853:
disease. Additionally, the concept of "biolinguistic diversity" is a prevalent phenomenon in academic discussions surrounding linguistic extinction. This concept argues that there are clear similarities between the wildlife extinction due to dangerous environmental alterations and the linguistic extinction due to colonialism, and the forced erasure and replacement of indigenous language and culture. Finally, restrictive language policies contribute to the death of indigenous languages, and is a common practice in various regions across the world. Bilingual education and the use of non-dominant languages in educational settings have historically been outlawed in many areas globally, such as
Australia, the United States, Serbia, and East Africa. Although some repressive policies have been reversed in more recent years, the impacts of the established restrictive language policies had already taken their toll.
1014:
831:
as the measles and smallpox epidemics, forced displacement of inhabitants by settlers, and social, political, and economic isolation and exclusion. Some researchers blame the extinction of language in
Australia on a decline in "biolinguistic diversity", a term which identifies a parallel between an area's biodiversity and an area's linguistic diversity. This phenomenon compares the extinction of wildlife upon the introduction of a dangerous predator or extreme change in habitat to the death of indigenous language upon cultural, social, and environmental changes and forced assimilation.
969:, Yamamoto managed to establish an orthography, a dictionary, and teaching materials in the Hualapai language. The program coordinators sought input from Hualapai parents and elders to evaluate the developed curriculum and educational objectives, among other things. The organization's efforts have advanced the development and growth of programs focused on Native American languages and their speakers, both at the local and national levels. Most notably, these efforts resulted in the establishment of the American Indian Languages Development Institute and the creation and passage of the
25:
765:
are no longer being learned by children," which is a leading cause of lingual extinction. Although small languages face risks of extinction, languages at severe risk of extinction have particularly been said to have an estimated threshold of about 330 speakers or less. Small languages have been quantified to have less than 35,000 speakers, and nearly all languages with 35,000 or more speakers have been found to be all growing at around the same rates.
103:
830:
The extinction of indigenous language can be seen outside of North
America, as well. Of Australia's at least 250 aboriginal languages, most have now gone extinct with very low likelihood of the remaining languages surviving. Reasons for these declines can be attributed to the spread of diseases, such
764:
It was found that among the languages used in 1950, over 75% of them are now extinct or moribund in the United States, Canada, and
Australia. Meanwhile, less than 10% of languages in sub-Saharan Africa have gone extinct or are moribund. Overall findings show that "19% of the world's living languages
996:
notion of treasure fit the idea of something that had been buried and almost lost, but was being rediscovered and now shown and shared. And the word treasure also evoked the notion of something belonging exclusively to the Rama people, who now attributed it real value and had become eager and proud
937:
Local indigenous communities have also made efforts to create indigenous-focused pedagogical programs and combat
English monolingualism in schools. For example, in the 1970s, Native Hawaiian language neared extinction. However, the community was able to revitalize the language by advocating for the
834:
Other tribes of Native
Americans were also forced into government schools and reservations. They were also treated badly if they did not become "civilized", which meant they were to go to Christian churches and speak English. They were forced to give up their tribal religious beliefs and languages.
875:
There have been many efforts made by the United
Nations to guarantee the protection of indigenous languages. Articles 13, 14, and 16 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognize indigenous communities' rights to self determination and revitalization of indigenous
792:
to
Oklahoma in the early 19th century. Until the early 20th century, most Yuchi tribe members spoke the language fluently. Then, government boarding schools severely punished American Indian students who were overheard speaking their own language. To avoid beatings and other punishments, Yuchi and
755:
have disappeared. Additionally, there are over 500 different indigenous groups in Latin
America, yet at least 20 percent of them are estimated to have lost their mother tongue. There may be more than 7,000 languages that exist in the world today, though many of them have not been recorded because
901:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning. 2. Indigenous individuals, particularly children, have the right to all
852:
Overall, there are many different reasons that can lead to the death of languages. The death of all speakers of an indigenous language can cause languages to become entirely extinct. Much of these deaths occurred during times of colonization, resulting in genocide, war, famine, and the spread of
957:
The
Hualapai Bilingual/Bicultural Education Program based in Peach Springs, Arizona has been recognized as one of the best language revitalization programs in the United States. The organization was created in 1975 when linguist, Akira Yamamoto, began learning the Hualapai language and culture.
883:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons. 2. States shall take
949:
language. Itelmen speakers and the Kamchatkan government have launched several native language development programs, such as the introduction of indigenous language in schools. Additionally, the Kamchatkan government has also aimed to make the Itelmen language more accessible by mass media
905:
3. States shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, take effective measures, in order for indigenous individuals, particularly children, including those living outside their communities, to have access, when possible, to an education in their own culture and provided in their own
274:
923:
2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media duly reflect indigenous cultural diversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring full freedom of expression, should encourage privately owned media to adequately reflect indigenous cultural
866:. A language is considered healthy when it gains new speakers, and becomes endangered when children stop learning or speaking it. Therefore, implementing indigenous languages into early education can help prevent indigenous languages from disappearing.
861:
The preservation of Indigenous Peoples and culture is contingent on the preservation of indigenous language. According to the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, it is estimated that every two weeks, one indigenous language
315:
771:
provides the backdrop for an example of language loss in the developed world. It boasts the highest density of indigenous languages in the United States. That includes languages originally spoken in the region, as well as those of
843:
In January 2008, in Anchorage, Alaska, friends and relatives gathered to bid their last farewell to 89 year old Marie Smith Jones, a beloved matriarch of her community. "As they bid her farewell, they also bid farewell to the
797:
In 2005, only five elderly members of the Yuchi tribe were fluent in the language. These remaining speakers spoke Yuchi fluently before they went to school and have maintained the language despite strong pressure to abandon
884:
effective measures to ensure that this right is protected and also to ensure that indigenous peoples can understand and be understood in political, legal and administrative proceedings, where necessary through
1160:
751:
or genocide, aging communities in which the language is not passed on, and oppressive language planning policies that actively seek to eradicate languages. In North America since 1600, at least 52
872:
About 6,000 others can be learned to some extent by listening to recordings made for other purposes, such as religious texts for which translations are available in more widely-known languages.
760:
Forty six languages are known to have just one native speaker while 357 languages have fewer than 50 speakers. Rare languages are more likely to show evidence of decline than more common ones.
1235:
Amano, Tatsuya; Sandel, Brody; Eager, Heidi; Bulteau, Edouard; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Dalsgaard, Bo; Rahbek, Carsten; Davies, Richard G.; Sutherland, William J. (22 October 2014).
989:, indigenous language, and "ethnic language" since those names are considered pejorative in the local context. The term is now also used in the context of public storytelling events.
938:
teaching of public school curriculums solely in Hawaiian. This effort eventually resulted in the Hawaiian language being reinstated as the official language of the State of Hawaii in
351:
934:
The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No. 169) of the International Labour Organization also recognizes and upholds the linguistic rights of indigenous communities.
1005:
for which objective criteria are available, or heritage language, which describes an end-state for a language for which individuals are more fluent in a dominant language.
920:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without discrimination.
802:
The situation was not limited to Oklahoma. In the Northwest Pacific plateau, there are no speakers left of the indigenous tribal languages from that area all the way to
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or hybrid language. Between the use of Chinook Jargon and the increased presence of English, the number of speakers of indigenous languages dwindled.
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35:
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Zuckermann, Ad; Shakuto-Neoh, Shiori; Quer, Giovanni Matteo (2014). "Native Tongue Title: Compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages".
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869:
Hundreds of indigenous languages around the world are taught by traditional means, including vocabulary, grammar, readings, and recordings.
210:
406:
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659:
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Grinevald, Colette; Pivot, Bénédicte (2013). "On the revitalization of a 'treasure language': The Rama Language Project of Nicaragua".
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235:
929:
United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
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United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
892:
United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
215:
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McCarty, Teresa L.; Zepeda, Ofelia (January 1995). "Indigenous Language Education and Literacy: Introduction to the Theme Issue".
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they belong to tribes in rural areas of the world or are not easily accessible. Some languages are very close to disappearing:
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818:. The reservation held members of 27 different Indian bands speaking many languages. In order to communicate, people adopted
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371:
1161:"UN DESA Policy Brief No. 151: Why Indigenous languages matter: The International Decade on Indigenous Languages 2022–2032"
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220:
992:
The term "treasure language" references the desire of speakers to sustain the use of their mother tongue into the future:
945:
Similar efforts were made in Kamchatka, Russia, where indigenous peoples of the region fought for the preservation of the
747:
Indigenous languages are disappearing for various reasons, including the mass extinction of entire speaker communities by
839:" to share culture, stories, remedies, dances, music, rhythms, recipes and heritage with anyone who wants to learn them.
152:
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69:
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broadcasting native language content and sharing songs in Itelmen via online platforms and apps within the Itelmen
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Yamamoto was driven by a desire to develop resources that would help preserve the language for children.
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1935:
1930:
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Hale, Ken (1992). "Endangered languages: On endangered languages and the safeguarding of diversity".
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336:
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51:
47:
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1286:"Are the World's Languages Consolidating? The Dynamics and Distribution of Language Populations"
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411:
132:
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Wurm, Stephen A. (March 1991). "Language Death and Disappearance: Causes and Circumstances".
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Now, Native Americans are trying to regain some of their lost heritage. They gather at "
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United Nations General Assembly, 71st session, Third Committee, 16 November 2016
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Indigenous Languages of the Americas: A Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses
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Making Dictionaries: preserving indigenous languages of the Americas. Berkeley:
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and the urgent need to preserve, revitalize and promote indigenous languages."
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The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)
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other Indian children abandoned their native languages in favor of English.
1637:
1546:
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1252:
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1202:
Simons, Gary F.; Lewis, M. Paul (2013). "The world's languages in crisis".
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700:. Also, national languages are not necessarily indigenous to the country.
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Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI)
1883:
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1301:
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the generational passage of their ancestral languages and have instead
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1206:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 142. pp. 3–20.
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16:
Language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples
1018:
Challenges and needs for developing content in Indigenous Languages
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levels and forms of education of the State without discrimination.
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356:
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Austlang: the Australian Indigenous Languages Database at AIATSIS
836:
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1860:
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426:
1165:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Economic Analysis
1155:
1153:
723:. Furthermore, many indigenous languages have been subject to
1676:
1659:"The Hualapai Bilingual/Bicultural Education Program (HBBEP)"
1237:"Global distribution and drivers of language extinction risk"
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he provision of interpretation or by other appropriate means.
785:
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1873:
1001:
Accordingly, the term may be considered to be distinct from
1150:
814:, established in 1855, was home to the endangered language
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is both an indigenous language and an official language of
1087:
1895:
1878:
1411:
Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages
1361:
Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages
727:(language killing). Recognizing their vulnerability, the
1857:
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing
1386:
Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing
1285:
1241:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1234:
1524:
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as Marie was the last fluent speaker of the language."
1757:
The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice
1497:
Ostler, Rosemarie (1999). "Disappearing languages".
1469:Glavin, Maywa; Montenegro, Terry (7 October 2008).
1064:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
981:The term "treasure language" was proposed by the
1907:
1791:Frawley, William, & Hill, Kenneth C. (2002)
1468:
1180:"Alarm raised on world's disappearing languages"
976:
1329:"Enduring Voices Project, Endangered Languages"
1696:
1855:Wurm, S. A. & Heyward, Ian (eds.) (2001)
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1492:
1490:
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1408:
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684:that is native to a region and spoken by its
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32:The examples and perspective in this article
1755:Hinton, Leanne; Hale, Kenneth, eds. (2001).
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1201:
688:. Indigenous languages are not necessarily
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1485:
733:International Year of Indigenous Languages
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1812:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181920.001.0001
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1409:Nettle, Daniel; Romaine, Suzanne (2000).
1359:Nettle, Daniel; Romaine, Suzanne (2000).
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1801:
1610:
1012:
961:After receiving a three-year grant from
1648:
1131:
703:Many indigenous peoples worldwide have
1908:
1496:
1284:Clingingsmith, David (February 2017).
1177:
737:critical loss of indigenous languages
1874:Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC)
1619:
1433:
1383:
778:forcibly relocated onto reservations
18:
997:of being able to show it to others.
311:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)
13:
1731:"Languages Treasured but Not Lost"
1204:Responses to Language Endangerment
985:of Nicaragua as an alternative to
776:tribes from other areas that were
14:
1947:
1884:Aboriginal Languages of Australia
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23:
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1029:Australian Aboriginal languages
1795:University of California Press
1604:10.1080/15235882.1995.10668587
1571:. ForeignLanguageExpertise.com
1277:
1228:
1171:
1136:. Cambridge University Press.
1125:
1114:
1081:
692:but they can be; for example,
1:
1921:Languages by place in society
1879:Indigenous Language Institute
1525:"Reviews of Language Courses"
1384:Wurm, Stephen A, ed. (2001).
1178:Connor, Steve (14 May 2003).
1090:Australian Aboriginal Studies
1074:
971:Native American Languages Act
1707:10.1017/CBO9781139245890.018
1569:"Geographic Language Museum"
7:
1802:Harrison, K. David (2007).
1549:. Global Recordings Network
1413:. Oxford University Press.
1363:. Oxford University Press.
1334:National Geographic Society
1008:
316:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1952:
1829:Singerman, Robert (1996).
1592:Bilingual Research Journal
1471:"In Defense of Difference"
1448:10.1177/039219219103915302
857:Education and preservation
735:"to draw attention to the
168:Governmental organizations
753:Native American languages
504:Indigenous decolonization
324:NGOs and political groups
1547:"Countries of the World"
876:language and education.
337:Amazon Conservation Team
1699:Keeping Languages Alive
1663:UW College of Education
1132:Crystal, David (2002).
1059:Language revitalization
967:Bilingual Education Act
1253:10.1098/rspb.2014.1574
1212:10.1075/slcs.142.01sim
1049:Linguistic imperialism
1024:
999:
932:
914:
895:
850:
828:
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678:autochthonous language
412:Survival International
293:International Treaties
1926:Linguistic minorities
1765:10.1163/9789004261723
1737:. Oakland. 2016-02-17
1069:Stratum (linguistics)
1016:
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896:
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808:
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143:Traditional knowledge
128:Intellectual property
1701:. pp. 181–197.
1290:The Economic Journal
731:proclaimed 2019 the
153:Water and sanitation
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1833:. Scarecrow Press.
1481:on 11 October 2008.
1167:. 10 February 2023.
1003:endangered language
977:"Treasure language"
674:indigenous language
529:Uncontacted peoples
519:Settler colonialism
1916:Indigenous peoples
1804:When Languages die
1677:"Welcome to AILDI"
1302:10.1111/ecoj.12257
1247:(1793): 20141574.
1044:Language education
1034:Formosan languages
1025:
1022:Wikimedia projects
812:Siletz reservation
690:national languages
686:indigenous peoples
477:Discovery doctrine
462:Civilizing mission
280:BBNJ ABS Committee
1936:Indigenous rights
1931:Linguistic rights
1840:978-0-8108-3032-5
1821:978-0-19-518192-0
1774:978-90-04-26172-3
1716:978-1-139-24589-0
1638:Project MUSE
1420:978-0-19-513624-1
1395:978-92-3-103798-6
1370:978-0-19-513624-1
1221:978-90-272-0609-1
1143:978-0-521-01271-3
1054:Minority language
987:heritage language
715:as part of their
713:majority language
670:
669:
524:Truth commissions
452:Aboriginal titles
367:Cultural Survival
285:Indigenous Caucus
95:Indigenous rights
80:
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54:, as appropriate.
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123:Cultural rights
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257:initiatives
133:Land rights
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1741:2017-05-09
1598:(1): 1–4.
1527:. Lang1234
1388:. UNESCO.
1345:2010-07-08
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1099:1885/69434
1075:References
924:diversity.
864:disappears
784:drove the
725:linguicide
514:Indigenism
158:Protection
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397:Land Back
60:June 2017
48:talk page
1622:Language
1507:ProQuest
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1271:25186001
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610:Suriname
595:Paraguay
570:Malaysia
492:Genocide
433:more ...
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275:WIPO IGC
265:9 August
138:Language
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85:Part of
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