440:
268:
346:
2787:
28:
1028:
432:
1225:
There is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages in Papua New Guinea. In the constitution of Papua New Guinea, section 2(11) (literacy) of its preamble mentions '...all persons and governmental bodies to endeavour to achieve universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or
English' as well as
1226:"tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado". In addition, section 67 (2)(c) mentions "speak and understand Pisin or Hiri Motu, or a vernacular of the country, sufficiently for normal conversational purposes" as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation; this is again mentioned in section 68(2)(h).
395:
provinces, however, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history, and is less universal especially among older people. In the 2011 census, 68.4% of the population were literate in Tok Pisin.
294:, in which German was the official language. Tok Pisin derives some vocabulary from German as a result of this influence. Today however, German is not a generally spoken language in
2767:
2679:
1178:
282:
is a language of Papua New Guinea and is used by the government, courts, and the education system. In the 2011 census, 39.9% of the population was literate in
English.
2860:
1411:
439:
2760:
2855:
2753:
2568:
375:
spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in the country. In parts of
3048:
2905:
1132:
4870:
1404:
3570:
1083:
1111:
2719:
2684:
1184:
1084:"The French Language Celebrated in Papua New Guinea | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie"
2540:
4966:
4900:
3916:
2834:
1397:
4915:
4885:
2883:
1346:
4855:
3177:
4910:
4890:
3872:
384:
376:
4840:
3921:
4905:
4880:
2724:
2583:
3028:
1198:
1066:
4895:
4750:
2824:
1672:
1449:
991:
873:
247:
231:
52:
1285:
4269:
3910:
3563:
3453:
2734:
2442:
638:
4025:
3952:
3934:
3811:
3751:
3746:
2776:
2694:
2674:
2646:
2432:
2427:
2393:
1046:
645:
581:
493:
486:
4718:
4713:
3926:
3072:
2613:
1492:
1041:
848:
843:
4292:
4213:
4101:
4039:
3712:
3707:
2714:
2669:
2533:
2497:
2492:
1936:
1537:
685:
561:
556:
188:
3548:
4944:
4875:
4850:
4830:
4815:
4728:
4082:
4077:
3945:
3940:
3756:
3626:
3595:
3083:
2887:
Countries and territories where
English is the national language or the native language of the majority
2709:
2689:
2452:
2148:
1903:
853:
500:
472:
4865:
4845:
4723:
3879:
3771:
3556:
2259:
2115:
2064:
952:
944:
928:
660:
518:
328:
267:
184:
3181:
Countries and territories where
English is an official language, but not the majority first language
982:. Austronesian has several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on Taiwan.
4920:
4596:
4330:
4011:
3899:
3469:
3060:
2593:
757:
1310:
Maitz, PĂ©ter; Volker, Craig Alan (2017). "Documenting
Unserdeutsch: Reversing Colonial Amneasia".
4820:
4793:
4626:
3861:
3641:
3585:
3345:
2087:
901:
196:
409:
Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a simplified version of the
4925:
4616:
4445:
4429:
4338:
4055:
4050:
3671:
3636:
2959:
2819:
2563:
2526:
2502:
1097:
921:
915:
777:
729:
414:
345:
180:
4835:
4825:
4810:
4542:
4460:
4275:
4018:
3981:
3781:
3722:
3397:
3018:
2578:
2378:
1991:
1802:
1779:
1577:
571:
528:
290:
From 1884 to 1914, the northern half of the present-day country was a German colony known as
4694:
4524:
4486:
4372:
4363:
4306:
4255:
3127:
2729:
2628:
2549:
2482:
2457:
2054:
936:
723:
699:
624:
208:
139:
80:
8:
4860:
3846:
3676:
3526:
3098:
3054:
2931:
2896:
2704:
2623:
2507:
2487:
2049:
1607:
616:
447:
Outside Papua New Guinea, Papuan languages that are also spoken include the languages of
111:
59:
1337:
Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language
Families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
4535:
4530:
4325:
4310:
4287:
4203:
4062:
4000:
3831:
3826:
3776:
3657:
3607:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2477:
2287:
2206:
2039:
2029:
2004:
1888:
1815:
1714:
1627:
1597:
1477:
1383:
1259:
975:
718:
703:
680:
601:
596:
523:
392:
192:
48:
4764:
4708:
4634:
4621:
4611:
4560:
4555:
4466:
4408:
4377:
4228:
4072:
4067:
4045:
3841:
3836:
3821:
3717:
3681:
3646:
3329:
2699:
2651:
2573:
2332:
2292:
2034:
2014:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1830:
1744:
1612:
1562:
1342:
1263:
1116:
1033:
967:
959:
887:
838:
783:
772:
611:
606:
591:
566:
291:
115:
35:
4641:
4606:
4601:
4451:
4440:
4387:
4135:
4121:
4114:
4087:
3974:
3888:
3798:
3766:
3741:
3733:
3699:
3579:
3480:
3448:
3338:
3153:
2983:
2437:
2322:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2201:
2143:
1926:
1855:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1734:
1602:
1587:
1557:
1434:
1341:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20.
1319:
1249:
948:
790:
767:
762:
666:
513:
479:
463:
426:
368:
357:
349:
295:
279:
223:
168:
127:
119:
102:
95:
64:
44:
4736:
4352:
1517:
1238:"PolĂtica LinguĂstica Na Oceania: Nas Fronteiras da Colonização e da Globalização"
859:
743:
4698:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4548:
4419:
4397:
4392:
4314:
4296:
4262:
4163:
4142:
4128:
3988:
3816:
3806:
3761:
3687:
3490:
2447:
2368:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2282:
2272:
2158:
2128:
2100:
2077:
2009:
1961:
1941:
1931:
1911:
1878:
1863:
1840:
1825:
1810:
1759:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1701:
1667:
1657:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1592:
1512:
1497:
1472:
1467:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
707:
689:
631:
586:
576:
507:
456:
372:
331:. The lexicon is derived from German, while the substrate language is Tok Pisin.
324:
320:
250:
became the fourth officially recognised language in May 2015, and is used by the
239:
200:
149:
131:
107:
1389:
4935:
4771:
4514:
4492:
4471:
4382:
4345:
4320:
4300:
4280:
4191:
4177:
4170:
4156:
4106:
4091:
4032:
3666:
3621:
3420:
3146:
3117:
3034:
2971:
2829:
2406:
2401:
2373:
2312:
2267:
2229:
2196:
2186:
2166:
2133:
2123:
2024:
2019:
1999:
1981:
1951:
1946:
1921:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1835:
1820:
1769:
1739:
1709:
1682:
1652:
1642:
1567:
1552:
1547:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1487:
1482:
1012:
In 2011, 67.6% of the population of Papua New Guinea over 10 years of age were
932:
894:
736:
713:
693:
670:
653:
549:
153:
1187:
on 18 March 2008 – via Office of the Prime
Minister of Papua New Guinea.
958:
The
Austronesian languages are widely spread across the globe, as far west as
4960:
4782:
4757:
4683:
4590:
4575:
4503:
4497:
4477:
4435:
4402:
4184:
4149:
4095:
3967:
3960:
3787:
3631:
3066:
3012:
2916:
2411:
2383:
2363:
2317:
2277:
2234:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2138:
2095:
2072:
2044:
1787:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1582:
1572:
1542:
1507:
1254:
1237:
1203:
971:
880:
832:
750:
674:
534:
410:
380:
243:
27:
1323:
1183:(Speech). World Leaders Forum. Columbia University, New York. Archived from
4743:
4221:
3616:
3426:
3271:
3261:
3041:
2105:
1956:
1916:
1845:
1617:
1339:
The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
866:
541:
388:
312:
307:
272:
251:
212:
3578:
3368:
3318:
3276:
3140:
3104:
3023:
2936:
2839:
2745:
1792:
417:. In the 2011 census, 4.7% of the population were literate in Hiri Motu.
1157:
4579:
3266:
3211:
3005:
2518:
1162:
963:
452:
176:
172:
144:
71:
3390:
3373:
3352:
3241:
3135:
1444:
1439:
1001:
448:
404:
364:
353:
340:
235:
227:
219:
204:
199:— namely English and German — have also been spoken and adapted into
84:
76:
40:
3443:
3363:
3301:
3286:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3092:
2977:
2941:
2925:
1013:
157:
996:
PNGSL is an official language of Papua New Guinea; it is based on
3507:
3496:
3251:
3246:
3231:
3226:
2999:
2989:
2952:
161:
135:
152:
spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime
Minister
3502:
3296:
3291:
3256:
3236:
3111:
2994:
2965:
2946:
1078:
1076:
997:
979:
940:
316:
4239:
3485:
3475:
3458:
3403:
3358:
3281:
3221:
3216:
466:
spoken in Papua New Guinea, following Palmer, et al. (2018):
1073:
183:
spoken in Papua New Guinea, most of which are classified as
4243:
3463:
3437:
3431:
1283:
927:
Austronesian languages spoken in Papua New Guinea include
431:
156:
stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (
2861:
List of countries where English is an official language
1384:
Language distribution maps for individual PNG provinces
1133:"Which Country Has Most Number of Languages? Not India"
242:, is the most widely spoken, serving as the country's
924:
arrived in New Guinea approximately 3,500 years ago.
435:
The Trans-New Guinea Family according to Malcolm Ross
195:
in a few outer islands. Since the late 19th century,
1199:"Papua New Guinea's Incredible Linguistic Diversity"
1023:
2786:
1371:(15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
985:
1419:
1098:"Launching of Japanese Language Proficiency Test"
4958:
2856:List of countries by English-speaking population
3564:
2761:
2534:
1405:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1219:
1112:"Papua New Guineans embrace Russian exchange"
3049:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2906:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1309:
920:People speaking languages belonging to the
167:Most of these are classified as indigenous
3571:
3557:
2775:
2768:
2754:
2541:
2527:
1412:
1398:
1270:
1253:
1067:"PNG University promotes French language"
909:
443:Hotel Room Door Signs in Papua New Guinea
218:Languages with statutory recognition are
2548:
1177:Somare, Michael T. (21 September 2006).
1130:
438:
430:
344:
266:
1386:(SIL International in Papua New Guinea)
4959:
2835:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
1366:
1336:
1312:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
1176:
3552:
2801:
2749:
2522:
1393:
1286:Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report
1235:
193:Polynesian Ellicean–Outlier languages
1367:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
1284:National Statistical Office (2015).
1180:Statement at the World Leaders Forum
1131:Krishnan, Varun B. (7 August 2019).
420:
254:population throughout the country.
142:country in the world. According to
13:
2785:
1369:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1359:
1291:(Report). Port Moresby. p. 57
14:
4978:
2802:
1377:
3029:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1026:
26:
2825:History of the English language
1450:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
1330:
1303:
1229:
992:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
986:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
301:
248:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
232:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
53:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
2569:Federated States of Micronesia
1191:
1170:
1150:
1124:
1104:
1090:
1059:
1:
4967:Languages of Papua New Guinea
1421:Languages of Papua New Guinea
1052:
1047:Education in Papua New Guinea
974:, and as far as north as the
21:Languages of Papua New Guinea
4901:Central and South New Guinea
3073:United States Virgin Islands
1242:Alfa: Revista de LinguĂstica
1042:Papua New Guinean literature
415:Austronesian language family
398:
334:
257:
7:
1019:
1007:
189:Admiralty Islands languages
10:
4983:
4871:East Bird's Head – Sentani
2790:English speaking countries
989:
913:
424:
402:
338:
305:
262:
4934:
4911:East New Guinea Highlands
4803:
4781:
4693:
4574:
4513:
4418:
4362:
4238:
4201:
3998:
3917:Nuclear South Bird's Head
3898:
3859:
3797:
3731:
3697:
3655:
3605:
3594:
3524:
3412:
3382:
3328:
3310:
3189:
3176:
3167:
3126:
3082:
2915:
2895:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2848:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2783:
2660:
2637:
2556:
2470:
2420:
2392:
2354:
2331:
2258:
2215:
2157:
2114:
2086:
2063:
1990:
1902:
1854:
1801:
1778:
1700:
1691:
1458:
1427:
953:West New Britain Province
945:East New Britain Province
929:Meso-Melanesian languages
329:East New Britain Province
285:
271:English-language sign on
185:Western Oceanic languages
101:
91:
70:
58:
34:
25:
20:
3941:Nuclear East Bird's Head
3580:Papuan language families
3470:Northern Mariana Islands
3061:Turks and Caicos Islands
2720:Northern Mariana Islands
1255:10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4
1236:Silva, Diego B. (2019).
464:Papuan language families
462:Below is a full list of
4916:Yele – West New Britain
4906:Central West New Guinea
3346:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2685:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1324:10.1075/jpcl.32.2.06mai
197:West Germanic languages
171:, which form a diverse
4945:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
4856:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
2960:British Virgin Islands
2820:English-speaking world
2791:
2777:English-speaking world
916:Austronesian languages
910:Austronesian languages
444:
436:
361:
276:
181:Austronesian languages
179:. There are also many
140:linguistically diverse
4896:West Papuan Highlands
4891:West Trans–New Guinea
4702:families and isolates
4583:families and isolates
4248:families and isolates
4207:families and isolates
4040:East Cenderawasih Bay
4004:families and isolates
3903:families and isolates
3900:Bird's Head Peninsula
3865:families and isolates
3398:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3019:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2789:
2663:and other territories
2550:Languages of Oceania
677:) (also in Indonesia)
442:
434:
348:
270:
175:across the island of
4841:Binanderean–Goilalan
4695:Bismarck Archipelago
3922:Inanwatan–Duriankere
937:New Ireland Province
319:Creole German, is a
209:Torres Strait Creole
81:New Guinea Highlands
4886:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
4881:Left May – Kwomtari
3812:Greater Binanderean
3055:Trinidad and Tobago
2932:Antigua and Barbuda
922:Austronesian family
754:(also in Indonesia)
663:(also in Indonesia)
657:(also in Indonesia)
649:(also in Indonesia)
582:Greater Binanderean
553:(also in Indonesia)
545:(also in Indonesia)
238:, an English-based
4804:Proposed groupings
4719:South Bougainville
4714:North Bougainville
4204:Western New Guinea
4001:Western New Guinea
2792:
1428:Official languages
1158:"Papua New Guinea"
1120:. 17 October 2019.
976:Formosan languages
849:South Bougainville
844:North Bougainville
445:
437:
362:
277:
187:, as well as some
154:Sir Michael Somare
4954:
4953:
4570:
4569:
4293:Leonhard Schultze
3911:South Bird's Head
3873:Timor-Alor-Pantar
3855:
3854:
3589:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3163:
3162:
2743:
2742:
2735:Wallis and Futuna
2680:Clipperton Island
2638:Associated states
2516:
2515:
2466:
2465:
1348:978-3-11-028642-7
1117:Radio New Zealand
1034:New Guinea portal
966:, as far east as
686:Leonhard Schultze
327:spoken mainly in
292:German New Guinea
125:
124:
4974:
4831:Southeast Papuan
4816:Northwest Papuan
4724:Central Solomons
4360:
4359:
4270:Lower Sepik-Ramu
3953:West Bird's Head
3935:East Bird's Head
3799:Papuan Peninsula
3734:Papua New Guinea
3700:Papua New Guinea
3603:
3602:
3596:Trans-New Guinea
3583:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3481:Papua New Guinea
3449:Marshall Islands
3339:Christmas Island
3174:
3173:
3170:
3154:Pitcairn Islands
2984:Falkland Islands
2880:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2725:Pitcairn Islands
2695:French Polynesia
2675:Christmas Island
2604:Papua New Guinea
2584:Marshall Islands
2557:Sovereign states
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2453:Southeast Papuan
2443:Ramu–Lower Sepik
1698:
1697:
1459:Major Indigenous
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
639:Lower Sepik-Ramu
473:Trans-New Guinea
427:Papuan languages
421:Papuan languages
358:Lae War Cemetery
296:Papua New Guinea
169:Papuan languages
150:living languages
148:, there are 840
128:Papua New Guinea
65:Papuan languages
30:
18:
17:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4930:
4799:
4785:
4777:
4701:
4699:Solomon Islands
4689:
4582:
4566:
4509:
4414:
4358:
4247:
4234:
4206:
4197:
4003:
3994:
3902:
3894:
3880:North Halmahera
3864:
3851:
3793:
3772:East Strickland
3752:Kainantu-Goroka
3747:Finisterre-Huon
3727:
3693:
3651:
3598:
3590:
3588:classification)
3582:
3577:
3547:
3534:
3512:
3491:Solomon Islands
3408:
3378:
3324:
3306:
3185:
3168:
3159:
3122:
3078:
2911:
2891:
2874:
2865:
2844:
2804:
2793:
2779:
2774:
2744:
2739:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2614:Solomon Islands
2552:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2462:
2433:Kainantu–Goroka
2428:Finisterre–Huon
2421:Larger families
2416:
2394:Turama–Kikorian
2388:
2350:
2327:
2254:
2211:
2153:
2116:East Strickland
2110:
2082:
2059:
1986:
1898:
1850:
1797:
1774:
1693:
1687:
1460:
1454:
1423:
1418:
1380:
1375:
1362:
1360:Further reading
1357:
1356:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1010:
994:
988:
918:
912:
907:
661:Eastern Pauwasi
519:East Strickland
494:Kainantu-Goroka
487:Finisterre-Huon
457:Solomon Islands
429:
423:
407:
401:
373:creole language
343:
337:
325:creole language
310:
304:
288:
265:
260:
132:sovereign state
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4938:
4936:Proto-language
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Pahoturi River
4594:
4586:
4584:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4304:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4249:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3927:Konda–Yahadian
3924:
3919:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Enga-Kewa-Huli
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3421:American Samoa
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3147:Norfolk Island
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3118:United Kingdom
3115:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3035:Sint Eustatius
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2972:Cayman Islands
2968:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:British Empire
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Norfolk Island
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:American Samoa
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2640:of New Zealand
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2471:Sign languages
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1318:(2): 365–397.
1302:
1269:
1248:(2): 317–347.
1228:
1218:
1207:. 24 July 2017
1190:
1169:
1149:
1123:
1103:
1089:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
914:Main article:
911:
908:
906:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Pahoturi River
755:
747:
740:
733:
726:
721:
716:
711:
697:
683:
678:
664:
658:
650:
642:
635:
628:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
546:
538:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
508:Enga-Kewa-Huli
504:
497:
490:
483:
468:
425:Main article:
422:
419:
403:Main article:
400:
397:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
287:
284:
264:
261:
259:
256:
138:, is the most
123:
122:
105:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:South Pauwasi
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:Rossel Island
4780:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:Yelmek-Maklew
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4578:and southern
4577:
4576:Gulf of Papua
4573:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:Bayono-Awbono
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Tofanma-Namla
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Turama-Kikori
3711:
3709:
3708:Gogodala-Suki
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3690:
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411:Motu language
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4926:Indo-Pacific
4876:Kwomtari–Fas
4851:Asmat–Mombum
4792:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4729:Butam-Taulil
4682:
4675:
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4661:
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4640:
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4617:Doso-Turumsa
4589:
4547:
4523:
4502:
4485:
4476:
4459:
4450:
4446:Yellow River
4430:Middle Sepik
4428:
4405:(West Wapei)
4351:
4344:
4337:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4227:
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4190:
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4176:
4169:
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4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4083:Lepki-Murkim
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3946:Hatam–Mansim
3933:
3909:
3887:
3878:
3871:
3786:
3757:Chimbu-Wahgi
3686:
3672:Greater Awyu
3637:Paniai Lakes
3627:Asmat-Kamoro
3530:
3527:Dependencies
3495:
3468:
3436:
3427:Cook Islands
3419:
3396:
3389:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3272:South Africa
3262:Sierra Leone
3180:
3152:
3145:
3110:
3103:
3091:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3042:Sint Maarten
3040:
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3011:
3004:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2951:
2924:
2904:
2886:
2661:Dependencies
2647:Cook Islands
2603:
1904:Chimbu–Wahgi
1692:Other Papuan
1578:Mussau-Emira
1420:
1368:
1338:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1245:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1185:the original
1179:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1092:
1061:
1011:
1000:and various
995:
957:
943:, spoken in
935:, spoken in
926:
919:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
854:Butam-Taulil
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
778:Doso-Turumsa
749:
742:
735:
728:
652:
644:
637:
630:
623:
548:
540:
533:
506:
501:Chimbu-Wahgi
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
461:
446:
408:
363:
313:Unserdeutsch
311:
308:Unserdeutsch
302:Unserdeutsch
289:
278:
273:Doini Island
217:
213:Unserdeutsch
166:
143:
126:
87:(nationwide)
15:
4866:Dani–Kwerba
4846:Arai–Samaia
4836:Papuan Gulf
4826:East Papuan
4811:West Papuan
4543:Middle Ramu
4461:Upper Sepik
4276:Lower Sepik
4019:Lakes Plain
3989:Tanah Merah
3782:Duna-Bogaya
3660:, Indonesia
3617:Ok-Oksapmin
3610:, Indonesia
3586:Palmer 2018
3369:Philippines
3319:Puerto Rico
3277:South Sudan
3141:New Zealand
3105:Isle of Man
3024:Saint Lucia
2937:The Bahamas
2840:Anglosphere
2594:New Zealand
2260:Ok–Oksapmin
2065:Duna–Pogaya
2055:Warwar Feni
1992:New Ireland
1803:Binanderean
1142:14 February
542:Ok-Oksapmin
529:Duna-Bogaya
4921:Sepik–Ramu
4580:New Guinea
4525:Lower Ramu
4487:Sepik Hill
4373:Marienberg
4364:Torricelli
4331:Amto-Musan
4307:Upper Yuat
4256:Torricelli
4012:Tor-Kwerba
3698:Southwest
3656:Southeast
3454:Micronesia
3267:Somaliland
3212:The Gambia
3006:Montserrat
2458:Torricelli
2050:Sursurunga
1608:Numanggang
1163:Ethnologue
1053:References
964:Madagascar
951:spoken in
724:Amto-Musan
700:Upper Yuat
625:Torricelli
453:East Timor
177:New Guinea
173:sprachbund
145:Ethnologue
112:Indonesian
72:Vernacular
60:Indigenous
4861:Trans-Fly
4794:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
4517:subgroups
4422:subgroups
4366:subgroups
3999:Northern
3862:Nusantara
3847:Manubaran
3677:Kayagaric
3599:subgroups
3529:shown in
3391:Gibraltar
3374:Singapore
3353:Hong Kong
3242:Mauritius
3136:Australia
2564:Australia
2288:Ninggerum
2207:Samberigi
2040:Ramoaaina
2030:Niwer Mil
2005:Fanamaket
1889:Onobasulu
1816:Binandere
1715:Angaataha
1694:languages
1628:Ramoaaina
1598:Niwer Mil
1478:Awad Bing
1461:languages
1445:Tok Pisin
1440:Hiri Motu
1264:204627919
1137:The Hindu
1002:home sign
931:(such as
902:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
617:Manubaran
449:Indonesia
405:Hiri Motu
399:Hiri Motu
393:Milne Bay
365:Tok Pisin
354:Tok Pisin
341:Tok Pisin
335:Tok Pisin
258:Languages
236:Tok Pisin
228:Hiri Motu
220:Tok Pisin
205:Tok Pisin
158:languages
92:Immigrant
85:Tok Pisin
77:Hiri Motu
49:Hiri Motu
41:Tok Pisin
4961:Category
4765:Makolkol
4635:Dibiyaso
4563:(Tanggu)
4536:Misegian
4531:Ottilien
4326:Left May
4311:Arafundi
4288:Kwomtari
4229:Uhunduni
4202:Central
4063:Nimboran
3860:Eastern
3832:Goilalan
3827:Koiarian
3732:Central
3606:Central
3444:Kiribati
3364:Pakistan
3311:Americas
3302:Zimbabwe
3287:Tanzania
3207:Eswatini
3202:Cameroon
3197:Botswana
3093:Guernsey
2978:Dominica
2942:Barbados
2926:Anguilla
2917:Americas
2813:Articles
2579:Kiribati
2503:Sinasina
2293:Oksapmin
2035:Patpatar
2015:Konomala
1977:Tembagla
1972:Sinasina
1967:Salt-Yui
1831:Orokaiva
1745:Safeyoka
1618:Pele-Ata
1613:Nyindrou
1563:Mangseng
1020:See also
1014:literate
1008:Literacy
968:Rapa Nui
960:Malagasy
888:Makolkol
784:Dibiyaso
719:Left May
704:Arafundi
681:Kwomtari
602:Goilalan
597:Koiarian
356:sign at
203:such as
162:dialects
116:Japanese
79:(in the
36:Official
4786:isolate
4709:Baining
4642:Kaki Ae
4622:Komolom
4612:Teberan
4561:Ataitan
4556:Tamolan
4467:Wogamus
4452:Yerakai
4409:Monumbo
4378:Arapesh
4136:Kapauri
4122:Burmeso
4115:Abinomn
4073:Mairasi
4068:Sentani
4046:Pauwasi
3975:Maybrat
3889:Tambora
3842:Kwalean
3837:Yareban
3822:Mailuan
3723:Awin-Pa
3718:Kiwaian
3682:Kolopom
3647:Somahai
3531:italics
3508:Vanuatu
3497:Tokelau
3413:Oceania
3252:Nigeria
3247:Namibia
3232:Liberia
3227:Lesotho
3128:Oceania
3099:Ireland
3000:Jamaica
2990:Grenada
2953:Bermuda
2730:Tokelau
2629:Vanuatu
2333:Teberan
2323:Yonggom
2308:Telefol
2303:Suganga
2298:Setaman
2250:Tairuma
2245:Toaripi
2240:Orokolo
2225:Kaki Ae
2202:Lembena
2172:Bisorio
2144:Odoodee
1927:Kandawo
1780:Awin–Pa
1765:Yagwoia
1755:Susuami
1750:Simbari
1735:Kawacha
1603:Nobonob
1588:Nekgini
1558:Mandara
1498:Bugawac
1435:English
1211:20 July
1004:forms.
949:Nakanai
839:Baining
791:Kaki Ae
773:Teberan
612:Kwalean
607:Yareban
592:Mailuan
572:Awin-Pa
567:Kiwaian
413:of the
385:Central
377:Western
371:-based
369:English
350:English
323:-based
280:English
263:English
224:English
201:creoles
136:Oceania
120:Russian
103:Foreign
96:Chinese
45:English
4677:Purari
4670:Porome
4663:Pawaia
4656:Karami
4649:Kamula
4607:Oriomo
4602:Eleman
4441:Nukuma
4388:Maimai
4246:basin
4164:Massep
4143:Kembra
4129:Elseng
4088:Senagi
4026:Border
3777:Kutubu
3767:Bosavi
3742:Madang
3688:Marori
3503:Tuvalu
3383:Europe
3297:Zambia
3292:Uganda
3257:Rwanda
3237:Malawi
3190:Africa
3169:
3112:Jersey
3084:Europe
2995:Guyana
2966:Canada
2947:Belize
2897:Africa
2875:
2705:Hawaii
2624:Tuvalu
2483:Kailge
2438:Madang
2369:Baramu
2346:Folopa
2341:Dadibi
2283:Ngalum
2273:Faiwol
2217:Eleman
2129:Gobasi
2101:Fiwaga
2078:Pogaya
2020:Kuanua
2010:Kandas
1962:Nomane
1942:Maring
1932:Kaugel
1912:Chuave
1879:Kaluli
1864:Aimele
1856:Bosavi
1841:Yekora
1826:Korafe
1811:Baruga
1760:Tainae
1730:Kamasa
1725:Hamtai
1720:Ankave
1668:Uneapa
1658:Tangga
1638:Solong
1633:Seimat
1623:Petats
1593:Ngaing
1533:Kuanua
1513:Iatmul
1473:Amanab
1468:Adzera
1345:
1262:
998:Auslan
980:Taiwan
947:; and
941:Kuanua
826:Purari
819:Porome
812:Pawaia
805:Karami
798:Kamula
768:Oriomo
763:Eleman
667:Senagi
646:Border
524:Kutubu
514:Bosavi
480:Madang
455:, and
367:is an
321:German
317:Rabaul
286:German
240:creole
230:, and
160:, not
108:French
4772:Sulka
4549:Grass
4420:Sepik
4398:Palei
4393:Wapei
4346:Tayap
4315:Piawi
4297:Walio
4263:Sepik
4240:Sepik
4192:Yetfa
4178:Molof
4171:Mawes
4157:Kimki
4107:Yapen
4092:Angor
4078:Kaure
3817:Dagan
3807:Angan
3658:Papua
3608:Papua
3486:Samoa
3476:Palau
3459:Nauru
3404:Malta
3359:India
3282:Sudan
3222:Kenya
3217:Ghana
2849:Lists
2619:Tonga
2609:Samoa
2599:Palau
2589:Nauru
2508:Wanib
2488:Mehek
2448:Sepik
2407:Omati
2402:Ikobi
2379:Tirio
2374:Bitur
2356:Tirio
2313:Tifal
2268:Bimin
2230:Keoru
2197:Kyaka
2187:Ipili
2167:Angal
2159:Engan
2134:Konai
2124:Fembe
2025:Label
2000:Bilur
1982:Wahgi
1952:Narak
1947:Melpa
1937:Kuman
1922:Golin
1894:Sonia
1884:Kasua
1874:Edolo
1869:Beami
1836:Suena
1821:Ewage
1770:Yipma
1740:Menya
1710:Akoye
1702:Angan
1683:Waris
1653:Sulka
1573:Mende
1568:Mbula
1553:Lihir
1548:Kurti
1538:Kuman
1528:Kovai
1523:Kobon
1503:Dedua
1488:Bimin
1483:Barok
1295:3 May
1289:(PDF)
1260:S2CID
933:Nalik
895:Sulka
737:Taiap
708:Piawi
690:Walio
671:Angor
632:Sepik
587:Dagan
577:Angan
315:, or
164:)."
4758:Kuot
4737:AnĂŞm
4697:and
4684:Tabo
4515:Ramu
4504:Amal
4493:Tama
4478:Abau
4472:Iwam
4383:Urim
4353:Yadë
4339:Busa
4321:Yuat
4301:Papi
4281:Ramu
4244:Ramu
4185:Usku
4150:Keuw
4096:Dera
4056:West
4051:East
3968:Mpur
3961:Abun
3788:Wiru
3667:Anim
3622:Dani
3464:Niue
3438:Guam
3432:Fiji
3330:Asia
3013:Saba
2700:Guam
2652:Niue
2574:Fiji
2478:Enga
2412:Rumu
2384:Were
2364:Abom
2318:Urap
2278:Mian
2235:Opao
2192:Kewa
2182:Huli
2177:Enga
2149:Samo
2139:Kubo
2096:Fasu
2073:Duna
2045:Siar
1788:Awin
1678:Vitu
1663:Tobo
1648:Suau
1583:Mutu
1543:Kuot
1518:Kâte
1508:Dobu
1493:Bola
1343:ISBN
1297:2020
1213:2017
1144:2022
881:Kuot
860:AnĂŞm
833:Tabo
744:Yadë
730:Busa
714:Yuat
694:Papi
675:Dera
550:Anim
535:Wiru
391:and
381:Gulf
252:deaf
211:and
191:and
130:, a
4751:Kol
4744:Ata
4591:Yam
4498:Ram
4436:Ndu
4403:One
4222:Dem
4033:Sko
3982:Mor
3632:Mek
2106:Foi
1957:Nii
1917:Dom
1846:Zia
1673:Ura
1320:doi
1250:doi
978:of
970:in
962:in
955:).
874:Kol
867:Ata
751:Yam
654:Sko
389:Oro
134:in
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1793:Pa
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