408:, 60 metabolites—Amino Acids (1-Methylhistidine/3-Methylhistidine, Arginine, Asymmetric, Asymmetric dimethylarginine/Symmetric dimethylarginine, Citrulline, Creatine, Glutamine, Homoarginine, Hydroxyproline, Phenylalanine, Proline, Pyroglutamic acid, Serine, Taurine, Theonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Urocanic acid, Valme), Amino Alcohols (Panthenol), Amino Ketones (Allantoin, Creatine), Aromatic Acids (Cinnamic acid, o-Coumaric acid/m-Coumaric acid/p-Coumaric acid), Carbohydrates (N-Acetylneuraminic acid), Carnitines (Acetylcarnitine, Carnitine, hexanoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine), Cyclic Amines (Niacinamide), Dicarboxylic Acids (Fumaric acid/ Maleic acid), Nucleosides (1-Methyladenosine, Adenosine, Cytidine, Guanosine, Inosine, S-Adenosyl-homocysteine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Uridine, and Xanthosine), Nucleotides (ADP, AMO, CMP, Cytidine diphosphate choline, GMP, IMP, UDP, UMP, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine), Peptides (Oxidized glutathione), Phospholipids (1-Palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine), Purines and derivatives (Hypoxanthine, Theobromine, Uric acid, Xanthine), Purines and derivatives (4-Pyridoxic acid), Quaternary Amines (Acetylcholine, Glycerophosphocholine, Phosphocholine), and Tricarboxylic Acids (Citric acid), and other substances such as proteins (e.g.,
842:, or other strong, intense emotions. Emotional tears can also be triggered by listening to music or by reading, watching or listening to various forms of media. Crying is often associated with babies and children. Some cultures consider crying to be undignified and infantile, casting aspersions on those who cry publicly, except if it is due to the death of a close friend or relative. In most Western cultures, it is more socially acceptable for women and children to cry than men, reflecting masculine sex-role stereotypes. In some Latin regions, crying among men is more acceptable. There is evidence for an interpersonal function of crying as tears express a need for help and foster willingness to help in an observer.
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84:
898:) on the side of the palsy during salivation while smelling foods or eating. It is presumed that this would cause salivation while crying due to the inverse improper connection of the lacrimal nucleus to the salivary glands, but this would be less noticeable. The condition was first described in 1926 by its namesake, Russian neuropathologist F. A. Bogorad, in an article titled "Syndrome of the Crocodile Tears" (alternatively, "The Symptom of the Crocodile Tears") that argued the tears were caused by the act of salivation.
189:
958:(PBA) is a condition involving episodic uncontrollable laughter or crying. PBA mostly occurs in people with neurological injuries affecting how the brain controls emotions. Scientists believe PBA results from prefrontal cortex damage. PBA often involves crying. Hence, PBA is mistakable for depression. But PBA is neurological; depression is psychological. patients with PBA do not experience typical depression symptoms like sleep disturbances or appetite loss.
137:
43:
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909:, known in the vernacular as dry eye, is a very common disorder of the tear film. Despite the eyes being dry, those affected can still experience watering of the eyes, which is, in fact, a response to irritation caused by the original tear film deficiency. Lack of Meibomian gland secretion can mean that the tears are not enveloped in a hydrophobic film coat, leading to tears spilling onto the face.
779:
252:
770:(fifth cranial) nerve bears the sensory pathway of the tear reflexes. When the trigeminal nerve is cut, tears from reflexes will stop, while emotional tears will not. The great (superficial) petrosal nerve from cranial nerve VII provides autonomic innervation to the lacrimal gland. It is responsible for the production of much of the aqueous portion of the tear film.
592:. Lysozyme does this by dissolving a layer in the outer coating, called peptidoglycan, of certain bacteria. It is a typical body fluid with salt content similar to blood plasma. Usually, in a 24-hour period, 0.75 to 1.1 grams (0.03–0.04-ounce avoirdupois) of tears are secreted; this rate slows with age.
347:(antibacterial enzymes); though composition varies among different tear types. The composition of tears caused by an emotional reaction differs from that of tears as a reaction to irritants, such as onion fumes, dust, or allergens. Emotional tears contain higher concentrations of stress hormones such as
745:
nictitating membrane. The membrane works to protect and moisten the eyelid while maintaining visibility. It also contributes to the aqueous portion of the tear film and possibly immunoglobulins. Humans and some primates have a much smaller nictitating membrane; this may be because they do not capture
668:
can be accompanied by reddening of the face and sobbing — cough-like, convulsive breathing, sometimes involving spasms of the whole upper body. Tears brought about by emotions have a different chemical makeup than those for lubrication; emotional tears contain more of the protein-based hormones
479:
which is found in the medial part of the eye. The lacrimal papilla is an elevation in the inner side of the eyelid, at the edge of the lacrimal lake. The lacrimal canaliculi open into the papilla. The opening of each canaliculus is the lacrimal punctum. From the punctum, tears will enter the
912:
Treatment for dry eyes to compensate for the loss of tear film include eye-drops composed of methyl cellulose or carboxy- methyl cellulose or hemi-cellulose in strengths of either 0.5% or 1% depending upon the severity of drying up of the cornea.
474:
secrete lacrimal fluid, which flows through the main excretory ducts into the space between the eyeball and the lids. When the eyes blink, the lacrimal fluid is spread across the surface of the eye. Lacrimal fluid gathers in the
314:. Tears also occur as a part of the body's natural pain response. Emotional secretion of tears may serve a biological function by excreting stress-inducing hormones built up through times of emotional distress. Tears have
1472:
274:. Tears are made up of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and mucins that form layers on the surface of eyes. The different types of tears—basal, reflex, and emotional—vary significantly in composition.
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is involved in the production of basic emotional drives, such as anger, fear, etc. The limbic system, or, more specifically the hypothalamus, also has a degree of control over the autonomic system. The
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in reference to an
Ancient Greek anecdote that crocodiles would pretend to weep while luring or devouring their prey. In addition, "crocodile tears syndrome" is a colloquialism for
1057:
1307:
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Frey, William H.; Desota-Johnson, Denise; Hoffman, Carrie; McCall, John T. (October 1981). "Effect of
Stimulus on the Chemical Composition of Human Tears".
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624:. It can also occur with bright light and hot or peppery stimuli to the tongue and mouth. It is also linked with vomiting, coughing, and yawning. These
1120:
664:. This practice is not restricted to negative emotions; many people cry when extremely happy, such as times of intense humor and laughter. In humans,
1864:
Lester Allen Russin, "Paroxysmal
Lacrimation During Eating as a Sequal of Facial Palysyndrome of Crocodile Tears", JAMA. 1939;113(26):2310-2311.
1175:
Frey, W. H.; DeSota-Johnson, D.; Hoffman, C.; McCall, J. T. (October 1981). "Effect of stimulus on the chemical composition of human tears".
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encourage crying as beneficial to health and mental well-being. An insincere display of grief or dishonest remorse is sometimes called
806:
is associated with tears trickling down the cheeks and accompanied by characteristic sobbing sounds. Emotional triggers are most often
600:
The second type of tears results from irritation of the eye by foreign particles, or from the presence of irritant substances such as
163:
1925:
103:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
878:
Bogorad's syndrome, also known as "Crocodile Tears
Syndrome", is an uncommon consequence of nerve regeneration subsequent to
310:
The functions of tears include lubricating the eyes (basal tears), removing irritants (reflex tears), and also aiding the
355:(a natural pain killer), which suggests that emotional tears play a biological role in balancing stress hormone levels.
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70:
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Farandos, NM; Yetisen, AK; Monteiro, MJ; Lowe, CR; Yun, SH (2014). "Contact Lens
Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics".
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barrier that envelops tears and prevents their spilling onto the cheek. These glands are located among the
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prey or root vegetation with their teeth, so that there is no evolutionary advantage of the third eyelid.
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2014:
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947:), giving the appearance of constant psychic tearing. This can have significant social consequences.
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receptors. When these receptors are activated, the lacrimal gland is stimulated to produce tears.
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155:
496:, can cause the nose to run. Quality of vision is affected by the stability of the tear film.
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Promotes spreading of the tear film, the control of infectious agents, and osmotic regulation.
56:
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in the eye's environment, including the cornea, conjunctiva, or nasal mucosa, which trigger
2052:
1376:
1221:
Moshirfar M, Pierson K, Hanamaikai K, Santiago-Caban L, Muthappan V, Passi SF (July 2014).
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in which faulty regeneration of the facial nerve causes people to shed tears while eating.
791:
738:
397:, and thus deposit the tear fluid between the eye proper and the oil barriers of the lids.
1571:"Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears"
8:
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1522:"Neural Regulation of Lacrimal Gland Secretory Processes: Relevance in Dry Eye Diseases"
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Tears are made up of three layers: lipid, aqueous, and mucous. Tears are composed of
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1658:"Big Boys Don't Cry — and Other Myths About Men and Their Emotions (page 2 of 3)"
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Morais PĂ©rez D, Dalmau
Galofre J, Bernat Gili A, Ayerbe Torrero V (1990). "".
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is a genetic condition that can be associated with a lack of overflow tears (
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attempt to wash out irritants that may have come into contact with the eye.
581:. Some of the substances in lacrimal fluid (such as lysozyme) fight against
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2002:
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1435:"Morphology and structure of the nictitating membrane cartilage in mammals"
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F. A. Bogorad (trans Austin
Seckersen), "The symptom of crocodile tears",
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can cause even normal levels of the basal tear to overflow onto the face (
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1876:"Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: types II, III, and IV"
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There are three basic types of tears: basal, reflex and emotional.
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McCoy, FJ; Goodman, RC (Jan 1979). "The crocodile tear syndrome".
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Felicia B Axelrod; Gabrielle Gold-von Simson (October 3, 2007).
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1365:"Interferometric measurements of dynamic changes of tear film"
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become improperly connected to nerve axons projecting to the
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Stadel, M; Daniels, JK; Warrens, MJ; Jeronimus, BF (2019).
1473:"Nictitating Membrane - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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534:
1497:"Why do cats have an inner eyelid as well as outer ones?"
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Encyclopædia
Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
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A toddler producing tears due to emotional stress or pain
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267:
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Szczesna DH, Jaroński J, Kasprzak HT, Stenevi U (2006).
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681:(a natural painkiller) than basal or reflex tears. The
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Journal of the
History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1121:"Why do we cry? The scientific reasons behind sobbing"
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controls the lacrimal glands via the neurotransmitter
1738:
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shedding tears and hugging a bust of her late father
1690:"These days it's OK for men to cry, say famous guys"
27:
Clear liquid secreted from glands in eyes of mammals
533:. They lubricate the eye and help keep it clear of
1710:
1119:
1223:"Artificial tears potpourri: a literature review"
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737:, have a full translucent third eyelid called a
1625:"The gender-specific impact of emotional tears"
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636:The third category, in general, referred to as
1804:
1802:
1308:"Ocular Pathology Study Guide: Tear Proteins"
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1613:
1569:Mori, Kazuma; Iwanaga, Makoto (2017-04-07).
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1050:
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1042:
1926:"Pseudobulbar affect - Symptoms and causes"
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1423:ScienceIQ.com. Accessed September 29, 2006.
861:, an uncommon consequence of recovery from
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1056:"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from
492:. An excess of tears, as caused by strong
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798:(also Emperor of Brazil as Pedro I), 1836
529:is continually kept wet and nourished by
239:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1753:"No Faking It, Crocodile Tears Are Real"
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150:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
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1711:John-Paul Flintoff (August 30, 2003).
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814:, but crying can also be triggered by
2012:
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644:, is increased tearing due to strong
1526:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
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902:Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)
389:Coats the aqueous layer, provides a
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130:
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262:are a clear liquid secreted by the
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1950:"Pseudobulbar Affect: What Is It?"
1811:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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316:symbolic significance among humans
208:improve coverage for other species
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1995:
1880:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1274:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1177:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1155:American Academy of Ophthalmology
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281:Anatomy of lachrymation, showing
52:This article has multiple issues.
1823:10.1097/00006534-197901000-00010
1538:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003
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633:Emotional tears (psychic tears)
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2023:. Personal Health. p. C10.
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60:or discuss these issues on the
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802:In nearly all human cultures,
210:and discuss this issue on the
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2013:Brody, Jane E. (1984-02-22).
1656:Dianne Hales (October 2005).
1075:Advanced Healthcare Materials
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894:, causing one to shed tears (
537:. Tear fluid contains water,
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1286:10.1016/0002-9394(81)90651-6
1189:10.1016/0002-9394(81)90651-6
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297:e) Inferior lacrimal punctum
288:b) Superior lacrimal punctum
7:
2003:Nasolacrimal System Anatomy
1688:Fran Metcalf (8 May 2008).
1151:"All About Emotional Tears"
961:
928:) during emotional crying.
886:. Efferent fibers from the
675:adrenocorticotropic hormone
349:adrenocorticotropic hormone
10:
2069:
1739:"Re-evaluation Counseling"
1642:10.1007/s11031-019-09771-z
907:Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
300:f) Inferior lacrimal canal
291:c) Superior lacrimal canal
266:(tear gland) found in the
162:Such statements should be
29:
1781:Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp
1433:Barasa, A. (2003-06-01).
888:superior salivary nucleus
202:excessively human-centric
851:Re-evaluation Counseling
692:autonomic nervous system
499:
1421:"The Science of Tears."
1027:www.merriam-webster.com
882:or other damage to the
488:, and finally into the
91:Some of this article's
1893:10.1186/1750-1172-2-39
1855:, 02/1979; 34(1):74-9.
1629:Motivation and Emotion
1087:10.1002/adhm.201400504
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741:, while others have a
717:Some mammals, such as
608:and other fragrances,
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32:Tears (disambiguation)
1520:Dartt, D. A. (2009).
1477:www.sciencedirect.com
993:Professional mourning
922:Familial dysautonomia
917:Familial dysautonomia
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466:Drainage of tear film
303:g) Nasolacrimal canal
280:
254:
1023:"Definition of TEAR"
792:Maria II of Portugal
739:nictitating membrane
713:Nictitating membrane
327:Chemical composition
164:clarified or removed
30:For other uses, see
1670:on January 17, 2009
1501:Scientific American
1381:2006JBO....11c4028S
1240:10.2147/OPTH.S65263
956:Pseudobulbar affect
951:Pseudobulbar affect
931:Obstruction of the
386:(or tarsal glands)
196:This article about
2020:The New York Times
2015:"It's O.K. to cry"
1692:. The Courier Mail
1575:Scientific Reports
1343:Target Health Blog
937:nasolacrimal canal
874:Bogorad's syndrome
859:Bogorad's syndrome
849:movements such as
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353:leucine enkephalin
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1588:10.1038/srep46063
1390:10.1117/1.2209881
941:nasolacrimal duct
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698:through both the
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855:crocodile tears
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688:parasympathetic
666:emotional tears
563:immunoglobulins
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472:lacrimal glands
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294:d) Lacrimal sac
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1345:. July 2, 2018
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2018:
2001:
1982:. Retrieved
1980:. 2014-03-10
1977:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1817:(1): 58–62.
1814:
1810:
1787:(3): 175–7.
1784:
1780:
1760:. Retrieved
1757:ScienceDaily
1756:
1747:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1716:
1713:"Why we cry"
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1661:
1651:
1632:
1628:
1581:(1): 46063.
1578:
1574:
1564:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1419:Skorucak A.
1415:
1375:(3): 34028.
1372:
1369:J Biomed Opt
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1342:
1316:the original
1311:
1302:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1230:
1226:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1157:. 2017-02-28
1154:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1078:
1074:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
954:
930:
920:
911:
905:
884:facial nerve
880:Bell's palsy
877:
863:Bell's palsy
845:Some modern
844:
801:
761:
716:
665:
648:, pleasure,
641:
637:
626:reflex tears
625:
618:TRP channels
614:pepper spray
530:
518:Basal tears
513:Description
503:
490:nasal cavity
482:lacrimal sac
469:
451:goblet cells
406:Electrolytes
375:Lipid layer
330:
309:
272:land mammals
259:
258:
235:
217:
201:
169:
156:unverifiable
148:weasel words
145:
115:
106:
95:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2053:Body fluids
1974:"About PBA"
1930:Mayo Clinic
1439:Morphologie
1233:: 1419–33.
836:frustration
727:polar bears
551:lactoferrin
531:basal tears
521:In healthy
418:lactoferrin
391:hydrophobic
255:Human tears
158:information
96:may not be
18:Lacrimation
2032:Categories
1984:2019-06-18
1959:2019-06-18
1935:2019-06-18
1886:(39): 39.
1762:2019-06-18
1724:2008-07-20
1674:2008-07-20
1506:2022-10-18
1482:2022-10-18
1349:2019-07-07
1161:2019-08-04
1136:2019-08-04
1032:2019-08-04
1009:References
782:Crying boy
764:trigeminal
704:muscarinic
525:eyes, the
455:Coats the
410:antibodies
370:Functions
367:Secretors
341:antibodies
322:Physiology
57:improve it
2008:eMedicine
1597:2045-2322
1451:1286-0115
1197:0002-9394
896:lacrimate
869:Pathology
820:happiness
758:Neurology
743:vestigial
735:aardvarks
700:nicotinic
671:prolactin
654:suffering
586:infection
583:bacterial
579:potassium
555:lipocalin
523:mammalian
510:Category
414:lipocalin
364:Contents
345:lysozymes
212:talk page
146:contains
63:talk page
1978:PBA Info
1912:17915006
1839:24362510
1556:19376264
1459:14717063
1407:24410898
1399:16822077
1259:25114502
1130:Archived
1103:35508652
1095:25400274
978:Epiphora
962:See also
945:Epiphora
926:Alacrima
828:laughter
658:mourning
610:tear gas
606:perfumes
604:vapors,
559:lacritin
547:lysozyme
426:lacritin
422:lysozyme
172:May 2019
109:May 2019
98:reliable
1903:2098750
1793:2261223
1718:The Age
1606:5384201
1547:3652637
1377:Bibcode
1339:"Tears"
1294:7294117
1250:4124072
1205:7294117
998:Sadness
933:punctum
840:remorse
808:sadness
642:weeping
620:in the
567:glucose
494:emotion
270:of all
206:Please
200:may be
198:biology
2038:Crying
1910:
1900:
1837:
1831:432324
1829:
1791:
1696:3 June
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1195:
1101:
1093:
988:Eyelid
804:crying
790:Queen
723:camels
677:, and
638:crying
577:, and
575:sodium
543:lipids
527:cornea
457:cornea
445:Mucins
424:, and
343:, and
152:biased
1954:WebMD
1835:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1099:S2CID
939:, or
832:humor
816:anger
812:grief
731:seals
660:, or
650:anger
612:, or
602:onion
539:mucin
500:Types
361:Name
337:salts
333:water
260:Tears
1908:PMID
1827:PMID
1789:PMID
1698:2015
1593:ISSN
1552:PMID
1455:PMID
1447:ISSN
1395:PMID
1290:PMID
1255:PMID
1201:PMID
1193:ISSN
1091:PMID
1060:2009
824:fear
810:and
762:The
733:and
719:cats
702:and
571:urea
535:dust
470:The
379:Oils
351:and
268:eyes
2048:Eye
2006:at
1898:PMC
1888:doi
1819:doi
1637:doi
1601:PMC
1583:doi
1542:PMC
1534:doi
1385:doi
1282:doi
1245:PMC
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1083:doi
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