Kuril Islands dispute

1643:, March 24, 2005. "Japanese materials at the time – Foreign Ministry maps, statements by former Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida at San Francisco and in his later memoirs, and newspaper reports all make it clear that Etorofu and Kunashiri were most definitely included. The chief U.S. negotiator for the San Francisco treaty, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, agreed. Asked at San Francisco to define the territory of the Kurils, he said only that the Habomais might be excluded (at the time there were suggestions that Shikotan might be part of the Kurils). More was to follow. Questioned in the Diet on October 19, 1951, over whether the word 'Kurils' as used in the treaty included Etorofu and Kunashiri, the head of the Foreign Ministry Treaties Bureau, Kumao Nishimura, said unambiguously that both the northern Chishima and southern Chishima (Etorofu and Kunashiri) were included." 851: 1138: 386:. Article 2 of the Treaty of Shimoda, which provided for an agreement on borders, states "Henceforth the borders between Russia and Japan will pass between the islands Iturup (Etorofu) and Urup (Uruppu). The whole island of Iturup belongs to Japan and the whole island Urup and the other Kuril Islands to the north constitute possessions of Russia". The islands of Kunashiri, Shikotan and the Habomai Islands, all lying to the south of Iturup, are not explicitly mentioned in the treaty and were understood at the time to be a non-disputed part of Japan. The treaty also specified that the island of Sakhalin/Karafuto was not to be partitioned but was to remain under a joint Russo-Japanese condominium. 646:. The Declaration ended the state of war between the Soviet Union and Japan, which technically had still existed between the two countries since August 1945, and stipulated that "The U.S.S.R. and Japan have agreed to continue, after the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between them, negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty. Hereby, the U.S.S.R., in response to the desires of Japan and taking into consideration the interest of the Japanese state, agrees to hand over to Japan the Habomai and the Shikotan Islands, provided that the actual changing over to Japan of these islands will be carried out after the conclusion of a peace treaty." 1182: 1125: 343: 60: 569:

U.S., the Soviet Union itself violated several provisions of the Yalta agreement in relation to the rights of other countries. The Soviet Union vehemently disagreed and demanded that the U.S. adhere to its promises made to the Soviet Union in Yalta as a condition of the Soviet Union's entry into the war with Japan. A particular point of disagreement at the time was the fact that the draft text of the treaty, while stating that Japan will renounce all rights to Southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, did not state explicitly that Japan would recognize the Soviet Union's sovereignty over these territories.

759: 1297: 5723: 5674: 5625: 5588: 5574: 5553: 5512: 5463: 5421: 5400: 5289: 5247: 5191: 5145: 5124: 4950: 4878: 4825: 1370: 355: 1352: 1478:, the Russian Defence Minister, announced that Russia is ready to protect the islands against foreign air traffic over the islands by positioning defence systems along the main islands. Furthermore, on June 8, 2015, there was an order from the Defence Minister to expedite the construction of military facilities on Iturup and Kunashir islands. This news generated a wave of Japanese dissatisfaction. Although Japan objected to the actions of Russia, the latter did not show any signs for changing its plans. On November 19, 2018, Kremlin spokesman 1164:, and the occupation of the islands was therefore a violation of international law. Although the Soviet Union renounced the neutrality pact on April 5, 1945, Japan contends that the pact remained in effect until April 25, 1946, the 5 year anniversary of the pact's ratification. However possibility of denunciation was described in third article of the pact: "In case neither of the Contracting Parties denounces the Pact one year before the expiration of the term, it will be considered automatically prolonged for the next five years." 5716: 5681: 5632: 5602: 5567: 5526: 5477: 5428: 5351: 5303: 5254: 5226: 5205: 5152: 5131: 4978: 4957: 4936: 4892: 4839: 68: 496: 666:, while asserting that the San Francisco Peace Treaty "did not determine the sovereignty of the territories renounced by Japan", but that "Japan does not have the right to transfer sovereignty over such territories", although this attribution is problematic, since the decision to stand firm on demanding "four island return" (rather than following initial "minimal requirement" line of demanding only Shikotan and Habomai) was made by Japan long before the United States' decision to "morally support" these claims. 271:, signed between the Allies and Japan in 1951, states that Japan renounces "all right, title and claim to the Kuril Islands", but does not explicitly recognize the Soviet Union's sovereignty over them. Japan claims that at least some of the disputed islands are not a part of the Kuril Islands, and thus are not covered by the treaty. Russia maintains that the Soviet Union's sovereignty over the islands was recognized in post-war agreements. Japan and the Soviet Union ended their formal state of war with the 5695: 5595: 5470: 5177: 1941:, September 9, 1951; From page 26: "The Soviet delegation has already drawn the attention of the conference to the inadmissibility of the situation under which the draft peace treaty with Japan fails to state that Japan should recognize the sovereignty of the Soviet Union over the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. The draft is in flagrant contradiction with the obligations assumed by the United States and Great Britain with regard to these territories under the Yalta Agreement." 1602:

herein defined; nor shall any right, title or interest of Japan be deemed to be diminished or prejudiced by any provision of the Treaty in favor of a State which is not an Allied Power as so defined." The Allied powers were Australia, Canada, Ceylon, France, Indonesia, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. The Soviet Union refused to sign the treaty.

531:, Bruce Elleman, Michael Nichols and Matthew Ouimet argue that the US never accepted the cession of all the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union and has maintained from Yalta onward that it simply agreed at Yalta that Moscow could negotiate directly with Tokyo to come to a mutually acceptable solution, and that the US would support in such a peace agreement the Soviet acquisition of the Kurils. As a key piece of evidence, the same article quotes an August 27, 1945, letter from U.S. President 1276:

these islands away from Japan was a just reward for the Soviet Union's sacrifices during World War II and for its agreement to enter the war against Japan at the request of its allies. The attitudes of the Russian public have hardened in the 2000s. According to a July 2009 poll conducted by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), 89% of respondents were against territorial concessions to Japan in the Kuril Islands dispute, compared to 76% from a similar poll in 1994. The

52: 5751: 5379: 5034: 5744: 5546: 5498: 5393: 5365: 5041: 1405: 962:, Shinzo Abe followed up on Vladimir Putin's proposal from September in Vladivostok. He said that the leaders would seek a peace treaty to the terms of the 1956 Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration. The declaration gave Japan the Habomai islet group and Shikotan while the Soviet Union claimed the remaining islands, but the United States did not allow the 1956 treaty. Putin and Abe agreed that the terms of the 1956 deal would be part of a bilateral peace treaty. 5323: 5688: 5414: 5330: 5170: 5103: 5020: 5653: 5089: 5061: 5013: 4913: 4864: 4971: 4906: 5702: 5519: 5344: 5667: 5110: 1419: 4885: 290: 1330: 5268: 4999: 5491: 5442: 5219: 4929: 1441: 5737: 5646: 5618: 5449: 5372: 5296: 5275: 5240: 5198: 5082: 5068: 4992: 4857: 4832: 1976:. November 25, 2004. "Japan and the Allied Powers, including the US and the UK, signed the peace treaty in San Francisco in 1951, when the Soviet Union participated but did not sign the treaty. At the conference, Japan renounced the "Kuril Islands", excluding Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, or the Habomai Islands, which Japan claimed had always been Japanese territories and wished to claim them after the war." 1703:(Soejima and Komaki 2012). Japanese leaders, however, have consistently declined to accept this offer, drawing attention to the fact that Shikotan and Habomai represent only 7 percent of the disputed territory (Prime Minister Noda cited in Nihon Keizai Shinbun 2012). Despite the passage of much time and considerable diplomatic effort, the sides have essentially been unable to proceed beyond this impasse. 1267:, admitted that Russia was never serious about reaching a territorial agreement. He said: "Obviously, we would never have found any consensus with Japan on the island issue … Negotiations about the Kurils always had a ritualistic character. The new version of the constitution of the Russian Federation directly states that our country’s territories are not subject to alienation. The question is closed." 589:

claim that already at the time of the 1951 San Francisco peace conference, Japan held that the islands of Kunashiri, Etorofu, Shikotan and the Habomai Islands were technically not a part of the Kuril Islands and thus were not covered by the provisions of Article (2c) of the treaty. The timing of this claim is disputed by Russia and by some western historians. In a 2005 article in

1319:, urging him to reconsider any move to award the Southern Kuril Islands to Japan. In the letter they blamed the Japanese, the Tsarist Russians, and the Soviets for crimes against the Ainu such as killings and assimilation, and they also urged him to recognize the Japanese genocide against the Ainu people, a request which was turned down by Putin. 675:

the 1956 Japanese delegation for the Moscow peace talks, Clark traces the first Japanese claim that Etorofu and Kunashiri islands are not a part of the Kurils to the 1956 negotiations on the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956. The Soviet Union rejected that view at the time, and Russia has subsequently maintained the same position.

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condition that: ... 2. The former rights of Russia violated by the treacherous attack of Japan in 1904 shall be restored, viz.: (a) The southern part of Sakhalin as well as the islands adjacent to it shall be returned to the Soviet Union; ... 3. The Kuril islands shall be handed over to the Soviet Union.

393:, Russia and Japan agreed that Japan would give up all rights to Sakhalin in exchange for Russia giving up all rights to the Kuril Islands in favor of Japan. However, a controversy remains as to what constitutes the Kuril Islands, due to translation discrepancies in the French official text of that treaty. 979:

territory as a start. In a statement to reporters he had said "Russia's sovereignty over the islands isn't subject to discussion. They are part of the territory of the Russian Federation." A couple days later on January 16, Lavrov questioned whether or not Japan has accepted the result of World War II.

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In 1956, on the occasion of the restoration of bilateral diplomatic relations, Moscow officially stated that it was willing to transfer the two smaller islands to Japan following the conclusion of a peace treaty. As confirmed by Vladimir Putin in 2000 and again in 2012, this remains Moscow's position

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Article 25 of The San Francisco Peace Treaty defines the Allied Forces as "the States at war with Japan, provided that in each case the State concerned has signed and ratified the Treaty. the present Treaty shall not confer any rights, titles or benefits on any State which is not an Allied Power as

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Although by the terms of Article (2c) of the 1951 San Francisco treaty, Japan renounced all rights to the Kuril Islands, the Japanese government claims that the islands of Kunashiri, Etorofu, Shikotan and Habomai are not part of the Kuril Islands but "Northern Territories". Also, the Soviet Union did

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On February 10, 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev ordered advanced weapons to be deployed on the Kuril Islands, "in order to ensure the security of the islands as an integral part of Russia". On February 15, plans for deploying advanced anti-air missiles systems on the Islands were announced. According

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The question of whether Etorofu and Kunashiri islands are a part of the Kurils, and thus whether they are covered by Article (2c) of the Treaty of San Francisco, remains one of the main outstanding issues in the Kuril Islands dispute. Based on a 1966 book by a former Japanese diplomat and a member of

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had already taken hold, and the position of the U.S. in relation to the Yalta and Potsdam agreements had changed considerably. The U.S. had come to maintain that the Potsdam Declaration should take precedence and that strict adherence to the Yalta agreement was not necessary since, in the view of the

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to Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin: "You evidently misunderstood my message ... I was not speaking of any territory of the Soviet Republic. I was speaking of the Kurile Islands, Japanese territory, disposition of which must be made at a peace settlement. I was advised that my predecessor agreed to

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commented on the issue of Russian–Japanese dispute of the islands. He said, "It is China's consistent belief that the outcomes of the victorious anti-fascist war should be earnestly respected and upheld." Russia often cites "the results of the victorious war against fascism" to justify its ownership

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The Yalta Agreement "did not determine the final settlement of the territorial problem, as it was no more than a statement by the then leaders of the Allied Powers as to principles of the postwar settlement. (Territorial issues should be settled by a peace treaty.) Furthermore, Japan is not bound by

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the Northern Territories are not explicitly included in this list, but the US subsequently maintained, particularly during the preparation of the Treaty of San Francisco, that the phrase "and such minor islands as we determine" could be used to justify transferring the Northern Territories to Japan.

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was signed in Moscow on April 13, 1941, and became effective on April 25, but was renounced by the Soviet Union on April 5, 1945. On May 8 Nazi Germany surrendered to the Western allies, on May 9 to the USSR, which ended the war in Europe and started the secret three-month countdown for the Russians

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On December 21, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin said at his annual news conference that the United States' military presence in Japan was complicating the search for a formal peace treaty between Moscow and Tokyo. Putin told reporters that Moscow was concerned by the deployment of a U.S. air

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started to allow visits to the smaller islands in the archipelago, under a new system involving checks of tour ships as they approached from the sea. The new procedure to process entry requests to the four Russian-held islands was expected to reduce travel time from five hours to about three hours.

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but did not sign a peace treaty. During talks leading to the joint declaration, the Soviet Union offered Japan the two smaller islands of Shikotan and the Habomai Islands in exchange for Japan renouncing all claims to the two bigger islands of Iturup and Kunashir, but Japan declined the offer. This

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In Russia, most of the population and mass media strongly oppose any territorial concessions to Japan. A common view is that the Soviet Union won the Kuril Islands during World War II and is entitled to keep them regardless of the prior history of the disputed territories. Many believe that taking

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Japan has offered substantial financial aid to the Kuril Islands if they are handed over. However, by 2007, residents of the islands were starting to benefit from economic growth and improved living standards, arising in particular from expansion in the fish processing industry. As a result, it is

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The Potsdam Declaration states the following regarding the Japanese territories: "8. The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine". The islands comprising

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Russia maintains that all the Kuril Islands, including those that Japan calls the Northern Territories, are legally a part of Russia as a result of World War II, and the acquisition was as proper as any other change of international boundaries following the war. Moscow cites the following points:

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The Soviet Union refused to sign the Treaty of San Francisco and publicly stated that the Kuril Islands issue was one of the reasons for its opposition to the Treaty. Japan signed and ratified the San Francisco treaty. However, both the Japanese government and most of the Japanese media currently

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Many former Japanese residents of the disputed islands and their descendants live in Japan, and since 1964 some have been allowed to visit family graves for humanitarian reasons. However, they have long sought easier access, and the ability to land on islands other than Kunashir. In 2018, Russia

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Russian President and Japanese Prime minister met in Eastern Economic Forum in September 2018. Putin said, "We agreed to hold the third Japanese–Russian business mission to the South Kuril Islands by the end of this year, after which the fourth round of negotiations on joint activities will take

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As part of such advice and consent the Senate states that nothing the treaty contains is deemed to diminish or prejudice, in favor of the Soviet Union, the right, title, and interest of Japan, or the Allied Powers as defined in said treaty, in and to South Sakhalin and its adjacent islands, the

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As regards South Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands, the treaty carries out the provisions of the Potsdam surrender terms, the only agreement by which Japan and the Allied powers as a whole are bound. So long as other governments have rights under the Yalta Agreement which the Soviet Union has not

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Russian President Dmitry Medvedev was quoted by Reuters on September 29, 2010, as saying he planned a visit to the disputed islands soon and calling the South Kurils "an important region of our country". The Japanese Foreign Ministry criticized Medvedev's statement, calling it regrettable. Many

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offered Japan the return of Shikotan and the Habomais (about 6% of the disputed area) if Japan would renounce its claims to the other two islands, referring to the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which promised Shikotan and the Habomais would be ceded to Japan once a peace treaty was

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Japan later claimed that the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Declaration did not apply to the islands on the grounds that they had never belonged to Russia or been claimed by it since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1855, and thus they were not among the

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on January 14, 2019. At the conclusion of their meeting, Lavrov said that they agreed on wanting to increase ties between the two countries but serious differences remained between the Russian and Japanese positions on the issue. He also said that Japan must recognize them as sovereign Russian

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emerged over the interpretation of the territorial provisions of the Declaration, despite the Soviet efforts to avoid precisely that. The Soviet position was that the Declaration resolved the dispute and that no territorial demarcation will be discussed beyond promised transfer of Shikotan and

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The leaders of the three great powers – the Soviet Union, the United States of America and Great Britain – have agreed that in two or three months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated, the Soviet Union shall enter into war against Japan on the side of the Allies on

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Gatrell has asserted that the navy, in contrast to the army, was not underfunded and the armament requirements of the Navy Ministry were satisfied, since most of the money was spent on the construction and repair of vessels. In this sense he attributed the navy's disastrous performance in the

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stated that "It is completely unacceptable that the Northern Territories have yet to be returned since the Soviet Union's illegal occupation of them 77 years ago". This was the first time in 5 years that the Japanese government had used the term 'illegal occupation' when referring to the four

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in the Arctic and the Pacific Ocean. The source believes that the route might be in hand to Russia since its power in the Pacific has been weakened for the last several decades. Moreover, the transfer of the Kurils to Japan would escalate territorial disputes Russia has with other countries.

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The State Department later clarified that "the Habomai Islands and Shikotan ... are properly part of Hokkaido and that Japan is entitled to sovereignty over them". Britain and the United States agreed that territorial rights would not be granted to nations that did not sign the Treaty of San

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In addition, the Japanese government renounced its sovereignty over southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from Sims to Urup, but the San Francisco Peace Treaty did not specify which country it belonged to, and the Soviet Union did not sign the treaty. Therefore, it claims that the land is

599:—make it clear that at the time the San Francisco Treaty was concluded in October 1951, both Japan and the United States considered the islands of Kunashiri and Etorofu to be a part of the Kuril Islands and to be covered by Article (2c) of the Treaty. Clark made a similar point in a 1992 1877: 2298: 3492: 1767:

The fabled Russian military machine proved to be inept and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 was a slaughterhouse and a disaster. … Brest was a transit station and camp for the army, and the city was full of soldiers and reservists returning from the disastrous Russo-Japanese

902:. Abe said: "The potential for cooperation has not been unlocked sufficiently and it is necessary to increase the cooperation between our countries as partners"; he added that he intended to have a good personal relationship with Putin as a basis for resolving the dispute. 1192:

In Japan, there are various private groups cooperating with local and national government to encourage the Japanese people to push for the return of the islands. One man whose family was evicted from the islands, Kenjirō Suzuki, heads the Tokachi branch of the League of

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On April 21, 2023, Russia's prosecutor general designated the League of Residents of Chishima and Habomai Islands (Chishima Renmei) as “an undesirable organization.” These former residents of the islands are likely barred from visiting the four disputed islands.

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called this visit "impermissible rudeness" and subsequently recalled his country's ambassador to Moscow. The day after the visit, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Medvedev planned more visits to the disputed islands, sparking a warning from Tokyo.

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Japan and the US claimed that the Yalta agreement did not apply to the Northern Territories because they were not a part of the Kuril Islands, although US geographers have traditionally listed them as part of the Kuril chain. In a 1998 article in the journal

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Russia has given several concessions to Japan in the dispute. For example, Russia has introduced visa-free trips for Japanese citizens to the Kuril Islands. Japan's fishermen are also allowed to catch fish in Russia's claimed exclusive economic zone.

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A substantial dispute regarding the status of the Kuril Islands arose between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the preparation of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951. The Treaty was supposed to be a permanent peace treaty between Japan and the

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between Japan and Taiwan. On November 1, Medvedev visited Kunashir Island, sparking a row with Japan. The visit by Medvedev was seen in Moscow as a signal to Japan that its loudspeaker diplomacy on the islands would fail. Japanese Prime Minister

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During the 1956 peace talks between Japan and the Soviet Union, the Soviet side proposed to settle the dispute by returning Shikotan and Habomai to Japan. In the final round of the talks, the Japanese side accepted the weakness of its claim to

2154:, page 2, October 20, 1956. Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet-Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian". 3446: 749:

The Russian Head of the Kuril Region has called for dropping the visa-free programme and Japanese fishermen were fired upon for allegedly fishing illegally in Russian waters. A Japanese fisherman was shot dead by a Russian patrol in 2006.

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met in Sakhalin on February 18, 2009, to discuss the Kuril Islands issue. Aso said after the meeting that they had agreed to speed up efforts to resolve the dispute so that it would not be left to future generations to find a solution.

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Likewise, the Treaty States that southern Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands are to be detached from Japan but does not state, as previously promised by the United States, that these territories should be handed over to the Soviet Union.

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A poll in May 2016 showed that the percentage of respondents that said they would support giving the islands to Japan was 7%. In November 2018 a similar poll was conducted, and the number supporting giving the islands was at 17%.

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The dispute over the Kuril Islands was exacerbated on July 16, 2008, when the Japanese government published new school textbook guidelines directing teachers to say that Japan has sovereignty over the Southern Kuril Islands. The

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Continuation of the deadlock is often attributed to the United States' intervention in the negotiations, when the US warned Japan that a withdrawal of the Japanese claim on the other islands would mean the U.S. would keep both

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Kurile Islands, the Habomai Islands, the Island of Shikotan, or any other territory, rights, or interests possessed by Japan on December 7, 1941, or to confer any right, title, or benefit therein or thereto on the Soviet Union.

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Russia had not previously claimed the disputed islands since it began diplomatic relations with Japan in 1855. Therefore, the disputed islands could not be considered part of the territories acquired by Japan "by violence and

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announced Russia's intent to cancel a 1998 agreement with Japan allowing Japanese fishermen to operate near the southern Kuril Islands, claiming that Japan is not meeting the financial obligations outlined in the agreement.

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was asked if he considered the islands to be an integral part of Japan in 2019, he declined to respond so as not to damage negotiations with Russia. However, following the outbreak of Russia's war against Ukraine and the

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by Kumao Nishimura, Director of the Treaties Bureau of the Foreign Ministry of Japan, stating that both Etorofu and Kunashiri are a part of the Kuril Islands and thus covered by Article (2c) of the San Francisco Treaty.

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about Russia's unilateral withdrawal from a visa agreement which allowed former Japanese residents to visit the disputed islands without visas. The Russian lawmaker said this was due to Japan's participation in

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On March 21, 2022, Russia announced its withdrawal from peace treaty talks with Japan and freeze of joint economic projects related to the disputed Kuril Islands due to sanctions imposed by Japan over Ukraine.

3685:[“The Northern Territories are Russian territory”!? Concern about the “duplicity” of South Korea’s “next ambassador to Japan” sent by President Moon Jae-in] (in Japanese). 2020-12-13. Archived from 3393: 3304: 276:

disagreement between the two-island offer made by the Soviet Union and Japan's demand of regaining two bigger islands as well became the cornerstone for continuation of the dispute into the present day.

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of the islands following the defeat of Imperial Japan in World War II. By saying "the results be respected", China apparently accepted the Russian argument. During a March 20-21 2023 meeting in Moscow,

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announced on July 18, " contribute neither to the development of positive cooperation between the two countries, nor to the settlement of the dispute" and reaffirmed its sovereignty over the islands.

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The Kuril Islands with Russian names. Borders of Shimoda Treaty (1855) and Treaty of St. Petersburg (1875) shown in red. Since 1945 all islands northeast of Hokkaido have been administered by Russia.

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in 1969, maps published in China began to mark the islands as Japanese territory with a note "Occupied by Russia". During a news conference on July 27, 2021, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson

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August 15, and formally signed it September 2). The Japanese inhabitants of the Kurils were expelled two years later. The United States had helped the preparation of the Soviet invasion through

629:. According to the Russian Embassy in Japan, "A peace treaty has not yet been concluded between the two countries, due to Tokyo's groundless territorial claims to the southern Kuril Islands." 595:, journalist Gregory Clark writes that official Japanese statements, maps and other documents from 1951, and the statements by the head of the U.S. delegation to the San Francisco conference— 576:

Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the

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also claim the Kuril Islands, on the basis that their ethnic group inhabited the archipelago and Sakhalin prior to the arrival of Japanese and Russian settlers in the 19th century.

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and Kunashiri and agreed to settle on the return of Shikotan and the Habomai Islands, in exchange for a peace treaty. On October 19, 1956, in Moscow, the USSR and Japan signed the

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The Japanese assertion that the disputed islands are not part of the Kurils is simply a tactic to bolster Japan's territorial claim and is not supported by history or geography.

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The positions of the two sides have not substantially changed since the 1956 Joint Declaration, and a permanent peace treaty between Japan and Russia has not been concluded.

3493:"Ainu people lay ancient claim to Kurile Islands: The hunters and fishers who lost their land to the Russians and Japanese are gaining the confidence to demand their rights" 1474:

focused on the "current state and the prospects of development of bilateral cooperation in trade and economy as well as in the humanitarian field". Close to the end of May,

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analysts also viewed that the announcement of the visit is correlated with the recent joint declaration regarding World War II between China and Russia, and linked to the

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The U.S. maintains that until a peace treaty between Japan and Russia is concluded, the disputed Northern Territories remain occupied territory under Russian control via

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The U.S. Senate Resolution of April 28, 1952, ratifying of the San Francisco Treaty, explicitly stated that the USSR had no title to the Kurils, the resolution stating:

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Habomai, whilst Japan maintains that negotiations for conclusion of a peace treaty necessarily imply continuation of negotiations over the two larger islands as well.

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of 1943 did not explicitly mention the Kuril Islands but stated: "Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed".

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Japan's dispute with Russia has divided the two countries for more than half a century, preventing them from signing a formal peace treaty to conclude World War II.

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Thierry Mormanne, « Le problème des Kouriles : pour un retour à Saint-Pétersbourg », in : Cipango, Nº 1, Paris, pp. 58–89, 1992. ISSN 1164-5857.

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stated that upcoming talks about resolving a dispute with Japan over a group of islands claimed by Tokyo would not necessarily result in Russia relinquishing them.

650: 2671: 663: 1431:, voted on October 7, 2022, to recognize the Kuril Islands as integral Japanese territories, illegally occupied by the Russian Federation. The same day President 1014:

visited the Iturup Island. Mishustin said Moscow planned to set up a special economic zone with no customs duties and a reduced set of taxes on the island chain.

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said "there is absolutely no change to our country's perspective of resolving the problem of rights over the Northern Territories before sealing a peace treaty".

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The Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Declaration did not apply to the disputed islands because those islands had never belonged to Russia even before 1904–1905.

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made good on promises to restart talks on the disputed nature of the islands. At the end of April 2013, he visited Moscow for discussion with Russian President

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fulfilled, there is at least question as to whether the Soviet Union can, "with clean hands", demand the fulfillment of the parts of that agreement it likes".

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The explicit language of the Yalta Agreement gave the Soviet Union a right to the Kurils, and the Soviet Union upheld its own obligations under that treaty.

2905: 1213: 1034:. The Japanese leadership had been reluctant to use language that could be seen as provocative by Russia when discussing the islands in recent years. When 3015: 2335: 3156: 2949: 1653: 1050:

On March 25, 2022, Russia started a military drill with over 3,000 troops and hundreds of vehicles on the Kuril Islands, including the disputed islands.

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A Japanese online resource reports that military infrastructure that is springing up in the Kuril Islands is believed to be part of the future plan of "

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The modern Kuril Islands dispute arose in the aftermath of World War II and results from the ambiguities in and disagreements about the meaning of the

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said it was to bolster Russian security around the Kuril Islands and partly in response to the United States efforts to "contain" Russia and China.

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declared that the southern Kurils are "a territory peculiar to Japan, a territory in which Japan has sovereignty." On March 8, Foreign Minister

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In October 2020, Russia said it planned to deploy an anti-air missile system for military drills on the Kuril Islands. On December 1, 2020,

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support in the peace settlement the Soviet acquisition of those islands." The Soviet Union—and subsequently, Russia—rejected this position.

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recognizes Japan's sovereignty over the islands. Since 2018, the US government has required people seeking permanent residency (known as a

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The Treaty of San Francisco was signed by 49 nations, including Japan and the United States, on September 8, 1951. Article (2c) states:

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in 1939 and before the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945, there was practically no hostile activity between the USSR and the

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James E. Goodby, Vladimir I. Ivanov, Nobuo Shimotomai, '"Northern territories" and beyond: Russian, Japanese, and American Perspectives

5505: 3948:

After a possible transfer of the Kuril Islands to Japan border issues with countries such as China, Estonia, and Finland may escalate.

3914:"The Strategic Value of Territorial Islands from the Perspective of National Security | Research | Review of Island Studies" 2631: 1346:

and Security in the Far East", adopted on July 7, 2005, which called on Russia to return to Japan the "occupied" South Kuril Islands.

1252:

Russia inherited possession of the islands from the former Soviet Union, as its successor state, in accordance with international law.

5810: 4544: 850: 2513: 146:). They are claimed by Japan, which refers to them as its Northern Territories or Southern Chishima, and considers them part of the 3084: 1280:

movement in Russia advocated a return of the islands to Japan during the 90s, but since then Moscow has begun to invest money into

840: 3325: 2777: 5820: 4195: 3868: 2994: 21: 3230: 2168: 5825: 4228: 3540: 3510: 1395:

told Putin that China "does not take either side" regarding the territorial dispute. This is a shift to neutrality compared to

798:

may be upgraded to a modern motorized infantry brigade. The division is to receive an air defense brigade, possibly armed with

307: 4112: 2861: 2679: 942:

a peace treaty "before the end of the year, without any preconditions". Abe did not respond. Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary

118:. The four disputed islands, like other islands in the Kuril chain which are not in dispute, were unilaterally annexed by the 5212: 4164: 3854: 2919: 4080: 1716: 2842: 1905:"Text of Dulles Reply to the Soviet Charges Against Japanese Peace Treaty; THE PRESIDENT ARRIVING TO OPEN PEACE CONFERENCE" 1791: 1760: 1060: 722: 439: 4086: 1969: 1053:

On March 31, 2022, Japan redesignated the disputed islands as being under an "illegal occupation" in a draft for the 2022

446:. Between 1939 and 1945, millions of Soviet and Japanese soldiers were facing each other along the Manchurian border. The 5815: 4846: 4699: 4168: 4074: 4020: 3545: 3173: 2701: 2594: 1659: 1161: 878:

were scrambled in response. Russia had been conducting scheduled flights over the Kuril Islands, but a spokesman for the

802:

SAM systems, according to the Russian General Staff. The Russian military has also announced intention to deploy the new

795: 447: 882:

said that none of their aircraft entered Japanese airspace. This is the first incursion by Russian aircraft since 2008.

690:

issued an official statement recommending the return of the territories in dispute, which Russia immediately protested.

5709: 2824: 1092:, Japan reaffirmed its position that it considers the four islands to be illegally occupied by Russia. In a statement, 717:

in which Putin expressed a willingness to resolve the territorial dispute, and proposed a new round of talks to do so.

4871: 1466:

was expected to make progress in the resolution of a prolonged territorial disputes. However, Japanese prime minister

1201:

is the Japanese name for the Kuril Islands). In 2008, the main organization had a budget of approximately 187 million

4662: 4048: 4038: 4009: 3986: 2073: 1799:

Russo-Japanese War to the mismanagement of adequate resources and enforced economies impairing the training of crews.

1695: 1589: 464: 390: 329: 2416: 5805: 1513: 1145:

Japan's current view of the dispute is given in the official pamphlet of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

1031: 3233:[Retrospective of 55 years of internment - "Exhibition related to internment in Siberia" ]. Archived from 5730: 1043:, the Japanese government has returned to a more hardline stance on the islands as shown by Kishida's statement. 4782: 1137: 1128:

Japanese people visiting their family graves on Tanfiliev Island (Suishō-jima), one of the Habomai Islands, 2008

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In a 2001 book, Seokwoo Lee, a Korean scholar of international law, quotes the October 19, 1951, statement in

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European Parliament resolution on relations between the EU, China and Taiwan and security in the Far East #15

1532: 471: 419:, Japan did not formally annex any of these territories and they were depopulated by Japan by the mid-1920s. 123: 3962:

Hara, Kimie. "50 Years from San Francisco: Re-Examining the Peace Treaty and Japan's Territorial Problems".

2190: 1527: 1054: 991: 872: 456: 4751: 4043:

Stephan, John J. The Kuril Islands Russo-Japanese Frontier in the Pacific. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.

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has called for bilateral negotiations between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the Kuril Islands.

5233: 4615: 4096: 3936: 2008: 1634: 1517: 1508: 1264: 268: 5337: 2361: 5795: 4922: 4740: 4100: 982:

A meeting between Vladimir Putin and Shinzō Abe on January 22 also did not bring about breakthrough.

515:(September 1951). The Yalta Agreement, signed by the US, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, stated: 3197: 3126: 2463: 2322: 1435:

signed a decree recognizing the Kuril Islands as territory of Japan temporarily occupied by Russia.

350:. Dates shown indicate approximate time that the various powers gained control of their possessions. 4720: 3887: 1181: 1124: 63:

Disputed islands in question: Habomai Islands, Shikotan, Kunashiri (Kunashir) and Etorofu (Iturup)

59: 5660: 5609: 5358: 4600: 4122: 4028: 2257: 1783:

Russian Imperialism and Naval Power: Military Strategy and the Build-Up to the Russo-Japanese War

772: 512: 460: 435: 300: 3261:

Islands Residents: 2008 16th Regular Meeting Proposals (paper document in Japanese)「支部長　鈴木　健二郎」(

758: 342: 5790: 4672: 4181: 4064: 2906:"Japan and Russia's Kuril Islands dispute in spotlight with Putin's special economic zone plan" 2223: 2099: 2038: 995: 911: 817: 702:

thought that islanders are less likely to be won over by Japanese offers of financial support.

561: 544: 3913: 5282: 3993: 1781: 1750: 1685: 1185: 408: 3274: 649:

The Joint Declaration did not settle the Kuril Islands dispute, however. In particular, the

5800: 5159: 4145: 4001: 3994:"Towards a framework for the resolution of the territorial dispute over the Kurile Islands" 2065: 1992:

50 Years from San Francisco: Re-Examining the Peace Treaty and Japan's Territorial Problems

1951: 1581: 1296: 1206: 577: 431: 401: 147: 131: 4016:"The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan and the Territorial Disputes in East Asia" 1382:

in the 1960s, China then turned to support Japanese sovereignty of the islands. After the

1378:

once supported the Soviet Union's claim over the islands in the 1950s, however, after the

1220:, Tokyo) was established by the Japanese government to raise public awareness of Japanese 1141:

A protest truck confronting the Japanese police near the Russian Embassy on August 9, 2015

354: 8: 3351:"Japanese former residents of Russian-controlled isles return to visit ancestors' graves" 2523: 2460:"Fired on Japanese fishing vessels may have intentionally trespassed into Russian waters" 2061:

Towards a framework for the resolution of the territorial dispute over the Kurile Islands

1577:

Towards a framework for the resolution of the territorial dispute over the Kurile Islands

1432: 1339: 1224:

concerning the Kuril Islands dispute, as well as issues concerning territorial claims to

1221: 974:

visited Moscow and held talks on the Kuril Islands dispute with Russian foreign minister

687: 626: 508: 107: 91: 4070: 3410: 2618: 2555: 2543: 2500: 404:, concluded at the end of this war, gave the southern half of Sakhalin Island to Japan. 4985: 4667: 4579: 4434: 4424: 4015: 3967: 3796: 3513:[IN THE ISSUE TODAY: THE AINS TRAGEDY IS THE TRAGEDY OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST]. 3329: 2791: 2389: 2150: 2132: 2059: 2033: 1937: 1909: 1658:[On the problem of a peace treaty in Russian-Japanese relations] (in Russian). 1616: 1575: 1558: 1491: 1083: 1030:

described the four islands as an "integral part" of Japan. This was in response to the

868: 659: 596: 585:

Francisco, and therefore the islands were not formally recognized as Soviet territory.

475: 416: 397: 383: 102:. The Kuril Islands are a chain of islands that stretch between the Japanese island of 2402: 5456: 4682: 4549: 4539: 4218: 4044: 4034: 4005: 3982: 3740: 3234: 3059: 2069: 1787: 1756: 1691: 1585: 1379: 1089: 1072: 1027: 1011: 879: 824:

in January 2011 to buy four such vessels. However, the deal has since been canceled.

412: 375: 252: 221: 195: 169: 135: 3735: 3711:[The Council recognized the Kuril Islands as territory occupied by Russia]. 3518: 1856: 1462:

The meeting between the leaders of two countries that took place on May 5, 2016, in

1364:) to list Japan as their birthplace if they were born on the four disputed islands. 5096: 5054: 4574: 4116: 4090: 3764:"Negotiations best way to settle Japan-Russia territorial dispute: Iran's Kharrazi" 1562: 1101: 994:'s Zvezda TV station reported that Russia deployed several S-300V4 versions of the 452: 239: 213: 187: 161: 67: 3149:"Russia boosts defences near Japan, accuses US of expanding Asia-Pacific presence" 2929: 2569:"Russian leader Dmitry Medvedev angers Japan with visit to disputed Kuril Islands" 5261: 4725: 4494: 4474: 4449: 4404: 4303: 4273: 4253: 4243: 4150: 4105: 3451: 3394:"Russia's Cancellation of Peace Treaty Talks is a Blessing in Disguise for Japan" 3284: 3217: 3089: 2782: 2724: 2645: 2518: 2175: 2013: 1956: 1639: 1554: 1229: 1225: 1064: 733: 591: 527: 504: 443: 235: 183: 139: 16:

Disagreement between Japan and Russia over sovereignty of the South Kuril Islands

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The Soviet Union's 1945 entry into the war against Japan was a violation of the

5184: 5138: 4794: 4730: 4641: 4636: 4359: 4288: 4223: 4137: 3821:"Russia and Japan Unlikely to Make 'Serious Progress' in Kuril Islands Dispute" 3213: 2847: 2572: 2087:"Northern territories" and beyond: Russian, Japanese, and American Perspectives 1471: 1428: 1335: 1316: 943: 935: 899: 875: 763: 714: 694: 601: 379: 111: 3883:"Russia says 'certainly not' to automatic return of disputed islands to Japan" 3326:"Japanese begin tour of family graves on Habomai - News - NHK WORLD - English" 3181: 1017: 5784: 5560: 4735: 4610: 4595: 4524: 4464: 4379: 4204: 4060: 2100:"Russian-Japanese Relations - The Embassy of the Russian Federation to Japan" 1479: 1475: 1357: 1315:

In 2004, the small Ainu community living in Kamchatka Krai wrote a letter to

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Russia hopes to solve territorial dispute with Japan by strengthening trust

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calling for Japanese sovereignty over the Northern Territories (北方領土), 2006

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undetermined under international law according to Article 25 of the treaty.

1002:. There were already short-range anti-aircraft missiles systems on Iturup. 864: 791: 710: 532: 479: 423: 127: 119: 4131: 3511:"СЕГОДНЯ В НОМЕРЕ: ТРАГЕДИЯ АЙНОВ - ТРАГЕДИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА" 910:

Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and Russian President Vladimir Putin met at the

5750: 5743: 5694: 5594: 5545: 5497: 5469: 5407: 5392: 5378: 5364: 5176: 5040: 5033: 4715: 4605: 4489: 4469: 4459: 4389: 4384: 4318: 4268: 4238: 3209: 2720:"Abe and Putin likely to sign off on economic projects on disputed isles" 2484: 1410: 1387: 1309: 1301: 919: 347: 3792:"In Veiled Reaction To Russia, Iran Calls For Dialog Over Kuril Islands" 2972:"After Ukraine, Japan reverts to old line on Russian-controlled islands" 1844:

A Historical Reevaluation of America's Role in the Kuril Islands Dispute

1071:

On September 5, 2022, a document was published signed by Prime Minister

499:

Agreement regarding entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan

4964: 4818: 4790: 4559: 4504: 4444: 4374: 4364: 4298: 4283: 3971: 3558:"U.S. recognizes Japan's sovereignty over Russian-held isles: official" 3476:[Russia and Japan agree on the Kuriles. What is the dispute?]. 3365:"Putin says U.S. presence in Japan complicates signing of peace treaty" 2884:"Russia deploys advanced S-300 missiles to disputed islands near Japan" 2146:"Texts of Soviet-Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol" 2124:"Texts of Soviet-Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol" 1995: 1973: 1467: 1396: 1392: 1361: 1343: 1217: 1105: 1035: 939: 314: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3835:"Putin, Abe to discuss development of bilateral cooperation — Kremlin" 3117:"Japan raps Russia's 'illegal occupation' of disputed islets in rally" 1322: 5639: 5539: 5322: 4943: 4786: 4499: 4484: 4419: 4123:

Akaha and Vassilieva, "Lessons for Improved Japan – Russia Relations"

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Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (See External links below).

1413:

is officially neutral in the Russia–Japan conflict over the islands.

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Japan reaffirms its position that the islands are illegally occupied

669: 289: 5687: 5652: 5484: 5413: 5329: 5169: 5102: 5088: 5060: 5019: 5012: 4912: 4863: 4569: 4529: 4429: 4369: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4293: 4233: 3474:"Россия и Япония договариваются о Курилах. В чем заключается спор?" 3031:"Japan to again designate Russian-held isles as illegally occupied" 2812:

Russia's sovereignty over Kuril Islands not negotiable, says Lavrov

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residents (then called Etorofu) and a Buddhist temple (before 1939)

209: 103: 3661:"China's Xi did not support Japan's claim over Russian-held isles" 3055:"Russia suspends deal with Japan on fishing near disputed islands" 1846:, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1998–1999), pp. 489–504 1687:

Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion

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took place between August 18 and September 3 (Japan had announced

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Poster about the Kuril Islands dispute in Sapporo, Hokkaido, 2012

847:

are going to be stationed on the Kuril Islands within that year.

706: 4173: 3708: 3588:"Russia Blames 'Revisionist' U.S. for Disputed Islanders' Visas" 2748:"Japan Rejects Putin's Offer to Abe of Peace Treaty by Year-End" 5715: 5680: 5666: 5631: 5601: 5566: 5525: 5490: 5476: 5441: 5427: 5350: 5302: 5253: 5225: 5218: 5204: 5151: 5130: 5109: 5075: 4977: 4956: 4935: 4928: 4891: 4884: 4838: 4554: 4414: 4394: 4258: 4248: 2556:"Snap analysis: Russia scolds Japan with disputed island visit" 2165:

Japanese-Soviet/Russian Relations since 1945: A Difficult Peace

1994:. Pacific Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 361–382. 1857:"Potsdam Declaration | Birth of the Constitution of Japan" 1463: 999: 836: 821: 639: 359: 157: 130:. The disputed islands are under Russian administration as the 95: 3614:"Why Russia and China Won't Join Forces Over Disputed Islands" 366:

The first Russo-Japanese agreement to deal with the status of

5736: 5722: 5673: 5645: 5624: 5617: 5587: 5573: 5552: 5511: 5462: 5448: 5420: 5399: 5371: 5295: 5288: 5274: 5267: 5246: 5239: 5197: 5190: 5163: 5144: 5123: 5117: 5081: 5067: 5027: 4998: 4991: 4949: 4877: 4856: 4831: 4824: 4454: 4409: 4263: 3297:"Japan displays documents to defend claims to disputed isles" 2814:. TASS. Published 14 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019. 2403:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Japan, Russia discuss islands row" 1986: 1984: 1982: 1952:

Northern Territories dispute lives on self-righteous deadlock

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On March 22, 2023, Russia said it deployed a division of its

832: 799: 87: 3979:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

3855:"Why Russia and Japan Can't Solve the Kuril Islands Dispute" 3085:"Russia scraps visa-free visits to islands claimed by Japan" 3008:"Russia starts military drill on disputed islands off Japan" 1842:

Bruce A. Elleman, Michael R. Nichols and Matthew J. Ouimet,

1284:

and the movement has ceased to exist supporting the return.

713:

stated that he had received a letter from Russian President

4343: 3174:"Moscow bans Japanese group fighting over disputed islands" 2258:"Japan Summons Envoy to Russia Over Kurile Islands Dispute" 1655:О проблеме мирного договора в российско-японских отношениях 1446: 1018:

2022 return to old stance and halting of peace treaty talks

455:. On August 9, 1945, just after midnight in Manchuria, the 3417:

The Public Opinion Foundation Database. November 25, 2004

2417:"Japan's statements on Kurils have no legal force – envoy" 1979: 1885:

Rare Books and Special Collections Archives at UBC Library

1635:"Northern Territories dispute highlights flawed diplomacy" 459:

and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, beginning the

2862:

Russia and Japan: No Closer to Kuril Islands Breakthrough

2843:

Russia urges Japan to 'accept the result' of World War II

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Russian President Dmitry Medvedev met local residents in

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of 1904–05 was a military disaster for Russia. The 1905

378:, which first established official relations between the 4097:

Northern Territories dispute highlights flawed diplomacy

3644:"Like '64, China enters Japan-Russia row at Tokyo Games" 2009:

Northern Territories dispute highlights flawed diplomacy

1005: 3869:"Why Russia Won't Cede Southern Kuril Islands to Japan" 2851:. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019. 2672:"Two Russian fighter jets breach Japan airspace: Tokyo" 2503:, Reuters, September 29, 2010. Accessed October 2, 2010 2085:

James E. Goodby, Vladimir I. Ivanov, Nobuo Shimotomai,

1088:

On February 7, 2023, the 168th anniversary of the 1855

551:

territories acquired by Japan "by violence and greed".

2462:. Mainichi Daily News. 2 February 2010. Archived from 985: 4690:

Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands

1216:(currently located in the Toranomon Mitsui Building, 3428:"V.Yatsko. My Solution of the Kuril Islands Problem" 2995:

Russia halts Japan peace treaty talks over sanctions

2922:[Northern Territories are ``inherent territories 1263:

In March 2022, Dmitry Medvedev, deputy Chair of the

3966:, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 361–382. 3929:"What makes Japan cling to Russia's Kuril Islands?" 3861: 2825:

Russia Toughens Stance in Island Dispute with Japan

2595:"Japan recalls envoy to Russia over Kurils dispute" 2362:"Russia's Putin, Japan PM may meet over island row" 1323:

Opinions of third party countries and organizations

1304:

were the original inhabitants of the Kuril Islands.

3709:"Рада визнала Курили окупованою Росією територією" 2544:"Japan in diplomatic row after Russian isle visit" 820:to protect the islands. Russia signed a deal with 482:, transferring naval vessels to the Soviet Union. 3920: 2619:"Russia warns of more visits to disputed islands" 2439:"Russia might drop visa-free exchange with Japan" 1933:"Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty" 1683: 1612:"Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty" 1485: 858: 670:Dispute over the composition of the Kuril Islands 5782: 4083:(A documentary film about Kuril Island dispute.) 2336:"Islands disputed with Japan feel Russia's boom" 2064:, Boundary and territory briefing, v. 3, no. 6, 1580:, Boundary and territory briefing, v. 3, no. 6, 1399:who in 1964 said the islands belonged to Japan. 925: 905: 110:at their northern end. The islands separate the 2878: 2876: 2874: 2702:"Russia and Japan vow to solve islands dispute" 2501:Medvedev vows to visit islands claimed by Japan 2193:[The Dulles Threat: Myth or Reality?]. 1779: 1342:issued a resolution "Relations between the EU, 965: 827:On March 25, 2016, Russian Minister of Defence 451:to start hostilities against Japan, as per the 3733: 3683:"「北方領土はロシア領」!? 文在寅大統領が送り込む韓国「次期駐日大使」"二枚舌"への懸念" 3303:. Associated Press. 2018-01-25. Archived from 2778:"Abe: accelerate negotiations on peace treaty" 2646:"Russian fighter jets 'breach Japan airspace'" 2632:"Russia May Deploy Rockets on Southern Kurils" 1549: 1547: 1523:List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan 753: 467:and the Kuril Islands in the subsequent days. 257: 226: 200: 174: 4767: 4189: 3852: 3818: 2546:, by Alexei Anishchuk, Reuters, Nov. 01, 2010 2514:"China, Russia team up on territorial claims" 1569: 1270: 246: 4132:Little known facts in history of the dispute 3848: 3846: 3844: 3447:"Islanders tempted by a place under the sun" 3109: 2912: 2871: 2558:, by Guy Faulconbridge, Reuters, Nov 1, 2010 1457: 1214:National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty 1176: 867:fighter jets entered airspace over Japanese 784: 678: 98:over the ownership of the four southernmost 4127:Monterey Institute of International Studies 4061:Northern Territories Affairs Administration 3908: 3906: 3193: 3191: 2944: 2942: 1544: 1538: 885: 693:As late as 2006, the Russian government of 4774: 4760: 4196: 4182: 4138:Russian view on the history of the dispute 3706: 3655: 3653: 3141: 1970:The convoluted case of the coveted Kurils. 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1157:this document, to which it did not agree." 1022:On March 7, 2022, Prime Minister of Japan 490: 4146:"Nemuro raid survivor longs for homeland" 4087:The convoluted case of the coveted Kurils 3841: 3000: 2950:"Japan renews island dispute with Russia" 2299:Soviet-Japanese joint declaration of 1956 1963: 1813:"Nemuro raid survivor longs for homeland" 1646: 1010:On July 26, 2021, Russian Prime Minister 934:On September 12, 2018, Russian president 330:Learn how and when to remove this message 273:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 5831:Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union 4143: 4071:Japanese Territory: Northern Territories 3903: 3490: 3444: 3198:Japan's Northern Territories (Pamphlet). 3188: 3168: 3166: 3079: 3077: 2954:Yahoo News (Australian Associated Press) 2939: 2823:Isachenkov, Vladimir (14 January 2019). 2452: 2431: 2409: 2311:declaration of 1956, official Japan site 1810: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1295: 1180: 1136: 1123: 949: 849: 757: 494: 430:with, but found itself at war with from 353: 341: 66: 58: 50: 4144:Takahara, Kanako (September 22, 2007). 3926: 3736:"Zelensky: The Kuril Islands are Japan" 3650: 3388: 3386: 3097:from the original on September 10, 2022 2255: 2237: 1849: 1829: 1041:implication of sanctions against Russia 998:for combat duty on the disputed island 554: 5783: 3541:Official Journal of the European Union 3491:McCarthy, Terry (September 22, 1992). 2758:from the original on 12 September 2018 2216:"Tokyo's Claim to the Kurils Is Shaky" 2207: 2079: 2029:"Tokyo's Claim to the Kurils Is Shaky" 709:reported that Japanese Prime Minister 633:1956 Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration 106:at their southern end and the Russian 5234:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh 5213:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River 4755: 4177: 4165:Inventory of Conflict and Environment 3396:. Rusi. April 5, 2022. Archived from 3163: 3074: 2213: 2191:"Угроза Даллеса: миф или реальность?" 2185: 2183: 2026: 2020: 1872: 1870: 1717:"Russian-held isles: So near, so far" 1623: 1080:against Russia over the Ukraine war. 1006:2021 Mishustin visit to Iturup Island 794:, as part of the reinforcements, the 71:Southern Kuril islands seen from the 4081:Chishima: Frontiers of San Francisco 4021:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 3404: 3383: 3203: 1748: 790:to a military source interviewed by 312:adding citations to reliable sources 283: 5771:1: Divided among multiple claimants 4700:Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A 3263:tr. ""Branch Chief Kenjiro Suzuki"" 2256:Fackler, Martin (2 November 2010). 1913:, September 4, 1951; from page 3: " 1714: 1660:Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 986:2020 Russia deploys missile systems 796:18th Machine Gun Artillery Division 723:Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 409:occupied parts of Russia's Far East 13: 3981:. Harvard University Press, 2005. 3956: 3125:. February 7, 2023. Archived from 2890:. December 1, 2020. Archived from 2624: 2323:declaration of 1956, Japan embassy 2180: 2157: 1867: 1780:Papastratigakis, Nicholas (2011). 1168:not sign the San Francisco treaty. 806:amphibious assault ships, and one 14: 5842: 4663:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 4203: 4054: 4030:The Soviet seizure of the Kuriles 3734:Iryna Balachuk (7 October 2022). 2678:. 7 February 2013. Archived from 871:north of the island of Hokkaido. 644:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration 485: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5721: 5714: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5651: 5644: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5572: 5565: 5551: 5544: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5496: 5489: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5447: 5440: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5398: 5391: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5349: 5342: 5328: 5321: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5273: 5266: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5224: 5217: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5175: 5168: 5150: 5143: 5129: 5122: 5108: 5101: 5087: 5080: 5066: 5059: 5039: 5032: 5018: 5011: 4997: 4990: 4976: 4969: 4955: 4948: 4934: 4927: 4911: 4904: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4862: 4855: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4125:, Asahi Shimbun, June 20, 2005, 4024:, vol 11, no. 1, pp. 63–146 3875: 3827: 3812: 3784: 3756: 3564:. 14 August 2014. Archived from 3254:Tokachi branch of the League of 3180:. April 22, 2023. Archived from 3155:. March 22, 2023. Archived from 3028: 3014:. March 25, 2022. Archived from 2860:Ankit, Panda (23 January 2019). 2485:Japan fisherman killed by Russia 2359: 2214:Clark, Gregory (July 18, 1992). 2027:Clark, Gregory (July 18, 1992). 1439: 1417: 1403: 1368: 1350: 1328: 1239: 1119: 938:offered Japanese prime minister 288: 4113:Creative thinking on the Kurils 3998:Boundary and territory briefing 3727: 3700: 3675: 3667:. April 3, 2023. Archived from 3636: 3620:. March 7, 2014. Archived from 3606: 3580: 3550: 3533: 3503: 3484: 3466: 3445:McCarthy, Terry (2 July 1992). 3438: 3420: 3357: 3343: 3318: 3289: 3268: 3248: 3223: 3210:Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact 3047: 3022: 2988: 2964: 2928:. March 7, 2022. Archived from 2898: 2854: 2836: 2817: 2805: 2770: 2740: 2712: 2694: 2664: 2638: 2612: 2587: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2506: 2494: 2477: 2395: 2379: 2353: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2278: 2249: 2139: 2117: 2092: 2052: 2001: 1944: 1926: 1898: 1811:Takahara, Kanako (2007-09-22). 1804: 1773: 1162:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1132: 448:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 426:, which the USSR initially had 299:needs additional citations for 124:Kuril Islands landing operation 5821:Territorial disputes of Russia 3927:Sudakov, Dmitry (2012-01-26). 3646:. Nikkei Asia. August 5, 2021. 3544:, C 157 E/471, 6 July 2006 P. 3480:(in Russian). 12 January 2019. 2956:. 8 March 2022. Archived from 2301:— full text in Russian at Wiki 1755:. Jewish Publication Society. 1742: 1733: 1708: 1677: 1662:. 22 July 2005. Archived from 1605: 1595: 1486:Political and strategic issues 970:The Japanese foreign minister 916:Far Eastern Federal University 859:Russian fighter jets intrusion 740: 1: 5826:Territorial disputes of Japan 5185:Parigas region/Demchok sector 4678:Invasion of the Kuril Islands 3707:censor.net (7 October 2022). 2924:Prime Minister Kishida]. 1533:Territorial disputes of Japan 1452: 926:2018 Abe visit to Vladivostok 906:2017 Abe visit to Vladivostok 863:On February 7, 2013, Russian 562:Allied Powers of World War II 472:Invasion of the Kuril Islands 279: 5811:Japan–Soviet Union relations 3231:"抑留55年目の回顧～「シベリア抑留関係展示会」【３】" 2868:. Retrieved 26 January 2019. 2833:. Retrieved 18 January 2019. 2790:. 2018-11-14. Archived from 2522:. 2010-09-29. Archived from 1620:, page 26, September 9, 1951 1528:Russian-occupied territories 1514:Japan–Soviet Union relations 1427:'s national parliament, the 1291: 966:January 2019 talks in Moscow 873:Japan Air Self-Defense Force 153:The islands in dispute are: 84:Northern Territories dispute 7: 4589:Other geographical features 1570: 1502: 1494:", a sea route between the 1384:Sino-Soviet border conflict 1032:Russian invasion of Ukraine 956:Thirteenth East Asia Summit 754:Visit by President Medvedev 247: 73:International Space Station 10: 5847: 4965:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin 4658:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion 2288:wayback.archive-it.org/all 2245:, Praeger Publishers, 1995 2089:, Praeger Publishers, 1995 1996:Available online at J-STOR 1715:Ito, Masami (2011-01-18). 1684:James D. J. Brown (2016). 1509:Foreign relations of Japan 1376:People's Republic of China 1271:Public attitudes in Russia 1265:Security Council of Russia 1186:A van covered with slogans 440:Japanese–Soviet Border War 391:Treaty of Saint Petersburg 269:San Francisco Peace Treaty 5767: 5540:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet 4923:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island 4806: 4801: 4741:Maarten Gerritszoon Vries 4708: 4650: 4624: 4588: 4352: 4211: 4033:, Greenwood Press, 1985; 3283:October 30, 2008, at the 1566: 1458:Interests of both parties 1260:defense system in Japan. 1222:territorial rights issues 1177:Public attitudes in Japan 785:Reinforcement of defences 679:21st-century developments 457:Soviets invaded Manchuria 422:Japan was a main ally of 258: 243: 227: 217: 201: 191: 175: 165: 5610:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai 4721:William Robert Broughton 3888:South China Morning Post 2621:, Reuters, Nov. 02, 2010 2441:. ITAR-TASS. 8 July 2009 2419:. ITAR-TASS. 8 July 2009 1690:. Routledge. p. 1. 1654: 1571:Malaya Kurilskaya gryada 1539:References and footnotes 1061:Russian Foreign Ministry 992:Russian Defence Ministry 914:, which was held at the 886:2013 Abe visit to Moscow 728:Japanese Prime Minister 150:of Hokkaido Prefecture. 4601:Ilya Muromets Waterfall 3415:everything.explained.at 2392:, Accessed 19 July 2008 2128:(subscription required) 1553:In Russia Shikotan and 1102:Bastion coastal defense 1078:international sanctions 773:Senkaku Islands dispute 513:Treaty of San Francisco 491:World War II agreements 436:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5816:Japan–Russia relations 4616:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench 4169:Kurile Islands Dispute 2634:. Reuters. 2011-02-11. 2325:— full text in Russian 2313:— full text in Russian 1878:"The Cairo Conference" 1567:Малая Курильская гряда 1518:Japan–Russia relations 1470:and Russian president 1305: 1189: 1142: 1129: 996:S-300VM missile system 912:Eastern Economic Forum 892:2012 Japanese election 855: 767: 732:and Russian President 623: 582: 522: 500: 465:invaded South Sakhalin 363: 351: 142:(Сахалинская область, 75: 64: 56: 5283:Trans-Karakoram Tract 4695:Kuril Islands dispute 4014:Lee, Seokwoo (2002). 3411:Kuril_Islands_dispute 3093:. September 6, 2022. 2997:, Reuters, 2022-03-21 2908:. SCMP. 27 July 2021. 2754:. 12 September 2018. 2011:". By Gregory Clark. 1972:By Kosuke Takahashi. 1960:, 12 May 2009, p. 12. 1557:are grouped into the 1299: 1184: 1140: 1127: 950:2018 East Asia Summit 853: 761: 705:On February 7, 2008, 686:On July 7, 2005, the 618: 574: 517: 511:(July 1945), and the 507:(February 1945), the 498: 434:. However, after the 357: 345: 80:Kuril Islands dispute 70: 62: 54: 4783:Territorial disputes 4002:University of Durham 3977:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. 3624:on November 15, 2015 3521:on 27 September 2018 2894:on December 1, 2020. 2066:University of Durham 1637:. By Gregory Clark. 1582:University of Durham 1574:). See Seokwoo Lee, 1055:Diplomatic Bluebook. 580:of 5 September 1905. 578:Treaty of Portsmouth 564:. By that time, the 555:San Francisco Treaty 402:Treaty of Portsmouth 308:improve this article 194:)—Kunashiri Island ( 148:Nemuro Subprefecture 144:Sakhalinskaya oblast 132:South Kuril District 5806:Japan–Russia border 5387:Ieodo / Suyan Islet 5338:Bạch Long Vĩ Island 4093:(November 25, 2004) 3853:Sarah Lohschelder. 3819:Franz-Stefan Gady. 3478:BBC Russian Service 3301:The Washington Post 2920:"北方領土は「固有の領土」岸田首相" 2405:. 18 February 2009. 2136:, October 20, 1956. 1749:Sohn, Joan (2011). 1433:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 1340:European Parliament 1197:Islands Residents ( 1108:. Defence Minister 1104:missile systems to 958:(November 2018) in 688:European Parliament 627:General Order No. 1 509:Potsdam Declaration 463:. The Soviet Union 461:Soviet–Japanese War 251:)—Habomai Islands ( 220:)—Shikotan Island ( 108:Kamchatka Peninsula 92:territorial dispute 33: / 4872:Bhutanese exclaves 4810:Islands and waters 4668:Russo-Japanese War 4580:Zavaritski Caldera 4435:Goryashchaya Sopka 4425:Golets-Torny Group 3891:. 19 November 2018 3797:Iran International 3371:. 21 December 2018 3184:on April 22, 2023. 3159:on March 22, 2023. 3018:on March 26, 2022. 2728:. 6 September 2017 2466:on 3 February 2010 2390:Xinhua News Agency 2262:The New York Times 2226:on October 3, 2010 2220:The New York Times 2174:2016-12-21 at the 2151:The New York Times 2133:The New York Times 2041:on October 3, 2010 2034:The New York Times 1938:The New York Times 1910:The New York Times 1617:The New York Times 1559:Lesser Kuril Chain 1492:Northern Sea Route 1306: 1190: 1143: 1130: 890:After winning the 869:territorial waters 856: 833:Bal rocket systems 768: 766:, 1 November 2010. 664:the Ryukyu Islands 597:John Foster Dulles 501: 417:October Revolution 398:Russo-Japanese War 364: 352: 346:A 1939 map of the 168:)—Etorofu Island ( 136:the Kuril District 94:between Japan and 76: 65: 57: 37:44.100°N 146.700°E 5778: 5777: 5762: 5761: 5582:Scarborough Shoal 5457:Macclesfield Bank 5359:Dokdo / Takeshima 4920:Part of Heixiazi/ 4847:Jammu and Kashmir 4749: 4748: 4683:Battle of Shumshu 4550:Tao-Rusyr Caldera 4219:Antsiferov Island 3741:Ukrayinska Pravda 3671:on April 4, 2023. 3594:. 7 December 2020 3568:on 14 August 2014 3400:on April 5, 2022. 3212:April 13, 1941. ( 3129:on March 15, 2023 2932:on March 7, 2022. 2706:www.aljazeera.com 2682:on April 10, 2013 2652:. 7 February 2013 2017:, March 24, 2005. 1950:Clark, Gregory, " 1411:Republic of Korea 1380:Sino-Soviet split 1090:Treaty of Shimoda 1073:Mikhail Mishustin 1059:On June 7, 2022, 1028:Yoshimasa Hayashi 1012:Mikhail Mishustin 894:, Prime Minister 880:Russian Air Force 545:Cairo Declaration 413:Russian Civil War 376:Treaty of Shimoda 340: 339: 332: 5838: 5796:Southern Kuriles 5754: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5731:Tsushima/Daemado 5726: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5278: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5155: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5097:Limbang District 5092: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5055:Gilgit-Baltistan 5044: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4804: 4803: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4673:Hawaii Operation 4625:Cities and towns 4575:Vernadskii Ridge 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4119:(April 20, 2005) 4117:Kosuke Takahashi 4109:(March 24, 2005) 4091:Kosuke Takahashi 3951: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3935:. 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Tauris. 1777: 1771: 1770: 1762:978-0-82760926-6 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1650: 1644: 1632: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1573: 1568: 1551: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1344:China and Taiwan 1334: 1332: 1331: 1195:Chishima Habomai 605:opinion column. 428:an understanding 335: 328: 324: 321: 315: 292: 284: 262: 261: 260: 250: 248:ostrova Khabomai 245: 231: 230: 229: 219: 205: 204: 203: 193: 179: 178: 177: 167: 48: 47: 45: 44: 43: 38: 34: 31: 30: 29: 26: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5763: 5758: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5720: 5713: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5661:Spratly Islands 5650: 5643: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5611: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5571: 5564: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5506:Paracel Islands 5495: 5488: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5446: 5439: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5397: 5390: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5348: 5341: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5272: 5265: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5223: 5216: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5174: 5167: 5149: 5142: 5128: 5121: 5107: 5100: 5086: 5079: 5065: 5058: 5048: 5038: 5031: 5017: 5010: 5007:Khao Phra Wihan 4996: 4989: 4975: 4968: 4954: 4947: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4910: 4903: 4900:Doi Pha Hom Pok 4889: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4854: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4797: 4780: 4750: 4745: 4726:Vasily Golovnin 4704: 4646: 4620: 4584: 4495:Milna (volcano) 4475:Lomonosov Group 4450:Karpinsky Group 4348: 4304:Polonsky Island 4279:Lowuschki Rocks 4274:Kunashir Island 4254:Habomai Islands 4244:Chyornye Bratya 4207: 4202: 4156: 4154: 4151:The Japan Times 4106:The Japan Times 4057: 4000:, v. 3, no. 6, 3964:Pacific Affairs 3959: 3957:Further reading 3954: 3942: 3940: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3871:. 11 June 2015. 3867: 3866: 3862: 3857:. The Diplomat. 3851: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3823:. 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199: 173: 140:Sakhalin Oblast 82:, known as the 42:44.100; 146.700 41: 39: 35: 32: 27: 24: 22: 20: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5728: 5707: 5658: 5637: 5607: 5579: 5558: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5503: 5482: 5454: 5433: 5405: 5384: 5356: 5335: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5280: 5259: 5231: 5210: 5182: 5157: 5139:Mainland China 5136: 5115: 5094: 5073: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5025: 5004: 4983: 4962: 4941: 4918: 4897: 4869: 4844: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4795:Southeast Asia 4779: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Takadaya Kahei 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4642:Yuzhno-Kurilsk 4639: 4637:Severo-Kurilsk 4634: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 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A12 2263: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2074:1-897643-44-6 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2058:Seokwoo Lee, 2055: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1861:www.ndl.go.jp 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1736: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1697:9781317272670 1693: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1591: 1590:1-897643-44-6 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1480:Dmitry Peskov 1477: 1476:Sergey Shoygu 1473: 1469: 1465: 1450: 1448: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1414: 1412: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:United States 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282:Kuril islands 1279: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1240:Russia's view 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1126: 1120:Current views 1117: 1113: 1111: 1110:Sergei Shoigu 1107: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1094:Fumio Kishida 1091: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Fumio Kishida 1015: 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 983: 980: 977: 976:Sergey Lavrov 973: 963: 961: 957: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 923: 921: 917: 913: 903: 901: 897: 893: 883: 881: 877: 874: 870: 866: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 835:in Kunashir, 834: 830: 829:Sergey Shoygu 825: 823: 819: 818:Pacific Fleet 815: 812: 810: 805: 804:Mistral class 801: 797: 793: 782: 779: 774: 765: 760: 751: 747: 738: 735: 731: 726: 724: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 699: 696: 691: 689: 684: 676: 667: 665: 661: 655: 652: 647: 645: 641: 630: 628: 622: 617: 614: 611: 606: 604: 603: 598: 594: 593: 586: 581: 579: 573: 570: 567: 563: 552: 548: 546: 541: 537: 534: 530: 529: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 497: 483: 481: 477: 476:its surrender 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432:June 22, 1941 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 394: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 374:was the 1855 373: 372:Kuril Islands 369: 361: 356: 349: 344: 334: 331: 323: 313: 309: 303: 302: 297:This section 295: 291: 286: 285: 277: 274: 270: 254: 249: 241: 237: 234: 223: 215: 211: 208: 197: 189: 185: 182: 171: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Pacific Ocean 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:Kuril Islands 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 74: 69: 61: 53: 49: 46: 5435: 5160:North Borneo 4851:Azad Kashmir 4694: 4480:Lvinaya Past 4440:Grozny Group 4155:. 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