316:
293:
215:
190:
567:
322:
221:
1656:
31:
3209:
1647:
However, during autumn and winter, when there is less than 13 hours of light per day, iodothyronine desiodinase 3 removes an iodine atom which converts thyroxine to the inactive reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), or which converts the active triiodothyronine to diiodothyronine (T2). Consequently, there
1635:
who experience physiological seasonal changes dependent on the photoperiod. During spring in this species, when there is more than 13 hours of light per day, iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) promotes the conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) through
1488:
are the major end-products. However, there are at least eight potential cleavage sites within the polypeptide precursor and, depending on tissue type and the available convertases, processing may yield as many as ten biologically active peptides involved in diverse cellular functions. Cleavage sites
57:
1519:
The processing of POMC involves glycosylations, acetylations, and extensive proteolytic cleavage at sites shown to contain regions of basic protein sequences. However, the proteases that recognize these cleavage sites are tissue-specific. In some tissues, including the
1459:
gene is expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. This gene encodes a 285-amino acid polypeptide hormone precursor that undergoes extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by
2287:
Barrett P, Ebling FJ, Schuhler S, Wilson D, Ross AW, Warner A, et al. (August 2007). "Hypothalamic thyroid hormone catabolism acts as a gatekeeper for the seasonal control of body weight and reproduction".
329:
228:
2390:
Dores RM, Cameron E, Lecaude S, Danielson PB (August 2003). "Presence of the delta-MSH sequence in a proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloned from the pituitary of the galeoid shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni".
1945:
patients have increased circulating plasma concentrations of POMC. The clinical significance is currently under investigation. Further augmenting systemic glucocorticoid availability via infusion of
3213:
1636:
the removal of an iodine atom on the outer ring. It allows T3 to bind to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), which then binds to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the DNA sequence. The
1663:
Influences of photoperiods on relevant similar biological endocrine changes that demonstrate modifications of thyroid hormone regulation in humans have yet to be adequately documented.
2565:"Study of obesity associated proopiomelanocortin gene polymorphism: Relation to metabolic profile and eating habits in a sample of obese Egyptian children and adolescents"
1264:
3092:"Monitoring neuropeptide-specific proteases: processing of the proopiomelanocortin peptides adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the skin"
2827:
Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, et al. (December 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor".
1935:
pathway may modulate glucose metabolism in obese subjects indicating a possible gene-environment interaction. POMC variant may be involved in the natural history of
1640:
proximal promoter sequence contains two thyroid-receptor 1b (Thrb) half-sites: TCC-TGG-TGA and TCA-CCT-GGA indicating that T3 may be capable of directly regulating
860:
841:
151:
4494:
4489:
4479:
1791:
The large molecule of POMC is the source of several important biologically active substances . POMC can be cleaved enzymatically into the following
2989:
Bhardwaj RS, Luger TA (1994). "Proopiomelanocortin production by epidermal cells: evidence for an immune neuroendocrine network in the epidermis".
2220:
4524:
3224:
2127:
1502:
2109:
4444:
2426:
Harris RM, Dijkstra PD, Hofmann HA (January 2014). "Complex structural and regulatory evolution of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene family".
3567:
3539:
3436:
1882:, it is not generally thought that β-endorphin is converted into enkephalin. Instead, enkephalin is produced from its own precursor,
1799:
1116:
2333:"Genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses of the Siberian hamster hypothalamus identify mechanisms for seasonal energy balance"
1123:
4070:
3395:
2545:
1845:
1740:
1623:. It is referred to the hours of light during a day and it changes across the seasons. Its regulation depends on the pathway of
3637:
1644:
transcription. For this reason during spring and early summer, the level of pomc increases due to the increased level of T3.
2092:
1284:
4559:
3319:
54:
2071:
2907:
Millington GW (May 2006). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors".
2017:
2013:
2009:
3280:
3252:
315:
2698:"A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs"
2649:"Impact of Hydrocortisone and of CRH Infusion on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis of Septic Male Mice"
3740:
1489:
consist of the sequences Arg-Lys, Lys-Arg, or Lys-Lys. Enzymes responsible for processing of POMC peptides include
292:
3028:"Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions"
4434:
3314:
2096:
2075:
1893:
occurs in humans but not in mice or rats due to the absence of the enzymatic processing site in the rodent POMC.
3846:
3469:
3405:
3299:
1890:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1777:
1735:
1698:
1367:
905:
2024:. The fact that these are all cleavage products of POMC should suggest likely mechanisms of this interaction.
1272:
3861:
3329:
3304:
886:
4449:
3918:
3913:
3655:
3370:
2172:"Leptin and insulin pathways in POMC and AgRP neurons that modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis"
214:
189:
131:
2596:
TĂ©blick A, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, Van
Oudenhove T, Langouche L, et al. (February 2021).
2496:"An Alu element-associated hypermethylation variant of the POMC gene is associated with childhood obesity"
4574:
4569:
4063:
3400:
3380:
2021:
2001:
1703:
1477:
1379:
1340:
2647:
TĂ©blick A, De Bruyn L, Van
Oudenhove T, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, et al. (January 2022).
4026:
3908:
1632:
1268:
328:
227:
4469:
4031:
2786:
Kühnen P, Clément K, Wiegand S, Blankenstein O, Gottesdiener K, Martini LL, et al. (July 2016).
321:
220:
3589:
118:
3660:
3179:
1594:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
987:
983:
979:
139:
2747:"Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: an investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss"
3889:
2005:
1494:
1490:
3175:
1099:
1050:
1008:
975:
4564:
4519:
4056:
3735:
3712:
3464:
3245:
2038:
1981:
POMC is used as a target for a medication used to treat obesity in humans. The combination of
3481:
1970:
1906:
1465:
1383:
1336:
3444:
2221:"Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus"
4464:
3061:
Dores RM, Lecaude S (May 2005). "Trends in the evolution of the proopiomelanocortin gene".
2862:
Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, et al. (March 1997).
2344:
2235:
2219:
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdán MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, et al. (May 2001).
1982:
1920:
1371:
1312:
1251:
203:
2696:
Raffan E, Dennis RJ, O'Donovan CJ, Becker JM, Scott RA, Smith SP, et al. (May 2016).
159:
8:
4321:
4021:
3627:
3622:
3594:
3557:
3375:
3339:
1506:
2348:
2239:
1532:, all cleavage sites may be used, giving rise to peptides with roles in pain and energy
4153:
4128:
3362:
3121:
3014:
2972:
2945:
2932:
2722:
2697:
2673:
2648:
2624:
2597:
2522:
2495:
2367:
2332:
2313:
2269:
2196:
2171:
1966:
1563:
1498:
1320:
1316:
163:
2404:
2331:
Bao R, Onishi KG, Tolla E, Ebling FJ, Lewis JE, Anderson RL, et al. (June 2019).
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
684:
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674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
4158:
4097:
3549:
3238:
3195:
3186:
3156:
3113:
3108:
3091:
3078:
3049:
3006:
2977:
2924:
2920:
2885:
2844:
2809:
2768:
2727:
2678:
2629:
2527:
2470:
2443:
2408:
2372:
2305:
2261:
2201:
1573:
1356:
1259:
111:
47:
3125:
3018:
2936:
2317:
1851:
1201:
3516:
3511:
3146:
3103:
3070:
3039:
2998:
2967:
2957:
2916:
2875:
2836:
2799:
2758:
2717:
2709:
2668:
2660:
2619:
2609:
2576:
2517:
2507:
2435:
2400:
2362:
2352:
2297:
2273:
2251:
2243:
2191:
2183:
2145:
1624:
1425:
1413:
1247:
408:
339:
283:
238:
2494:
Kuehnen P, Mischke M, Wiegand S, Sers C, Horsthemke B, Lau S, et al. (2012).
143:
4484:
4209:
4199:
3841:
3474:
3269:
2512:
1883:
1584:
1481:
1439:
1409:
1405:
1387:
1213:
383:
167:
3074:
2581:
2564:
2439:
2132:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2114:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
4504:
4499:
4232:
4227:
4204:
4106:
3993:
3962:
3934:
3879:
3491:
3422:
2788:"Proopiomelanocortin Deficiency Treated with a Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist"
2763:
2746:
2713:
2614:
2462:
2337:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1946:
1879:
1868:
1863:
1628:
1435:
1417:
1332:
484:
3774:
2598:"The role of pro-opiomelanocortin in the ACTH-cortisol dissociation of sepsis"
1875:
1750:
1552:
that are contained within the adrenocorticotrophin and β-lipotropin peptides.
1431:
4553:
4181:
4176:
4143:
4003:
3779:
2664:
2033:
1989:
1839:
1620:
595:
2357:
2146:"pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI"
544:
422:
4509:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4337:
4332:
4083:
3786:
3722:
3707:
3670:
3617:
3584:
3324:
3291:
3160:
3117:
3082:
3053:
2981:
2962:
2928:
2880:
2863:
2848:
2813:
2772:
2731:
2682:
2633:
2531:
2474:
2447:
2412:
2376:
2309:
2265:
2205:
2187:
2048:
2043:
1973:
dogs is associated with increased interest in food and subsequent obesity.
1932:
1913:
1588:
1559:
1541:
1521:
1469:
566:
401:
180:
4048:
3044:
3027:
3010:
2889:
2804:
2787:
1163:
1158:
4514:
4424:
4352:
4327:
4263:
4248:
4168:
4138:
4123:
3970:
3947:
3449:
3352:
3151:
3134:
2301:
1659:
Regulation of proopiomelanocortin by the photoperiod and thyroid hormones
1603:
1569:
1533:
1304:
950:
931:
2864:"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action"
2646:
4316:
4280:
4270:
4253:
4219:
4191:
4148:
3998:
3884:
3534:
3486:
3415:
3410:
3218:
3002:
2563:
Mohamed FE, Hamza RT, Amr NH, Youssef AM, Kamal TM, Mahmoud RA (2017).
2256:
1939:
obesity, contributing to the link between type 2 diabetes and obesity.
1857:
1745:
1708:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1485:
1461:
1360:
1308:
1225:
300:
197:
147:
4529:
2946:"The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour"
2840:
1424:
can also regulate secretion of gonadocorticoids from the cells of the
88:
84:
80:
76:
4454:
4439:
4285:
4275:
4258:
4115:
3801:
3730:
3612:
3524:
3459:
3385:
2247:
1936:
1598:
1577:
1549:
1473:
1391:
805:
367:
354:
266:
253:
155:
4429:
4408:
4403:
4347:
3952:
3851:
3833:
3791:
3769:
3692:
3684:
3665:
3647:
3576:
3454:
3347:
3309:
1910:
1836:ε-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (ε-MSH, present in some teleosts )
1792:
1655:
1540:
stimulation, and immune modulation. These include several distinct
1525:
1375:
1208:
1147:
4474:
4459:
4079:
3856:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3697:
3632:
3503:
3261:
3200:
3190:
1924:
1902:
1395:
1355:
hormones. Each of these peptides is packaged in large dense-core
1352:
1220:
917:
872:
790:
786:
2785:
135:
4395:
3980:
3942:
3761:
3702:
2695:
2595:
1950:
1942:
1279:
1131:
827:
575:
3025:
1931:
patients only. These findings support the hypothesis that the
4308:
4013:
3988:
3899:
3871:
3604:
2008:. The endogenous agonists of melanocortin 4 receptor include
1928:
1901:
Mutations in this gene have been associated with early onset
122:, POC, proopiomelanocortin, OBAIRH, LPH, CLIP, ACTH, NPP, MSH
3185:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
2389:
756:
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus
30:
3230:
2286:
2218:
1957:, an endproduct of POMC, but not in a suppression of POMC.
1954:
1513:
1421:
1401:
1241:
1196:
2861:
4534:
3026:
Raffin-Sanson ML, de Keyzer Y, Bertagna X (August 2003).
2493:
1985:
acts via hypothalamic POMC neurons to decrease appetite.
746:
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
391:
1988:
Two humans with POMC deficiency have been treated with
731:
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
2562:
3279:
2425:
556:
3132:
2826:
2744:
2330:
1323:from the 267-amino-acid-long polypeptide precursor
3089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1619:) are regulated indirectly in some animals by the
1484:and the maintenance of normal adrenal weight, and
1652:, which reduces its levels during these seasons.
338:
237:
4551:
1610:
3090:König S, Luger TA, Scholzen TE (October 2006).
2469:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2081:
2060:
1468:. The encoded protein is synthesized mainly in
1351:POMC is cut (cleaved) to give rise to multiple
4525:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2745:Billes SK, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA (June 2014).
2460:
2093:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020660
1648:is less T3 and it blocks the transcription of
716:generation of precursor metabolites and energy
4445:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
4064:
3246:
3225:National Center for Biotechnology Information
2988:
2169:
3060:
2820:
2487:
1811:(α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone, or α-MSH)
771:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
4078:
2855:
2212:
2163:
2072:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115138
4071:
4057:
3253:
3239:
2943:
2906:
2569:Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics
1455:gene is located on chromosome 2p23.3. The
1331:), by the removal of a 26-amino-acid-long
3178:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3150:
3107:
3043:
2971:
2961:
2879:
2803:
2762:
2721:
2672:
2623:
2613:
2580:
2521:
2511:
2366:
2356:
2255:
2195:
1874:Although the N-terminal 5 amino acids of
1374:has important roles in the regulation of
766:regulation of signaling receptor activity
3133:Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S (December 2006).
1896:
1803:-Terminal Peptide of Proopiomelanocortin
1654:
1363:in response to appropriate stimulation:
721:regulation of glycogen metabolic process
1846:Corticotropin-like Intermediate Peptide
1428:since they also express ACTH receptors.
1408:that regulates the secretion of mainly
16:Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
4552:
2170:Varela L, Horvath TL (December 2012).
2000:Proopiomelanocortin has been shown to
1842:(Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, or ACTH)
1593:Smaller populations of neurons in the
1476:, where four cleavage sites are used;
761:regulation of corticosterone secretion
4052:
3234:
3063:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2909:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2428:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2393:General and Comparative Endocrinology
1992:, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist.
1442:with widespread actions in the brain.
343:
304:
299:
242:
201:
196:
1676:
1378:(POMC neuron stimulation results in
1359:that are released from the cells by
634:type 4 melanocortin receptor binding
619:type 1 melanocortin receptor binding
609:type 3 melanocortin receptor binding
2991:Archives of Dermatological Research
2792:The New England Journal of Medicine
1923:was associated with higher fasting
1615:The levels of proopiomelanocortin (
776:cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
13:
2899:
1953:mice resulted in a suppression of
1627:that is regulated directly by the
1503:peptidyl α-amidating monooxygenase
1398:produced from melanocytes in skin.
629:G protein-coupled receptor binding
14:
4586:
3169:
3032:European Journal of Endocrinology
1878:are identical to the sequence of
1829:-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (
3741:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
3212: This article incorporates
3207:
3109:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00472.x
2944:Millington GW (September 2007).
2921:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x
1386:, while α-MSH secreted from the
565:
507:pars distalis of adenohypophysis
327:
320:
314:
291:
226:
219:
213:
188:
29:
4435:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3135:"Genetics of obesity in humans"
2779:
2738:
2689:
2640:
2589:
2556:
2538:
2454:
2419:
2383:
1995:
1673:proopiomelanocortin derivatives
3199:(Pro-opiomelanocortin) at the
2461:Cullen JM, Cascella M (2022).
2324:
2280:
2138:
2120:
2102:
1976:
1965:A deletion mutation common in
1666:
751:neuropeptide signaling pathway
576:More reference expression data
545:More reference expression data
1:
3220:Reference Sequence collection
2405:10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00151-5
2054:
1611:Regulation by the photoperiod
1480:(ACTH), essential for normal
1236:Available protein structures:
639:neuropeptide hormone activity
312:
211:
4450:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
3260:
2513:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002543
1446:
726:regulation of blood pressure
7:
4560:Genes on human chromosome 2
3075:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.003
2582:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.02.009
2440:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.007
2027:
1370:produced by neurons in the
1346:
1341:central melanocortin system
10:
4591:
3909:Insulin-like growth factor
2950:Nutrition & Metabolism
2764:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.004
2714:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.012
2615:10.1186/s13054-021-03475-y
2546:"POMC proopiomelanocortin"
1679:
1394:regulates the movement of
624:signaling receptor binding
4470:Gastrin-releasing peptide
4417:
4394:
4363:
4307:
4298:
4241:
4218:
4190:
4167:
4114:
4105:
4090:
4012:
3979:
3961:
3933:
3898:
3870:
3832:
3809:
3800:
3760:
3753:
3721:
3683:
3646:
3603:
3575:
3566:
3548:
3502:
3435:
3361:
3338:
3290:
3268:
2128:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2110:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1919:A study concluded that a
1770:
1756:
1744:
1723:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1278:
1258:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1111:
1080:
1076:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1005:
1001:
972:
968:
961:
948:
944:
929:
925:
916:
903:
899:
884:
880:
871:
858:
854:
839:
835:
826:
811:
804:
800:
784:
594:
590:
573:
564:
555:
542:
491:
482:
429:
420:
390:
382:
378:
361:
348:
311:
290:
281:
277:
260:
247:
210:
187:
178:
174:
129:
126:
116:
109:
104:
73:
68:
51:
46:
41:
37:
28:
23:
3180:Medical Subject Headings
3096:Experimental Dermatology
2751:Pharmacological Research
2463:"Physiology, Enkephalin"
1983:bupropion and naltrexone
1833:-MSH, present in sharks)
1595:dorsomedial hypothalamus
1325:pre-pro-opiomelanocortin
2868:Molecular Endocrinology
2358:10.1073/pnas.1902896116
2006:melanocortin 4 receptor
1960:
1495:prohormone convertase 2
1491:prohormone convertase 1
1464:-like enzymes known as
1117:Chr 2: 25.16 – 25.17 Mb
675:secretory granule lumen
519:suprachiasmatic nucleus
345:12 A1.1|12 1.99 cM
4520:Pancreatic polypeptide
3736:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
3713:Pancreatic polypeptide
3214:public domain material
2963:10.1186/1743-7075-4-18
2881:10.1210/mend.11.3.9898
2665:10.1210/endocr/bqab222
2188:10.1038/embor.2012.174
2039:Agouti-related peptide
1660:
1555:It is synthesized by:
1514:prolylcarboxypeptidase
1472:cells of the anterior
1466:prohormone convertases
1412:from the cells of the
1339:. POMC is part of the
736:regulation of appetite
523:trophoblast giant cell
3045:10.1530/eje.0.1490079
2805:10.1056/NEJMoa1512693
1971:Flat-Coated Retriever
1907:adrenal insufficiency
1897:Clinical significance
1658:
706:cellular pigmentation
306:Chromosome 12 (mouse)
4465:Galanin-like peptide
3176:Pro-Opiomelanocortin
3152:10.1210/er.2006-0040
2302:10.1210/en.2007-0316
2150:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1478:adrenocorticotrophin
1372:ventromedial nucleus
1297:Pro-opiomelanocortin
1178:Opioids neuropeptide
665:extracellular region
515:ventromedial nucleus
453:right adrenal cortex
204:Chromosome 2 (human)
69:List of PDB id codes
42:Available structures
4022:Natriuretic peptide
3340:Posterior pituitary
3325:Somatostatin (GHIH)
2349:2019PNAS..11613116B
2343:(26): 13116–13121.
2240:2001Natur.411..480C
1805:(NPP, or pro-Îł-MSH)
1631:An example are the
1124:Chr 12: 4 – 4.01 Mb
741:signal transduction
711:cell-cell signaling
701:glucose homeostasis
680:extracellular space
527:seminiferous tubule
465:left adrenal cortex
4575:Precursor proteins
4570:Neuroendocrinology
3363:Anterior pituitary
3003:10.1007/BF00370724
1967:Labrador Retriever
1889:The production of
1661:
1564:anterior pituitary
1510:-acetyltransferase
1499:carboxypeptidase E
1321:anterior pituitary
1311:residues. POMC is
906:ENSMUSG00000020660
694:Biological process
670:peroxisomal matrix
648:Cellular component
602:Molecular function
457:left adrenal gland
433:anterior pituitary
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4294:
4293:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
3929:
3928:
3749:
3748:
3679:
3678:
3431:
3430:
3139:Endocrine Reviews
2841:10.1021/bi001684q
1786:
1785:
1633:siberian hamsters
1574:intermediate lobe
1388:intermediate lobe
1303:) is a precursor
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:structure summary
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1142:
1141:
1107:
1106:
1070:
1069:
1032:
1031:
995:
994:
957:
956:
938:
937:
912:
911:
893:
892:
867:
866:
848:
847:
796:
795:
685:secretory granule
586:
585:
582:
581:
551:
550:
538:
537:
476:
475:
374:
373:
273:
272:
100:
99:
96:
95:
52:Ortholog search:
4582:
4305:
4304:
4112:
4111:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4049:
3807:
3806:
3802:Digestive system
3758:
3757:
3573:
3572:
3512:Thyroid hormones
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3211:
3210:
3164:
3154:
3129:
3111:
3086:
3057:
3047:
3022:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2940:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2835:(48): 14900–11.
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2248:10.1038/35078085
2225:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2079:
2069:
1858:Gamma Lipotropin
1677:
1625:thyroid hormones
1426:zona reticularis
1414:zona fasciculata
1335:sequence during
1233:
1232:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1119:
1102:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1041:
1040:
1037:RefSeq (protein)
1027:
999:
998:
990:
966:
965:
942:
941:
923:
922:
897:
896:
878:
877:
852:
851:
833:
832:
802:
801:
614:hormone activity
592:
591:
578:
569:
562:
561:
547:
487:
485:Top expressed in
480:
479:
449:body of pancreas
425:
423:Top expressed in
418:
417:
397:
396:
380:
379:
370:
357:
346:
331:
324:
318:
307:
295:
279:
278:
269:
256:
245:
230:
223:
217:
206:
192:
176:
175:
170:
168:POMC - orthologs
121:
114:
91:
66:
65:
60:
39:
38:
33:
21:
20:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4495:Neuropeptide VF
4490:Neuropeptide SF
4485:Neuropeptide FF
4480:Neuropeptide AF
4413:
4390:
4359:
4300:
4290:
4237:
4214:
4186:
4163:
4132:
4107:Opioid peptides
4101:
4086:
4077:
4047:
4038:
4008:
3975:
3957:
3925:
3894:
3866:
3828:
3796:
3745:
3717:
3675:
3642:
3599:
3562:
3544:
3528:
3520:
3498:
3482:Adrenal medulla
3475:Androstenedione
3427:
3357:
3334:
3282:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3217:
3208:
3172:
3167:
2902:
2900:Further reading
2897:
2860:
2856:
2825:
2821:
2784:
2780:
2743:
2739:
2702:Cell Metabolism
2694:
2690:
2645:
2641:
2594:
2590:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2506:(3): e1002543.
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2459:
2455:
2424:
2420:
2388:
2384:
2329:
2325:
2285:
2281:
2234:(6836): 480–4.
2223:
2217:
2213:
2182:(12): 1079–86.
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2030:
1998:
1979:
1963:
1899:
1884:proenkephalin A
1789:
1788:
1787:
1674:
1669:
1613:
1585:arcuate nucleus
1583:Neurons in the
1482:steroidogenesis
1449:
1440:opioid peptides
1438:are endogenous
1410:glucocorticoids
1406:peptide hormone
1384:sexual behavior
1349:
1191:Op_neuropeptide
1164:View/Edit Mouse
1159:View/Edit Human
1122:
1115:
1112:Location (UCSC)
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
986:
982:
978:
974:
887:ENSG00000115138
780:
689:
643:
574:
543:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:pars intermedia
509:
505:
503:median eminence
501:
499:arcuate nucleus
497:
495:pituitary gland
483:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
421:
365:
352:
344:
334:
333:
332:
325:
305:
282:Gene location (
264:
251:
243:
233:
232:
231:
224:
202:
179:Gene location (
130:
117:
110:
75:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Neuropeptide Y
4502:
4500:Neuropeptide S
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4233:Leu-enkephalin
4230:
4228:Met-enkephalin
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4159:β-Neoendorphin
4156:
4154:α-Neoendorphin
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3935:Adipose tissue
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Enteroglucagon
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:Beta thymosins
3777:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:Norepinephrine
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3445:Adrenal cortex
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3205:
3204:
3183:
3171:
3170:External links
3168:
3166:
3165:
3130:
3102:(10): 751–61.
3087:
3069:(1–2): 81–93.
3058:
3023:
2986:
2941:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2854:
2819:
2778:
2737:
2708:(5): 893–900.
2688:
2659:(1): bqab222.
2639:
2588:
2555:
2537:
2486:
2453:
2418:
2382:
2323:
2296:(8): 3608–17.
2279:
2211:
2162:
2137:
2119:
2101:
2080:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2026:
1997:
1994:
1978:
1975:
1962:
1959:
1947:hydrocortisone
1927:levels in the
1898:
1895:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1824:
1821:Îł-Melanotropin
1818:
1815:β-Melanotropin
1812:
1809:α-Melanotropin
1806:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1567:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1418:adrenal cortex
1399:
1348:
1345:
1333:signal peptide
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
970:
969:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
946:
945:
939:
936:
935:
927:
926:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
856:
855:
849:
846:
845:
837:
836:
830:
824:
823:
818:
813:
809:
808:
798:
797:
794:
793:
782:
781:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
695:
691:
690:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
649:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
603:
599:
598:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
571:
570:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
488:
477:
474:
473:
471:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:
414:
413:
405:
394:
388:
387:
384:RNA expression
376:
375:
372:
371:
363:
359:
358:
350:
347:
342:
336:
335:
326:
319:
313:
309:
308:
303:
297:
296:
288:
287:
275:
274:
271:
270:
262:
258:
257:
249:
246:
241:
235:
234:
225:
218:
212:
208:
207:
200:
194:
193:
185:
184:
172:
171:
128:
124:
123:
115:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
71:
70:
62:
61:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4587:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Neuropeptides
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:neuropeptides
4297:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4182:Endomorphin-2
4180:
4178:
4177:Endomorphin-1
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Big dynorphin
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:neuropeptides
4081:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4004:Prostaglandin
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:Hypothalamic–
3278:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3145:(7): 710–18.
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:(3): 407–12.
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2874:(3): 274–80.
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:Endocrinology
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Critical Care
2599:
2592:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:PLOS Genetics
2497:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Endocrinology
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Afamelanotide
2032:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1990:setmelanotide
1986:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:Corticotropin
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:cells of the
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:cells of the
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:melanotropins
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:corticotrophs
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
971:
967:
964:
962:RefSeq (mRNA)
960:
953:
952:
947:
943:
940:
934:
933:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
908:
907:
902:
898:
895:
889:
888:
883:
879:
876:
874:
870:
863:
862:
857:
853:
850:
844:
843:
838:
834:
831:
829:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
792:
788:
783:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
693:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
647:
646:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:Gene ontology
593:
589:
577:
572:
568:
563:
560:
558:
554:
546:
541:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
481:
478:
469:right auricle
468:
464:
461:apex of heart
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
419:
416:
415:
412:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
364:
360:
356:
351:
341:
337:
330:
323:
317:
310:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
240:
236:
229:
222:
216:
209:
205:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4510:Neurophysins
4338:Neurokinin B
4333:Neurokinin A
4169:Endomorphins
4095:
3787:Thymopoietin
3723:Pineal gland
3708:Somatostatin
3671:Progesterone
3618:Progesterone
3585:Testosterone
3568:Gonadal axis
3540:Thyroid axis
3437:Adrenal axis
3390:
3292:Hypothalamus
3219:
3206:
3194:
3142:
3138:
3099:
3095:
3066:
3062:
3038:(2): 79–90.
3035:
3031:
2997:(1): 85–90.
2994:
2990:
2953:
2949:
2912:
2908:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2832:
2829:Biochemistry
2828:
2822:
2798:(3): 240–6.
2795:
2791:
2781:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2575:(1): 67–73.
2572:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2478:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2231:
2227:
2214:
2179:
2176:EMBO Reports
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2049:Melanotan II
2044:Melanocortin
1999:
1996:Interactions
1987:
1980:
1964:
1941:
1933:melanocortin
1921:polymorphism
1918:
1914:pigmentation
1900:
1888:
1873:
1852:β-Lipotropin
1830:
1826:
1800:
1790:
1746:Îł-lipotropin
1709:β-lipotropin
1680:
1662:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1629:photoperiod.
1616:
1614:
1589:hypothalamus
1560:Corticotrope
1554:
1522:hypothalamus
1518:
1512:(N-AT), and
1507:
1486:β-lipotropin
1470:corticotroph
1456:
1452:
1450:
1350:
1328:
1324:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1096:NP_001265513
1092:NP_001265512
1088:NP_001265511
1084:NP_001265510
1081:
1063:NP_001306134
1059:NP_001306133
1055:NP_001030333
1048:
1025:NM_001278584
1021:NM_001278583
1017:NM_001278582
1013:NM_001278581
1006:
988:NM_001319205
984:NM_001319204
980:NM_001035256
973:
949:
930:
904:
885:
859:
840:
820:
815:
531:otic vesicle
437:right testis
407:
400:
127:External IDs
74:
18:
4515:Neurotensin
4425:Angiotensin
4364:Neuromedins
4353:Physalaemin
4328:Substance P
4322:Tachykinins
4317:Bradykinins
4264:Hemorphin-4
4249:Adrenorphin
4220:Enkephalins
4210:Îł-Endorphin
4205:β-Endorphin
4200:α-Endorphin
4139:Dynorphin B
4129:Dynorphin A
4124:Dynorphin A
3971:Osteocalcin
3948:Adiponectin
3775:Thymosin α1
3550:Parathyroid
3450:Aldosterone
3353:Vasopressin
2550:Entrez Gene
2399:(1): 71–9.
2257:11336/71802
2155:30 December
1977:Drug target
1876:β-endorphin
1864:β-Endorphin
1751:β-endorphin
1667:Derivatives
1621:photoperiod
1606:in the skin
1604:Melanocytes
1570:Melanotrope
1546:lipotropins
1534:homeostasis
1432:β-Endorphin
1337:translation
1313:synthesized
1305:polypeptide
1183:Identifiers
441:left testis
265:25,168,903
252:25,160,853
105:Identifiers
4554:Categories
4344:amphibian
4281:Spinorphin
4271:Nociceptin
4254:Amidorphin
4192:Endorphins
4149:Leumorphin
4116:Dynorphins
3999:Calcitriol
3885:Peptide YY
3535:Calcitonin
3487:Adrenaline
3416:Lipotropin
3411:Endorphins
2480:2022-01-12
2467:StatPearls
2434:: 107–15.
2099:, May 2017
2078:, May 2017
2055:References
1880:enkephalin
1869:Enkephalin
1550:endorphins
1538:melanocyte
1530:epithelium
1462:subtilisin
1436:enkephalin
1361:exocytosis
1309:amino acid
1248:structures
660:peroxisome
411:(ortholog)
366:4,010,642
353:4,004,951
148:HomoloGene
4455:FMRFamide
4440:Carnosine
4324:: mammal
4286:Valorphin
4276:Opiorphin
4259:Hemorphin
3770:Thymosins
3731:Melatonin
3613:Estradiol
3460:Cortisone
3386:Prolactin
3283:pituitary
3270:Endocrine
2608:(1): 65.
1937:polygenic
1599:brainstem
1578:pituitary
1474:pituitary
1447:Synthesis
1392:pituitary
1307:with 241
1226:PDOC00964
1214:IPR013532
1100:NP_032921
1051:NP_000930
1009:NM_008895
976:NM_000939
806:Orthologs
655:cytoplasm
156:GeneCards
4430:Bombesin
4348:Kassinin
4098:hormones
4091:Hormones
4080:Peptides
3963:Skeleton
3953:Resistin
3852:Secretin
3834:Duodenum
3792:Thymulin
3693:Glucagon
3685:Pancreas
3666:Estrogen
3648:Placenta
3455:Cortisol
3348:Oxytocin
3310:Dopamine
3262:Hormones
3161:17122358
3126:32034934
3118:16984256
3083:15862552
3054:12887283
3019:33604397
2982:17764572
2937:25213876
2929:16681590
2849:11101306
2814:27468060
2773:24754973
2757:: 1–11.
2732:27157046
2683:34698826
2634:33593393
2532:22438814
2475:32491696
2448:24188887
2413:12899848
2377:31189592
2318:28088190
2310:17478556
2266:11373681
2206:23146889
2095:–
2074:–
2028:See also
2002:interact
1911:red hair
1793:peptides
1526:placenta
1516:(PRCP).
1376:appetite
1357:vesicles
1347:Function
1329:pre-POMC
1265:RCSB PDB
1209:InterPro
1148:Wikidata
785:Sources:
4530:RVD-Hpα
4475:Ghrelin
4460:Galanin
4396:Orexins
3857:Motilin
3824:Ghrelin
3819:Gastrin
3811:Stomach
3698:Insulin
3633:Relaxin
3628:Inhibin
3623:Activin
3595:Inhibin
3504:Thyroid
3201:PDBe-KB
3191:UniProt
3011:7726641
2973:2018708
2890:9058374
2723:4873617
2674:8599906
2625:7885358
2523:3305357
2368:6600942
2345:Bibcode
2274:4342893
2236:Bibcode
2197:3512417
2097:Ensembl
2076:Ensembl
1925:insulin
1903:obesity
1860:(Îł-LPH)
1854:(β-LPH)
1823:(Îł-MSH)
1817:(β-MSH)
1587:of the
1576:of the
1505:(PAM),
1501:(CPE),
1497:(PC2),
1493:(PC1),
1416:of the
1396:melanin
1390:of the
1382:.) and
1380:satiety
1353:peptide
1319:of the
1221:PROSITE
1202:PF08035
918:UniProt
873:Ensembl
812:Species
791:QuickGO
386:pattern
112:Aliases
4309:Kinins
4242:Others
3981:Kidney
3943:Leptin
3902:/other
3762:Thymus
3703:Amylin
3577:Testis
3470:DHEA-S
3272:glands
3196:P01189
3182:(MeSH)
3159:
3124:
3116:
3081:
3052:
3017:
3009:
2980:
2970:
2956:: 18.
2935:
2927:
2888:
2847:
2812:
2771:
2730:
2720:
2681:
2671:
2632:
2622:
2530:
2520:
2473:
2446:
2411:
2375:
2365:
2316:
2308:
2272:
2264:
2228:Nature
2204:
2194:
2020:, and
1951:septic
1943:Septic
1909:, and
1848:(CLIP)
1782:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1548:, and
1528:, and
1280:PDBsum
1254:
1244:
1188:Symbol
1134:search
1132:PubMed
951:P01193
932:P01189
828:Entrez
557:BioGPS
244:2p23.3
136:176830
4418:Other
4299:Other
4014:Heart
3989:Renin
3919:IGF-2
3914:IGF-1
3900:Liver
3890:GLP-1
3872:Ileum
3754:Other
3638:GnSAF
3605:Ovary
3216:from
3122:S2CID
3015:S2CID
2933:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2224:(PDF)
2018:Îł-MSH
2014:β-MSH
2010:α-MSH
2004:with
1929:obese
1891:β-MSH
1778:β-MSH
1736:α-MSH
1699:Îł-MSH
1580:gland
1566:gland
1404:is a
1368:α-MSH
861:18976
821:Mouse
816:Human
787:Amigo
445:gonad
409:Mouse
402:Human
349:Start
284:Mouse
248:Start
181:Human
144:97742
4096:see
3465:DHEA
3401:ACTH
3396:CLIP
3391:POMC
3320:GHRH
3300:GnRH
3189:for
3157:PMID
3114:PMID
3079:PMID
3050:PMID
3007:PMID
2978:PMID
2925:PMID
2886:PMID
2845:PMID
2810:PMID
2769:PMID
2728:PMID
2679:PMID
2630:PMID
2528:PMID
2471:PMID
2444:PMID
2409:PMID
2373:PMID
2306:PMID
2262:PMID
2202:PMID
2157:2020
2022:ACTH
1969:and
1961:Dogs
1955:ACTH
1741:CLIP
1704:ACTH
1681:POMC
1650:pomc
1642:pomc
1638:pomc
1617:pomc
1597:and
1457:POMC
1453:POMC
1451:The
1434:and
1422:ACTH
1402:ACTH
1301:POMC
1273:PDBj
1269:PDBe
1252:ECOD
1242:Pfam
1197:Pfam
842:5443
392:Bgee
340:Band
301:Chr.
239:Band
198:Chr.
160:POMC
132:OMIM
119:POMC
89:1PLX
85:1PLW
81:5E33
77:2LWC
58:RCSB
55:PDBe
24:POMC
4535:VGF
4131:1–8
4032:BNP
4027:ANP
3994:EPO
3862:VIP
3847:GIP
3842:CCK
3661:HPL
3656:hCG
3590:AMH
3558:PTH
3406:MSH
3381:TSH
3371:FSH
3330:MCH
3315:CRH
3305:TRH
3187:PDB
3147:doi
3104:doi
3071:doi
3067:142
3040:doi
3036:149
2999:doi
2995:287
2968:PMC
2958:doi
2917:doi
2876:doi
2837:doi
2800:doi
2796:375
2759:doi
2718:PMC
2710:doi
2669:PMC
2661:doi
2657:163
2620:PMC
2610:doi
2577:doi
2518:PMC
2508:doi
2436:doi
2432:195
2401:doi
2397:133
2363:PMC
2353:doi
2341:116
2298:doi
2294:148
2252:hdl
2244:doi
2232:411
2192:PMC
2184:doi
1949:in
1315:in
1260:PDB
362:End
261:End
164:OMA
152:723
140:MGI
48:PDB
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4082::
3423:GH
3376:LH
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