745:
51:
795:, which is responsible for making new bone, a continual and highly regulated process in the bodies of air-breathing vertebrates. The functional expression of MC2R on the osteoblast was discovered by Isales et alia in 2005. Since that time, it has been demonstrated that the response of bone forming cells to ACTH includes production of
799:, as it does in the adrenal. This response might be important in maintaining osteoblast survival under some conditions. If this is physiologically important, it probably functions in conditions with short-period or intermittent ACTH signaling, since with continual exposure of osteoblasts to ACTH, the effect was lost in a few hours.
740:
In addition to steroidogenic enzymes, ACTH also enhances transcription of mitochondrial genes that encode for subunits of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems. These actions are probably necessary to supply the enhanced energy needs of adrenocortical cells stimulated by ACTH.
736:
The long term actions of ACTH include stimulation of the transcription of the genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes, especially P450scc, steroid 11β-hydroxylase, and their associated electron transfer proteins. This effect is observed over several hours.
716:
ACTH influences steroid hormone secretion by both rapid short-term mechanisms that take place within minutes and slower long-term actions. The rapid actions of ACTH include stimulation of cholesterol delivery to the mitochondria where the
388:
is chronically deficient. In
Cushing's disease a pituitary tumor is the cause of elevated ACTH (from the anterior pituitary) and an excess of cortisol (hypercortisolism) – this constellation of signs and symptoms is known as
630:
secreted from the adrenal cortex work to inhibit CRH secretion by the hypothalamus, which in turn decreases anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH. Glucocorticoids may also inhibit the rates of POMC gene
3330:
635:
and peptide synthesis. The latter is an example of a slow feedback loop, which works on the order of hours to days, whereas the former works on the order of minutes.
4085:
923:, a genetic disorder that is characterized by adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency combined with common variable immunodeficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia.
915:
1045:
3030:
3025:
3015:
71:
30:
This article is about adrenocorticotropic hormone as a natural hormone. For adrenocorticotropic hormone as a medication and diagnostic agent, see
3981:
3496:
626:
In order to regulate the secretion of ACTH, many substances secreted within this axis exhibit slow/intermediate and fast feedback-loop activity.
721:
enzyme is located. P450scc catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis that is cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol. ACTH also stimulates
4006:
4001:
3971:
3521:
3516:
3323:
3060:
432:) is the precursor of POMC, its cleavage forms POMC. ACTH, on the other hand, is produced from the cleavage of POMC. The removal of the signal
1547:
Zhong Q, Sridhar S, Ruan L, Ding KH, Xie D, Insogna K, et al. (May 2005). "Multiple melanocortin receptors are expressed in bone cells".
1181:
Patel K (1993). "Stability of
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Pathways of Deamidation of Asparaginyl Residue in Hexapeptide Segments".
3932:
3800:
3613:
3107:
1729:
3735:
3682:
2980:
1675:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3486:
2103:
2075:
1972:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3437:
3432:
3427:
4039:
3780:
3710:
3667:
3422:
3316:
3874:
3869:
3805:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3725:
3618:
3608:
3588:
3389:
3384:
334:
31:
791:
While it has a crucial function in regulating the adrenal glands, it is also expressed elsewhere in the body, specifically in the
4080:
2606:
1931:
256:
1020:
822:
An active synthetic form of ACTH, consisting of the first 23 amino acids of native ACTH, was first made by Klaus
Hofmann at the
1372:
76:
2173:
1459:
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J (2004). "Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation".
1198:
972:
4070:
4065:
1855:
338:
95:
17:
655:
1816:
1788:
1340:"Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells"
3100:
1265:
1124:
2276:
748:
445:
83:
2970:
1850:
751:, showing adrenocorticotropic hormone (green at left) among the hormones with smallest concentration in the blood
421:
377:
342:
1700:
Collip JB, Anderson E, Thomson DL (August 12, 1933). "The adrenotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe".
3879:
3687:
3560:
3394:
2382:
2005:
1941:
1835:
869:
706:
663:
293:
251:
214:
1311:
3282:
2397:
1865:
1840:
893:
1402:"Mitochondrial-genome-encoded RNAs: differential regulation by corticotropin in bovine adrenocortical cells"
1053:
3093:
2985:
2454:
2449:
2191:
1906:
3169:
2599:
1916:
88:
2562:
2444:
1756:
990:"The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks"
816:
698:
744:
4075:
3927:
3760:
3603:
3452:
3224:
3005:
2567:
460:
to yield various polypeptide fragments with varying physiological activity. These fragments include:
353:
and androgens by the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis, respectively. ACTH is also related to the
2125:
901:
376:) or tertiary adrenal insufficiency (disease of the hypothalamus, with a decrease in the release of
2196:
1760:
823:
632:
1739:
3840:
3643:
3531:
3350:
2425:
429:
1146:
Yalow RS, Glick SM, Roth J, Berson SA (November 1964). "Radioimmunoassay of human plasma ACTH".
878:, the rapid enlargement of the ACTH producing pituitary after the removal of both adrenal glands
3755:
3598:
3257:
3055:
2592:
2271:
2248:
2000:
1781:
1642:
1284:"cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor"
3339:
2017:
1461:
962:
857:
845:
773:
701:. Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformation changes that stimulate the enzyme
437:
390:
380:). Conversely, chronically elevated ACTH levels occur in primary adrenal insufficiency (e.g.
361:
1980:
3157:
3000:
1595:
1505:
1413:
1222:
Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Naftolowitz D, Tatham N, Cassidy F, Carroll BJ (November 2001).
897:
881:
875:
863:
851:
381:
141:
42:
1008:
165:
8:
4044:
2857:
2557:
2163:
2158:
2130:
2093:
1926:
1911:
1875:
761:
476:
196:
145:
1599:
1509:
1417:
3342:
3239:
3199:
2689:
2664:
1898:
1618:
1583:
1529:
937:
808:
409:
405:
330:
1715:
1359:
3174:
2694:
2633:
2085:
1774:
1667:
1623:
1564:
1521:
1517:
1496:
Isales CM, Zaidi M, Blair HC (March 2010). "ACTH is a novel regulator of bone mass".
1478:
1441:
1436:
1401:
1364:
1303:
1299:
1245:
1204:
1194:
1163:
1098:
1012:
968:
940:
835:
659:
1533:
1077:"An analysis of POMC gene methylation and expression in patients with schizophrenia"
989:
772:. A family of related receptors mediates the actions of these hormones, the MCR, or
3308:
2052:
2047:
1711:
1657:
1613:
1603:
1556:
1513:
1470:
1431:
1421:
1354:
1339:
1295:
1235:
1186:
1155:
1088:
1004:
710:
702:
686:
670:
354:
136:
3162:
3020:
2745:
2735:
2377:
2010:
1805:
1734:
1582:
Zaidi M, Sun L, Robinson LJ, Tourkova IL, Liu L, Wang Y, et al. (May 2010).
1269:
841:
726:
627:
449:
417:
413:
373:
365:
341:
and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with its precursor
112:
4033:
4029:
1190:
175:
3991:
3902:
3715:
3583:
3506:
3417:
3292:
3209:
3147:
3040:
3035:
2768:
2763:
2740:
2642:
2529:
2498:
2470:
2415:
2027:
1958:
1588:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1560:
1474:
1406:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
920:
905:
694:
682:
457:
326:
2310:
1224:"Corticotropin secretory dynamics in humans under low glucocorticoid feedback"
654:, the first 13 of which (counting from the N-terminus) may be cleaved to form
266:
4059:
3864:
3859:
3740:
3677:
3662:
3555:
3550:
3462:
3379:
3369:
3152:
3137:
2717:
2712:
2679:
2539:
2315:
1426:
887:
785:
690:
453:
3085:
1608:
1240:
1223:
1159:
662:
in
Addison's disease). After a short period of time, ACTH is cleaved into α-
3897:
3705:
3578:
3412:
3120:
3045:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2873:
2868:
2619:
2322:
2258:
2243:
2206:
2153:
2120:
1860:
1827:
1671:
1627:
1568:
1525:
1482:
1249:
1167:
1102:
1016:
812:
425:
369:
346:
2584:
1445:
1368:
1307:
1208:
3720:
3252:
3229:
3204:
3179:
3050:
2960:
2888:
2863:
2799:
2784:
2704:
2674:
2659:
2506:
2483:
1985:
1888:
1262:
1116:
909:
730:
722:
441:
124:
4025:
3374:
3262:
3214:
3194:
3189:
3116:
2852:
2816:
2806:
2789:
2755:
2727:
2684:
2534:
2420:
2070:
2022:
1951:
1946:
1702:
819:
and, in a paper published in 1933, explained its function in the body.
792:
651:
261:
224:
119:
50:
3065:
1093:
1076:
3961:
3672:
3481:
3442:
3287:
3272:
3142:
2990:
2975:
2821:
2811:
2794:
2651:
2337:
2266:
2148:
2060:
1995:
1921:
1662:
964:
Concise
Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms
777:
642:
of ACTH in human blood is reported to be between ten and 30 minutes.
639:
1584:"ACTH protects against glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of bone"
3267:
3184:
2965:
2944:
2939:
2883:
2488:
2387:
2369:
2327:
2305:
2228:
2220:
2201:
2183:
2112:
1990:
1883:
1845:
1283:
1221:
854:, the primary adrenal insufficiency (another form of hypocorticism)
844:, the hyposecretion of ACTH in the pituitary, leading to secondary
760:
As indicated above, ACTH is a cleavage product of the pro-hormone,
385:
350:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3406:
3402:
3398:
765:
3730:
3277:
3129:
3010:
2995:
2615:
2392:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2233:
2168:
2039:
1797:
781:
769:
718:
433:
349:). Its principal effects are increased production and release of
323:
904:, which two enzymes comprise the biochemical mechanism by which
100:
3297:
2931:
2516:
2478:
2297:
2238:
1458:
890:("infantile spasms"), a disease where ACTH is used as a therapy
107:
1337:
1185:. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Vol. 5. pp. 201–20.
3942:
3830:
3219:
2844:
2549:
2524:
2435:
2407:
2140:
1643:"A sixty-year evolution of biochemistry at McGill University"
1288:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
933:
860:, hypercorticism, one of the causes is hypersecretion of ACTH
693:, which are located primarily on adrenocortical cells of the
666:(α-MSH) and CLIP, a peptide with unknown activity in humans.
689:
of the adrenal glands. ACTH acts by binding to cell surface
3745:
1766:
1183:
796:
755:
401:
364:(suppressed production of ACTH due to an impairment of the
1338:
Hanukoglu I, Feuchtwanger R, Hanukoglu A (November 1990).
1281:
3070:
838:, the gland that produces, among others, the hormone ACTH
1581:
967:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 84–.
1282:
Raikhinstein M, Zohar M, Hanukoglu I (February 1994).
987:
1815:
1699:
1399:
916:
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
764:(POMC), which also produces other hormones including
3338:
1546:
1228:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1148:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1145:
1081:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
658:(α-MSH) (this common structure is responsible for
776:family. These are mainly not associated with the
697:. The ACTH receptor is a seven-membrane-spanning
4057:
1495:
360:Deficiency of ACTH is an indicator of secondary
725:uptake into cortical cells. This increases the
4086:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
3061:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
1395:
1393:
1333:
1331:
1329:
705:, which leads to an increase in intracellular
3324:
3115:
3101:
2981:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
2600:
1782:
1400:Raikhinstein M, Hanukoglu I (November 1993).
954:
884:, can be accompanied by adrenal insufficiency
866:, a common cause of ACTH secreted ectopically
685:from adrenal cortex cells, especially in the
3992:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
3507:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
1575:
1540:
1489:
1452:
396:
2614:
1390:
1326:
1275:
1139:
3331:
3317:
3108:
3094:
2607:
2593:
1789:
1775:
1498:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
960:
669:In human body, total weight ACTH is 4,540
404:, ACTH and β-lipotropin are secreted from
1759:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1661:
1640:
1617:
1607:
1435:
1425:
1358:
1239:
1092:
988:Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010).
872:, diseases in the production of cortisol
829:
756:ACTH receptors outside the adrenal gland
743:
456:before it is proteolytically cleaved by
337:. ACTH is an important component of the
32:Adrenocorticotropic hormone (medication)
1378:from the original on September 16, 2012
1314:from the original on September 13, 2017
961:Morton IK, Hall JM (December 6, 2012).
943:fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone
549:corticotropin-like intermediate peptide
14:
4058:
1681:from the original on November 17, 2015
3312:
3089:
2588:
1770:
1180:
1009:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821
378:corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
1074:
1046:"Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)"
733:in the cells of the adrenal cortex.
192:
1738:. December 12, 1960. Archived from
1347:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
807:While working on her dissertation,
384:) when adrenal gland production of
339:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
24:
1127:from the original on July 16, 2024
1075:Chen, Xuanyu (February 11, 2024).
1026:from the original on April 4, 2023
768:that stimulates the production of
444:POMC, which undergoes a series of
25:
4097:
1750:
2277:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
1518:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05231.x
1263:PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI → POMC
749:Reference ranges for blood tests
656:α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
446:post-translational modifications
428:. The pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (
329:produced by and secreted by the
49:
3982:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3497:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3158:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
2971:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
1722:
1693:
1634:
1272:Retrieved on September 28, 2009
683:glucocorticoid steroid hormones
422:corticotropin-releasing hormone
343:corticotropin-releasing hormone
335:medication and diagnostic agent
189:proopiomelanocortin derivatives
4081:Melanocortin receptor agonists
1256:
1215:
1174:
1117:"Pro-opiomelocortin precursor"
1109:
1068:
1038:
981:
896:(POIS), through production of
870:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
664:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
538:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
13:
1:
3283:Melanin-concentrating hormone
1716:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44463-6
1360:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30545-8
947:
894:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
709:and subsequent activation of
681:ACTH stimulates secretion of
2986:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
1796:
1300:10.1016/0167-4889(94)90157-0
645:
440:produces the 241-amino acid
7:
4071:Anterior pituitary hormones
4066:Genes on human chromosome 2
3860:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3663:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3551:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3370:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3170:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
1757:Adrenocorticotropic+Hormone
1191:10.1007/978-1-4899-1236-7_6
997:Annual Review of Physiology
927:
676:
524:adrenocorticotropic hormone
420:in response to the hormone
308:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
10:
4102:
4045:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
2445:Insulin-like growth factor
1561:10.1016/j.bone.2005.01.020
1475:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
817:David Landsborough Thomson
802:
699:G protein-coupled receptor
195:
29:
4015:
3997:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3951:
3839:
3642:
3530:
3512:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3461:
3349:
3238:
3128:
3006:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2953:
2930:
2899:
2843:
2834:
2777:
2754:
2726:
2703:
2650:
2641:
2626:
2548:
2515:
2497:
2469:
2434:
2406:
2368:
2345:
2336:
2296:
2289:
2257:
2219:
2182:
2139:
2111:
2102:
2084:
2038:
1971:
1897:
1874:
1826:
1804:
848:(a form of hypocorticism)
836:Diseases of the pituitary
397:Production and regulation
286:
272:
260:
239:
223:
218:
208:
205:
171:
161:
156:
152:
135:
130:
118:
106:
94:
82:
70:
62:
57:
48:
41:
1761:Medical Subject Headings
1427:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10509
824:University of Pittsburgh
811:co-discovered ACTH with
331:anterior pituitary gland
4040:N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)
3268:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
1609:10.1073/pnas.0912176107
1241:10.1210/jcem.86.11.8046
1160:10.1210/jcem-24-11-1219
660:excessively tanned skin
333:. It is also used as a
3258:Agouti-related peptide
3056:Pancreatic polypeptide
2272:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
2249:Pancreatic polypeptide
1268:July 16, 2024, at the
902:dopamine β-hydroxylase
752:
424:(CRH) released by the
3340:Melanocortin receptor
1742:on September 6, 2009.
1462:Physiological Reviews
1087:(3). Wiley: 208–216.
846:adrenal insufficiency
830:Associated conditions
774:melanocortin receptor
747:
362:adrenal insufficiency
3855:ACTH (corticotropin)
3658:ACTH (corticotropin)
3546:ACTH (corticotropin)
3477:ACTH (corticotropin)
3365:ACTH (corticotropin)
3001:Galanin-like peptide
1641:Johnstone R (2003).
898:tyrosine hydroxylase
882:Adrenoleukodystrophy
864:Small cell carcinoma
813:James Bertram Collip
650:ACTH consists of 39
466:polypeptide fragment
43:pro-opiomelanocortin
3117:Appetite stimulants
2558:Natriuretic peptide
1876:Posterior pituitary
1861:Somatostatin (GHIH)
1650:Scientia Canadensis
1600:2010PNAS..107.8782Z
1510:2010NYASA1192..110I
1418:1993PNAS...9010509R
762:proopiomelanocortin
406:corticotropic cells
357:in many organisms.
316:adrenocorticotropin
18:Adrenocorticotropic
3248:ACTH/Corticotropin
3200:Omega-3 fatty acid
1899:Anterior pituitary
1050:vivo.colostate.edu
858:Cushing's syndrome
809:Evelyn M. Anderson
784:axis. MC2R is the
753:
535:melanotropin alpha
496:melanotropin gamma
391:Cushing's syndrome
4053:
4052:
3306:
3305:
3298:Orexin/Hypocretin
3175:Megestrol acetate
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
2830:
2829:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2465:
2464:
2285:
2284:
2215:
2214:
1967:
1966:
1710:(5737): 347–348.
1200:978-1-4899-1238-1
1094:10.1002/jdn.10319
974:978-94-011-4439-1
876:Nelson's syndrome
852:Addison's disease
671:atomic mass units
624:
623:
588:melanotropin beta
509:potential peptide
382:Addison's disease
302:
301:
185:
184:
181:
180:
27:Pituitary hormone
16:(Redirected from
4093:
4076:Peptide hormones
3333:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3086:
2841:
2840:
2648:
2647:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2343:
2342:
2338:Digestive system
2294:
2293:
2109:
2108:
2048:Thyroid hormones
1824:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1744:
1743:
1730:"Simulated ACTH"
1726:
1720:
1719:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1665:
1663:10.7202/800458ar
1647:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1469:(4): 1155–1228.
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1412:(22): 10509–13.
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1344:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:. Archived from
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1025:
994:
985:
979:
978:
958:
711:protein kinase A
703:adenylyl cyclase
687:zona fasciculata
575:lipotropin gamma
463:
462:
355:circadian rhythm
193:
154:
153:
53:
39:
38:
21:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4011:
3947:
3844:
3835:
3647:
3638:
3535:
3526:
3466:
3457:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3307:
3302:
3234:
3124:
3114:
3084:
3075:
3031:Neuropeptide VF
3026:Neuropeptide SF
3021:Neuropeptide FF
3016:Neuropeptide AF
2949:
2926:
2895:
2836:
2826:
2773:
2750:
2722:
2699:
2668:
2643:Opioid peptides
2637:
2622:
2613:
2583:
2574:
2544:
2511:
2493:
2461:
2430:
2402:
2364:
2332:
2281:
2253:
2211:
2178:
2135:
2098:
2080:
2064:
2056:
2034:
2018:Adrenal medulla
2011:Androstenedione
1963:
1893:
1870:
1818:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1580:
1576:
1545:
1541:
1494:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1353:(33): 20602–8.
1342:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1280:
1276:
1270:Wayback Machine
1261:
1257:
1234:(11): 5554–63.
1220:
1216:
1201:
1179:
1175:
1154:(11): 1219–25.
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1056:on May 22, 2023
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
992:
986:
982:
975:
959:
955:
950:
930:
842:Hypopituitarism
832:
805:
758:
727:bioavailability
679:
648:
628:Glucocorticoids
562:lipotropin beta
450:phosphorylation
418:pituitary gland
414:adenohypophysis
399:
374:hypopituitarism
366:pituitary gland
305:
304:
303:
190:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Modimelanotide
3900:
3895:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Modimelanotide
3713:
3708:
3703:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3584:Modimelanotide
3581:
3576:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Modimelanotide
3415:
3410:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Neuropeptide Y
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Pentoxifylline
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3155:
3150:
3148:Cyproheptadine
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Neuropeptide Y
3038:
3036:Neuropeptide S
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2769:Leu-enkephalin
2766:
2764:Met-enkephalin
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:β-Neoendorphin
2692:
2690:α-Neoendorphin
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2471:Adipose tissue
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Enteroglucagon
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:Beta thymosins
2313:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:Norepinephrine
2025:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1981:Adrenal cortex
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1751:External links
1749:
1746:
1745:
1721:
1692:
1633:
1594:(19): 8782–7.
1574:
1539:
1488:
1451:
1389:
1325:
1274:
1255:
1214:
1199:
1173:
1138:
1108:
1067:
1037:
980:
973:
952:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:DAVID syndrome
918:
913:
906:norepinephrine
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
839:
831:
828:
804:
801:
757:
754:
695:adrenal cortex
691:ACTH receptors
678:
675:
647:
644:
622:
621:
618:
616:
614:
613:met-enkephalin
610:
609:
606:
604:
602:
601:beta-endorphin
598:
597:
594:
591:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
512:
510:
506:
505:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
484:
480:
479:
473:
470:
467:
458:endopeptidases
398:
395:
327:tropic hormone
300:
299:
296:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
228:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
150:
149:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4098:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Bremelanotide
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Setmelanotide
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Bremelanotide
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Bremelanotide
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Bremelanotide
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Dexamethasone
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Amitriptyline
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:neuropeptides
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2718:Endomorphin-2
2716:
2714:
2713:Endomorphin-1
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Big dynorphin
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:neuropeptides
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:Prostaglandin
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:Hypothalamic–
1814:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:(5): 820–31.
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:(3): 329–32.
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
966:
965:
957:
953:
942:
939:
935:
932:
931:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:are produced.
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:West syndrome
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
840:
837:
834:
833:
827:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
786:ACTH receptor
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
641:
636:
634:
633:transcription
629:
619:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:corticotropin
520:
519:
515:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
459:
455:
454:glycosylation
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:anterior lobe
407:
403:
394:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
320:corticotropin
317:
313:
309:
297:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
246:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
216:
213:
212:
202:
201:
198:
194:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4023:Propeptides:
4022:
4007:Tridecactide
4002:Tricosactide
3972:Dersimelagon
3958:
3939:
3925:Antagonists:
3924:
3898:Melanotan II
3854:
3851:
3827:
3753:Antagonists:
3752:
3706:Melanotan II
3657:
3654:
3596:Antagonists:
3595:
3579:Melanotan II
3545:
3542:
3522:Tridecactide
3517:Tricosactide
3476:
3473:
3450:Antagonists:
3449:
3413:Melanotan II
3364:
3361:
3247:
3225:Testosterone
3161:
3046:Neurophysins
2874:Neurokinin B
2869:Neurokinin A
2705:Endomorphins
2631:
2323:Thymopoietin
2259:Pineal gland
2244:Somatostatin
2207:Progesterone
2154:Progesterone
2121:Testosterone
2104:Gonadal axis
2076:Thyroid axis
1973:Adrenal axis
1936:
1828:Hypothalamus
1740:the original
1733:
1724:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1685:November 16,
1683:. Retrieved
1653:
1649:
1636:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1504:(1): 110–6.
1501:
1497:
1491:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1409:
1405:
1380:. Retrieved
1350:
1346:
1316:. Retrieved
1291:
1287:
1277:
1258:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1182:
1176:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1000:
996:
983:
963:
956:
821:
806:
790:
759:
739:
735:
715:
680:
668:
649:
637:
625:
472:abbreviation
426:hypothalamus
400:
370:hypothalamus
359:
347:hypothalamus
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
262:γ-lipotropin
225:β-lipotropin
219:
144:
36:
3933:ML-00253764
3801:ML-00253764
3721:PF-00446687
3614:ML-00253764
3253:Adiponectin
3230:Thalidomide
3205:Oxandrolone
3180:Mirtazapine
3051:Neurotensin
2961:Angiotensin
2900:Neuromedins
2889:Physalaemin
2864:Substance P
2858:Tachykinins
2853:Bradykinins
2800:Hemorphin-4
2785:Adrenorphin
2756:Enkephalins
2746:γ-Endorphin
2741:β-Endorphin
2736:α-Endorphin
2675:Dynorphin B
2665:Dynorphin A
2660:Dynorphin A
2507:Osteocalcin
2484:Adiponectin
2311:Thymosin α1
2086:Parathyroid
1986:Aldosterone
1889:Vasopressin
1060:October 15,
910:epinephrine
731:cholesterol
723:lipoprotein
652:amino acids
475:amino acid
442:polypeptide
438:translation
324:polypeptide
267:β-endorphin
166:Swiss-model
58:Identifiers
4060:Categories
4026:Lipotropin
3736:Ro 27-3225
3683:LY-2112688
3375:BMS-470539
3343:modulators
3263:Anandamide
3240:Endogenous
3215:Prednisone
3195:Olanzapine
3190:Nandrolone
2880:amphibian
2817:Spinorphin
2807:Nociceptin
2790:Amidorphin
2728:Endorphins
2685:Leumorphin
2652:Dynorphins
2535:Calcitriol
2421:Peptide YY
2071:Calcitonin
2023:Adrenaline
1952:Lipotropin
1947:Endorphins
1003:: 517–49.
948:References
793:osteoblast
162:Structures
157:Search for
131:Other data
3987:Seractide
3977:Giractide
3967:Codactide
3962:Alsactide
3959:Agonists:
3852:Agonists:
3673:BIM-22493
3655:Agonists:
3543:Agonists:
3502:Seractide
3492:Giractide
3487:Codactide
3482:Alsactide
3474:Agonists:
3443:SNAP-7941
3362:Agonists:
3288:Melatonin
3273:Cortisone
3143:Clonidine
3130:Exogenous
2991:FMRFamide
2976:Carnosine
2860:: mammal
2822:Valorphin
2812:Opiorphin
2795:Hemorphin
2306:Thymosins
2267:Melatonin
2149:Estradiol
1996:Cortisone
1922:Prolactin
1819:pituitary
1806:Endocrine
1656:: 27–84.
938:synthetic
778:pituitary
646:Structure
640:half-life
416:) of the
345:from the
113:NM_000939
72:NCBI gene
3952:Unsorted
3940:Unknown:
3918:SHU-9119
3913:SHU-9005
3908:SHU-8914
3828:Unknown:
3821:SHU-9119
3816:SHU-9005
3811:SHU-8914
3796:MCL-0129
3791:MCL-0042
3786:MCL-0020
3634:SHU-9119
3629:SHU-9005
3624:SHU-8914
3438:SHU-9119
3433:SHU-9005
3428:SHU-8914
3185:Nabilone
3163:Cannabis
2966:Bombesin
2884:Kassinin
2634:hormones
2627:Hormones
2616:Peptides
2499:Skeleton
2489:Resistin
2388:Secretin
2370:Duodenum
2328:Thymulin
2229:Glucagon
2221:Pancreas
2202:Estrogen
2184:Placenta
1991:Cortisol
1884:Oxytocin
1846:Dopamine
1798:Hormones
1676:Archived
1672:16116702
1628:20421485
1569:15804492
1534:24378203
1526:20392225
1483:15383650
1382:July 24,
1373:Archived
1318:June 28,
1312:Archived
1266:Archived
1250:11701735
1168:14230021
1131:April 8,
1125:Archived
1103:38343101
1030:June 28,
1021:Archived
1017:20148687
941:analogue
928:See also
677:Function
620:237–241
608:237–267
596:217–234
583:179–234
570:179–267
557:156–176
544:138–150
530:138–176
516:105–134
477:residues
448:such as
430:Pre-POMC
386:cortisol
351:cortisol
176:InterPro
3781:JKC-363
3731:PL-6983
3711:MK-0493
3668:AZD2820
3423:PL-8177
3278:Ghrelin
3066:RVD-Hpα
3011:Ghrelin
2996:Galanin
2932:Orexins
2393:Motilin
2360:Ghrelin
2355:Gastrin
2347:Stomach
2234:Insulin
2169:Relaxin
2164:Inhibin
2159:Activin
2131:Inhibin
2040:Thyroid
1619:2889316
1596:Bibcode
1506:Bibcode
1446:7504267
1414:Bibcode
1369:2173715
1308:8305507
1209:8019694
1121:UniProt
803:History
782:adrenal
770:melanin
719:P450scc
491:27–102
436:during
434:peptide
408:in the
322:) is a
314:; also
172:Domains
120:UniProt
4016:Others
3875:HS-024
3870:HS-014
3806:MPB-10
3776:HS-131
3771:HS-024
3766:HS-014
3726:PG-931
3619:PG-106
3609:HS-014
3589:PG-931
3390:HS-024
3385:HS-014
3220:Sugars
2845:Kinins
2778:Others
2517:Kidney
2479:Leptin
2438:/other
2298:Thymus
2239:Amylin
2113:Testis
2006:DHEA-S
1808:glands
1763:(MeSH)
1703:Lancet
1670:
1626:
1616:
1567:
1532:
1524:
1481:
1444:
1434:
1367:
1306:
1248:
1207:
1197:
1166:
1101:
1015:
971:
673:(Da).
504:77–87
372:, cf.
298:
290:
287:
282:
279:
276:
273:
248:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
209:
206:
203:
142:Chr. 2
125:P01189
108:RefSeq
101:176830
63:Symbol
3943:Semax
3831:Semax
2954:Other
2835:Other
2550:Heart
2525:Renin
2455:IGF-2
2450:IGF-1
2436:Liver
2426:GLP-1
2408:Ileum
2290:Other
2174:GnSAF
2141:Ovary
1679:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1437:47806
1376:(PDF)
1343:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
934:Semax
766:α-MSH
593:β-MSH
580:γ-LPH
567:β-LPH
541:α-MSH
501:γ-MSH
469:alias
294:β-MSH
252:α-MSH
215:γ-MSH
137:Locus
3928:ASIP
3761:ASIP
3756:AGRP
3746:THIQ
3604:ASIP
3599:AGRP
3453:ASIP
2632:see
2001:DHEA
1937:ACTH
1932:CLIP
1927:POMC
1856:GHRH
1836:GnRH
1735:Time
1687:2015
1668:PMID
1624:PMID
1565:PMID
1549:Bone
1522:PMID
1502:1192
1479:PMID
1442:PMID
1384:2012
1365:PMID
1320:2019
1304:PMID
1292:1220
1246:PMID
1205:PMID
1195:ISBN
1164:PMID
1133:2013
1099:PMID
1062:2008
1032:2019
1013:PMID
969:ISBN
936:, a
908:and
900:and
815:and
797:VEGF
788:.
707:cAMP
638:The
554:CLIP
527:ACTH
488:NPP
452:and
412:(or
402:POMC
312:ACTH
257:CLIP
220:ACTH
197:POMC
96:OMIM
89:9201
84:HGNC
77:5443
3880:MSH
3688:MSH
3561:MSH
3395:MSH
3121:A15
3071:VGF
2667:1–8
2568:BNP
2563:ANP
2530:EPO
2398:VIP
2383:GIP
2378:CCK
2197:HPL
2192:hCG
2126:AMH
2094:PTH
1942:MSH
1917:TSH
1907:FSH
1866:MCH
1851:CRH
1841:TRH
1712:doi
1708:222
1658:doi
1614:PMC
1604:doi
1592:107
1557:doi
1514:doi
1471:doi
1432:PMC
1422:doi
1355:doi
1351:265
1296:doi
1236:doi
1187:doi
1156:doi
1089:doi
1005:doi
729:of
483:NPP
368:or
146:p23
66:OMC
4062::
4032:,
3890:,
3886:,
3841:MC
3698:,
3694:,
3644:MC
3571:,
3567:,
3532:MC
3463:MC
3405:,
3401:,
3351:MC
2618::
1959:GH
1912:LH
1732:.
1706:.
1674:.
1666:.
1654:27
1652:.
1648:.
1622:.
1612:.
1602:.
1590:.
1586:.
1563:.
1553:36
1551:.
1528:.
1520:.
1512:.
1500:.
1477:.
1467:84
1465:.
1440:.
1430:.
1420:.
1410:90
1408:.
1404:.
1392:^
1371:.
1363:.
1349:.
1345:.
1328:^
1310:.
1302:.
1290:.
1286:.
1244:.
1232:86
1230:.
1226:.
1203:.
1193:.
1162:.
1152:24
1150:.
1123:.
1119:.
1097:.
1085:84
1083:.
1079:.
1048:.
1019:.
1011:.
1001:72
999:.
995:.
826:.
713:.
393:.
318:,
4036:)
4034:γ
4030:β
4028:(
3894:)
3892:γ
3888:β
3884:α
3882:(
3843:5
3702:)
3700:γ
3696:β
3692:α
3690:(
3646:4
3575:)
3573:γ
3569:β
3565:α
3563:(
3534:3
3465:2
3409:)
3407:γ
3403:β
3399:α
3397:(
3353:1
3332:e
3325:t
3318:v
3166:)
3160:(
3123:)
3119:(
3109:e
3102:t
3095:v
2945:B
2940:A
2922:U
2917:S
2912:N
2907:B
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2063:4
2061:T
2055:3
2053:T
1790:e
1783:t
1776:v
1718:.
1714::
1689:.
1660::
1630:.
1606::
1598::
1571:.
1559::
1536:.
1516::
1508::
1485:.
1473::
1448:.
1424::
1416::
1386:.
1357::
1322:.
1298::
1252:.
1238::
1211:.
1189::
1170:.
1158::
1135:.
1105:.
1091::
1064:.
1034:.
1007::
977:.
780:-
310:(
34:.
20:)
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