Nike Zeus - Knowledge

1341:. On the 19 January it reacquired Kosmos 2 and successfully transferred the track to one of the TTRs. On 26 June the first all-up test against an Atlas target was attempted. The ZAR began successfully tracking the target at 446 nautical miles (826 km) and properly handed off to a TTR. The TTR switched tracks from the missile fuselage to the warhead at 131 nautical miles (243 km). When the fuselage began to break up, the computer switched to clutter mode, which watched the TTR data for any derivation from the originally calculated trajectory, which would indicate that it had begun tracking debris. It also continued to predict the location of the warhead, and if the system decided it was tracking debris, it would wait for the debris and warhead to separate enough to begin tracking them again. However, the system failed to properly record when the warhead was lost, and tracking was never regained. 669: 786:

missile, meant that Zeus could only launch a small number of missiles at once. If the Soviets also deployed MRV, even a single ICBM would cause several warheads to arrive at the same time, and Zeus would simply not have time to shoot at them all. They calculated that only four warheads arriving within one minute would result in one of them hitting the Zeus base 90% of the time. Thus one or two Soviet missiles would destroy all 100 Zeus missiles at the base. The RBIG noted that an ABM system "demands such a high rate of fire from an active defense system, in order to intercept the numerous reentry bodies which arrive nearly simultaneously, that the expense of the required equipment may be prohibitive". They went on to question the "ultimate impossibility" of an ABM system.

1748: 766:, could be expressed as a dollar figure; if the cost of the ICBM was less than that figure, the economic advantage was in favor of the offense – they could build more ICBMs for less money than the ABMs needed to shoot them down. A variety of scenarios demonstrated that it was almost always the case that the offense had the advantage. The Air Force ignored this inconvenient problem while they were still working on Wizard, but as soon as the Army was handed sole control of the ABM efforts, they immediately submitted it to McElroy. McElroy identified this as an example of interservice fighting, but was concerned that the formula might be correct. 1772: 1760: 958: 1612: 1226: 1016:

issue?" His fascination grew and he eventually compiled a mass of material on Zeus which took up one corner of a room where he spent hundreds of hours becoming an expert on the topic. In one meeting with Edward Teller, Kennedy demonstrated that he knew more about the Zeus and ABMs than Teller. Teller then expended considerable effort to bring himself up to the same level of knowledge. Wiesner would later note that the pressure to make a decision built up until "Kennedy came to feel that the only thing anybody in the country was concerned about was Nike-Zeus."

681: 782:, ensuring only a near miss could damage it. This would mean that the Soviets would have to launch at least one interceptor for each US warhead, while the US could launch multiple warheads without building a single new missile. If the Soviets added more interceptors to counter the increased number of US warheads, the US could counter this with a smaller number of new missiles of their own. The cost balance was always in favor of the offense. This basic concept would remain the primary argument against ABMs for the next two decades. 1037: 1234: 1788: 1217: 1595: 1309:

entire island complex being handed over to the Army from the Navy on 1 July 1964. The site took up a considerable amount of the empty land to the north side of the airfield. The launchers were located on the far southwestern corner of the island, with the Target Tracking Radars, Missile Tracking Radars (MTRs) and various control sites and generators running along the northern side of the airfield. The ZAR transmitter and receiver were some distance away, off the northeastern edge of the airfield.

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interceptor does not have to travel any further or faster, the computers that guide it simply have to select an intercept point farther in front of the target to compensate for the target's much higher speed. In practice, the difficulty is detecting the target early enough that the intercept point is still within range of the missile. This demands much larger and more powerful radar systems, and faster computers.

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minute. Its salvo rate against warheads with decoys is not recorded, but would depend on the ZDR's processing rate more than any physical limit. The actual engagement would normally take place at about 75 nautical miles (139 km) due to accuracy limitations, beyond that missiles could not be guided accurately enough to bring them within their lethal 800 foot (240 m) range against a shielded warhead.

1800:, thus the change of numbering from MIM (mobile surface launched) to LIM (silo launched). Since the missile was designed to intercept its targets in space, it did not need the large maneuvering fins of the A model. Rather, it featured a third rocket stage with small control jets to allow it to maneuver in space. Zeus B had a maximum range of 250 miles (400 km) and altitude of 200 miles (320 km). 795: 863: 1633:

and a measure of the quality of the data. Clouds of objects would be tracked as a single object with additional data indicating the width and length of the cloud. Tracks could be updated every five seconds while the target was in view, but the antenna rotated at a relatively slow 4 RPM so targets moved significantly between rotations. Each FAR could feed data to up to three Zeus sites.

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Army was eliminated from any offensive strategic role. In return, the Air Force complained that Zeus was too long-ranged and the ABM effort should center on Wizard. But the Jupiter handover meant that Zeus was now the only strategic program being carried out by the Army, and its cancellation would mean "virtually the surrender of the defense of America to the U.S.A.F at some future date."

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one a probability of being the warhead or decoy. The DCC was able to run 100 different tests. For exoatmospheric signals the tests included measure of radar return pulse-to-pulse to look for tumbling objects, as well as variations in signals strength due to changes in frequency. Within the atmosphere, the primary method was examining the velocities of the objects to determine their mass.

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of the Wilson requirements, at ranges and altitudes of about 100 miles (160 km). Prototype launches were planned for 1959. For more rapid service entry there had been some consideration given to an interim system based on the original Hercules missile, but these efforts were dropped. Likewise, early requirements for a secondary anti-aircraft role were also eventually dropped.

1649:, which rotated synchronously with the broadcaster under a 120-foot (37 m) diameter dome. Multiple feed horns were used in the receiver to allow reception from many vertical angles at once. Around the receiver dome was a large field of wire mesh, forming a flat ground plane reflector. The ZAR operated in the UHF on various frequencies between 495 and 605 MHz, giving it 2113:. Attacking aircraft would require additional radars spread around the missile site to push the detection range out, as well as different command and control arrangements. As the Soviets had never built up their bomber force like the US, and it appeared they were putting all future effort into ICBMs, the extra expense of the anti-aircraft additions were considered superfluous. 487:

second (18,000 miles per hour (29,000 km/h)), combined with the time it would take an interceptor missile to climb to the RV's altitude, the system required that the RV be initially detected at about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) range. Due to the RV's relatively small size and limited radar signature, this would demand extremely powerful radars.

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provide higher peak altitudes. A test of the new booster with a DM-15B upper was carried out at White Sands on 17 December 1962, reaching an altitude of 100 nautical miles (190 km), the highest of any launch from White Sands to that point. A second test with a complete DM-15S on 15 February 1963 reached 151 nautical miles (280 km).

546:. The Air Force considered the nuclear SSM to be an extension of their strategic bombing role, and any sort of long-range anti-aircraft system to be their domain as it would integrate with their fighter fleet. Both forces were developing missiles for both roles, leading to considerable duplication of effort which was widely seen as wasteful. 1258:. The first attempt on 26 August 1959 was of a live booster stage and dummy sustainer, but the booster broke up shortly before booster/sustainer separation. A similar test on 14 October was a success, followed by the first two-stage attempt on 16 December. The first complete test of both stages with active guidance and 1737:

stood by as a hot backup that could take over in-flight. A maximally expanded battery included three DRs, ten TTRs, six TICs driving eighteen MTRs and 72 missiles. Sites requiring higher traffic handling would not build larger systems, but instead deploy additional batteries fed from the same ZAR and Defense Center.

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It was expected that the ZAR would take 20 seconds to develop a track and hand off a target to one of the TTRs, and 25 seconds for the missile to reach the target. With these sorts of salvo rates, a fully expanded Zeus installation was expected to be able to successfully attack 14 "bare" warheads per

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The nominal battery consisted of a single DR, three TTRs, two TICs driving six MRTs, and 24 missiles. This basic battery layout could attack three warheads at once, normally using two missiles per salvo in case one failed in flight. More typically, two targets would be attacked while the third system

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Data from the ZDR was passed to the All-Target Processor (ATP), which ran initial processing on as many as 625 objects in a cloud. As many as 50 of these could be picked out for further processing in the Discrimination and Control Computer (DCC), which ran more tests on those tracks and assigned each

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located 350 feet (110 m) away from the antenna, which reflected the signal away from local objects on the ground that would otherwise create false returns. The ZAR was so powerful that the microwave energy at close range was far beyond the mandated safety limits and potentially lethal within 100

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missile used sharp-nosed reentry shapes that traveled at much higher terminal speeds, and included a number of decoy systems that were expected to make interception very difficult for the Soviet ABMs. This would guarantee the US's deterrent. If there was a budget choice to be made, McNamara supported

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It is estimated that a shelter system at a cost of $ 2 billion would save 48.5 million lives. The cost per life saved would be about $ 40.00. An active ballistic missile defense system would cost about $ 18 billion and would save an estimated 27.8 million lives. The cost per life saved in this case

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Successful development may force an aggressor to expend additional resources to increase his ICBM force. It would also make accurate estimates of our defensive capabilities more difficult for a potential enemy and complicate the achievement of a successful attack. Furthermore, the protection that it

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that had been studying the issue of penetrating a Soviet ABM system. The RBIG had delivered an extensive report on the topic on 2 April 1958 which suggested that defeating a Soviet ABM system would not be difficult. Their primary suggestion was to arm US missiles with more than one warhead, a concept

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The result was another round of fighting between the two forces. Jupiter had been designed to be a highly accurate weapon able to attack Soviet military bases in Europe, as compared to Thor, which was intended to attack Soviet cities and had accuracy on the order of several miles. Losing Jupiter, the

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much shorter in range than the Air Forces ICBM programs. But by the mid-1950s the Army's programs were rapidly improving and the fighting grew more intense. When the Army's longer-ranged Hercules began deployment, the Air Force complained that it was inferior to Bomarc and that the Army was "unfit to

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The nature of the strategic threat changed dramatically during the period that Zeus was being developed. Originally expected to face only a few dozen ICBMs, a nationwide defense was feasible, although expensive. When the Soviets claimed to be building hundreds of missiles, the US faced the problem of

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The original Zeus A was similar to the original Hercules, but featured a revised control layout and gas puffers for maneuvering at high altitudes where the atmosphere was too thin for the aerodynamic surfaces to be effective. The Zeus B interceptor was longer at 14.7 metres (48 ft), 2.44 metres

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Development was a straightforward conversion of the DM-15B into the DM-15S. The changes were mainly concerned with providing more upper stage maneuverability through the use of a new two-stage hydraulic pump, batteries providing 5 minutes of power instead of 2, and an improved fuel in the booster to

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A view of Kwajalein during the Zeus era, looking eastward. Mount Olympus is at the extreme western edge of the island, closest to the camera. The Battery Control is in the northwestern corner, left of Mount Olympus. The ZDR is the square building in the two concentric circles just to the left of the

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Looking for a near term solution, McNamara once again turned to ARPA, asking it to consider the Zeus system in depth. The agency returned a new report in April 1962 that contained four basic concepts. First was the Zeus system in its current form, outlining what sort of role it might play in various

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The team designed a much larger missile with a greatly enlarged upper fuselage and three stages, more than doubling the launch weight. This version extended range, with interceptions taking place as far as 200 miles (320 km) downrange and over 100 miles (160 km) in altitude. An even larger

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Douglas Aircraft had been selected to build the missiles for Zeus, known under the company designation DM-15. This was essentially a scaled-up Hercules with an improved, more powerful single piece booster replacing Hercules' cluster of four smaller boosters. Intercepts could take place at the limits

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and its own small ICBM fleet, but the USSR would have its entire bomber fleet and any missiles they did not launch, leaving them with a massive strategic advantage. To ensure this could not happen, the Report called for the installation of active defenses at SAC bases, Hercules in the short term and

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be developed for both the warhead and outgoing missile very quickly in comparison to a system like Nike B where the guidance could be updated throughout the engagement. This, in turn, demanded new computers and tracking radars with much higher processing rates than the systems used on earlier Nikes.

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began a long series of critiques on Zeus, both within defense circles and in the press. The Army returned these attacks in kind, taking out full page advertisements in popular mass market news magazines to promote Zeus, as well as spreading development contracts across many states in order to garner

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Although it might seem that an ABM would naturally be able to attack aircraft, this is not always the case. Bombers fly at altitudes on the order of a few miles, whereas an ICBM reaches as high as 750 miles (1,210 km). This allows the ICBM to be detected at very long range, while the bomber is

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signal that allowed the receiver to accurately determine range within the cloud by passing each frequency in the chirp to a separate range gate. The range resolution was 0.25 microseconds, about 75 metres (246 ft). As the signal was spread out over the entire cloud, it had to be very powerful;

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was successfully carried out on 3 February 1960. Data collected from these tests led to changes to the design to improve speed during the ascent. The first test of the Zeus B took place in May 1961. A number of Zeus missiles broke up during early test flights due to excessive heating of the control

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mission in August 1960 put limits on the Soviet program that appeared to be well below the lower bound of any of the estimates, and a follow-up mission in late 1961 clearly demonstrated the US had a massive strategic lead. A new intelligence report published in 1961 reported that the Soviets had no

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Shortly after taking office, McElroy formed a panel to investigate ABM issues. The panel examined the Army and Air Force projects, and found the Zeus program considerably more advanced than Wizard. McElroy told the Air Force to stop work on ABM missiles and use Wizard funding for the development of

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and broadcast through three 80-foot (24 m) wide antennas arranged as the outside edges of a rotating equilateral triangle. The ZAR spun at 10 RPM, but with three antennas it simulated a single antenna rotating three times as fast. Each target was scanned every two seconds, providing much

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between 405 and 495 MHz, allowing it to detect a 1 square metre radar reflection at 1,020 nautical miles (1,890 km) or a more typical 0.1 m target at 600 nautical miles (1,100 km). Each track would be stored as a 200 bit record including location, velocity, time of measure

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and Hercules missiles. A TTR was completed at White Sands in November, and testing with the complete system of ZAR, TTR and MTR ("all-up" tests) began that month. On 14 December a Zeus passed within 100 feet (30 m) of a Nike Hercules being used as a test target, a success that was repeated in

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The problem here is the usual problem between defense and offenses, measures, countermeasures, counter-counter measures, et cetera, in which it has been my judgment and still is that the battle is so heavily weighted in favor of the offense that it is hopeless against a determined offense and that

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Bell returned a further study, delivered on 4 January 1956, that demonstrated the need to intercept the incoming warheads at 100-mile (160 km) altitude, and suggested that this was within the abilities of an upgraded version of the Nike B missile. Given a terminal speed up to 5 miles per

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type. These projects identified the main problem being one of detection; the target could approach from anywhere within hundreds of miles, and reach their targets in only five minutes. Existing radar systems would have difficulty seeing the missile launch at those ranges, and even assuming one had

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This result proved useful during later tests of the Sprint missile, where changes in frequency and demands to encrypt all data made the adaption of this simple method much more difficult. Instead, the TTR radars from the original Zeus site were used, as the original tests had demonstrated the TTR

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By the time the Zeus plans were being finalized in 1957, plans for FAR were deemphasized, and LAR had been upgraded to become the Zeus Acquisition Radar (ZAR) which provided wide area early warning and initial tracking information. This enormously powerful radar was driven by multiple 1.8 MW

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In April 1962, McNamara asked the Nike team to consider using the Zeus site on Kwajalein as an operational anti-satellite base after the main Zeus testing had completed. The Nike team responded that a system could be readied for testing by May 1963. The concept was given the name Project Mudflap.

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system, which independently measured the distance between the Zeus and the target at the instant the computers initiated the detonation of the warhead. There were concerns that if the Zeus' own radars were used for this ranging measure, any systematic error in ranging would also be present in the

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was selected, as it was 4,800 miles from California, perfect for ICBMs, and already had a US Navy base with considerable housing stocks and an airstrip. The Zeus site, known as the Kwajalein Test Site, was officially established on 1 October 1960. As it grew in size, it eventually led to the

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On 11 April 1963, Thurmond led Congress in an effort to fund deployment of Zeus. In the first closed session of the Senate in twenty years, Zeus was debated and the decision was made to continue with the planned development of Nike-X with no Zeus deployment. The Army continued the testing program

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We are spending hundreds of millions of dollars, not to stop things but to accelerate the development of an anti-ICBM system... I do not believe it would be wise for us to recommend the procurement of a system which might not be an effective anti-ICBM device. That is exactly the state in which we

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As work on Nike-X began, high-ranking military and civilian officials began to press for Zeus deployment as an interim system in spite of the known problems. They argued the system could be upgraded in-place as the new technologies became available. McNamara was opposed to early deployment, while

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to the Zeus, which would allow it to attack dozens of targets at once over a wider area. Finally, in its last concept, ARPA replaced Zeus with a new very high speed, short range missile designed to intercept the warhead at altitudes as low as 20,000 feet (6.1 km), by which time any decoys or

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With the NIE reports suggesting the existence of the gap Gaither predicted, near panic broke out in military circles. In response, the US began to rush its own ICBM efforts, centered on the Atlas. These missiles would be less susceptible to attack by Soviet ICBMs than their existing bomber fleet,

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These results also suggested that the system might be able to work against longer-ranged missiles. These flew to a higher altitude which eased the problem of detection, and although they traveled at higher speeds, their total flight time was longer and provided more time to prepare. Both projects

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on the missile, using only 300 kW to provide missile tracking to 200 nautical miles (370 km). The wide variety of available frequencies allowed up to 450 MTRs to be operating in a single Defense Center. Information from the ZDR, TTR and MRTs was all fed to the Target Intercept Computer

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Nike Zeus was originally intended to be a straightforward development of the earlier Hercules system giving it the ability to hit ICBM warheads at about the same range and altitude as the maximum performance of the Hercules. In theory, hitting a warhead is no more difficult than an aircraft; the

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Wilson signaled his intention to retire in early 1957, and Eisenhower began looking for a replacement. During his exit interview, only four days after Sputnik, Wilson told Eisenhower that "trouble is rising between the Army and the Air Force over the 'anti-missile-missile'." The new Secretary of

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Zeus A was designed to attack warheads through shock effects, like the Hercules, and was to be armed with a relatively small nuclear warhead. As the range and altitude requirements grew, along with a better understanding of weapons effects at high altitude, the Zeus B was intended to attack its

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during the last 10 seconds of the approach, causing the large miss distance, but the test was otherwise successful. The guidance program was updated to stop the rapid control cycling that led to the fluid running out. A third attempt on 12 December successfully brought the missile to very close

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was examined to extract the range information. These instruments eventually demonstrated that the Zeus' own tracking information was accurate. For visual tracking, a small conventional warhead was used, which provided a flash that could be seen on long exposure photographs of the interceptions.

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simulating Zeus Acquisition Radar (ZAR) information failed. A second test on 28 May was successful. Later in the year the Ascension site tracked a series of four test launches, two Atlas, two Titan, generating tracking information for as long as 100 seconds. A ZAR at White Sands reached initial

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By 1963 McNamara had convinced Kennedy that the Zeus was simply not worth deploying. The earlier concerns about cost and effectiveness, as well as new difficulties in terms of attack size and decoy problems, led McNamara to cancel the Zeus project on 5 January 1963. In its place they decided to

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Kennedy was fascinated by the Zeus debate, especially the way that scientists were lined up on diametrically opposed positions for or against the system. He commented to Wiesner, "I don't understand. Scientists are supposed to be rational people. How can there be such differences on a technical

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he was flooded with calls and letters urging that Zeus be continued. This was a concentrated effort on the part of the Army, who was fighting back against similar Air Force tactics. They also deliberately spread the Zeus contracts over 37 states in order to gain as much political and industrial

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Turning this argument about, the RBIG delivered a report to McElroy that agreed with the Air Force's original claims on the ineffectiveness of ABMs based on cost. But then they went on to consider the Zeus system itself, and noted that its use of mechanically steered radars, with one radar per

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attempted to end the fighting between the forces and prevent duplication of effort. His solution was to limit the Army to weapons with 200-mile (320 km) range, and those involved in surface-to-air defense to only 100 miles (160 km). The memo also placed limits on Army air operations,

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of the V-2 type flying at about the same speed, and an ICBM reentry vehicle (RV) traveling at 14,000 knots (26,000 km/h). They suggested that a missile with a common rocket booster could serve all of these roles by changing between two upper stages; one with fins for use in the atmosphere

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in California. The Army had already begun converting the former Thor launchers to Jupiter when an Ad Hoc Panel formed by the Department of Defense considered the issue. On 26 May 1960 they decided in favor of Atlas, and this was made official on 29 June when the Secretary of Defense ended pad

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Nevertheless, Zeus continued slowly moving towards deployment. On 22 September 1961, McNamara approved funding for continued development, and approved initial deployment of a Zeus system protecting twelve selected metropolitan areas. These included Washington/Baltimore, New York, Los Angeles,

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an ABM for the 1959 period, along with new early warning radars for ballistic missiles to allow alert aircraft to get away before the missiles hit. Even Zeus would come too late to cover this period, and some consideration was given to an adapted Hercules or a land based version of the Navy's

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could be launched along with the warhead that would be indistinguishable to Zeus' radars. This problem was first alluded to in 1958 in public talks that mentioned Zeus' inability to discriminate targets. If the decoys spread apart further than the lethal radius of the Zeus' warhead, several

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Data from the ZARs were passed to the appropriate Zeus Firing Battery to attack, with each ZAR being able to send its data to up to ten batteries. Each battery was self-contained after handoff, including all of the radars, computers and missiles needed to perform an intercept. In a typical

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There is still considerable uncertainty as to its technical feasibility and, even if successfully developed, there are many serious operating problems yet to be solved. The system, itself, is vulnerable to ballistic missile attack, and its effectiveness could be degraded by the use of more

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Testing then moved to Kwajalein. The first test on 21 March 1963 failed when the MTR failed to lock onto the missile. A second on 19 April also failed when the missile's tracking beacon failed 30 seconds before intercept. The third test, this time using an actual target consisting of an

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The interceptor would lose maneuverability as it climbed out of the atmosphere and its aerodynamic surfaces became less effective, so it would have to be directed onto the target as rapidly as possible, leaving only minor fine-tuning later in the engagement. This required that accurate

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on 12 August. These demonstrated a number of previously unknown or underestimated effects, notably that nuclear fireballs grew to very large size and caused all of the air in or immediately below the fireball to become opaque to radar signals, an effect that became known as

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Any target with a high probability was then passed to the Battery Control Data Processor (BCDP), which selected missiles and radars for an attack. This started with the assignment of a Target Tracking Radar (TTR) to a target passed to it from the DCC. TTRs operated in the

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While reporting to the Senate Armed Services Committee in February, McNamara noted that they expected the Soviets to have an initial ABM system deployed in 1966, and then later stated that the Nike-X would not be ready for use until 1970. Noting a "defensive gap",

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severely limiting the weight of the aircraft it was allowed to operate. To some degree, this simply formalized what had largely already been the case in practice, but Jupiter fell outside the range limits and the Army was forced to hand them to the Air Force.

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distances, but the second missile of the planned two missile salvo failed to launch due to an instrument problem. A similar test on 22 December also suffered a failure in the second missile, but the first passed only 200 metres (660 ft) from its target.

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sophisticated ICBMs screened by multiple decoys. Saturation of the target is another possibility as ICBMs become easier and cheaper to produce in coming years. Finally, it is a very expensive system in relation to the degree of protection that it can furnish.

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war fighting scenarios. Zeus could, for instance, be used to protect SAC bases, thereby requiring the Soviets to expend more of their ICBMs to attack the bases. This would presumably mean less damage to other targets. Another considered the addition of new

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interceptors will be required to guarantee that the warhead hiding among the decoys will be destroyed. Decoys are lightweight, and would slow down when they began to reenter the upper atmosphere, causing the RV to move out in front and be picked out, or

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in California. where the Zeus missiles could fly out over the Pacific. Consideration was given to using Point Mugu to launch against ICBMs flying from Cape Canaveral, but range safety requirements placed limits on the potential tests. Likewise, the

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upper stage equipped with a Zeus miss-distance transmitter, was carried out on 24 May 1963, and was a complete success. From that point until 1964, one DM-15S was kept in a state of instant readiness and teams continually trained on the missile.

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The need to test Zeus against targets flying realistic ICBM profiles presented a problem. While White Sands was fine for testing the basic missile and guidance systems, it was too small to test Zeus at its maximum range. Such testing began at

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The new DM-15B Nike Zeus B (the earlier model retroactively becoming the A) received a go-ahead for development on 16 January 1958, the same date the Air Force was officially told to stop all work on a Wizard missile. On 22 January 1958, the

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gave Zeus S-Priority, the highest national priority. Additional funds were requested to the Zeus program to ensure an initial service date in the fourth quarter of 1962, but these were denied, delaying service entry until some time in 1963.

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With even a few hundred missiles, the Soviets could afford to target every US bomber base. With no warning system in place, a sneak attack could destroy a significant amount of the US bomber fleet on the ground. The US would still have the

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was comprehensive. While this study was still progressing, in February 1955 the Army began initial talks with Bell, and in March they contracted Bell's Nike team to begin a detailed 18-month study of the problem under the name Nike II.

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When Zeus was still in the early stages of design, Bell Labs suggested using two similar radars to provide extended range tracking and improve reaction times. Located at the Zeus bases would be the Local Acquisition Radar (LAR), a UHF

1812:), some of which would hit the enemy warhead. These would cause fission to occur in some of the warhead's own nuclear fuel, rapidly heating the "primary", hopefully enough to cause it to melt. For this to work, the Zeus mounted the 1577:

After 1964 the Kwajalein site was no longer required to be on alert, and returned primarily to Zeus testing. The system was kept active in a non-alert role between 1964 and 1967, known as Program 505. In 1967 it was replaced by a

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Throughout, Zeus was the focus of fierce controversy in both the press and military circles. Even as testing started, it was unclear if development would continue. President Eisenhower's defense secretaries, McElroy (1957–59) and

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Considering the ICBM problem, the study went on to suggest that the system would have to be effective between 95 and 100% of the time in order to be worthwhile. They considered attacks against the RV while the missile was in the

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weapons lab, among similar luminaries. The PSAC report was almost a repeat of the RBIG. They recommended that Zeus should not be built, at least without significant changes to allow it to better deal with the emerging problems.

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For a period the capabilities of the systems being developed were different enough to provide some separation between the forces. For instance, the Army's Ajax was much shorter ranged than the Air Force's Bomarc, and the Army's

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the maximum political support. As deployment neared in the early 1960s, the debate became a major political issue. The question ultimately became whether a system with limited effectiveness would be better than nothing at all.

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test data, and thus would be hidden. The solution was the use of a separate UHF-frequency transmitter in the warhead reentry vehicle, and a receiver in the Zeus. The received signal was retransmitted to the ground, where its

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In 1959 the Defense Department ordered one more study on the basic Zeus system, this time by the PSAC. They put together a heavyweight group with some of the most famous and influential scientists forming its core, including

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to protect the airframe from melting. Another change was to combine the aerodynamic controls used for control in the lower atmosphere with the thrust vectoring engines, using a single set of movable jet vanes for both roles.

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Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Ottawa/Montreal, Boston, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Toronto/Buffalo. However, the deployment was later overturned, and in January 1962 only the development funds were released.

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When this report was received, McElroy then charged ARPA to begin studying long-term solutions to the ICBM defense, looking for systems that would avoid the apparently insurmountable problem presented by the exchange ratio.

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White Sands Launch Complex 38 included a ZDR radar, roughly centered, and a single TTR, on the left. The launch silos can be seen in the background, above the TTR. A ZAR was built some distance to the right of these

945:(1959–61), were unconvinced that the system was worth the cost. Eisenhower was highly skeptical, questioning whether an effective ABM system could be developed in the 1960s. Another harsh critic on cost grounds was 638:

claimed to be producing them "like sausages", the numbers began to rapidly inflate. NIE 11-5-58, released in August 1958, suggested there would be 100 ICBMs in service by 1960, and 500 by 1961 or 1962 at the latest.

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I personally will never recommend an anti-ICBM program unless a fallout program does accompany it. I believe that even if we do not have an anti-ICBM program, we nonetheless should proceed with the fallout shelter

851: 1832:. None of the sources explicitly list the differences of all of these in a single table. Different sources appear to confuse measures between the Zeus A, B and Spartan. The A and Spartan figures are taken from 7375: 7198: 6999: 6145: 7345: 1008:, recently appointed as Kennedy's scientific advisor, and chair of the 1959 PSAC report. He began to educate Kennedy on the technical problems inherent to the system. He also had lengthy discussions with 8713: 7524: 7465: 1163:

before we send them to the troops. I have an enemy who can kill me and I cannot defend myself against him, and I say I should hazard all risks within the rule of reason, to advance this by 2 or 3 years.

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of metal foil, and a metal tunnel was run from the outside of the clutter fence, which blocked the signal outside the fence line. The other radars completing the system featured similar protection.

277:. During development, the concept changed to protect a much larger area and intercept the warheads at higher altitudes. This required the missile to be greatly enlarged into the totally new design, 7193: 2099:

When Khrushchev's son asked why he made this statement, Khrushchev explained that "the number of missiles we had wasn't so important.… The important thing was that Americans believed in our power".

304:

by building more ICBMs of their own instead. Adding to the debate, a number of technical problems emerged that suggested Zeus would have little capability against any sort of sophisticated attack.

494:

would have to be fired when it was within a few hundred feet of the RV. Given the angular resolution of existing radars, this limited the maximum effective range significantly. Bell considered an

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compared to other options. For instance, fallout shelters would save more Americans for far less money, and in an excellent demonstration of his approach to almost any defense issue, he noted:

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incidentally applies to our position with regard to an anti-missile that they might build. I am convinced that we can continue to have a missile system that can penetrate any Soviet defense.

8750: 7881: 7866: 7556: 647:; NIE estimates made during the late 1950s suggested the Soviets would have significantly more ICBMs than the US between 1959 and 1963, at which point US production would finally catch up. 8644: 8458: 7712: 7639: 7166: 7141: 1820:

enhanced radiation warhead, and had to maneuver within 1 km of the target warhead. Against shielded targets, the warhead would be effective to as little as 800 feet (0.24 km).

1000:. Taylor, like most Army brass, was a major supporter of the Zeus program. Kennedy and Taylor initially agreed to build a huge Zeus deployment with seventy batteries and 7,000 missiles. 8416: 8028: 7584: 7544: 7504: 6907: 5759: 282: 1301:, to the northeast of Canaveral, had a high population density and little land available for building accurate downrange tracking stations, Ascension being the only suitable location. 8403: 8356: 8241: 6969: 6932: 717:

network. The Army was handed the job of actually shooting down the warheads, and McElroy gave them free hand to develop an ABM system as they saw fit, free of any range limitations.

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Targets picked out by the ZAR were then illuminated by the Zeus Discrimination Radar (ZDR, also known as Decoy Discrimination Radar, DDR or DR). ZDR imaged the entire cloud using a

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In 1961, McNamara agreed to continue development funding through FY62, but declined to provide funds for production. He summed up both the positives and the concerns this way:

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able to track between 50 and 100 targets. The Forward Acquisition Radar (FAR) would be positioned 300 to 700 miles (480–1,130 km) ahead of the Zeus bases to provide

1777:

Photo of "Mount Olympus", the Nike-Zeus launcher complex on Kwajalein Island. The built-up hill allowed full-sized Zeus silos to be built into land only feet above sea level.

1704:

from 5250 to 5750 MHz at 10 MW, allowing tracking of a 0.1 m target at 300 nautical miles (560 km), a range they expected to be able to double with a new

762:

As part of their Wizard research, the Air Force had developed a formula that compared the cost of an ICBM to the ABM needed to shoot it down. The formula, later known as the

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As the debate over Zeus raged, the Nike team was making rapid progress developing the actual system. Test firings of the original A models of the missile began in 1959 at

1237:

A Nike Zeus B missile is launched from the Pacific Missile Range at Point Mugu on 7 March 1962. This was the ninth launch of a Zeus from the Pt. Mugu site, today known as

892:. This was extremely worrying for any system like Zeus, which would not be able to track warheads in or behind such a fireball, including those of the Zeus' own warheads. 813:, returned another report broadly agreeing with everything they said. Considering both the need to penetrate a Soviet ABM and a potential US ABM system, York noted that: 7024: 6804: 2154:

Leonard incorrectly states this took place on 19 June. It is one of a number of mistakes in his Chronology section, which should always be confirmed in other references.

1791:

West Point Cadets pose in front of a Zeus B at White Sands. The three stages of the missile are clearly evident, as well as details of the movable upper stage thrusters.

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runway. The two TTRs are just above the ZDR, still under construction. At the opposite end of the runway the two large circles are the ZAR's transmitter and receiver.

571:. So when the Army announced Nike II, the Air Force immediately reactivated Wizard, this time as a long-range anti-ICBM system of much greater performance than Zeus. 1128:

both used re-entry vehicles with blunt noses that greatly slowed the warheads as they entered the lower atmosphere and made them relatively easy to attack. The new

1024:

more than 25 ICBMs and would not be able to add more for some time. It was later demonstrated the actual number of ICBMs in the Soviet fleet at that time was four.

7896: 6225: 6192: 5719: 526:. A 13 November 1956 memo gave new names to the entire Nike series; the original Nike became Nike Ajax, Nike B became Nike Hercules, and Nike II became Nike Zeus. 1765:

The MTRs were very small as they homed in on strong signals from a transmitter in the missile. They used a simple fabric cover to protect them from the elements.

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was also initially in favor of the system, but suggested a much smaller deployment of twelve batteries with 1,200 missiles. A contrary note was put forth by

1312:

A minor Army-Air Force fight then broke out about what targets would be used for the Kwajalein tests. The Army favored using its Jupiter design, fired from

389:

arrangements would have serious problems forwarding that information to the battery in time for them to attack. The task appeared impossible at that time.

1188:

continue work on Nike-X. Nike-X development was based in the existing Nike Zeus Project Office until their name was changed to Nike-X on 1 February 1964.

404:(SAM) efforts. The next year, Wizard's funding was also rolled into GAPA to develop a new long-range SAM design, which would emerge a decade later as the 5362: 5330: 450:(ORO) to consider the task of shooting down ballistic missiles using a Nike-like system. The ORO report took three years to complete, and the resulting 7963: 7009: 972:

campaigned on the platform that Eisenhower was weak on defense and that he was not doing enough to solve the looming missile gap. After his win in the

827: 1344:

A second test on 19 July was a partial success, with the Zeus passing within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the target. The control system ran out of

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On 24 January 1962, the Zeus Acquisition Radar at Kwajalein achieved its first returns from an ICBM target, and on 18 April was used to track

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Projected numbers of Soviet ICBMs as predicted in June 1960. Program A: CIA, B: USAF, C: Army & Navy. The actual number in 1960 was four.

4495:, has several shots showing Atlas RVs and their resulting debris cloud, giving an indication of the magnitude of the discrimination problem. 1107:

McNamara's argument against deployment rested on two primary issues. One was the apparent ineffectiveness of the system, and especially its

8674: 8321: 8293: 8278: 8273: 8246: 8218: 8118: 8113: 7529: 2080: 3476: 3326: 1753:

Two TTRs are closest to the camera at the bottom, and the ZDR is centered. The MTRs are located on the building in the distant background.

850:'s radar research lab, to begin researching ways to distinguish warheads from decoys by radar or other means. This project emerged as the 630:

in October. Over the next few months, a series of intelligence reviews resulted in ever increasing estimates of the Soviet missile force.

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deployment, a single Zeus Defense Center would be connected to three to six batteries, spread out by as much as 100 miles (160 km).

643:

especially in future versions which would be launched from underground silos. But even as Atlas was rushed, it appeared there would be a

3986: 1212:

A Nike Zeus A missile being test launched at White Sands illustrates the long wings and narrow fuselage that carried over from Hercules.

634:(NIE) 11-10-57, issued in December 1957, stated that the Soviets would have perhaps 10 prototype missiles in service by mid-1958. After 307:

The system was the topic of intense inter-service rivalry throughout its lifetime. When the ABM role was given to the Army in 1958, the

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I would say neither comes first. I would carry on each simultaneously with the maximum rate of activity that each could benefit from.

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yards (91 m). In order to allow for maintenance while the radar was operating, the equipment areas were shielded in a partial

973: 5350: 1552:

Of the tests carried out over the two year test cycle, ten of them were successful in bringing the Zeus within its lethal range.

1136:

In one particularly telling exchange between McNamara and Flood, McNamara initially refuses to choose one option over the other:

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targets through the action of neutron heating. This relied on the interceptor's warhead releasing a huge number of high energy

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Potential Contribution of Nike-Zeus to Defense of the U.S. Population and its Industrial Base, and the U.S. Retaliatory System

4139: 8471: 5906: 5876: 5660: 4711: 4047: 3912: 3854: 1586:. A total of 12 launches, including those at White Sands, were carried out as part of the 505 program between 1962 and 1966. 997: 847: 1229:

A Nike Zeus B missile stands on static display at White Sands while another Zeus B is being test launched in the background.

1143:

Which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Which comes first, Minuteman because he may develop a good Zeus, or our own Zeus?

769:

For an answer, McElroy turned to the Re-entry Body Identification Group (RBIG), a sub-group of the Gaither Committee led by

668: 397:. The Air Force faced significant budget constraints and canceled Thumper in 1949 in order to use its funds to continue its 6769: 6720: 5195: 3524: 1615:

The Zeus Acquisition Radar's triangular transmitter is in the foreground, with the dome covered receiver in the background.

1067: 7158: 6949: 5911: 5785: 2074: 929: 904:. But by that time it would be so close to the Zeus base that there might not be time for the Zeus to climb to altitude. 327:, convinced Kennedy to cancel Zeus. McNamara directed its funding toward studies of new ABM concepts being considered by 7216: 2067: 1645:

The signal was received on a separate set of three antennas, situated at the centre of an 80 foot (24 m) diameter

320: 252: 2509: 1124:

The second issue, ironically, came about due to concerns about a Soviet ABM system. The US's existing SM-65 Atlas and

879:

In the midst of the growing debate over Zeus' abilities, the US conducted its first high yield, high altitude tests –

725:

speeds while still in the lower atmosphere, so the missile fuselage had to be covered over completely with a phenolic

471:

against aircraft, and another with vestigial fins and thrust vectoring for use above the atmosphere against missiles.

7253: 6989: 6430: 4440: 4404: 4322: 4221: 4128: 4105: 3972: 3941: 3744: 2881: 2468: 1628:

of up to 200 to 300 seconds of tracking data on up to 200 targets. The FAR would broadcast 10 MW pulses at

1196:

began an effort to deploy the existing Zeus as an interim system. Once again the matter spilled over into the press.

4689: 8899: 7333: 6703: 6698: 5831: 5675: 5387: 17: 6676: 6207: 5962: 7669: 7398: 7338: 5866: 2589: 1688:

between 1270 and 1400 MHz. To ensure no signal was lost by scanning areas that were empty, the ZDR used a

631: 1828:

There are at least five Zeus models mentioned in various sources, A, B, C, S and X2, the last of which became

1274:. The latter was first used in an attempt to track a SM-68 Titan on 29 March 1961, but the data download from 1178:... You may not be aware of it, but you have just about destroyed the Nike-Zeus. That last paragraph did that. 709:. He had little federal experience, and the launch of Sputnik left him little time to ease into the position. 6060: 5936: 5588: 5573: 1598:

The basic Zeus system included long-range and short-range radars and the missiles, spread over some distance.

542:(SSM) an extension of conventional artillery, and surface-to-air designs as the modern replacement for their 535: 467: 394: 369: 2964: 8576: 6715: 6500: 6420: 6360: 5929: 5856: 5851: 5670: 5537: 1692:

that could be moved to focus the beam as the cloud approached to keep the area under observation constant.

3381:. White Sands Missile Range: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Event occurs at 14 minutes. 7566: 7494: 6994: 6569: 6536: 5335: 713:

long-range radars for early warning and raid identification. These were already under development as the

522:, Bell returned a final report on the concept in October 1956, indicating that the system was within the 4339: 4240: 3998: 393:

were allowed to continue as research efforts. They were transferred to the US Air Force when that force

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would provide, even if for only a portion of our population, would be better than none at all ...

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warhead. In several successful tests, the B model proved itself able to intercept warheads, and even

1012:, the budget director, who came to realize the enormous cost of any sort of reasonable Zeus system. 957: 462:

on 2 December 1955. It considered the full range of threats including existing jet aircraft, future

8909: 7913: 7298: 6855: 6348: 5886: 5821: 4066: 1653:. ZAR had detection range on the order of 460 nautical miles (850 km) on a 0.1 m target. 755:

as the nation's main deterrent. In response to this turn of events, the Air Force stepped up their

498:, which improved accuracy as it flew toward the RV, but these proved too large to be practical. A 444: 437: 2702: 534:

The Army and Air Force had been involved in interservice fighting over missile systems since they

424:

By the early 1950s the Army was firmly established in the surface-to-air missile field with their

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was the US Air Force's on-again, off-again ABM system that was ultimately replaced by Nike Zeus.

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efforts against the Army, as well as agitating behind the scenes within the Defense Department.

8546: 6586: 6435: 6375: 6353: 6025: 5140: 4148: 3487: 2521: 401: 263: 241: 57: 2579: 2533: 2458: 611:, the PSAC team completed their study in September, publishing it officially on 7 November as 8914: 8836: 8013: 7983: 7928: 7360: 6927: 6792: 6764: 6732: 6510: 5993: 5695: 5487: 5060: 4964: 4506: 4290: 1813: 801:

led studies of the ABM concept, and would from then on be a vocal opponent of any deployment.

652: 348: 3129: 1279:

operation in June 1961, and was tested against balloons, aircraft, parachutes deployed from

490:

To ensure the destruction of the RV, or at least render the warhead within it unusable, the

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until December 1964 at White Sands Missile Range, and May 1966 at Kwajalein Missile Range.

942: 831: 726: 608: 575: 429: 4410: 1733:. Guidance commands were sent to the missiles in-flight via modulation of the MTR signal. 1019:

To add to the debate, it was becoming clear that the missile gap was fictional. The first

965:

was fascinated by the debate over Zeus, and became an expert on all aspects of the system.

607:

and other means of protecting the US population in the event of a nuclear war. Chaired by

335:

concept, which addressed Zeus' various problems by using an extremely high-speed missile,

8: 7908: 7258: 7046: 6922: 6267: 6113: 5947: 5397: 5237: 5160: 4530: 4006: 2029: 1625: 1298: 977:

support as possible, while taking out advertisements in major mass-market magazines like

925: 871: 779: 763: 698: 680: 507: 495: 386: 289: 4015: 949:, who simply stated that the exchange ratio meant the solution was to build more ICBMs. 805:

McElroy responded to the RBIG report in two ways. First, he turned to the newly created

684:

The office adopted this emblem, showing Zeus as a Roman soldier protecting the US eagle.

458:

The first section of the Bell study was returned to the Army Ordnance department at the

8518: 8003: 7891: 7355: 7228: 6774: 5472: 5422: 5279: 5247: 4954: 4812: 4277: 4189: 3843: 1108: 1020: 245: 4023: 3933:

Star Spangled Security: Applying Lessons Learned over Six Decades Safeguarding America

2349: 1266:

Additional tracking tests were carried out by Target Tracking Radars (TTRs) at Bell's

1159:

I thought we had broken through this problem in this country, of wanting things to be

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Kennedy publicly introduced the term "missile gap" as part of an August 1958 speech.

1036: 270:, was designed to intercept warheads in the upper atmosphere, mounting a 25 kiloton 8566: 8531: 8431: 7380: 6455: 6282: 6237: 6217: 5896: 5801: 5517: 5502: 5382: 5377: 5269: 5130: 5120: 4894: 4884: 4867: 4782: 4269: 4160: 4019: 2560: 1722: 1305: 1271: 1259: 1233: 1129: 889: 752: 702: 673: 523: 499: 459: 336: 217: 108: 103: 1787: 300:

building enough Zeus missiles to match them. The Air Force argued they close this

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Canavan mentions there being 14 tests, Bell's history shows only 13 in the table.

2060: 1621: 1570: 1345: 1280: 1216: 1101: 1040: 1001: 979: 969: 962: 896: 884: 604: 551: 519: 425: 377: 324: 316: 274: 3528: 3053: 1594: 8093: 7549: 7509: 6661: 6629: 6616: 6463: 6262: 5816: 5714: 5640: 5613: 5542: 5407: 5315: 5274: 5242: 5227: 5185: 5080: 5055: 5040: 5004: 4994: 4959: 4934: 4914: 4879: 4832: 4797: 4755: 4572: 2122:

The outer layer of the missile can be seen turning black in the Bell Labs film

2050: 1851: 1829: 1817: 1718: 1317: 1313: 1285: 1275: 1193: 1005: 748: 622:

While the report was being prepared, in August 1957 the Soviets launched their

616: 556: 373: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4289:

Security Resources Panel of the Science Advisory Committee (7 November 1957).

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Preble, Christopher (December 2003). "'Who Ever Believed in the "Missile Gap?

4156: 3982: 2110: 2056: 1701: 1658: 1646: 1330: 1043:

ultimately decided Zeus simply didn't offer enough protection given its cost.

1009: 946: 917: 880: 839: 408:. ABM research at the Air Force practically, although not officially, ended. 405: 260: 4465: 4079: 4057: 3922: 3864: 3035:"Of myths and missiles: the truth about John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap" 1263:

surfaces, and numerous changes were worked into the system to address this.

248:

during the late 1950s and early 1960s that was designed to destroy incoming

8856: 7861: 7223: 7123: 7041: 6546: 6450: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6020: 5780: 5764: 5744: 5734: 5724: 5685: 5635: 5625: 5578: 5512: 5482: 5442: 5427: 5264: 5217: 5170: 5145: 5110: 5030: 4919: 4837: 4750: 4658: 4648: 4628: 4539: 1809: 1664: 1579: 1267: 843: 810: 798: 694: 623: 420:

The Nike missile family, with the Zeus B in front of the Hercules and Ajax.

398: 249: 1208: 1095:

Dan Flood countered that even a flawed system was better than none at all.

747:

With their change of fortunes after McElroy's 1958 decision, Army General

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conversion and additional Jupiter production earmarked for Zeus testing.

1245: 1125: 838:

and huge fleets of space-borne interceptor missiles, the latter known as

657: 644: 568: 560: 301: 4314:

Arguments that Count: Physics, Computing, and Missile Defense, 1949–2012

4281: 4182:

History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972

591: 8253: 8066: 7482: 7460: 7206: 6307: 6302: 5254: 5155: 5125: 4668: 4653: 4643: 4618: 4603: 1316:

in the Pacific, while the Air Force recommended using Atlas fired from

1293: 1288:

visited White Sands to view missile launches, including a Zeus launch.

1080: 909: 866: 722: 512: 381: 315:

The decision whether to proceed with Zeus eventually fell to President

4212:

Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance

1152:

But later, Flood managed to get a more accurate statement out of him:

347:

systems. The Zeus test site built at Kwajalein was briefly used as an

8156: 8108: 7876: 5836: 5050: 4638: 4613: 4493:

AT&T Archives: A 20-year History of Antiballistic Missile Systems

697:, took office on 9 October 1957. McElroy was previously president of 627: 433: 319:, who became fascinated by the debate about the system. In 1963, the 293: 256: 98: 3818: 3390: 3388: 3221: 3219: 1656:

The entire transmitter was surrounded by a 65-foot (20 m) high

809:

group to examine the RBIG report. ARPA, directed by Chief Scientist

5699: 4593: 1638: 1338: 1071: 895:

If this were not enough, there was a growing awareness that simple

502:

system like the early Nike systems seemed to be the only solution.

344: 4432:

The Missile Defense Controversy: Technology in Search of a Mission

4393:

Seize the High Ground: The U. S. Army in Space and Missile Defense

3875:

ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History

1075:

fireballs would be long gone. This last concept became Nike-X, an

8654: 8649: 8201: 7674: 5583: 5457: 5447: 5372: 5305: 3385: 3301: 3289: 3216: 2768: 1970: 1805: 1284:

March 1962. On 5 June 1963, President Kennedy and Vice President

416: 255:

warheads before they could hit their targets. It was designed by

80: 4119:

Daydream Believers: How a Few Grand Ideas Wrecked American Power

3594: 3592: 3325:. Bell Labs. 17 May 2012. Event occurs at 15:46. Archived from 2190: 830:, initially considering a wide variety of far-out concepts like 626:(SS-6) ICBM, and followed this up with the successful launch of 466:

powered aircraft flying at up to 3,000 knots (5,600 km/h),

7827: 6297: 6187: 5665: 5645: 5507: 5467: 5367: 5232: 5207: 5180: 5085: 4567: 4557: 3688: 3686: 3128:. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 1–14. Archived from 2933: 1709: 1685: 1048: 794: 463: 332: 4368:

US Army Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (23 September 1959).

3647: 3616: 3604: 452:

The Defense of the United States Against Aircraft and Missiles

8536: 7273: 5861: 5811: 5806: 4909: 4847: 4842: 3784: 3782: 3659: 3589: 2965:"US Military and Diplomatic Policies - Preparing for the Gap" 1705: 1680: 875:

outlining the major problems facing any ABM defensive system.

862: 835: 806: 603:(PSAC) to provide a report on the potential effectiveness of 340: 328: 4040:

Nuclear Weapons of the United States: An Illustrated History

3715: 3713: 3683: 3577: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3429: 3427: 3358: 3356: 2892: 1091: 43: 8541: 4260:': John F. Kennedy and the Politics of National Security". 4074:(Technical report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2285: 1932:

Mach 4 > (c. 2800+ mph; 4,900 km/h arbitrary)

564: 200: 5977: 3794: 3779: 3188: 3186: 3161: 3159: 3144: 2904: 2861: 574:

In a 26 November 1956 memorandum, US Secretary of Defense

205:

greater than Mach 4 (3,000 mph; 4,900 km/h)

3710: 3671: 3505: 3439: 3424: 3353: 3341: 3105: 3103: 3101: 2744: 2632: 2630: 2035: 2023: 1730: 491: 380:

to consider the problem of shooting down missiles of the

271: 2659: 2657: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2489: 2477: 2399: 2318: 2224: 2222: 2070:

was a Soviet system roughly equivalent to the Nike Zeus.

5931:

United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963

4068:

The ABM debate: strategic defense and national security

3236: 3234: 3183: 3171: 3156: 3086: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2273: 2261: 2077:

replaced the A-35, and is roughly equivalent of Nike-X.

701:

and was best known for the invention of the concept of

4390:

Walker, James; Bernstein, Lewis; Lang, Sharon (2010).

3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3412: 3098: 3074: 3004: 3002: 2792: 2780: 2734: 2732: 2642: 2627: 2360: 8905:

Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States

3806: 3767: 3277: 2987: 2849: 2654: 2598: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2239: 2237: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2205: 515:

offered the solution to the data processing problem.

3904:

US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950–2004

3725: 3456: 3400: 3265: 3231: 2975: 2916: 2816: 2804: 2756: 2615: 2584:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 314. 2540: 1834:

US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950–2004

1684:

the ZDR produced 40 MW 2 μs pulses in the

742: 559:

efforts, the Air Force worried it would trump their

259:' Nike team, and was initially based on the earlier 4721:

1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations

4389: 3698: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3394: 3307: 3295: 3225: 3051: 3014: 2999: 2774: 2729: 2717: 2695:"Neil H. McElroy (1957–1959): Secretary of Defense" 2411: 2372: 2330: 2196: 4209: 4116: 3842: 2837: 2677:"P&G: Changing the Face of Consumer Marketing" 2581:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower 2297: 2249: 2234: 2202: 869:'s work with PSAC led to a famous 1968 article in 1717:(TIC) which handled the interceptions. This used 1712:between 8500 and 9600 MHz and assisted by a 1104:would be a prime force for immediate deployment. 924:, the director of the High-Energy Physics Lab at 432:missile projects. These projects had been led by 368:with interceptor missiles was carried out by the 8886: 4399:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 3849:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 3543: 3045: 2945: 2507: 778:(MRV). Each warhead would also be modified with 3378:Presidential Visit [JFK at White Sands] 3322:A 20-Year History of the Anti-Ballistic Missile 3062: 1324:A key development of the testing program was a 1182: 852:Pacific Range Electromagnetic Signature Studies 142:50 feet 2 inches (15.29 m) total 4528: 2391:"Air Force Calls Army Unfit to Guard Nation". 2172:Referred to as a "file" in the Bell documents. 1133:Minuteman, although he tried not to say this. 586: 5963: 4705: 4514: 4042:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. 4010:. Vol. 218, no. 3. pp. 21–31. 2432:"New Battle Looms Over Army's Newest Missile" 751:publicly stated that Zeus would soon replace 555:guard the nation". When the Army started its 518:After running 50,000 simulated intercepts on 372:in 1946, when two contracts were sent out as 8895:Anti-ballistic missiles of the United States 4489:, movie of a Zeus test launch at White Sands 4292:Deterrence & Survival in the Nuclear Age 3253:Allan, Robert; Scott, Paul (26 April 1963). 2081:Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems 1642:more data than the earlier FAR/LAR concept. 842:. In May 1958, York also began working with 613:Deterrence & Survival in the Nuclear Age 511:Bell suggested that the recently introduced 195:over 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) 4481:AT&T Archives: Nike Zeus Missile System 3997:Garvin, Richard; Bethe, Hans (March 1968). 3996: 3633: 3631: 3527:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 2898: 2463:. Government Printing Office. p. 175. 364:The first known serious study on attacking 5970: 5956: 4712: 4698: 4521: 4507: 3255:"McNamara Lets Reds Widen Antimissile Gap" 3252: 1083:while describing the ARPA report to PSAC. 676:was also home to the earlier Nike efforts. 563:and responded by rapidly starting its own 4428: 4207: 3871: 3824: 3800: 3788: 3719: 3692: 3665: 3653: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3583: 3511: 3450: 3433: 3362: 3347: 3192: 3177: 3165: 3150: 3125:DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume 2 3092: 2867: 2750: 2577: 2558: 2495: 2483: 2405: 2324: 2291: 2279: 2267: 175:450,000 lbf (2,000 kN) booster 3628: 3477:"Where We Began – the Nike Zeus Program" 3206:"JFK Accepts McNamara View On Nike Zeus" 1786: 1610: 1593: 1244: 1232: 1224: 1215: 1207: 1090: 1035: 956: 861: 793: 679: 667: 590: 415: 4310: 4288: 4178: 3957: 3833: 3462: 3418: 3109: 3080: 2910: 2798: 2786: 2663: 2648: 2636: 2621: 2546: 2460:Air Force Roles and Missions: A History 2366: 2228: 187:230 nmi (430 km; 260 mi) 14: 8887: 4255: 4137: 4114: 4093: 4037: 3900: 3840: 3812: 3773: 3643:(Technical report). 30 September 1961. 3406: 3283: 3271: 3240: 3008: 2993: 2981: 2939: 2927: 2882:"'Star Wars' Traced To Eisenhower Era" 2855: 2831: 2810: 2762: 2723: 2609: 2561:"The Missile Gap Myth and Its Progeny" 2429: 2423: 2378: 601:President's Science Advisory Committee 48:Nike Zeus B test launch at White Sands 5951: 4693: 4502: 4064: 3929: 3474: 3020: 2879: 2456: 2417: 2336: 2255: 2213: 2063:project similar to Zeus in many ways. 1555: 1392:Partial success, large miss distance 1086: 998:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 529: 483:, seemed the only possible solution. 134:24,200 lb (11,000 kg) total 4367: 4338: 4230: 4141:Nike Zeus: The U.S. Army's First ABM 3961:Missile Defense for the 21st Century 3731: 3704: 3677: 3571: 3552: 3468: 3375:John Kennedy, others (5 June 1963). 3121: 2951: 2843: 2738: 2699:University of Virginia Miller Center 2508:Technical Editor (6 December 1957). 2312: 2243: 2086: 1068:passive electronically scanned array 359: 4348:. 2 August 1962. pp. 165–170. 3640:Program For Deployment Of Nike Zeus 3068: 3032: 3026: 2075:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system 1882:55 ft 1 in (16.8 m) 1879:50 ft 2 in (15.3 m) 1876:44 ft 3 in (13.5 m) 952: 789: 599:In May 1957, Eisenhower tasked the 24: 4188:. DIANE Publishing. Archived from 3881:(Technical report). Archived from 2880:Broad, William (28 October 1986). 2068:A-35 anti-ballistic missile system 1910:9 ft 9 in (2.98 m) 1907:8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) 1904:9 ft 9 in (2.98 m) 1896:3 ft 7 in (1.09 m) 1893:3 ft 0 in (0.91 m) 1890:3 ft 0 in (0.91 m) 1606: 321:United States Secretary of Defense 253:intercontinental ballistic missile 25: 8926: 5937:Drones designated in UAV sequence 4458: 4024:10.1038/scientificamerican0368-21 3395:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 3308:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 3296:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 3226:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 2775:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 2430:Larsen, Douglas (1 August 1957). 2354:Federation of American Scientists 2350:"Nike Ajax (SAM-A-7) (MIM-3, 3A)" 2197:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 1985:500,000 lbf (2,200 kN) 1980:450,000 lbf (2,000 kN) 1975:400,000 lbf (1,800 kN) 1823: 1670: 743:Exchange ratio and other problems 4435:. University Press of Kentucky. 4274:10.1046/j.0360-4918.2003.00085.x 3999:"Anti-Ballistic-Missile Systems" 3737: 1924:28,900 lb (13,100 kg) 1921:24,200 lb (10,977 kg) 1836:, B from the Bell Labs history. 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 857: 42: 5346:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 4231:Papp, Daniel (Winter 1987–88). 4065:Jayne, Edward Randolph (1969). 3936:. Brookings Institution Press. 3517: 3368: 3313: 3246: 3198: 3115: 2957: 2873: 2687: 2669: 2571: 2552: 2501: 2450: 2384: 2342: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2138: 2129: 2116: 2102: 2093: 1918:10,980 lb (4,980 kg) 1420:Success, second missile failed 1406:Success, second missile failed 992:Kennedy appointed Army General 395:separated from the Army in 1947 385:detected the missile, existing 4262:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3033:Day, Dwayne (3 January 2006). 1589: 632:National Intelligence Estimate 468:short-range ballistic missiles 339:, along with greatly improved 244:(ABM) system developed by the 27:Type of anti-ballistic missile 13: 1: 4233:"From Project Thumper to SDI" 4100:. Stanford University Press. 3845:The Origins of SDI, 1944–1983 3475:Hubbs, Mark (February 2007). 3212:. 8 January 1963. p. 20. 2179: 1171:believe the Zeus rests today. 3486:. p. 14. Archived from 3052:Heppenheimer, T. A. (1998). 2559:Thielmann, Greg (May 2011). 2184: 1270:labs and an installation on 1183:Cancellation and the ABM gap 721:booster took the missile to 7: 4483:, made early in the program 2044: 587:Gaither Report, missile gap 540:surface-to-surface missiles 10: 8931: 4429:Yanarella, Ernest (2010). 4208:MacKenzie, Donald (1993). 4147:. Falls Church, Virginia: 3872:Bell Labs (October 1975). 3055:The Space Shuttle Decision 2578:Khrushchev, Sergei (200). 1962:350 mi (560 km) 1959:170 mi (280 km) 1946:460 mi (740 km) 1943:250 mi (400 km) 1940:200 mi (320 km) 1203: 1046: 826:ARPA responded by forming 776:Multiple Re-entry Vehicles 448:Operations Research Office 411: 354: 8875: 8824: 8688: 8607: 7846: 7705: 6828: 6529: 6328: 5986: 5920: 5794: 5773: 5566: 5298: 5018: 4728: 4581: 4538: 4311:Slayton, Rebecca (2013). 4138:Kaplan, Lawrence (2006). 4123:. John Wiley & Sons. 4097:The Wizards of Armageddon 3958:Canavan, Gregory (2003). 3749:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3058:. NASA. pp. 195–197. 2395:. 21 May 1956. p. 1. 1931: 1256:White Sands Missile Range 1239:Naval Base Ventura County 1031: 986:The Saturday Evening Post 736:National Security Council 663: 615:, but today known as the 288:, mounting a 400 kiloton 223: 209: 199: 191: 179: 171: 166: 154: 146: 138: 130: 125: 117: 91: 86: 76: 71: 64:Place of origin 63: 53: 41: 34: 445:Johns Hopkins University 8900:Anti-satellite missiles 8877:Unknown or not assigned 5979:United States Air Force 4179:Leonard, Barry (2011). 3967:. Heritage Foundation. 3841:Baucom, Donald (1992). 3210:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 2899:Garvin & Bethe 1968 2681:Harvard Business School 1326:miss-distance indicator 771:William E. Bradley, Jr. 757:policy by press release 707:product differentiation 544:anti-aircraft artillery 443:The Army contacted the 309:United States Air Force 150:36 inches (910 mm) 4149:Missile Defense Agency 4038:Gibson, James (1996). 3930:Brown, Harold (2012). 2969:JFK Library and Museum 2457:Trest, Warren (2010). 1792: 1616: 1599: 1251: 1242: 1230: 1222: 1213: 1180: 1150: 1122: 1116:would be about $ 700. 1096: 1063: 1044: 989:promoting the system. 966: 912:who had worked on the 883:on 1 August 1958, and 876: 820: 802: 685: 677: 672:The project office at 596: 538:. The Army considered 421: 402:surface-to-air missile 283:tri-service identifier 242:anti-ballistic missile 58:Anti-ballistic missile 5907:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U 4115:Kaplan, Fred (2008). 4094:Kaplan, Fred (1983). 3901:Berhow, Mark (2005). 3827:, p. 1–33. 3122:Reed, Sidney (1991). 2109:subject to the local 1790: 1614: 1597: 1248: 1236: 1228: 1219: 1211: 1154: 1138: 1113: 1094: 1055: 1039: 960: 865: 832:particle beam weapons 815: 797: 683: 671: 594: 419: 349:anti-satellite weapon 264:anti-aircraft missile 5191:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 4679:Taurus Nike Tomahawk 4487:The Range Goes Green 4345:Flight International 3834:General bibliography 3680:, pp. 167, 170. 2942:, p. 6–8. 2514:Flight International 2145:data to be accurate. 2124:The Range Goes Green 1690:Cassegrain reflector 1021:Corona spy satellite 943:Thomas S. Gates, Jr. 854:, or Project PRESS. 727:ablative heat shield 699:Procter & Gamble 653:airborne alert force 609:Horace Rowan Gaither 576:Charles Erwin Wilson 4416:on 17 February 2013 4195:on 16 December 2019 4166:on 19 February 2013 4016:1968SciAm.218c..21G 4007:Scientific American 3888:on 30 December 2014 3656:, p. II, 1.25. 3625:, p. II, 1.11. 3613:, p. II, 1.12. 3601:, p. II, 1.14. 3259:Evening Independent 2913:, pp. 186–187. 2705:on 19 February 2015 2294:, pp. 1.3–1.4. 1299:Atlantic Test Range 926:Stanford University 872:Scientific American 780:radiation hardening 764:cost-exchange ratio 660:as an interim ABM. 496:active radar seeker 387:command and control 4468:. Nuclearabms.info 4377:(Technical report) 4298:(Technical report) 4243:on 25 January 2017 3907:. Oxford: Osprey. 3668:, p. I, 1.18. 3586:, p. II, 1.1. 3493:on 20 October 2012 2886:The New York Times 2565:Arms Control Today 2532:has generic name ( 1793: 1617: 1600: 1556:Anti-satellite use 1378:Failure, tracking 1252: 1243: 1231: 1223: 1214: 1109:benefit-cost ratio 1097: 1087:Perfect or nothing 1079:name suggested by 1045: 967: 934:Lawrence Livermore 932:, director of the 877: 803: 686: 678: 597: 530:Army vs. Air Force 422: 366:ballistic missiles 246:United States Army 87:Production history 8882: 8881: 5945: 5944: 4687: 4686: 4533:family of rockets 4049:978-0-7643-0063-9 3914:978-1-84176-838-0 3856:978-0-7006-0531-6 3755:on 27 August 2002 3695:, p. I, 1.4. 3153:, pp. 68–69. 2971:. 14 August 1958. 2901:, pp. 28–30. 2870:, pp. 72–73. 2087:Explanatory notes 2042: 2041: 1651:frequency agility 1550: 1549: 1540:14 November 1963 1442:28 February 1963 1428:13 February 1963 1414:22 December 1962 1400:12 December 1962 994:Maxwell D. Taylor 922:Wolfgang Panofsky 916:and later on the 914:Manhattan Project 753:strategic bombers 636:Nikita Khrushchev 360:Early ABM studies 235: 234: 16:(Redirected from 8922: 8863: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8833: 8817: 8807: 8797: 8787: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8702: 8697: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8616: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8525: 8515: 8485: 8480: 8450: 8425: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8370: 8350: 8340: 8290: 8285: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8230: 8225: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8090: 8085: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8025: 7980: 7970: 7960: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7925: 7839: 7819: 7799: 7789: 7769: 7749: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7593: 7474: 7437: 7320: 7305: 7270: 7265: 7235: 7055: 7038: 6919: 6914: 6904: 6874: 6801: 6781: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6668: 6658: 6648: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6563: 6558: 6543: 6517: 6507: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6447: 6427: 6407: 6397: 6387: 6367: 6289: 6279: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6199: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6032: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5932: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4599:Nike-Black Brant 4582:Sounding rockets 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4409:. Archived from 4398: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4285: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4239:. Archived from 4237:Airpower Journal 4227: 4215: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4159:. Archived from 4146: 4134: 4122: 4111: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4073: 4061: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4003: 3993: 3992:on 13 July 2015. 3991: 3985:. Archived from 3966: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3926: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3868: 3848: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3751:. Archived from 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3492: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3039:The Space Review 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2701:. Archived from 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2517: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2436:Sarasota Journal 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2097: 1865:DM-15 B, (C?), S 1839: 1838: 1808:(similar to the 1774: 1762: 1750: 1448:Partial success 1434:Partial success 1352: 1351: 1306:Kwajalein Island 1281:sounding rockets 1272:Ascension Island 1260:thrust vectoring 1130:LGM-30 Minuteman 953:Kennedy and Zeus 897:radar reflectors 890:nuclear blackout 828:Project Defender 790:Project Defender 703:brand management 674:Redstone Arsenal 605:fallout shelters 524:state of the art 520:analog computers 500:command guidance 460:Redstone Arsenal 331:, selecting the 266:. The original, 218:command guidance 202: 109:Douglas Aircraft 104:Western Electric 46: 37: 32: 31: 21: 18:LIM-49 Nike Zeus 8930: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8910:Missile defense 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8831: 8820: 8815: 8805: 8795: 8785: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8745: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8700: 8695: 8684: 8679: 8669: 8659: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8614: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8523: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8448: 8423: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8368: 8348: 8338: 8288: 8283: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8228: 8223: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8088: 8083: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8023: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7923: 7842: 7837: 7817: 7797: 7787: 7767: 7747: 7737: 7727: 7717: 7701: 7591: 7472: 7435: 7318: 7303: 7268: 7263: 7233: 7053: 7036: 6917: 6912: 6902: 6872: 6824: 6799: 6779: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6666: 6656: 6646: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6561: 6556: 6541: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6475: 6445: 6425: 6405: 6395: 6385: 6365: 6324: 6287: 6277: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6197: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6030: 5982: 5976: 5946: 5941: 5930: 5916: 5790: 5769: 5562: 5433:RUM-125/UUM-125 5413:CQM-121/CGM-121 5294: 5014: 4724: 4718: 4688: 4683: 4577: 4534: 4527: 4471: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4396: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4356: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4257: 4246: 4244: 4224: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4144: 4131: 4108: 4084: 4082: 4071: 4050: 4028: 4026: 4001: 3989: 3975: 3964: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3915: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3857: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803:, p. I-31. 3799: 3795: 3791:, p. 10-1. 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3531:on 12 June 2002 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514:, p. 1.32. 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453:, p. 1.31. 3449: 3440: 3436:, p. 1.26. 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3365:, p. 1.24. 3361: 3354: 3350:, p. 1.23. 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3132:on 1 March 2013 3120: 3116: 3108: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753:, p. I-20. 2749: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2599: 2592: 2576: 2572: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2510:"Missiles 1957" 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2356:. 29 June 1999. 2348: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2061:Royal Air Force 2047: 2015:Thiokol TX-239 2012:Thiokol TX-239 2001:Thiokol TX-454 1998:Thiokol TX-238 1994:(not mentioned) 1984: 1979: 1974: 1955:(not mentioned) 1826: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1751: 1673: 1622:monopulse radar 1609: 1607:Early detection 1592: 1558: 1526:24 August 1963 1512:15 August 1963 1346:hydraulic fluid 1206: 1185: 1172: 1164: 1144: 1102:Daniel J. Flood 1089: 1059: 1051: 1041:Robert McNamara 1034: 1002:Robert McNamara 970:John F. Kennedy 963:John F. Kennedy 955: 885:Hardtack Orange 860: 792: 745: 666: 589: 557:Jupiter missile 532: 436:, working with 414: 378:Project Thumper 362: 357: 325:Robert McNamara 317:John F. Kennedy 275:nuclear warhead 228: 226: 214: 212: 184: 182: 167: 159: 157: 113: 72:Service history 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8928: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8703: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7629: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981:system numbers 5975: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5817:Common Missile 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723:, 1963–present 4717: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4460: 4459:External links 4457: 4455: 4454: 4441: 4426: 4405: 4387: 4365: 4336: 4323: 4308: 4286: 4268:(4): 801–826. 4253: 4228: 4222: 4205: 4176: 4135: 4129: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4062: 4048: 4035: 3994: 3973: 3955: 3942: 3927: 3913: 3898: 3869: 3855: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3825:Bell Labs 1975 3817: 3805: 3801:Bell Labs 1975 3793: 3789:Bell Labs 1975 3778: 3766: 3736: 3734:, p. 160. 3724: 3722:, p. 1.1. 3720:Bell Labs 1975 3709: 3697: 3693:Bell Labs 1975 3682: 3670: 3666:Bell Labs 1975 3658: 3654:Bell Labs 1975 3646: 3627: 3623:Bell Labs 1975 3615: 3611:Bell Labs 1975 3603: 3599:Bell Labs 1975 3588: 3584:Bell Labs 1975 3576: 3574:, p. 167. 3557: 3542: 3516: 3512:Bell Labs 1975 3504: 3467: 3455: 3451:Bell Labs 1975 3438: 3434:Bell Labs 1975 3423: 3421:, p. 333. 3411: 3399: 3384: 3367: 3363:Bell Labs 1975 3352: 3348:Bell Labs 1975 3340: 3329:on 21 May 2015 3312: 3300: 3288: 3286:, p. 205. 3276: 3264: 3261:. p. 3-A. 3245: 3230: 3215: 3197: 3193:Yanarella 2010 3182: 3178:Yanarella 2010 3170: 3166:Yanarella 2010 3155: 3151:Yanarella 2010 3143: 3114: 3112:, p. 335. 3097: 3093:Yanarella 2010 3085: 3083:, p. 334. 3073: 3061: 3044: 3025: 3013: 2998: 2996:, p. 345. 2986: 2974: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2872: 2868:Yanarella 2010 2860: 2858:, p. 344. 2848: 2836: 2815: 2803: 2801:, p. 182. 2791: 2789:, p. 331. 2779: 2767: 2755: 2751:Bell Labs 1975 2743: 2741:, p. 170. 2728: 2716: 2686: 2668: 2653: 2651:, p. 183. 2641: 2639:, p. 332. 2626: 2614: 2612:, p. 810. 2597: 2590: 2570: 2551: 2539: 2516:. p. 896. 2500: 2498:, p. 121. 2496:MacKenzie 1993 2488: 2486:, p. 113. 2484:MacKenzie 1993 2476: 2469: 2449: 2422: 2410: 2408:, p. 120. 2406:MacKenzie 1993 2398: 2393:New York Times 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 329. 2359: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 1.4. 2325:Bell Labs 1975 2317: 2315:, p. 166. 2296: 2292:Bell Labs 1975 2284: 2282:, p. 1.3. 2280:Bell Labs 1975 2272: 2270:, p. 1.2. 2268:Bell Labs 1975 2260: 2248: 2246:, p. 165. 2233: 2231:, p. 180. 2218: 2201: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2137: 2128: 2115: 2101: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2054: 2051:Project Wizard 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983:Thiokol TX-500 1981: 1978:Thiokol TX-135 1976: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929:Maximum speed 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1825: 1824:Specifications 1822: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1719:twistor memory 1672: 1671:Battery layout 1669: 1608: 1605: 1591: 1588: 1582:based system, 1557: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470:13 April 1963 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456:30 March 1963 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1318:Vandenberg AFB 1314:Johnston Atoll 1286:Lyndon Johnson 1276:Cape Canaveral 1205: 1202: 1194:Strom Thurmond 1184: 1181: 1088: 1085: 1047:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1006:Jerome Wiesner 974:1960 elections 954: 951: 859: 856: 791: 788: 749:James M. Gavin 744: 741: 665: 662: 617:Gaither Report 588: 585: 531: 528: 481:terminal phase 413: 410: 374:Project Wizard 370:Army Air Force 361: 358: 356: 353: 233: 232: 229: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 207: 206: 203: 201:Maximum speed 197: 196: 193: 192:Flight ceiling 189: 188: 185: 180: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 155: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 126:Specifications 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 112: 111: 106: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8927: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 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4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:CGM-13/MGM-13 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674:Nike-Yardbird 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Nike-Tomahawk 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Nike-Malemute 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624:Nike-Iroquois 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553:Nike Hercules 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4442:9780813128092 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4406:9780813128092 4402: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4326: 4324:9780262019446 4320: 4317:. MIT Press. 4316: 4315: 4309: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4223:9780262631471 4219: 4216:. MIT Press. 4214: 4213: 4206: 4191: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4130:9780470121184 4126: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4107:9780804718844 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974:0-89195-261-6 3970: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3945: 3943:9780815723837 3939: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3884: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3838: 3826: 3821: 3815:, p. 60. 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3776:, p. 12. 3775: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3707:, p. 10. 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3530: 3526: 3525:"Program 505" 3520: 3513: 3508: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 10. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 41. 3396: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3310:, p. 44. 3309: 3304: 3298:, p. 42. 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 14. 3273: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3243:, p. 13. 3242: 3237: 3235: 3228:, p. 49. 3227: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3195:, p. 70. 3194: 3189: 3187: 3180:, p. 69. 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 87. 3167: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3095:, p. 68. 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3023:, p. 91. 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2984:, p. 82. 2983: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2930:, p. 19. 2929: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2846:, p. 20. 2845: 2840: 2834:, p. 81. 2833: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2813:, p. 80. 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2777:, p. 39. 2776: 2771: 2765:, p. 31. 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2666:, p. 52. 2665: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2535: 2530:|author= 2523: 2522:cite magazine 2515: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2472: 2470:9780160869303 2466: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2420:, p. 33. 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2339:, p. 32. 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2258:, p. 30. 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2216:, p. 29. 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2199:, p. 20. 2198: 2193: 2189: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2141: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2111:radar horizon 2105: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057:Violet Friend 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990:Second stage 1989: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1816:, a 400 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1783:Zeus missiles 1773: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1659:clutter fence 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:Luneburg lens 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626:early warning 1623: 1613: 1604: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484:12 June 1963 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1386:19 July 1962 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1372:26 June 1962 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1331:Doppler shift 1327: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1218: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 987: 982: 981: 975: 971: 964: 959: 950: 948: 947:Edward Teller 944: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:hydrogen bomb 915: 911: 905: 903: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 881:Hardtack Teak 874: 873: 868: 864: 858:More problems 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840:Project BAMBI 837: 833: 829: 824: 819: 814: 812: 808: 800: 796: 787: 783: 781: 777: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 740: 737: 731: 728: 724: 718: 716: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 690: 682: 675: 670: 661: 659: 654: 648: 646: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 593: 584: 580: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 547: 545: 541: 537: 536:split in 1947 527: 525: 521: 516: 514: 509: 503: 501: 497: 493: 488: 484: 482: 478: 472: 469: 465: 461: 456: 453: 449: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 418: 409: 407: 406:CIM-10 Bomarc 403: 400: 396: 390: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 310: 305: 303: 297: 295: 291: 287: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 261:Nike Hercules 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 230: 222: 219: 216: 208: 204: 198: 194: 190: 186: 178: 174: 170: 165: 162:radio command 161: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 94: 90: 85: 82: 79: 75: 70: 67:United States 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 8915:Project Nike 6480: 5924: 5795:Undesignated 4999: 4659:Nike T40 T55 4649:Nike-Recruit 4629:Nike-Javelin 4562: 4540:Project Nike 4470:. 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Retrieved 2438:. p. 35 2435: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2381:, p. 4. 2374: 2367:Leonard 2011 2362: 2353: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2229:Leonard 2011 2192: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2140: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2104: 2095: 2006:Third stage 1993: 1954: 1833: 1827: 1810:neutron bomb 1802: 1794: 1739: 1735: 1698: 1694: 1678: 1674: 1665:Faraday cage 1657: 1655: 1644: 1635: 1618: 1601: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1498:4 July 1963 1343: 1336: 1325: 1323: 1311: 1303: 1290: 1268:Whippany, NJ 1265: 1253: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1106: 1100:Congressman 1098: 1076: 1064: 1056: 1052: 1026: 1018: 1014: 991: 984: 978: 968: 939: 930:Harold Brown 906: 901: 894: 878: 870: 844:Lincoln Labs 825: 821: 816: 811:Herbert York 804: 799:Herbert York 784: 768: 761: 746: 732: 719: 711: 695:Neil McElroy 691: 687: 649: 641: 624:R-7 Semyorka 621: 612: 598: 581: 573: 548: 533: 517: 504: 489: 485: 480: 476: 473: 457: 451: 442: 423: 391: 363: 314: 306: 298: 285: 281:, given the 278: 267: 237: 236: 92:Manufacturer 77:Used by 36:Nike Zeus B 29: 5892:Senior Prom 4930:LGM-35 (II) 4609:Nike-Deacon 4589:Nike-Apache 4466:"Nike Zeus" 4381:13 December 4340:"Nike Zeus" 4330:15 December 4302:13 December 4085:13 December 4029:13 December 3949:13 December 3892:13 December 3813:Berhow 2005 3774:Kaplan 2006 3745:"Nike Zeus" 3407:Kaplan 2006 3284:Gibson 1996 3272:Kaplan 2006 3241:Kaplan 2006 3009:Kaplan 2006 2994:Kaplan 1983 2982:Kaplan 2008 2940:Kaplan 2006 2928:Baucom 1992 2856:Kaplan 1983 2832:Kaplan 2008 2811:Kaplan 2008 2763:Berhow 2005 2724:Kaplan 2006 2709:19 February 2610:Preble 2003 2379:Kaplan 2006 1848:Nike Zeus B 1845:Nike Zeus A 1727:core memory 1714:transponder 1590:Description 1584:Program 437 1304:Eventually 1126:SM-68 Titan 1070:radars and 902:decluttered 658:RIM-8 Talos 645:missile gap 302:missile gap 181:Operational 8889:Categories 5609:AGM-158A/B 4925:AQM-35 (I) 4669:Nike-Viper 4654:Nike Smoke 4644:Nike-Orion 4619:Nike-Hydac 4604:Nike-Cajun 3136:26 October 3041:: 195–197. 3021:Brown 2012 2591:0271043466 2418:Jayne 1969 2337:Jayne 1969 2256:Jayne 1969 2214:Jayne 1969 2180:References 1859:Model nums 1854:(LIM-49A) 1294:Point Mugu 1221:buildings. 1081:Jack Ruina 1010:David Bell 961:President 910:Hans Bethe 867:Hans Bethe 723:hypersonic 561:Atlas ICBM 513:transistor 294:satellites 156:Detonation 6788:A/B/E/F/N 5925:See also: 5837:Have Dash 5201:AGM-84H/K 4900:MGM-31A/B 4639:Nike-Nike 4614:Nike-Hawk 4563:Nike Zeus 4548:Nike Ajax 4354:0015-3710 4157:232605150 3983:428736422 3732:WSEG 1959 3705:WSEG 1959 3678:Zeus 1962 3572:Zeus 1962 3553:WSEG 1959 3484:The Eagle 2952:Papp 1987 2844:WSEG 1959 2739:Zeus 1962 2313:Zeus 1962 2244:Zeus 1962 2185:Citations 2032:(400 kt) 1901:Fin span 1887:Diameter 1639:klystrons 1168:McNamara: 1146:McNamara: 1072:computers 774:known as 693:Defense, 628:Sputnik 1 477:midcourse 434:Bell Labs 257:Bell Labs 238:Nike Zeus 158:mechanism 99:Bell Labs 5700:AIM-174B 5614:AGM-158C 5351:BGM-109G 5248:"AIM-92" 4594:Nike-Asp 4282:27552538 4080:19300718 4058:35660733 3923:62889392 3865:25317621 3069:Day 2006 2045:See also 2026:(25 kt) 2020:Warhead 1967:Booster 1951:Ceiling 1868:DM-15X2 1806:neutrons 1546:Success 1543:Titan I 1532:Success 1529:Atlas E 1518:Success 1515:Titan I 1504:Success 1501:Atlas E 1490:Success 1487:Atlas D 1476:Success 1473:Titan I 1462:Success 1459:Titan I 1445:Atlas D 1431:Atlas D 1417:Atlas D 1403:Atlas D 1389:Atlas D 1375:Atlas D 1355:Mission 1339:Kosmos 2 1120:program. 552:Redstone 345:computer 227:platform 211:Guidance 147:Diameter 118:Produced 8862:957–967 8832:900–951 8825:900–999 8816:847–899 8806:835–845 8786:824–831 8746:808–816 8689:800–899 8680:755–799 8670:746–753 8615:700–735 8608:700–799 7992:A/B (I) 7847:600–699 7838:593–599 7818:581–589 7798:571–579 7788:561–569 7768:551–559 7748:543–549 7738:531–541 7728:521–529 7718:501–519 7706:500–599 6829:400–499 6800:381–397 6780:338–379 6530:300–399 6516:280–298 6506:240–278 6496:227–238 6329:200–299 6288:143–197 5987:100–199 5902:Wagtail 5882:OpFires 5802:Aequare 5786:MIM-401 5781:AIM-260 5765:AGM-187 5760:MQM-186 5755:MQM-185 5750:RGM-184 5745:AGM-183 5740:LGM-182 5735:AGM-181 5730:AGM-180 5725:AGM-179 5720:MQM-178 5715:BQM-177 5710:AGM-176 5705:MQM-175 5696:RIM-174 5691:GQM-173 5686:FGM-172 5681:MQM-171 5676:MQM-170 5671:AGM-169 5666:MGM-168 5661:BQM-167 5656:MGM-166 5651:RGM-165 5646:MGM-164 5641:GQM-163 5636:RIM-162 5631:RIM-161 5626:ADM-160 5621:AGM-159 5604:MGM-157 5599:RIM-156 5594:BQM-155 5589:AGM-154 5584:AGM-153 5579:AIM-152 5574:FQM-151 5567:151–200 5558:PQM-150 5553:PQM-149 5548:FGM-148 5543:BQM-147 5538:MIM-146 5533:BQM-145 5528:ADM-144 5523:MQM-143 5518:AGM-142 5513:ADM-141 5508:MGM-140 5503:RUM-139 5498:CEM-138 5493:AGM-137 5488:AGM-136 5483:ASM-135 5478:MGM-134 5473:UGM-133 5468:AIM-132 5463:AGM-131 5458:AGM-130 5453:AGM-129 5448:AQM-128 5443:AQM-127 5438:BQM-126 5428:AGM-124 5423:AGM-123 5418:AGM-122 5408:AIM-120 5403:AGM-119 5398:LGM-118 5393:FQM-117 5388:RIM-116 5383:MIM-115 5378:AGM-114 5373:RIM-113 5368:AGM-112 5363:BQM-111 5358:BGM-110 5341:BQM-108 5336:MQM-107 5331:BQM-106 5326:MQM-105 5321:MIM-104 5316:AQM-103 5311:PQM-102 5306:RIM-101 5299:101–150 5290:LIM-100 5196:AGM-84E 5000:XLIM-49 4904:MGM-31C 4868:LGM-25C 4863:HGM-25A 4573:Spartan 4012:Bibcode 2683:. 2000. 2038:(5 Mt) 1971:Thiokol 1873:Length 1852:Spartan 1830:Spartan 1681:chirped 1571:Agena-D 1361:Target 1204:Testing 1161:perfect 996:as his 438:Douglas 412:Nike II 355:History 286:XLIM-49 240:was an 81:US Army 8714:L (II) 8577:S (II) 8307:A (II) 8242:A (II) 7997:B (II) 7620:L (II) 7404:L (II) 7142:G (II) 7000:M (II) 5897:Sprint 5285:LIM-99 5280:YQM-98 5275:AIM-97 5270:UGM-96 5265:AIM-95 5260:YQM-94 5255:XQM-93 5243:FIM-92 5238:AQM-91 5233:BQM-90 5228:UGM-89 5223:AGM-88 5218:AGM-87 5213:AGM-86 5208:RIM-85 5186:AGM-83 5181:AIM-82 5176:AQM-81 5171:AGM-80 5166:AGM-79 5161:AGM-78 5156:FGM-77 5151:AGM-76 5146:BGM-75 5141:BQM-74 5136:UGM-73 5131:MIM-72 5126:BGM-71 5121:LEM-70 5116:AGM-69 5111:AIM-68 5106:RIM-67 5101:RIM-66 5096:AGM-65 5091:AGM-64 5086:AGM-63 5081:AGM-62 5076:MQM-61 5071:AQM-60 5066:RGM-59 5061:MQM-58 5056:MQM-57 5051:PQM-56 5046:RIM-55 5041:AIM-54 5036:AGM-53 5031:MGM-52 5026:MGM-51 5019:51–100 5010:RIM-50 5005:LIM-49 4995:AGM-48 4990:AIM-47 4985:MIM-46 4980:AGM-45 4975:UUM-44 4970:FIM-43 4965:MQM-42 4960:AQM-41 4955:MQM-40 4950:MQM-39 4945:AQM-38 4940:AQM-37 4935:MQM-36 4920:AQM-34 4915:MQM-33 4910:MGM-32 4895:LGM-30 4890:MGM-29 4885:AGM-28 4880:UGM-27 4875:AIM-26 4858:RIM-24 4853:MIM-23 4848:AGM-22 4843:MGM-21 4838:ADM-20 4833:PGM-19 4828:MGM-18 4823:PGM-17 4818:CGM-16 4813:RGM-15 4808:MIM-14 4798:AGM-12 4793:PGM-11 4788:CIM-10 4568:Nike-X 4558:Nike J 4472:18 May 4448:13 May 4439: 4420:13 May 4403: 4359:13 May 4352: 4321: 4280: 4220: 4199:13 May 4170:13 May 4155: 4127: 4104: 4078: 4056: 4046: 3981: 3971: 3940: 3921: 3911: 3863: 3853: 3759:18 May 3535:18 May 3333:19 May 2588: 2467: 2442:18 May 2059:was a 1973:TX-135 1937:Range 1862:DM-15A 1710:X-band 1702:C band 1686:L-band 1364:Notes 1176:Flood: 1157:Flood: 1141:Flood: 1077:ad hoc 1049:Nike-X 1032:Nike-X 928:, and 836:lasers 664:Zeus B 508:tracks 464:ramjet 430:Nike B 341:radars 337:Sprint 333:Nike-X 279:Zeus B 268:Zeus A 250:Soviet 225:Launch 213:system 172:Engine 139:Length 8709:L (I) 8572:S (I) 8302:A (I) 8237:A (I) 7640:L (I) 7615:L (I) 7399:L (I) 7137:G (I) 6995:M (I) 6841:B/C/N 5912:GLSDB 5872:NCADE 5862:MA-31 5812:Brazo 5807:ASALM 4783:AIM-9 4778:RIM-8 4771:RIM-7 4766:AIM-7 4761:RGM-6 4756:MGM-5 4751:AIM-4 4746:MIM-3 4741:RIM-2 4736:MGM-1 4414:(PDF) 4397:(PDF) 4375:(PDF) 4296:(PDF) 4278:JSTOR 4247:6 May 4193:(PDF) 4186:(PDF) 4164:(PDF) 4145:(PDF) 4072:(PDF) 4002:(PDF) 3990:(PDF) 3965:(PDF) 3886:(PDF) 3879:(PDF) 3497:8 May 3491:(PDF) 3480:(PDF) 2009:None 1915:Mass 1798:silos 1706:maser 1358:Date 715:BMEWS 183:range 8705:802 8528:695 8493:691 8463:687 8428:683 8408:681 8353:672 8313:666 8298:665 8233:655 8163:649 8143:648 8063:634 7988:621 7888:603 7873:602 7858:601 7802:580 7772:560 7752:550 7681:499 7651:498 7631:497 7611:495 7576:490 7541:485 7521:484 7457:478 7420:474 7395:471 7278:451 7238:445 7203:441 7163:435 7133:431 7108:428 7093:427 7078:426 7021:418 6986:416 6966:414 6882:405 6809:399 6784:380 6621:315 6566:306 6460:222 6340:201 6222:132 6110:118 6095:117 6035:107 5887:PrSM 5877:NLOS 5867:MSDM 5857:LRHW 5852:LREW 5832:HACM 5827:HALO 5774:201– 4729:1–50 4531:Nike 4529:The 4474:2013 4450:2013 4437:ISBN 4422:2013 4401:ISBN 4383:2014 4361:2013 4350:ISSN 4332:2014 4319:ISBN 4304:2014 4249:2013 4218:ISBN 4201:2013 4172:2013 4153:OCLC 4125:ISBN 4102:ISBN 4087:2014 4076:OCLC 4054:OCLC 4044:ISBN 4031:2014 3979:OCLC 3969:ISBN 3951:2014 3938:ISBN 3919:OCLC 3909:ISBN 3894:2014 3861:OCLC 3851:ISBN 3761:2013 3537:2013 3499:2013 3335:2015 3138:2015 2711:2015 2586:ISBN 2534:help 2465:ISBN 2444:2013 2073:The 2066:The 1842:Name 1729:for 1725:and 1721:for 1580:Thor 1537:K24 1523:K28 1509:K26 1495:K23 1481:K15 1467:K21 1453:K17 1439:K10 983:and 980:Life 807:ARPA 705:and 569:Thor 565:IRBM 428:and 426:Nike 399:GAPA 376:and 343:and 329:ARPA 231:silo 131:Mass 121:1961 54:Type 8867:968 8857:956 8852:855 8847:854 8842:853 8837:952 8811:846 8801:834 8796:833 8791:832 8781:823 8776:822 8771:821 8766:820 8761:819 8756:818 8751:817 8741:807 8736:806 8731:805 8726:804 8721:803 8701:801 8696:800 8675:754 8665:745 8660:744 8655:743 8650:742 8645:741 8640:740 8635:739 8630:738 8625:737 8620:736 8599:699 8594:698 8589:697 8584:696 8524:694 8519:693 8514:692 8489:690 8484:689 8479:688 8459:686 8454:685 8449:684 8424:682 8404:680 8399:679 8394:678 8389:677 8384:676 8379:675 8374:674 8369:673 8362:M/P 8349:671 8344:670 8339:669 8334:668 8329:667 8322:C/P 8294:664 8289:663 8284:662 8279:661 8274:660 8269:659 8264:658 8259:657 8254:656 8229:654 8224:653 8219:652 8214:651 8209:650 8139:647 8134:646 8129:645 8124:644 8119:643 8114:642 8109:641 8104:640 8099:639 8094:638 8089:637 8084:636 8079:635 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6908:407 6903:406 6878:404 6873:403 6868:402 6863:401 6851:G/H 6836:400 6805:398 6775:337 6770:336 6765:335 6760:334 6755:333 6750:332 6745:331 6740:330 6728:329 6716:328 6704:327 6699:326 6694:325 6687:M/N 6677:324 6672:323 6667:322 6662:321 6657:320 6652:319 6647:318 6642:317 6637:316 6630:A-2 6625:A-1 6617:314 6612:313 6607:312 6602:311 6597:310 6592:309 6587:308 6582:307 6570:A/L 6562:305 6557:304 6552:303 6547:302 6542:301 6537:300 6521:299 6511:279 6501:239 6491:226 6486:225 6481:224 6476:223 6456:221 6451:220 6446:219 6441:218 6436:217 6431:216 6426:215 6421:214 6416:213 6411:212 6406:211 6401:210 6396:209 6391:208 6386:207 6381:206 6376:205 6371:204 6366:203 6361:202 6349:B/W 6344:A/L 6336:200 6298:199 6293:198 6283:142 6278:141 6273:140 6268:139 6263:138 6258:137 6253:136 6248:135 6243:134 6238:133 6218:131 6213:130 6208:129 6203:128 6198:127 6193:126 6188:125 6183:124 6178:123 6173:122 6168:121 6163:120 6136:C/F 6131:119 6091:116 6086:115 6081:114 6076:113 6071:112 6066:111 6061:110 6056:109 6051:108 6044:A-2 6039:A-1 6031:106 6026:105 6021:104 6016:103 6011:102 5999:101 5994:100 5847:KEI 5842:JSM 5822:GBI 4270:doi 4020:doi 2036:W71 2030:W50 2024:W31 1814:W50 1731:RAM 1723:ROM 1630:UHF 1425:K8 1411:K7 1397:K6 1383:K2 1369:K1 848:MIT 492:W31 382:V-2 290:W50 272:W31 8891:: 4342:. 4276:. 4266:33 4264:. 4235:. 4151:. 4052:. 4018:. 4004:. 3977:. 3917:. 3859:. 3781:^ 3747:. 3712:^ 3685:^ 3630:^ 3591:^ 3560:^ 3545:^ 3482:. 3441:^ 3426:^ 3387:^ 3355:^ 3257:. 3233:^ 3218:^ 3208:. 3185:^ 3158:^ 3100:^ 3037:. 3001:^ 2967:. 2918:^ 2884:. 2818:^ 2731:^ 2697:. 2679:. 2656:^ 2629:^ 2600:^ 2563:. 2526:: 2524:}} 2520:{{ 2512:. 2434:. 2352:. 2299:^ 2236:^ 2221:^ 2204:^ 1818:kt 920:, 846:, 834:, 567:, 440:. 351:. 323:, 296:. 8567:R 8562:Q 8557:P 8552:N 8547:L 8542:C 8537:B 8532:A 8507:Z 8502:X 8497:C 8472:P 8467:J 8442:V 8437:J 8432:A 8417:E 8412:D 8357:A 8317:A 8247:P 8202:P 8197:L 8192:F 8187:E 8182:D 8177:C 8172:B 8167:A 8157:P 8152:D 8147:A 8072:B 8067:A 7897:L 7892:A 7882:L 7877:A 7867:L 7862:A 7811:E 7806:A 7781:F 7776:A 7761:E 7756:A 7695:D 7690:C 7685:A 7675:L 7670:E 7665:D 7660:C 7655:A 7645:L 7635:A 7585:M 7580:L 7550:Z 7545:L 7535:N 7530:M 7525:L 7505:L 7500:E 7488:L 7466:T 7461:A 7446:E 7429:N 7424:L 7339:L 7287:L 7282:D 7247:M 7242:L 7217:L 7212:D 7207:A 7172:L 7167:A 7117:L 7112:A 7102:M 7097:L 7087:M 7082:L 7030:M 7025:L 7010:Q 7005:P 6990:L 6975:M 6970:L 6950:L 6945:E 6933:L 6928:E 6898:D 6893:C 6886:B 6856:M 6846:E 6818:B 6813:A 6793:P 6733:F 6721:E 6709:E 6682:L 6575:B 6469:G 6464:A 6354:E 6318:Y 6313:D 6308:C 6303:B 6231:B 6226:A 6156:Y 6151:T 6146:L 6141:E 6124:P 6119:L 6114:A 6104:M 6099:L 6004:P 5971:e 5964:t 5957:v 5698:/ 4906:) 4902:( 4713:e 4706:t 4699:v 4522:e 4515:t 4508:v 4476:. 4452:. 4424:. 4385:. 4363:. 4334:. 4306:. 4284:. 4272:: 4258:" 4251:. 4226:. 4203:. 4174:. 4133:. 4110:. 4089:. 4060:. 4033:. 4022:: 4014:: 3953:. 3925:. 3896:. 3867:. 3763:. 3555:. 3539:. 3501:. 3337:. 3140:. 3071:. 2954:. 2888:. 2713:. 2594:. 2567:. 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Index