919: 1888: 1887: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1726: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1669: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1626: 1623: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1467: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1398: 1397: 1344:Beijing Mandarin 1341: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1302:this article by 1293:inline citations 1280: 1279: 1272: 1262:Banjin festivals 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1123:Qianlong Emperor 1061: 1060: 1059: 976: 975: 966: 959: 921: 920: 877: 876: 871: 870: 860: 859: 833:Qianlong Emperor 767: 766: 729: 717: 644:Qianlong Emperor 600:Jurchen language 565: 563:"Dulimbai gurun" 551: 544: 539: 506:Standard Chinese 503: 502: 493: 492: 483: 482: 478:) and "Qingyu" ( 477: 476: 460:, 'father', and 438:Mongolian script 422:Jurchen language 399:Mandarin Chinese 370: 365:, Romanization: 364: 347: instead of 329: 328: 288: 278: 257: 241: 234: 225: 224: 216: 199: 197: 196: 171: 112: 55: 49: 40: 28: 27: 18178: 18177: 18173: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18168: 18167: 18128:Manchu language 18118: 18117: 18116: 18111: 18099: 18089: 18087: 18077: 18075: 18067: 18065: 18060: 18047: 18040:Chinese Kyakala 17990: 17951: 17923: 17878: 17873: 17843: 17838: 17812: 17792: 17770: 17699: 17643: 17454: 17447: 17373: 17353:(Indo-European) 17338: 17295: 17253: 17142: 17055: 16983: 16950: 16828: 16736: 16735:Other languages 16717: 16666: 16597:Central Tibetan 16568: 16442: 16376: 16223: 16105: 15908: 15860: 15808: 15797: 15773: 15757: 15664: 15605: 15589: 15584: 15494: 15492: 15476: 15471: 15463: 15416: 15411: 15403: 15308: 15271: 15261: 15242: 15231: 15187: 15186: 15169: 15164: 15163: 15146: 15142: 15127: 15125: 15123: 15107: 15103: 15090: 15088: 15086: 15070: 15066: 15040: 15036: 15027: 15023: 15010: 15006: 14995: 14994: 14990: 14979: 14978: 14974: 14963: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14949: 14945:Möllendorff, 3. 14944: 14940: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14922: 14917: 14913: 14908: 14904: 14864: 14860: 14855: 14851: 14846: 14842: 14837: 14833: 14828: 14824: 14819: 14815: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14797: 14792: 14788: 14783: 14779: 14774: 14770: 14765: 14761: 14756: 14752: 14747: 14743: 14738: 14734: 14729: 14725: 14681: 14677: 14672: 14668: 14663: 14659: 14654: 14650: 14645: 14641: 14636: 14632: 14627: 14623: 14618: 14614: 14609: 14605: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14587: 14582: 14578: 14573: 14569: 14564: 14560: 14555: 14551: 14546: 14542: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14519: 14515: 14510: 14506: 14501: 14497: 14492: 14488: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14470: 14465: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14447: 14443: 14438: 14434: 14429: 14425: 14420: 14416: 14411: 14407: 14402: 14398: 14393: 14389: 14384: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14357: 14353: 14348: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14330: 14326: 14321: 14317: 14312: 14308: 14303: 14299: 14294: 14290: 14285: 14281: 14276: 14272: 14267: 14263: 14258: 14254: 14249: 14245: 14240: 14236: 14231: 14227: 14222: 14218: 14207: 14203: 14198: 14194: 14180:Gerhard Doerfer 14177: 14173: 14168: 14161: 14156: 14152: 14147: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14130:Gorelova, 227f. 14129: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14076: 14072: 14064: 14057: 14053: 14052: 14048: 14037: 14012: 14007: 14003: 13998: 13994: 13989: 13985: 13978: 13964: 13960: 13947: 13943: 13930: 13926: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13903: 13887: 13883: 13864: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13846: 13842: 13835: 13819: 13815: 13810: 13806: 13793: 13789: 13784: 13780: 13763: 13756: 13751: 13747: 13737: 13735: 13728:bjwb.bjd.com.cn 13722: 13721: 13717: 13707: 13705: 13696: 13695: 13691: 13681: 13679: 13670: 13669: 13665: 13655: 13653: 13644: 13643: 13639: 13629: 13627: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13603: 13601: 13600:on 4 March 2016 13592: 13591: 13587: 13578: 13576: 13566: 13559: 13549: 13548: 13529: 13518:Asian Ethnicity 13515: 13514: 13497: 13487: 13485: 13467: 13463: 13455: 13451: 13445: 13425: 13418: 13406: 13399: 13379: 13372: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13342: 13338: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13308: 13304: 13297: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13255:Jami, Catherine 13252: 13248: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13219: 13215: 13208: 13192: 13188: 13181: 13167: 13166: 13162: 13155: 13139: 13135: 13128: 13112: 13108: 13073: 13069: 13034: 13030: 12993: 12989: 12954: 12950: 12943: 12927: 12923: 12916: 12900: 12896: 12889: 12873: 12869: 12862: 12846: 12842: 12835: 12819: 12815: 12805: 12803: 12785: 12781: 12776: 12772: 12767:Wayback Machine 12758:Yu Hsiao-jung, 12757: 12753: 12748:on Google Books 12733: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12701: 12685: 12681: 12671: 12669: 12629: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12569: 12565: 12558: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12533:Fletcher (1973) 12531: 12527: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12477: 12470: 12461: 12451: 12449: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12424: 12413: 12409: 12396: 12395: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12307: 12286: 12265: 12234: 12232: 12215: 12213: 12212:. Mission Press 12196: 12194: 12175: 12173:Further reading 12150: 12127:, and the word 12034: 12032:Manchu alphabet 12028: 12004: 11969:"also", "and", 11965:"only", "but", 11959: 11852: 11792:The classifier 11790: 11782:ilan fesin loho 11780: 11772: 11762: 11742: 11637: 11624: 11613: 11602: 11591: 11576: 11566: 11558: 11547: 11531: 11521: 11513: 11503: 11495: 11486: 11476: 11468: 11458: 11450: 11096: 11061:"to fill" from 11003:"to love" from 10757: 10703:"small river", 10613:"to be ashamed" 10609:"ashamed" from 10598:"crybaby" from 10561:"cowhide" from 10432:"teacher" from 10413:"hatchet" from 10353:"meeting" from 10334: 10322: 10317: 10223: 10213:"go forward" – 10147: 10115: 10095: 10075: 10065: 10049: 10014: 10004: 9985: 9962: 9952: 9933: 9923: 9904: 9899: 9875: 9847: 9704: 9690:"be suitable", 9669:auxiliary verbs 9665: 9663:Auxiliary verbs 9626:"Is it true?" 9474:yes/no-question 9466: 9455: 9445: 9434: 9419: 9403: 9395: 9387: 9356: 9332: 9309: 9181: 9171: 9156: 9148: 9134: 9126: 9115: 9105: 9090: 9082: 9067: 9048: 9005:-hakūbi/-hekūbi 8913: 8853: 8800: 8791:"be, become" – 8660: 8655: 8642: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8571: 8561: 8550: 8542: 8532: 8524: 8514: 8486: 8481: 8471: 8452: 8437: 8429: 8420: 8410: 8399: 8388: 8379: 8369: 8358: 8348: 8340: 8331: 8321: 8310: 8302: 8294: 8283: 8275: 8251: 8235: 8209:The converb in 8207: 8151: 8146: 8136: 8128: 8118: 8110: 8076:hūsun moho-tolo 8067: 8051: 7999: 7985:, resulting in 7952: 7942: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7891: 7881: 7870: 7862: 7847: 7839: 7823: 7815: 7800: 7792: 7777: 7766: 7746: 7744:Perfect converb 7741: 7731: 7715: 7707: 7696: 7677: 7662: 7646: 7638: 7628: 7609: 7594: 7578: 7530: 7523: 7513: 7498: 7487: 7472: 7464: 7455: 7445: 7434: 7419: 7411: 7366: 7351: 7331: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7273: 7271:younger.brother 7265: 7257: 7249: 7230: 7222: 7214: 7204: 7196: 7138: 7133: 7120: 7109: 7098: 7066: 7035:bisire ele jaka 7027: 6983: 6978: 6968: 6957: 6949: 6939: 6924: 6922:"I'll tell you" 6916:bi sinde ala-ra 6914: 6903: 6889: 6875: 6865: 6857: 6804:) with a final 6754: 6696: 6653:desiderative 2 6640:desiderative 1 6618:-tala/tele/tolo 6454: 6391:(exalamatory), 6333: 6331:Final particles 6328: 6318: 6310: 6300: 6292: 6276: 6266: 6258: 6246: 6244:"a good person" 6236: 6228: 6209: 6087:"what, which?" 6021:"what, which?" 5939: 5929: 5918: 5910: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5641:sitahūn niyalma 5616: 5603: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5565: 5557: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5312: 5110: 5108:Less-used cases 5105: 5091: 5083: 5072: 5064: 5054: 5046: 5035: 5011: 4994: 4980: 4970: 4962: 4950: 4942: 4928: 4914: 4903: 4878: 4873: 4859: 4848: 4836: 4828: 4795: 4781: 4766: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4691: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4601: 4587: 4577: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4531: 4520: 4508: 4500: 4481: 4479:Dative-locative 4462: 4448: 4437: 4426: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4375: 4361: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4315: 4307: 4295: 4256: 4232: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4142: 4131: 4119: 4106: 4085: 4074: 4062: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4022: 4014: 3999: 3985: 3974: 3962: 3954: 3938: 3930: 3894: 3812:"grandmothers". 3700: 3682:"man's belt" – 3610: 3601: 3596: 3578: 3563: 3553: 3545: 3523: 3513: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3470: 3455: 3445: 3437: 3415: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3380: 3362: 3347: 3337: 3329: 3307: 3297: 3289: 3281: 3269: 3259: 3244: 3234: 3226: 3218: 3209: 3199: 3184: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3114: 3104: 3093: 3085: 3074: 3066: 3019: 3014: 2940: 2807: 2786: 2773: 2764: 2761:Beijing dialect 2757: 2729: 2332:front vowel is 2322:natural classes 2306: 2264:sound. Chinese 2241: 2221: 2082: 2017: 2007: 1988: 1978: 1953: 1932: 1920: 1878: 1753:Manchu alphabet 1717: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1667: 1657: 1647: 1624: 1605: 1595: 1585: 1575: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1534: 1517: 1507: 1497: 1487: 1465: 1455: 1445: 1435: 1396: 1362:('flower') and 1328: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1298:Please help to 1297: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1217:Katarzyna Golik 1140: 1057: 1017: 979:Georgy M. Rozov 958: 909:Tongjian Gangmu 892: 869:御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 818: 778: 700: 681: 673:Beijing dialect 652:Jiaqing Emperor 612: 577: 522: 470: 387:Northeast China 362: 354: 353: 352: 349:Manchu alphabet 339:Without proper 330: 326: 301:Without proper 289: 280: 253: 237: 230: 220: 219: 212: 194: 192: 189: 182:Official status 176:Manchu alphabet 172: 167: 161: 154: 147: 113: 110:Language family 108: 101: 97: 96:Native speakers 60: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18176: 18166: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18097: 18085: 18062: 18061: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18045: 18037: 18029: 18021: 18020: 18019: 18014: 18000: 17998: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17972: 17970: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17949: 17944: 17933: 17931: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17895: 17893: 17884: 17880: 17879: 17872: 17871: 17864: 17857: 17849: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17836: 17833: 17830: 17827: 17824: 17823:HK = Hong Kong 17821: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17810: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17800: 17799: 17794:Hong Kong Sign 17787: 17778: 17776: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17707: 17705: 17701: 17700: 17698: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17651: 17649: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17634: 17624: 17623: 17622: 17617: 17607: 17606: 17605: 17600: 17590: 17589: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17562: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17502: 17497: 17496: 17495: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17459: 17457: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17445: 17440: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17383: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17374: 17372: 17371: 17369:(Austronesian) 17363: 17361:(Austronesian) 17355: 17346: 17344: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17305: 17303: 17297: 17296: 17294: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17267: 17265: 17259: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17150: 17148: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17074: 17072: 17063: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16997: 16995: 16989: 16988: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16960: 16958: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16847: 16845: 16836: 16830: 16829: 16827: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16750: 16748: 16738: 16737: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16578: 16576: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16539:Southern Qiang 16536: 16534:Northern Qiang 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16460: 16458: 16452: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16233: 16231: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15927: 15925: 15916: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15870: 15868: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15822: 15820: 15811: 15799: 15798: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15674: 15672: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15624: 15611: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15603: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15590: 15583: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15560: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15474: 15466: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15415: 15414:External links 15412: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15388: 15374: 15359: 15352: 15342: 15319: 15312: 15306: 15291: 15284: 15264: 15246: 15240: 15228:Manchu Grammar 15222: 15213: 15200: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15140: 15122:978-0980045956 15121: 15101: 15084: 15064: 15045:, ed. (1943). 15034: 15021: 15004: 14988: 14972: 14956: 14947: 14938: 14929: 14920: 14911: 14902: 14858: 14849: 14840: 14831: 14822: 14813: 14804: 14795: 14786: 14777: 14768: 14759: 14750: 14741: 14732: 14723: 14675: 14666: 14657: 14648: 14639: 14630: 14621: 14612: 14603: 14594: 14585: 14576: 14567: 14558: 14549: 14540: 14531: 14522: 14513: 14504: 14495: 14486: 14477: 14468: 14459: 14450: 14441: 14432: 14423: 14414: 14405: 14396: 14387: 14378: 14369: 14360: 14351: 14342: 14333: 14324: 14315: 14306: 14297: 14288: 14279: 14270: 14261: 14252: 14243: 14234: 14225: 14216: 14201: 14192: 14171: 14159: 14150: 14141: 14132: 14123: 14114: 14070: 14046: 14041:Manchu grammar 14010: 14001: 13992: 13983: 13976: 13958: 13941: 13924: 13908: 13901: 13881: 13858: 13849: 13840: 13833: 13824:Manchu Grammar 13813: 13804: 13800:Nicholas Poppe 13787: 13778: 13754: 13745: 13734:on 13 May 2013 13715: 13689: 13678:on 13 May 2013 13663: 13652:on 13 May 2013 13637: 13611: 13585: 13557: 13527: 13495: 13461: 13449: 13416: 13397: 13370: 13357:978-0191561672 13356: 13336: 13323:978-0191561672 13322: 13302: 13295: 13276: 13270:978-0199601400 13269: 13246: 13230: 13213: 13207:978-9629963316 13206: 13186: 13179: 13160: 13154:978-0295997483 13153: 13133: 13127:978-0295997483 13126: 13106: 13067: 13028: 12987: 12948: 12941: 12921: 12914: 12894: 12888:978-0295997483 12887: 12867: 12860: 12840: 12834:978-9629963316 12833: 12813: 12779: 12770: 12751: 12718: 12706: 12699: 12679: 12617: 12610: 12590: 12583: 12563: 12556: 12537: 12535:, p. 141. 12525: 12511: 12491: 12475: 12459: 12428: 12407: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12364: 12353: 12342: 12331: 12312: 12311: 12305: 12290: 12284: 12269: 12263: 12242: 12241: 12222: 12203: 12174: 12171: 12149: 12146: 12142:mă ā ān zhū wū 12094:, employed as 12082:Jurchen script 12070:Jurchen script 12030:Main article: 12027: 12026:Writing system 12024: 12003: 12000: 11958: 11955: 11851: 11848: 11788:"three swords" 11785:three CL sword 11773: 11763: 11755: 11754: 11741: 11738: 11717:"fourth" etc. 11626:sān fēn zhī èr 11614: 11603: 11592: 11581: 11580: 11559: 11548: 11540: 11539: 11529:"three fifths" 11514: 11504: 11496: 11488: 11487: 11469: 11459: 11451: 11443: 11442: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11273: 11271: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11255: 11252: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11177: 11176: 11170: 11163: 11157: 11150: 11149: 11143: 11136: 11130: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11112: 11095: 11092: 10990: 10989: 10969: 10968: 10967:"to dress up". 10908: 10907: 10863: 10862: 10826: 10825: 10801: 10800: 10756: 10753: 10672: 10671: 10659:"to flatter", 10643: 10627:"beggar" from 10614: 10546:"scribe" from 10495: 10494: 10477: 10472:"girdle" from 10445: 10394: 10393: 10375: 10358: 10337:Abstract nouns 10333: 10330: 10321: 10320:Word formation 10318: 10316: 10315:Word formation 10313: 10222: 10219: 10159:-nja/-nje/-njo 10146: 10143: 10114: 10111: 10094: 10091: 10050: 10039: 10038: 9986: 9978: 9977: 9934: 9924: 9916: 9915: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9874: 9873:sembi "to say" 9871: 9870: 9869: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9815: 9814: 9799: 9798: 9775: 9774: 9764: 9763: 9732: 9731: 9716: 9715: 9703: 9700: 9664: 9661: 9600:si sembi akūn? 9561:-rao/-reo/-roo 9526:Si terebe tuwa 9510:-hao/-heo/-hoo 9506:-rao/-reo/-roo 9465: 9462: 9435: 9420: 9404: 9396: 9388: 9380: 9379: 9355: 9352: 9348:bi sabure unde 9331: 9327:Negation with 9325: 9308: 9304:Negation with 9302: 9272:serakūngge akū 9157: 9149: 9135: 9127: 9116: 9106: 9091: 9083: 9068: 9049: 9041: 9040: 9015:"don't know", 8912: 8908:Negation with 8906: 8852: 8849: 8799: 8796: 8659: 8656: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8608: 8607: 8551: 8543: 8533: 8525: 8515: 8507: 8506: 8485: 8482: 8453: 8438: 8430: 8422: 8421: 8400: 8389: 8381: 8380: 8359: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8332: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8267: 8250: 8247: 8234: 8231: 8206: 8203: 8199:bucetei afambi 8163:-tai/-tei/-toi 8159:-kai/-kei/-koi 8155:-hai/-hei/-hoi 8150: 8147: 8129: 8119: 8111: 8105:ancient.times- 8100: 8099: 8093:"until" (from 8085:"until" (from 8066: 8063: 8050: 8047: 7998: 7995: 7974:"penetrate" – 7928: 7920: 7912: 7904: 7903: 7871: 7863: 7848: 7840: 7824: 7816: 7801: 7793: 7778: 7767: 7759: 7758: 7745: 7742: 7716: 7708: 7697: 7678: 7663: 7647: 7639: 7629: 7610: 7595: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7529: 7526: 7499: 7488: 7473: 7465: 7457: 7456: 7435: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7403: 7365: 7362: 7350: 7347: 7343:afabu ha ba bi 7314: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7282: 7274: 7266: 7258: 7250: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7137: 7136:Nominalization 7134: 7110: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7065: 7062: 7026: 7023: 7017:"penetrate" – 7003:-nka/-nke/-nko 6982: 6979: 6958: 6950: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6904: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6858: 6847: 6846: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6726: 6711: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6453: 6450: 6387:; "not yet"); 6343:(confirming), 6332: 6329: 6311: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6259: 6251: 6250: 6229: 6221: 6220: 6208: 6205: 6112: 6111: 6110:"from where?" 6105: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5919: 5911: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5549: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5311: 5308: 5276: 5275: 5249: 5239: 5209: 5199: 5180: 5170: 5160: 5153: 5138: 5131: 5109: 5106: 5086:(ma. tuwa-mbi) 5084: 5073: 5065: 5055: 5047: 5036: 5028: 5027: 4981: 4971: 4963: 4951: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4904: 4890: 4889: 4877: 4874: 4849: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4767: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4679:hūla, mujilen 4662: 4650: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4578: 4570: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4521: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4480: 4477: 4454:mimbe tuwa-mbi 4438: 4427: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4370:khan GEN child 4354: 4342: 4334: 4333: 4308: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4255: 4252: 4207: 4192: 4184: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4132: 4120: 4112: 4111: 4075: 4063: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3975: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3893: 3890: 3814: 3813: 3795: 3777: 3733: 3699: 3696: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3564: 3554: 3546: 3524: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3456: 3446: 3438: 3416: 3406: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3348: 3338: 3330: 3308: 3298: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3245: 3235: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3185: 3175: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3150: 3094: 3086: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2997: 2978: 2967: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2903: 2893: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2806: 2803: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2728: 2725: 2689: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2523:"work of art" 2515: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2330:phonologically 2305: 2302: 2240: 2237: 2220: 2217: 2199:The diphthong 2081: 2078: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1877: 1874: 1848:together with 1794:was "hard p", 1715: 1714: 1693: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1537: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1438: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1330: 1329: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1243:). (pp100-101) 1198:academic major 1139: 1136: 1096:Aihui District 1016: 1013: 941:'s stele near 939:Kangxi Emperor 896:writing system 891: 888: 846:Kangxi Emperor 817: 814: 782:Hanlin Academy 777: 774: 699: 696: 685:Forbidden City 680: 677: 611: 610:Decline of use 608: 596:Jurchen people 576: 573: 549:kiyan cing men 530:Forbidden City 528:Plaque at the 521: 518: 469: 466: 343:, you may see 331: 324: 323: 322: 319: 318: 305:, you may see 291: 290: 279: 271: 270: 265: 259: 258: 251: 243: 242: 235: 227: 226: 217: 209: 208: 207:Language codes 204: 203: 190: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169:Writing system 166: 163: 162: 157: 155: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 116: 114: 107: 104: 103: 98: 95: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 66: 65:Native to 62: 61: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18175: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18115: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18096: 18086: 18084: 18074: 18073: 18070: 18059: 18054: 18041: 18038: 18033: 18030: 18025: 18022: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18009: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17997: 17993: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17969: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17948: 17945: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17926: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17896: 17894: 17892: 17888: 17885: 17881: 17877: 17870: 17865: 17863: 17858: 17856: 17851: 17850: 17847: 17834: 17832:XJ = Xinjiang 17831: 17828: 17825: 17822: 17819: 17818: 17815: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17797: 17795: 17791: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17773: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17702: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17646: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17625: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17612: 17611: 17608: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17542: 17541: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17518: 17515: 17511: 17508: 17507: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17465: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17458: 17456: 17450: 17444: 17441: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17388: 17367: 17364: 17359: 17356: 17351: 17348: 17347: 17345: 17341: 17335: 17334:Western Yugur 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17264: 17260: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17145: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17058: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17016:Eastern Yugur 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16990: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16961: 16959: 16957: 16953: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16936:Small Flowery 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16831: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16751: 16749: 16747: 16746:Austroasiatic 16743: 16739: 16732: 16728: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16669: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16577: 16575: 16571: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16383: 16379: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15911: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15867: 15863: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15819: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15770: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15667: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15612: 15608: 15602: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15581: 15576: 15574: 15569: 15567: 15562: 15561: 15558: 15552: 15549: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15470: 15467: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15407: 15401: 15400:83-88238-53-1 15397: 15393: 15389: 15387: 15386:0-691-06694-9 15383: 15379: 15375: 15372: 15371:9780674072138 15368: 15364: 15360: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15346: 15345:Norman, Jerry 15343: 15341:at Wikisource 15340: 15335: 15328: 15327: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15299: 15298: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15270: 15265: 15257: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15241:90-04-12307-5 15237: 15230: 15229: 15223: 15219: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15183: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15171: 15157: 15153: 15152: 15144: 15136: 15124: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15105: 15098: 15087: 15081: 15077: 15076: 15068: 15060: 15056: 15055: 15049: 15048:"Dahai" 15044: 15038: 15031: 15025: 15017: 15016: 15008: 15000: 14999: 14992: 14984: 14983: 14976: 14968: 14967: 14960: 14954:Li (2000: 20) 14951: 14942: 14933: 14924: 14915: 14906: 14899: 14898:7-119-04262-9 14895: 14880: 14876: 14875:3-324-00332-6 14872: 14868: 14862: 14853: 14844: 14835: 14826: 14817: 14808: 14799: 14790: 14781: 14772: 14763: 14754: 14745: 14736: 14727: 14720: 14719:7-119-04262-9 14716: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14692:3-324-00332-6 14689: 14685: 14679: 14670: 14661: 14652: 14643: 14634: 14625: 14616: 14607: 14598: 14589: 14580: 14571: 14562: 14553: 14544: 14535: 14526: 14517: 14508: 14499: 14490: 14481: 14472: 14463: 14454: 14445: 14436: 14427: 14418: 14409: 14400: 14391: 14382: 14373: 14364: 14355: 14346: 14337: 14328: 14319: 14310: 14301: 14292: 14283: 14274: 14265: 14256: 14247: 14238: 14229: 14220: 14212: 14205: 14196: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14175: 14166: 14164: 14154: 14145: 14136: 14127: 14118: 14111: 14110:7-119-04262-9 14107: 14092: 14088: 14087:3-324-00332-6 14084: 14080: 14074: 14063: 14056: 14050: 14042: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14015: 14005: 13996: 13987: 13979: 13977:7-80060-008-4 13973: 13969: 13962: 13954: 13953: 13945: 13937: 13936: 13928: 13920: 13919: 13912: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13893: 13885: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13862: 13853: 13844: 13836: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13817: 13808: 13801: 13797: 13791: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13769: 13761: 13759: 13749: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13703: 13699: 13693: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13651: 13647: 13641: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13599: 13595: 13589: 13575: 13571: 13564: 13562: 13553: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13453: 13444: 13440: 13439:5-7803-0037-2 13436: 13432: 13428: 13423: 13421: 13414: 13413:90-04-12307-5 13410: 13404: 13402: 13395: 13394:1-4021-5630-8 13391: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13375: 13359: 13353: 13349: 13348: 13340: 13325: 13319: 13315: 13314: 13306: 13298: 13292: 13288: 13287: 13280: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13250: 13242: 13241: 13234: 13226: 13225: 13217: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13198: 13190: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13164: 13156: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13137: 13129: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13071: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13032: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12991: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12952: 12944: 12938: 12934: 12933: 12925: 12917: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12898: 12890: 12884: 12880: 12879: 12871: 12863: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12844: 12836: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12817: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12755: 12749: 12745: 12744:0-295-98040-0 12741: 12737: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12715: 12710: 12702: 12700:0-691-01468-X 12696: 12692: 12691: 12683: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12628: 12621: 12613: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12594: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12567: 12559: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12541: 12534: 12529: 12514: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12495: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12473: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12447: 12443: 12435: 12433: 12422: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12389: 12372: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12308: 12306:7-80060-008-4 12302: 12298: 12297: 12291: 12287: 12285:9787811089677 12281: 12277: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12264:9787538907650 12260: 12256: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12230: 12229: 12223: 12211: 12210: 12204: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12170: 12166: 12161: 12157: 12155: 12145: 12143: 12135:, written as 12134: 12130: 12126: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12087: 12086:Manchu script 12083: 12079: 12075: 12074:Khitan script 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12046:Uyghur script 12043: 12042:Mongol script 12039: 12038:Manchu script 12033: 12023: 12021: 12020:Turkic origin 12017: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11857: 11850:Postpositions 11847: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11828: 11824: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11758: 11753: 11751: 11750:measure words 11747: 11746:as in Chinese 11737: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11590: 11587: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11574:"five sixths" 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11557: 11551: 11546: 11543: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11499: 11494: 11491: 11485: 11482: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11454: 11449: 11446: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11394: 11392: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11361: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11334: 11332: 11327: 11325: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11234:juwan ninggun 11231: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11162: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10995: 10987: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10940: 10934: 10931:"get angry", 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10893: 10891: 10886:"arrogant" – 10885: 10881: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10864: 10861:"to bloom"; . 10860: 10858: 10852: 10848: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10820:"Mongolia" – 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10798: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10695: 10692: : e.g. 10691: 10687: 10683: 10680:suffixes are 10679: 10678: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10630: 10626: 10625: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10465:- "to comb", 10464: 10460: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10391: 10388:"grief" from 10387: 10386: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10329: 10327: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10245: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10209:"alternate", 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10175:frequentative 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10053: 10048: 10042: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10003: 9989: 9984: 9981: 9976: 9974: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9919: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9702:bimbi "to be" 9699: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9588:si sabu-rakū- 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9537: 9531: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9433: 9423: 9418: 9407: 9402: 9399: 9394: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9311:The particle 9307: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9249: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9190:The suffixes 9188: 9186: 9185:gaijirakū oci 9180: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9160: 9155: 9152: 9147: 9138: 9133: 9130: 9125: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9081: 9071: 9066: 9052: 9047: 9044: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8753: 8752:"Don't ask!" 8751: 8748:"Don't go!“, 8747: 8743: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8673: 8670:"Sit down!", 8669: 8665: 8654: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8630: 8629:mulberry.tree 8627: 8622: 8619: 8614: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8549: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8436: 8433: 8428: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8387: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8309: 8306: 8301: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8282: 8279: 8274: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8089:"reach") and 8088: 8084: 8079: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7931: 7926: 7923: 7918: 7915: 7910: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7851: 7846: 7843: 7838: 7827: 7822: 7819: 7814: 7804: 7799: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7695: 7681: 7676: 7666: 7661: 7650: 7645: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7613: 7608: 7598: 7593: 7582: 7577: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7486: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7463: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7415: 7410: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7312: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7264: 7263:elder.brother 7261: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7234: 7229: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7200: 7195: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7184:wesimburengge 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7132: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7055:duleke ele ba 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6927: 6926:As an object: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6902: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758:-ra, -re, -ro 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708:attributively 6705: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6515:Usual Suffix 6514: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6432:ere ai bi-he 6429: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6291: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6116:The pronouns 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6098:"from whom?" 6097: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5743:those (ones) 5742: 5740:these (ones) 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173:Essive-formal 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5049:(ma. hehe-si) 5045: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4816:locative case 4812: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4555:elder.brother 4553: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4194:icihiya-bu-me 4190: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151:face ACC see- 4149: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3605: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3423: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3054:postpositions 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2976: 2968: 2965: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2719:(mother) and 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2622:"punishment" 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:vowel harmony 2304:Vowel harmony 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2236: 2233: 2232:prosodic word 2229: 2228:Ivan Zakharov 2225: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1873: 1863: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1754: 1743:over time to 1742: 1734: 1730: 1729:onomatopoeiae 1722: 1697: 1680: 1676: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Jilu Mandarin 1349: 1345: 1342:, similar to 1337: 1336:open syllable 1326: 1323: 1315: 1312:December 2008 1305: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1212:Deng Xiaoping 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1021: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1003: 998: 996: 995:romanizations 990: 988: 984: 980: 970: 963: 956: 952: 944: 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 897: 887: 885: 881: 864: 854: 849: 847: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 813: 809: 807: 803: 799: 798:Yan Changming 795: 791: 787: 783: 773: 771: 761: 757: 756:Chen Mingyuan 754:Han Chinese, 753: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 725: 721: 713: 709: 705: 695: 692: 690: 686: 679:Use of Manchu 676: 674: 668: 666: 661: 655: 653: 649: 645: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 569: 564: 558: 550: 545: 543:qián qīng mén 535: 531: 526: 517: 515: 511: 507: 497: 487: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:vowel harmony 415: 411: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 374: 369: 358: 350: 346: 342: 338: 336: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 298: 292: 287: 284: 277: 272: 269: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 250: 249: 244: 240: 236: 233: 228: 223: 218: 215: 210: 205: 202: 191: 185: 180: 177: 174: 170: 164: 160: 156: 150: 138: 135: 134: 133: 129: 128: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 115: 111: 105: 99: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 59: 58:Manchu script 54: 48: 43: 34: 29: 26: 22: 18113: 18011: 17820:GX = Guangxi 17808: 17806:Tibetan Sign 17796: 17782:Chinese Sign 17648:Creole/Mixed 17517:Southeastern 17505:Southwestern 17468:Northeastern 17453:Varieties of 17275: 15493:. Retrieved 15481: 15472:(in Chinese) 15464:(in Chinese) 15391: 15377: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15325: 15296: 15279: 15275: 15249: 15227: 15217: 15208: 15179: 15150: 15143: 15133: 15126:. Retrieved 15111: 15104: 15096: 15089:. Retrieved 15074: 15067: 15052: 15037: 15029: 15024: 15014: 15007: 14997: 14991: 14981: 14975: 14965: 14959: 14950: 14941: 14932: 14923: 14914: 14905: 14878: 14866: 14861: 14852: 14843: 14834: 14825: 14816: 14807: 14798: 14789: 14780: 14771: 14762: 14753: 14744: 14735: 14726: 14699: 14695: 14683: 14678: 14669: 14660: 14651: 14642: 14633: 14624: 14615: 14606: 14597: 14588: 14579: 14570: 14561: 14552: 14543: 14534: 14525: 14516: 14507: 14498: 14489: 14480: 14471: 14462: 14453: 14444: 14435: 14426: 14417: 14408: 14399: 14390: 14381: 14372: 14363: 14354: 14345: 14336: 14327: 14318: 14309: 14300: 14291: 14282: 14273: 14264: 14255: 14246: 14237: 14228: 14219: 14210: 14204: 14195: 14187: 14183: 14174: 14153: 14144: 14135: 14126: 14117: 14090: 14078: 14073: 14049: 14040: 14004: 13995: 13986: 13967: 13961: 13951: 13944: 13934: 13927: 13917: 13911: 13891: 13884: 13868: 13861: 13852: 13843: 13823: 13816: 13807: 13795: 13790: 13781: 13767: 13748: 13736:. Retrieved 13732:the original 13727: 13718: 13706:. Retrieved 13702:the original 13692: 13680:. Retrieved 13676:the original 13666: 13654:. Retrieved 13650:the original 13640: 13628:. Retrieved 13624:the original 13614: 13602:. Retrieved 13598:the original 13588: 13577:, retrieved 13573: 13551: 13521: 13517: 13486:. Retrieved 13474: 13464: 13457:Hauer (1930) 13452: 13446:(in Russian) 13430: 13426: 13381: 13361:. Retrieved 13346: 13339: 13327:. Retrieved 13312: 13305: 13285: 13279: 13259: 13249: 13239: 13233: 13223: 13216: 13196: 13189: 13169: 13163: 13143: 13136: 13116: 13109: 13084: 13080: 13070: 13045: 13041: 13031: 13006: 13000: 12990: 12965: 12961: 12951: 12931: 12924: 12904: 12897: 12877: 12870: 12850: 12843: 12823: 12816: 12804:. Retrieved 12792: 12782: 12773: 12754: 12735: 12709: 12689: 12682: 12670:. Retrieved 12666:the original 12637: 12634:Modern China 12633: 12620: 12600: 12593: 12573: 12566: 12546: 12540: 12528: 12516:. Retrieved 12501: 12494: 12450:. Retrieved 12446:the original 12418: 12410: 12402:the original 12392: 12369: 12358: 12347: 12336: 12326: 12314: 12313: 12295: 12274: 12253: 12244: 12243: 12233:. Retrieved 12227: 12214:. Retrieved 12208: 12195:. Retrieved 12186: 12177: 12176: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12151: 12141: 12128: 12124: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12090: 12064:(2013). The 12061: 12058:Jerry Norman 12056:employed by 12035: 12005: 11994: 11992: 11987: 11985: 11980: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11960: 11957:Conjunctions 11950: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11884:"above" and 11881: 11877: 11873: 11868: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11853: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11826: 11822: 11813: 11809: 11807: 11797: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11767: 11764: 11759: 11756: 11743: 11729: 11722:juwan cikten 11721: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11696: 11694: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11675: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11638: 11635:"two thirds" 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11552: 11549: 11544: 11541: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11508: 11505: 11500: 11497: 11492: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11463: 11460: 11455: 11452: 11447: 11444: 11437: 11436:"two each", 11433: 11432:"one each", 11429: 11425: 11422:-ta/-te/-to; 11421: 11413: 11412:"tenth" and 11409: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11388: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11376: 11371: 11369: 11366:tanggū tumen 11365: 11363: 11359: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11346: 11342:‹mingɣ-a(n)› 11341: 11337: 11335: 11330: 11328: 11323: 11321: 11312: 11304: 11294: 11286: 11276: 11268: 11258: 11249: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11217: 11210: 11204: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11173: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11146: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11115: 11109: 11097: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11076:"to watch". 11073: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11021: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10962: 10960: 10959:"elegant" – 10956: 10955:"to drill", 10950: 10948: 10947:"a drill" – 10944: 10943:"to swing", 10938: 10936: 10935:"a swing" – 10932: 10928: 10924: 10912: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10894:"to boast", 10889: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10849:"to split", 10844: 10842: 10841:"fissure" – 10838: 10830: 10821: 10817: 10816:"to speak", 10813: 10809: 10805: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10780: 10779:"a trace" – 10776: 10768: 10760: 10758: 10751:"very bad". 10747: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10719:augmentative 10716: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10682:-kan/ken/kon 10681: 10675: 10673: 10667: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10569: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10490: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10461:"comb" from 10457: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10428: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10395: 10389: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10335: 10323: 10311:"go bathe". 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10224: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10116: 10107:aisilandumbi 10106: 10102: 10098: 10096: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10066: 10054: 10051: 10043: 10040: 10031: 10029: 10021: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10005: 9990: 9987: 9982: 9979: 9970: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9938: 9935: 9928: 9925: 9920: 9917: 9910: 9905: 9891:alame sereo. 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9748:past perfect 9743: 9739: 9736:Past perfect 9735: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9656: 9648: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9631:wh-questions 9628: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9558: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9469: 9467: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9439: 9436: 9424: 9421: 9408: 9405: 9400: 9397: 9392: 9389: 9384: 9381: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9354:Apprehension 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9310: 9305: 9297: 9295:umai niyalma 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9271: 9262: 9259:-akūngge akū 9258: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9235: 9230: 9228: 9223: 9221: 9216: 9214: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9161: 9158: 9153: 9150: 9139: 9136: 9131: 9128: 9120: 9117: 9110: 9107: 9095: 9092: 9087: 9084: 9072: 9069: 9053: 9050: 9045: 9042: 9035: 9034:"become" or 9031: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8896: 8887: 8878: 8869: 8865: 8864:"not (be)": 8861: 8857: 8854: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8710:amasi bucina 8709: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8636: 8634:fata-mbihebi 8633: 8628: 8625: 8620: 8617: 8612: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8597:The form in 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589:"narrated". 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8555: 8552: 8547: 8544: 8537: 8534: 8529: 8526: 8519: 8516: 8511: 8508: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8457: 8454: 8442: 8439: 8434: 8431: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8404: 8401: 8393: 8390: 8385: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8363: 8360: 8353: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8315: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8299: 8296: 8288: 8286:tuwahiya-mbi 8285: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8252: 8238: 8236: 8233:Finite forms 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8208: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8152: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8123: 8120: 8115: 8112: 8104: 8101: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8068: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8008: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7932: 7929: 7924: 7921: 7916: 7913: 7908: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7875: 7872: 7867: 7864: 7852: 7849: 7844: 7841: 7828: 7825: 7820: 7817: 7805: 7802: 7797: 7794: 7782: 7779: 7771: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7720: 7717: 7712: 7709: 7701: 7698: 7682: 7679: 7667: 7664: 7651: 7648: 7643: 7640: 7633: 7630: 7614: 7611: 7599: 7596: 7583: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7562:ara-me bi-me 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7503: 7500: 7492: 7489: 7477: 7474: 7469: 7466: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7439: 7436: 7424: 7421: 7416: 7413: 7408: 7405: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7367: 7352: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7302: 7299: 7294: 7291: 7286: 7283: 7278: 7275: 7270: 7267: 7262: 7259: 7254: 7251: 7235: 7233:hendu-re-nge 7232: 7227: 7224: 7219: 7216: 7209: 7206: 7201: 7198: 7193: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7161:akdarakūngge 7160: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7114: 7111: 7103: 7100: 7095: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7080:of the verb 7077: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6995:-ha/-he/-ho, 6994: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6951: 6944: 6941: 6933: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6908: 6905: 6894: 6891: 6884: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6851: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6715:nominalizing 6697: 6682: 6669: 6656: 6643: 6630: 6617: 6604: 6591: 6588:conditional 6578: 6565: 6552: 6539: 6526: 6507:(to attack) 6504: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6455: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6421:WH-questions 6416: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6347:(defining), 6344: 6340: 6334: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6305: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268:niyalma sain 6267: 6263: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6238:sain niyalma 6237: 6233: 6230: 6225: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151:"whatever", 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6035: 6029: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5912: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5527:"my house", 5524: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5313: 5303: 5300:agangga sara 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5163:Distributive 5156: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5040: 5037: 5032: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4908: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4813: 4807: 4806:ejen i hese 4805: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4771: 4768: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4744:ruling.house 4743: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4719:beye i gala 4718: 4712: 4711:beye-i gala- 4710: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4634: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4533:ere niyalma 4532: 4525: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4471: 4470:giyan giyan 4469: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4431: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4245: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4208: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4047: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3895: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3714:“workman” – 3711: 3707: 3701: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3460: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3352: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3249: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3189: 3186: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3020: 3004: 2993: 2985: 2974: 2963: 2955: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2899: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2853: 2845: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2808: 2795: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2730: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:(woman) and 2708: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2670:"downwards" 2666: 2664: 2649: 2647: 2635: 2633: 2618: 2616: 2608:"fish soup" 2605: 2592: 2590: 2582:"tree bast" 2578: 2576: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2545: 2533: 2531: 2519: 2517: 2505: 2503: 2491: 2489: 2477: 2475: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:, "a mare", 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2338:phonetically 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318:front vowels 2307: 2297: 2296:(horse) and 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2222: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2073: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2016: 1828: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1764: 1732: 1718: 1696: 1679: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1333: 1318: 1309: 1290: 1258: 1246: 1222: 1209: 1201: 1187: 1176: 1168: 1153: 1141: 1131: 1104: 1102:Prefecture. 1088:Heilongjiang 1075: 1067: 1049: 1042:octogenarian 1030: 1008:Peiwen yunfu 1006: 999: 991: 982: 968: 948: 943:Lugou Bridge 913: 907: 893: 852: 850: 830: 819: 810: 779: 769: 759: 749: 731: 723: 719: 711: 708:Shen Qiliang 701: 693: 682: 669: 665:marksmanship 656: 641: 637: 616:Qing dynasty 613: 594:renamed the 589: 578: 541: 513: 495: 485: 471: 464:, 'mother'. 461: 457: 407: 403: 395:Qing dynasty 356: 355: 334: 332: 294: 246: 201:Qing dynasty 136: 25: 17314:Fuyu Kyrgyz 17113:Tai Hongjin 16799:Muak Sa-aak 15442:at Omniglot 15404:(in Polish) 15262:(in German) 15252:. Leipzig: 13708:10 November 13656:10 November 13630:10 November 13604:10 November 12235:10 February 12131:is, in the 11896:"behind"). 11740:Classifiers 11428:is elided: 11360:juwan tumen 11174:ilan tanggū 11147:juwe tanggū 10974:-ja/-je/-jo 10972:The suffix 10913:-da/-de/-do 10911:The suffix 10898:"mirror" – 10868:-ša/-še/-šo 10866:The suffix 10853:"flower" – 10831:-na/-ne/-no 10829:The suffix 10806:-ra/-re/-ro 10804:The suffix 10791:"a hunt" – 10769:-la/-le/-lo 10767:The suffix 10618:ta/da/to/do 10565:"bovine". 10498:Agent nouns 10444:"to learn". 10279:"report" – 10253:-na/-ne/-no 10205:"change" – 10183:-ca/-ce/-co 10163:-ša/-še/-šo 10155:-ta/-te/-to 10119:-ca/-ce/-co 10113:Associative 10087:arambubumbi 9988:dasa-bu-mbi 9839:alame bisu. 9760:tuwaha bihe 9740:-ha/-he/-ho 9712:genere biki 9344:jidere unde 9340:-ra/-re/-ro 9051:gaija-r-akū 8948:merge with 8946:-ra/-re/-ro 8841:fa hūbalaki 8750:ume fonjire 8666:"Report!", 8494:-ha/-he/-ho 8455:jide-rakū-n 8289:keep.guard- 8037:"if" (from 7966:"exceed" – 7917:trustworthy 7180:fonjirengge 7172:hendurengge 7142:nominalized 7112:weile-mbihe 6999:-ka/-ke/-ko 6997:the ending 6987:-ha/-he/-ho 6827:je-, jetere 6813:bi-, bisire 6694:Participles 6679:temeritive 6601:concessive 6523:imperative 6385:conjunction 6271:person good 6241:good person 6143:"whoever"; 6069:Accusative 6052:"to whom?" 6003:Nominative 5823:Accusative 5748:Nominative 5717:"this" and 5645:emteli beye 5519:"this" and 5410:Accusative 5384:Nominative 5335:3rd person 5332:2nd person 5329:1st person 5242:Translative 5202:Orientative 5116:Terminative 4861:alin bujan 4799:mini gūnin 4080:care.about- 4048:care.about- 3743:"father" – 3735:The suffix 3732:"Manchus"). 3725:"Manchu" – 3706:The suffix 3690:"strong" – 3670:"lioness", 3650:) "monk" – 3617:"father" – 3039:verb phrase 3031:noun phrase 2551:"horseman" 2450:hon/hūn/hun 2442:han/hen/hon 2434:kiyan/kiyen 2430:hiyan/hiyen 2426:giyan/giyen 2066:Erich Hauer 1636:Approximant 1478:unaspirated 1304:introducing 1240:北京大兴御苑满族联谊会 1164:Qing Empire 1130:" ending, - 1094:village in 1080:Fuyu County 1064:Möllendorff 1002:Erich Hauer 822:Huang Taiji 368:manju gisun 309:instead of 56:written in 53:Manju gisun 18122:Categories 17835:XZ = Tibet 17826:MC = Macau 17766:Zhangzhung 17510:Sichuanese 17437:Vietnamese 16834:Hmong-Mien 16713:Waxianghua 16494:Khroskyabs 15782:Indigenous 15670:Prefecture 15645:Portuguese 15331:Shanghai. 15307:0824822064 15282:: 156–164. 15181:Asia Times 15085:0824822064 14178:Vgl. auch 13902:9004123075 13296:0520927796 13180:0520927796 12942:9629961024 12915:9629961024 12861:0520923456 12441:抢救满语振兴满族文化 12420:Ethnologue 12379:References 12315:Literature 12096:phonograms 11910:comitative 11908:"after"), 11711:juwenggeri 11665:"double"; 11657:"single"; 11331:tanggū emu 11188:juwan duin 11161:juwan ilan 11134:juwan juwe 11054:"to wet", 11040:-hiya/hiye 11036:-giya/giye 11032:-kiya/kiye 10988:“thought”. 10927:"anger" – 10882:"praise", 10835:inchoative 10799:"to hunt". 10761:from nouns 10721:suffix is 10696:"river" – 10677:diminutive 10631:"to beg", 10591:"strong", 10423:agent noun 10374:"to draw". 10309:ebišenembi 10307:"bathe" – 10301:fekunjembi 10289:alanggimbi 10207:halanjambi 10197:"laugh" – 10191:jailatambi 10189:"evade" – 10137:"fight" – 10129:"stand" – 10093:Reciprocal 9879:Imperative 9867:alame osu. 9851:Imperative 9819:Imperative 9811:alame bihe 9779:Hypothesis 9752:araha bihe 9620:si saiyūn? 9490:-ra/re-/ro 9001:-ha/he/ho, 8746:ume genere 8658:Imperative 8243:indicative 8229:"before". 7964:colgorombi 7680:taci-r-akū 7665:gūni-mbime 7612:gūni-r-akū 7597:taci-mbime 7470:accusative 7374:infinitive 6835:predicates 6821:— 'become' 6635:afanggala 6493:akū, i, o, 6458:imperative 6377:dubitative 6373:admirative 6280:comparison 6212:Adjectives 6207:Adjectives 4695:mini yasa 3936:Accusative 3928:Nominative 3906:accusative 3902:nominative 3621:"mother", 3599:Morphology 3481:IMPERF.CVB 3023:head-final 2751:dialects. 2687:"upwards" 2653:"stepson" 2266:affricates 2086:diphthongs 2080:Diphthongs 2054:back vowel 2018:The vowel 1834:affricated 1816:aspiration 1812:p, t, c, k 1808:b, d, j, g 1731:, such as 1394:Consonants 1376:abtara-mbi 1287:references 1117:valley in 592:Hong Taiji 426:loan words 408:Like most 376:East Asian 373:endangered 153:Early form 18158:Manchuria 18107:Languages 17996:Jurchenic 17746:Tocharian 17680:Qoqmončaq 17632:Cantonese 17586:Shaojiang 17559:Hainanese 17488:Zhongyuan 17483:Jiao-Liao 17417:Esperanto 17319:Ili Turki 17026:Khamnigan 16891:Kiong Nai 16662:Zitsadegu 15640:Mongolian 15630:Cantonese 15495:8 January 15490:0362-4331 13827:. Brill. 13798:, p. 17, 13579:5 October 13483:0362-4331 13101:161403630 13062:161403630 13023:161403630 12982:144227944 12801:0362-4331 12662:144587815 12384:Citations 12154:syllabary 12050:romanized 12014:and from 12012:Mongolian 11912:meaning ( 11715:duinggeri 11533:The word 11385:‹ɣuči(n)› 11379:‹qori(n)› 11372:‹tabu(n)› 11353:‹tüme(n)› 11116:juwan emu 11088:direction 10994:-ta/te/to 10917:intensive 10874:"good" – 10822:monggoro- 10812:"word" – 10707:"long" – 10392:"grieve". 10297:fekunembi 10295:"jump" – 10285:alanjimbi 10275:"send"): 10199:injecembi 10179:intensive 10167:iterative 10105:"help" – 10103:aisilambi 10026:causative 9975:meaning: 9973:reflexive 9936:uša-bu-ha 9823:synthetic 9803:Preterite 9791:arahabici 9787:bihe bici 9728:wajiha bi 9624:yargiyūn? 9534:i cai omi 9530:? Tuwaha. 9494:-ha/he/ho 9459:ra-(a)kū. 9406:nime-rahū 9334:The word 9277:The word 9261:(Chinese 9246:The word 9236:bù zài de 9011:"know" – 8928:etuku akū 8915:The word 8821:bi geneki 8610:hūwangheo 8587:alaha kai 8553:hūla-habi 8346:character 8219:aranggala 8179:-ka/ke/ko 8175:-ha/he/ho 8041:"be" and 7968:colgoropi 7958:"open" – 7713:dangerous 7581:hendu-me. 7566:Confucius 7437:deribu-he 7394:píng-dìng 7182:"ask" or 7174:"speak", 7168:alarangge 7154:ararangge 7150:arahangge 7009:"find" – 6931:gisure-re 6852:complain- 6819:o-, ojoro 6745:predicate 6734:predicate 6666:optative 6553:-ha/he/ho 6540:-ra/re/ro 6389:jiya/jiye 6193:meni meni 6189:beri beri 6173:ememungge 6092:Ablative 6064:"where?" 6032:"whose?" 6026:Genitive 5985:"where", 5848:Ablative 5773:Genitive 5737:that one 5734:this one 5708:tubaingge 5661:sini beye 5657:mini beye 5545:gūwaingge 5533:musei boo 5488:Ablative 5436:Genitive 5378:inclusive 5373:exclusive 5316:clusivity 5212:Revertive 5078:consider- 4968:important 4723:jafa-habi 4667:memorize( 4607:as well: 4412:intention 4280:gurung ni 4153:PART(NEG) 4148:tuwa-hakū 4139:PART(NEG) 4134:tuwa-hakū 4100:PART(NEG) 4095:kice-rakū 4082:PART(NEG) 4077:kice-rakū 4045:kice-mbi, 4020:gentleman 3991:weile-mbi 3977:weile-mbi 3849:"sons". 3754:"lord" – 3666:"lion" – 3641:(Chinese 3629:"woman", 3077:niyalma-i 3033:, or the 2931:burulambi 2928:ᠪᡠᡵᡠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ 2876:dagilambi 2873:ᡩᠠᡤᡳᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ 2733:Manchuria 2715:(man) or 2596:"salmon" 2568:"spider" 2509:"useful" 2300:(camel). 2290:Mongolian 2239:Loanwords 1820:tenseness 1566:Fricative 1526:aspirated 1388:atara-mbi 1268:Phonology 1179:Hong Kong 1113:near the 1038:sinicized 1034:Manchuria 1025:Changchun 900:classical 837:Pentaglot 786:Qi Yunshi 624:bannermen 620:sinicized 430:Mongolian 383:Manchuria 248:Glottolog 232:ISO 639-3 214:ISO 639-2 126:Jurchenic 85:Ethnicity 79:Manchuria 17960:Southern 17929:Udegheic 17883:Northern 17690:Tangwang 17670:Macanese 17665:Lingling 17598:Northern 17581:Northern 17544:Southern 17463:Mandarin 17390:Minority 17350:Sarikoli 17263:Tungusic 17224:Naxi Yao 17169:Cao Miao 17093:Ningming 16993:Mongolic 16969:Dzao Min 16964:Biao Min 16921:Qo Xiong 16916:Pingtang 16612:Dongwang 16554:Tshobdun 16479:Guiqiong 16081:Sangkong 15856:Muangphe 15818:Mondzish 15772:numerous 15763:Counties 15610:Regional 15594:Official 15190:cite web 15091:25 March 14900:, S. 37. 14892:, 2005, 14883:«现代汉语语法» 14713:, 2005, 14704:«现代汉语语法» 14112:, S. 45. 14104:, 2005, 14095:«现代汉语语法» 14062:Archived 13738:8 August 13682:8 August 13488:8 August 13363:24 April 13329:24 April 13257:(2012). 12806:8 August 12763:Archived 12654:20062627 12518:11 April 12148:Teaching 12104:i, n, ng 12084:and the 12008:Tungusic 11823:debtelin 11734:branches 11709:"once", 11682:juwenofi 11671:ilan ubu 11663:juwe ubu 11647:"part": 11391:Sanskrit 11364:1000000 11324:orin emu 11100:numerals 11094:Numerals 11007:"love") 10921:durative 10744:"bad" – 10740:"huge", 10733:"big" – 10686:-gan/gen 10305:ebišembi 10281:alanambi 10273:unggimbi 10227:andative 10215:ibešembi 10187:jailambi 10173:and the 10151:durative 10139:afanumbi 10131:ilicambi 10121:or with 10052:gene-bu! 10028:: this, 9991:correct- 9913: : 9785:or with 9750:tense: 9616:yargiyūn 9608:yargiyan 9518:Minde bu 9437:jobo-mbi 9229:bisirakū 9206: : 9017:dabahakū 8990:generakū 8982:genehakū 8978:genehekū 8932:dutu akū 8851:Negation 8825:i geneki 8804:optative 8798:Optative 8775:"eat" – 8744: : 8695:genekini 8674:"Kill!" 8599:-mbihebi 8509:nimanggi 8440:ji-mbi-o 8402:gene-mbi 8313:hūla-mbi 8102:julge-ci 7991:arambifi 7798:a.little 7780:isina-fi 7710:jecuhuri 7558:arambime 7354:Converbs 7349:Converbs 7176:serengge 7086:arambihe 6960:donji-fi 6849:habša-ra 6837:. Using 6687:afarahū 6674:afacina 6661:afakini 6622:afatala 6609:afacibe 6518:Example 6439:gasha be 6423:): e.g. 6397:na/ne/no 6383:(also a 6175:"many", 6081:"what?" 6075:"whom?" 6015:"what?" 5953:"what", 5807:te(re)de 5706:"such", 5702:"that", 5696:ubaingge 5694:"such", 5690:"this", 5655:"self": 5543:"mine", 5541:miningge 5529:sini boo 5525:mini boo 5503:suwenci 5477:suwende 5425:suwembe 5361:singular 5351:singular 5341:singular 5310:Pronouns 5306:(rain). 4909:go.away- 4876:Ablative 4865:tomo-mbi 4851:tomo-mbi 4826:mountain 4787:wa-bu-fi 4769:wa-bu-fi 4703:si yasa 4593:bithe bi 4443:look.at- 4440:tuwa-mbi 4254:Genitive 4189:business 4057:jemengge 3922:ablative 3918:locative 3910:genitive 3842:"son" – 3787:“man” — 3694:"weak". 3625:"man" – 3589:CONC.CVB 2994:hendumbi 2990:ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᠪᡳ 2986:banjimbi 2982:ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ 2946:(满语杂识). 2741:Ningguta 2727:Dialects 2481:"guilt" 2464:Example 2286:pingguri 2033:Between 2024:Mandarin 1940:mid-high 1824:Mandarin 1822:, as in 1806:series ( 1356:Japanese 1249:Internet 1234:沈阳市满族联谊会 1119:Xinjiang 1076:ilan bou 1070:, 1068:ilan boo 1062:, 1046:Sanjiazi 962:Wikidata 794:Yuan Mei 752:Hangzhou 648:Shenyang 590:In 1635 581:Tungusic 410:Siberian 359:(Manchu: 315:Help:IPA 255:manc1252 122:Southern 118:Tungusic 18095:History 18069:Portals 18032:Alchuka 18004:Jurchen 17914:Negidal 17761:Xianbei 17756:Tuyuhun 17726:Old Yue 17704:Extinct 17685:Sanqiao 17576:Central 17566:Eastern 17549:Hokkien 17493:Lan-Yin 17473:Beijing 17455:Chinese 17412:Russian 17174:Chadong 17154:Ai-Cham 17123:Tai Nüa 17108:Tai Dón 17103:Tai Dam 17061:Kra-Dai 17031:Monguor 17021:Kangjia 16979:Kim Mun 16974:Iu Mien 16896:Luobohe 16886:Huishui 16866:Guiyang 16843:Hmongic 16804:Palaung 16794:Man Met 16698:Longjia 16647:Ladakhi 16642:Kyirong 16632:Khalong 16617:Drugchu 16574:Tibetic 16544:Shixing 16456:Qiangic 16237:Alingpo 16229:Nisoish 16214:Yangliu 16209:Xuzhang 16139:Laizisi 16134:Kuamasi 16129:Kua-nsi 16111:Lisoish 16091:Tsukong 16031:Laomian 15956:Baihong 15923:Hanoish 15914:Loloish 15899:Lhao Vo 15894:Chashan 15879:Xiandao 15866:Burmish 15809:Burmese 15767:Banners 15723:Tai Nüa 15650:Tibetan 15635:English 15167:Sources 15128:1 March 12216:1 March 12197:1 March 12060:in his 12016:Chinese 11918:jalinde 11890:isitala 11697:-nggeri 11690:duinofi 11686:ilanofi 11655:emu ubu 11629:三分之二 11542:ninggun 11414:tumenci 11410:juwanci 11374:"five" 11358:100000 11338:minggan 11277:jakūnju 11259:nadanju 11228:ninggun 11211:tofohon 11081:aspect, 11042:: e.g. 10929:jilida- 10884:oncohon 10839:fiyeren 10814:gisure- 10729:: e.g. 10723:-linggū 10620:, e.g. 10602:"cry", 10600:songgo- 10570:quality 10482:, e.g. 10454:, e.g. 10406:, e.g. 10363:, e.g. 10357:"meet", 10346:, e.g. 10293:fekumbi 10257:genembi 10231:ventive 10203:halambi 10195:injembi 10171:-ta/-te 10041:tere-be 9939:charge- 9772:bihebi. 9696:hamimbi 9692:mutembi 9222:ararakū 9215:ararakū 9208:ararakū 9159:gūni-he 9073:become- 9038:"say": 9003:end in 8986:ararakū 8974:arahaku 8958:-ha/-ho 8819:. Thus 8781:-njimbi 8722:aracina 8718:alakina 8714:alacina 8691:alakini 8683:arakini 8613:Empress 8583:alahabi 8502:arahabi 8432:inenggi 8391:aibi-de 8361:ara-mbi 8300:chicken 8270:indahūn 8227:onggolo 8191:cohombi 8187:cohotoi 8161:, also 8131:isitala 8083:isitala 8059:aracibe 7972:hafumbi 7960:juwampi 7956:juwambi 7922:niyalma 7914:tobsere 7803:teye-fi 7783:arrive- 7644:useless 7475:dali-me 7386:fonjime 7382:hendume 7358:gerunds 7339:sere ba 7316:niyalma 7284:niyalma 7178:"say", 7127:PTC.DUR 7117:PTC.DUR 7051:ararale 7047:arahale 7015:hafumbi 7007:bahambi 6860:niyalma 6829:— 'eat' 6732:of the 6719:subject 6478:present 6415:), and 6337:copulas 6295:indahūn 6253:niyalma 6231:niyalma 6197:meimeni 6046:Dative 6009:"who?" 5949:"who", 5921:ebu-mbi 5879:enenggi 5802:e(re)de 5798:Dative 5777:ere(n)i 5704:tenteke 5649:calques 5497:museci 5471:musede 5462:Dative 5451:suweni 5419:musebe 5296:agangga 5224:cashu-n 5075:tua-mbi 5038:hehe-ši 4965:oyonggo 4920:tuci-ke 4906:tuci-ke 4733:julergi 4707:tuwa-ki 4699:tuwa-ci 4644:mujilen 4503:niyalma 4409:mujilen 4393:niyalma 4248:yabu-me 4240:yabu-me 4169:that/he 4006:amba-sa 3861:niyalma 3692:genggen 3688:ganggan 3684:hebtehe 3680:habtaha 3676:gerudei 3672:garudai 3668:erselen 3664:arsalan 3654:"nun", 3652:huwešen 3643:héshang 3639:hūwašan 3566:gene-he 3533:go out- 3458:gene-he 3425:go out- 3373:PST.CVB 3350:gene-he 3317:go out- 3247:gene-he 3190:go out- 3187:tuci-ke 3145:converb 3136:niyalma 3096:gene-he 3080:person- 3045:(SOV). 3012:Grammar 2975:hamimbi 2971:ᡥᠠᠮᡳᠮᠪᡳ 2924:ekšembi 2921:ᡝᡴᡧᡝᠮᠪᡳ 2917:hojihon 2914:ᡥᠣᠵᡳᡥᠣᠨ 2897:ᡤᠣᡳ᠌ᠮᠪᡳ 2846:onggolo 2827:ojorakū 2823:ᠣᠵᠣᡵᠠᡴᡡ 2783:, p. 1. 2737:Beijing 2696:I Ching 2639:"rite" 2495:"will" 2461:Suffix 2418:-ningge 2351:a, o, ū 2326:a, o, ū 2274:chéngzi 2270:dzengse 2254:Sycuwan 2192:), and 2182:io(w)en 2178:io(w)an 1899:central 1773:segment 1741:changed 1733:pak pik 1473:Plosive 1414:Palatal 1300:improve 1251:. Post- 1147:state, 1128:converb 1092:Dawujia 1084:Qiqihar 987:Irkutsk 875:御製增訂清文鑑 858:御製四體清文鑑 826:Beijing 802:Tibetan 704:Jiangsu 689:Chinese 534:Beijing 450:Sogdian 442:Aramaic 434:Chinese 391:Manchus 311:Unicode 159:Jurchen 130:Manchu– 89:Manchus 18012:Manchu 17968:Nanaic 17919:Oroqen 17904:Evenki 17891:Ewenic 17741:Tangut 17731:Rouran 17721:Khitan 17711:Ba–Shu 17675:Maojia 17660:Hezhou 17571:Puxian 17554:Teoswa 17439:(Kinh) 17407:Kyrgyz 17402:Korean 17397:Kazakh 17301:Turkic 17286:Oroqen 17276:Manchu 17271:Evenki 17239:Qabiao 17229:Ong Be 17214:Maonan 17204:Lakkja 17194:Jiamao 17164:Buyang 17128:Tai Ya 17118:Tai Lü 17078:Bouyei 17070:Zhuang 17051:Torgut 17006:Buryat 16956:Mienic 16946:Younuo 16926:Raojia 16906:Pa-Hng 16901:Mashan 16871:Hm Nai 16856:Bu-Nao 16851:A-Hmao 16774:Bumang 16693:Jingpo 16688:Derung 16683:Caijia 16657:Zhongu 16627:Gserpa 16519:Namuyi 16489:Japhug 16438:Zauzou 16413:Namuyi 16398:Kucong 16372:Zokhuo 16367:Thopho 16347:Phupha 16332:Phukha 16277:Khlula 16219:Zibusi 16204:Toloza 16199:Sonaga 16184:Mangdi 16179:Lolopo 16124:Hlersu 16061:Phana’ 16056:Nuomei 16036:Laopin 15971:Bukong 15946:Angluo 15874:Achang 15851:Mondzi 15753:Zhuang 15728:Tai Lü 15718:Kazakh 15713:Kyrgyz 15698:Korean 15688:Bouyei 15660:Zhuang 15655:Uyghur 15488: 15402: 15398: 15384: 15369: 15304: 15260: 15238: 15119: 15082: 14896: 14873: 14717: 14690: 14108: 14085: 13974: 13899: 13831: 13481: 13437: 13411: 13392: 13354: 13320: 13293: 13267: 13204: 13177: 13151: 13124: 13099: 13060: 13021: 12980: 12939: 12912: 12885: 12858: 12831: 12799: 12742: 12697: 12672:23 May 12660: 12652: 12608: 12581: 12554: 12509: 12452:14 May 12415:Manchu 12303: 12282: 12261: 12129:Manchu 11951:manggi 11946:manggi 11880:"to", 11844:dalgan 11840:baksan 11707:emgeri 11667:ilarsu 11651:emursu 11501:(part) 11456:(part) 11434:juwete 11347:10000 11313:tanggū 11295:uyunju 11015:, and 10945:eruwen 10900:buleku 10896:buleku 10888:oncoho 10818:monggo 10781:songko 10777:songko 10773:object 10748:linggu 10737:linggū 10727:linggu 10705:golmin 10670:"big". 10657:acabu- 10642:"hole" 10640:sangga 10633:sangga 10629:gioho- 10593:songgo 10578:tu/du, 10537:kimci- 10474:umiye- 10427:tacibu 10404:-ku/kū 10277:alambi 10211:ibembi 10165:, the 10135:afambi 10127:ilimbi 9921:matter 9887:alarao 9688:acambi 9612:saiyūn 9565:tereo? 9442:IMPERF 9440:worry- 9431:IMPERF 9393:mother 9385:father 9372:jidera 9252:bi akū 9162:think- 9132:inside 9093:gai-ka 9060:IMPERF 9030:"be", 9021:jihekū 8921:mangga 8897:méiyǒu 8757:baimbi 8626:nimala 8468:INTERR 8449:INTERR 8445:IMPERF 8407:IMPERF 8394:where- 8366:IMPERF 8364:write- 8343:hergen 8318:IMPERF 8291:IMPERF 8278:dobori 8177:(also 8171:jonkoi 8167:alahai 8087:isimbi 7987:-mbifi 7976:hafupi 7925:person 7850:obo-fi 7795:majige 7772:House- 7769:boo-de 7723:IMPERF 7685:IMPERF 7683:study- 7668:think- 7654:IMPERF 7649:o-mbi. 7641:mekele 7617:IMPERF 7615:think- 7600:study- 7586:IMPERF 7576:master 7560:(< 7550:-mbime 7493:House- 7490:boo-de 7480:IMPERF 7440:begin- 7427:IMPERF 7238:IMPERF 7236:speak- 7220:female 7217:sargan 7146:-ngge. 7104:house- 7101:boo-de 7093:malaha 7070:-mbihe 7019:hafuka 6934:speak- 6906:ala-ra 6815:— 'be' 6725:, etc. 6723:object 6700:finite 6648:afaki 6596:afaci 6583:afafi 6570:afame 6557:afaha 6544:afara 6482:future 6466:aspect 6365:dabala 6256:person 6234:person 6165:yamaka 6157:aimaka 5971:yamaka 5963:aimaka 5926:IMPERF 5867:teseci 5857:tereci 5842:tesebe 5832:terebe 5817:tesede 5692:enteke 5509:cenci 5500:sinci 5494:menci 5491:minci 5483:cende 5474:sinde 5468:mende 5465:minde 5445:musei 5431:cembe 5422:simbe 5416:membe 5413:mimbe 5366:plural 5356:plural 5346:plural 5273:-yo'.' 5089: 5080:IMPERF 5070:better 5052: 5041:woman- 4973:ningge 4898:house- 4856:IMPERF 4834:forest 4736:senior 4675:angga 4537:bu-mbi 4528:IMPERF 4523:bu-mbi 4445:IMPERF 4396:people 4313:master 4244:morin 4236:jugūn 4050:IMPERF 3987:i boo 3982:IMPERF 3980:build- 3920:, and 3914:dative 3883:jalan 3872:baita 3865:gurgu 3794:“men”. 3763:-sa/se 3737:-ta/te 3708:-sa/se 3698:Number 3608:Gender 3500:sargan 3428:IMPERF 3392:sargan 3284:sargan 3221:sargan 3161:sargan 3050:Korean 3017:Syntax 2956:sargan 2952:ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ 2900:goimbi 2890:nicuhe 2887:ᠨᡳᠴᡠᡥᡝ 2842:ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ 2819:cimari 2815:ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ 2749:Mukden 2745:Alcuka 2675:e – i 2658:a – i 2644:o – i 2627:o – o 2613:e – u 2601:e – i 2587:u – e 2573:i – e 2556:e – e 2542:o – i 2528:a – u 2514:a – i 2500:u – a 2486:i – a 2469:a – a 2448:(e.g. 2440:(e.g. 2276:) and 2224:Stress 2219:Stress 2194:i(y)ao 2160:, and 1876:Vowels 1862:uvular 1844:, and 1804:voiced 1613:Rhotic 1409:Dental 1404:Labial 1289:, but 1225:Mukden 1194:Harbin 1183:Taiwan 1181:, and 1078:), in 1052:: 1050:Manchu 1027:, 2011 957: 928:Jesuit 919:资治通鉴纲目 884:fanqie 863:Uyghur 841:calque 776:Hanlin 722:) and 585:Evenki 486:Guowen 446:Uyghur 357:Manchu 335:Manchu 283:UNESCO 268:Manchu 198: 137:Manchu 75:Region 31:Manchu 18083:China 17986:Uilta 17976:Nanai 17947:Udege 17937:Oroch 17751:Tuoba 17695:Wutun 17610:Xiang 17603:Auish 17529:Hakka 17478:Ji-Lu 17443:Wakhi 17432:Uzbek 17427:Tuvan 17422:Tatar 17343:Other 17329:Salar 17281:Nanai 17219:Mulam 17184:Gelao 17147:Other 17046:Santa 17041:Ordos 17036:Oirat 17001:Bonan 16941:Xixiu 16911:Pa Na 16876:Hmong 16861:Gejia 16809:Riang 16769:Bugan 16764:Bolyu 16759:Blang 16708:Tujia 16671:Other 16652:Tseku 16637:Khams 16622:Groma 16602:Choni 16592:Basum 16587:Baima 16564:Zhaba 16484:Horpa 16469:Choyo 16464:Baima 16433:Sanie 16408:Naruo 16393:Katso 16388:Gokhy 16381:Other 16357:Samei 16352:Phuza 16342:Phupa 16337:Phuma 16327:Phowa 16322:Phola 16317:Phala 16312:Nuosu 16267:Bokha 16242:Alugu 16189:Micha 16101:Yiche 16086:Suobi 16051:Nuobi 16021:Kaduo 16016:Kabie 15996:Habei 15986:Duota 15981:Duoni 15976:Cosao 15904:Zaiwa 15889:Lashi 15841:Mango 15836:Manga 15831:Maang 15826:Kathu 15807:Lolo- 15733:Zaiwa 15703:Qiang 15693:Tujia 15678:Hmong 15272:(PDF) 15232:(PDF) 14889:外文出版社 14710:外文出版社 14101:外文出版社 14065:(PDF) 14058:(PDF) 13097:S2CID 13058:S2CID 13019:S2CID 12978:S2CID 12658:S2CID 12650:JSTOR 12630:(PDF) 12160:1849, 12138:瑪阿安諸烏 12002:Lexis 11935:teile 11926:teile 11906:amari 11902:dergi 11894:amala 11882:dergi 11836:angga 11814:zhāng 11810:afaha 11794:fesin 11778:sword 11765:fesin 11760:three 11726:stems 11701:-geri 11678:-nofi 11659:jursu 11589:three 11561:sunja 11553:part- 11550:ubu-i 11519:three 11498:(ubu) 11490:sunja 11453:(ubu) 11448:three 11438:ilata 11396:Most 11349:tumen 11336:1000 11333:etc. 11326:etc. 11305:juwan 11269:jakūn 11254:etc. 11250:nadan 11240:ninju 11218:susai 11205:sunja 11198:etc. 11167:gūsin 11084:voice 11074:tuwa- 11069:kiya- 11063:jalu- 11058:kiya- 11028:-niye 11005:gosin 10986:gūnin 10978:gūnin 10949:eruwe 10843:fiere 10810:gisun 10755:Verbs 10731:amban 10709:golmi 10650:acabu 10648:e.g. 10622:gioho 10589:beki- 10580:e.g. 10548:bithe 10541:bithe 10530:kimci 10467:umiye 10442:taci- 10415:anji- 10381:e.g. 10372:niru- 10332:Nouns 10269:-nggi 10265:jimbi 10044:this- 9983:state 9980:gurun 9918:baita 9907:Voice 9897:Voice 9883:sereo 9831:bimbi 9821:–The 9744:bihe, 9684:sembi 9672:bimbi 9502:-mbio 9422:se-me 9368:-ujai 9263:wú bù 9200:-ngge 9096:take- 9088:other 9054:take- 9036:sembi 9028:bimbi 9013:sarkū 9009:sambi 8970:-hekū 8968:into 8962:-hakū 8960:into 8954:-rakū 8952:into 8924:akū " 8833:alaki 8829:araki 8773:jembi 8765:bimbi 8761:baisu 8706:-kina 8702:-cina 8687:okini 8679:-kini 8637:pick- 8556:read- 8545:bithe 8530:light 8527:elden 8458:come- 8443:come- 8316:sing- 8281:night 8215:after 8134:until 8091:otolo 8055:-cibe 8043:sembi 7876:come- 7873:ji-ki 7853:wash- 7826:je-fi 7806:rest- 7754:arafi 7718:o-mbi 7504:come- 7501:ji-he 7478:hide- 7462:horse 7459:morin 7425:blow- 7422:da-me 7378:arame 7303:power 7300:hūsun 7279:seven 7276:hadan 7228:child 7115:make- 6991:araha 6963:hear- 6909:tell- 6892:sinde 6683:-rahū 6670:-cina 6657:-kini 6605:-cibe 6512:Form 6470:tense 6452:Verbs 6369:semeo 6290:horse 6287:morin 6201:geren 6181:eiten 6169:ememu 6149:ya ya 6145:ai ai 6141:we we 6085:ya be 6062:ya de 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