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Zhelubovsky and
Pryaluhina; Bevz), although Martynov et al. used a different classification and terminology (see below). The Rybakov Formation, located in the most uplifted and deeply exhumed blocks, especially in the northern part of the island, was mainly an andesitic volcanic complex. This formation correlates with what Martynov et al. termed the Miocene Greentuff Formation. The Kamuy Formation, which forms the backbone of the island, consisted mainly of flysch-like volcanic-sedimentary deposits rich in felsic pumice of (rhyo)dacitic composition, with a thickness exceeding 1100 m (Martynov et al.). The Upper Complex, represented by the Fregat Formation, overlies the Rybakov and Kamuy Formations (Lower Complex). A distinct structural and erosional unconformity separated these complexes. The Fregat Formation comprised subaerial (basaltic) andesitic lava flows interbedded with tuffs, hyaloclastites and basaltic breccias (Syvorotkin and Rusinova). This suggests that the Fregat volcanic rocks are predominantly of sub-aerial origin, occasionally deposited at shallow depths below sea level. The Fregat volcanic deposits formed a distinctive volcanic plateau, formed near sea level and affected by subsequent tectonic movements, resulting in the fragmented table-top mountainous topography of Kunashir (Syvorotkin and Rusinova, 1989). The age of the Fregat Formation was determined to be late Pliocene to early Pleistocene based on diatoms (Neodenticula kamtschatica - N. Koizumii) and palynology (Dunichev, 1969), in agreement with K-Ar data from the Fregat basalts.
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contained mainly dacite stocks, dikes and sills. Deeper-seated igneous rocks without volcanic analogs were represented by two distinct intrusive complexes: (1) the
Prasolov Complex, which included gabbro, diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite, and tonalite or plagiogranite, and (2) the Dokuchaev Complex, which included three small bodies of fine-grained porphyritic granodiorite and tonalite (Vergunov and Vlasov, cit. opt.; Kovtunovich et al). The Prasolov plagiogranite (tonalite) - diorite complex consisted of three distinct plutons: the Prasolov, Mechnikov and Lobanov massifs (Vergunov and Vlasov, 1964; Sergeev, 1976, cit. opt.). The Prasolov Massif, the largest with an area of 18 km², located in NE Kunashir, acted as a stock. Intrusive contacts with the rocks of the Rybakov Formation were mainly tectonic, with rare intrusive contacts showing contact aureoles characterised by quartz-biotite hornfels. The Prasolov Complex was inferred to be of relatively late Miocene to Pliocene age based on intrusive contacts, the presence of pebbles from Prasolov Complex granitoids in the Kamuy Formation sediments, and K-Ar ages ranging from 61 ± 12 to about 10 Ma (most common ages found between 11e10 Ma) (Rybin, 1994).
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southern part. Intensive uplift, beginning in the second half of the
Pliocene, led to significant tectonic movements between the accumulation of the Kamuy and Fregat formations in the late Pliocene. This resulted in a pronounced unconformity between the two, with the Fregat lava plateau experiencing differential vertical movement. The northern part of Kunashir showed substantial uplift of over 1 km, in contrast to the more modest elevation change of 200–300 m in the southern region (Syvorotkin and Rusinova, cit opt.). Sergeev reported a mid to late Miocene deformation event at Kunashir, associated with folding of the Kunashir 'basement' and emplacement of Miocene intrusions, accompanied by at least 1.5 km of uplift and denudation.
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ages of the volcanic basement and thermochronological ages for the rocks of
Kunashir Island, thus establishing a definitive temporal framework for their emplacement and subsequent exhumation. The volcanic rocks of the Kuril Islands generally exhibited a two-level structural classification: (1) a lower level consisting mainly of moderately deformed Neogene rocks, and (2) an upper level comprising Pleistocene to recent volcanics. These rocks exhibited a wide range of compositions from basalt to rhyolite, with a predominance of (basaltic) andesites (Martynov et al.).
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granodiorite-porphyry and diorite-porphyry, is an amalgamation of the
Dokuchaev, Valentina and Orlov massifs. The Valentina Massif, a tonalite-porphyry stock along the Okhotsk coast in the northern part of Kunashir, showed tectonic rather than intrusive contacts. A Pliocene age for Dokuchaev has been proposed on the basis of geological and K-Ar data, with rocks from the Dokuchaev complex having reported K-Ar ages of 6.5e4.2 Ma, corresponding to late Miocene to early Pliocene age (Rybin).
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subvolcanic stocks and plugs of andesite, dacite and rhyolite intruded these formations, with deeper intrusive rocks of granodiorite porphyry composition and texture (Vergunov; Vergunov and Vlasov; Sergeev; Piskunov and Rybin). The upper level, termed the Upper
Complex, was characterised by basaltic and basaltic andesite flows, small sub-volcanic intrusive bodies and modern andesitic stratovolcanoes.
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differentiated magmas of dacitic affinity. This modern magmatic activity was closely linked to the subduction of the
Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk Plate (Martynov et al., 2010a). Among these, Tyatya Volcano stands out as one of the most active and best studied volcanoes in the Kuril Arc (Nakagawa et al.).
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On
Kunashir, the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Rybakov Formation was exclusively formed under subaqueous conditions. The volcanic rocks of the middle Pliocene Kamuy Formation, assigned to subaerial conditions in the northern and central parts of Kunashir Island, indicate a subaqueous environment in the
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In contrast to the Japan Arc, the absolute timing of the evolution of the primary Kuril Arc system has received comparatively little attention, particularly with respect to modern geochronological techniques. A recent study (de Grave, 2015) aimed to fill this gap by presenting the initial zircon U/Pb
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Kovtunovich, P. Yu., Safronov, A.D., Udodov, V.V., Rashepkina, E.V., Rudenko, E.A., 2002. Explanatory Notes on the
Geology Map of Russia, Scale 1/200 000, Kuril Series, Sheets L-55-XXII, L-55-XXVIII, L-55-XXXIV, L-55-XXIII, L-55-XXIX, L-55XXXIII, K-55-II, L-55-XXXII. VSEGEI, St-Peterburg, p. 268 (in
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Both the Lower and Upper
Complexes were characterized by numerous sub-volcanic intrusions, with the Lower Complex also containing deeper intrusions. In the Rybakov Formation these intrusions manifested as stocks, dikes and sills of basaltic, andesitic and dacitic composition. The Kamuy Formation
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Four modern and active (Pleistocene to Holocene) stratovolcanoes have shaped the modern landscape of Kunashir Island. These volcanoes, characterised by a typical alternation of lava flows and tuff deposits, exhibited mainly basaltic-andesitic to andesitic compositions, with minor amounts of more
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Kunashir, the southernmost island of the Kuril Arc, is 123 km long (NE to SW), 7 to 30 km wide and has an area of 1,490 km². The island comprised several volcanic features, including active ones such as Tyatya (1,819 m), Ruruy (1,485 m), Mendeleev (886 m) and Golovnin (541 m). The
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Previous studies (Davydov et al.; Vitukhin et al.) suggested a late Miocene to Pliocene age for the Lower Complex, and accordingly older rocks were either absent or not clearly identified on the island. The Lower Complex has been further subdivided into the Rybakov and Kamuy formations (e.g.
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The geology of Kunashir Island could be elucidated from this perspective by delineating two structural levels. The lower level, termed the Lower Complex, was characterised by yellowish to yellow-grey tuffs, tuffaceous sandstones and breccias, mainly of felsic to medium composition. Numerous
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terrain of Kunashir was rugged and mountainous, with young geomorphology, steep slopes and numerous waterfalls. Asymmetry in relief is notable, with the western (Okhotsk) shore being steep and elevated, in contrast to the eastern (Pacific) shore, which has a more level and flat topography.
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The Dokuchaev Granitoid Complex, younger than the Prasolov Complex, comprised three small stocks that cut across the Kamuy Formation. Intrusive contacts were observed and Kamuy xenoliths were present (Vergunov and Vlasov, cit. opt.). The Dokuchaev Complex, consisting of tonalite-porphyry,
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Nakagawa, M., Ishizuka, Y., Kudo, T., Yoshimoto, M., Hirose, W., Ishizaki, Y., Gouchi, H., Katsui, Y., Solovyow, A.W., Steinberg, G.S., Abdurakhmanov, A.I., 2002. Tyatya volcano, southwestern Kuril arc: recent eruptive activity inferred from widespread tephra. The Island Arc 11,
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signed in April 1941, and declared war on Japan on August 9, 1945 (formally, the pact itself remained in effect until April 13, 1946). Although Japan agreed after deliberations to cede its claims to "the Kurile Islands" as part of the
1064:, about one-third of Kunashir Island's population left and did not return. By 2002, the island's population was approximately 7,800. The total population of the disputed Kuril islands at that time was approximately 17,000.
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De Grave, J., et al. (2015). Late Palaeogene emplacement and late Neogene-Quaternary exhumation of the Kuril island-arc root (Kunashir island) constrained by multi-method thermochronometry. Geoscience Frontiers,
2100:
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Vergunov, G.P., Vlasov, G.M. (1964). Magmatism and metamorphism/Kuril islands/ Intrusive rocks, pp. 567-581. In: Geology of the USSR, 31, Part 1, Kamchatka. Kuril and Komandor islands, Moscow, 733 (in Russian).
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mapped the actual locations of the Kurils including Kunashir in a series of voyages in 1738, 1739, and 1742 but Company Land and Staten Island continued to appear in European maps decades afterwards.
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Davydov, M.N., Dunichev, V.M., Taboyakov, A. Ya, 1968. Recent data on neogene sediments of southern Group of large kuril islands (Urup, iturup, kunashir). Russian Geology and Geophysics 12, 112e116.
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Vitukhin, D.I., Oreshkina, T.V., Pushcharovskii, Yu. M., Tsukanov, N.V., 1996. New data on the geology of the Iturup island (Kuril island arc). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 4 (6), 61e74.
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Bevz, V.E., 1971. Stratigraphy of Cenozoic deposits of the Iturup island (Kuril islands). Geology and Mineral resources of the Sakhalin and Kuril islands. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 19e31 (in Russian).
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Zhelubovsky, Yu. S., Pryaluhina, A.F., 1964. Stratigraphy/Kuril islands, p. 527e567. In: Geology of the USSR, 31, Part 1, Kamchatka. Kuril and Komandor islands, Moscow, p. 733 (in Russian).
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The primary economic activity is fishing. The island has a port next to Yuzhno-Kurilsk. Kunashir Island enjoys a Mendeleevskaya GeoPP geothermal power plant with the capacity of 1.8 MW.
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Jacoby, G.; Solomina, O.; Frank, D.; Eremenko, N.; D'Arrigo, R. (2004). "Kunashir (Kuriles) Oak 400-year reconstruction of temperature and relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation".
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Rybin, A.V., 1994. Intrusive rocks of the Main Kuril ridge: petrography and petrogenesis. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 58 (in Russian) preprint, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics FEB RAS.
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Martynov, Yu.A., Khanchuk, A.I., Kimura, J.I., Rybin, A.V., Martynov, A.Yu. (2010). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Kuril Island Arc. Petrology, 18, 489-513.
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Martynov, Yu.A., Khanchuk, A.I., Kimura, J.I., Rybin, A.V., Martynov, A.Yu., 2010b. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Kuril Island Arc.Petrology 18, 489e513.
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Martynov, A.Yu., Kimura, J.I., Martynov, Yu.A., Rybin, A.V., 2010a. Geochemistry of late Cenozoic lavas on Kunashir Island, Kurile arc. The Island Arc 19, 86e104.
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Martynov, A.Yu., Kimura, J.I., Martynov, Yu.A., Rybin, A.V., 2010a. Geochemistry of late Cenozoic lavas on Kunashir Island, Kurile arc. The Island Arc 19, 86e104.
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Vergunov, G.P. (1961). On Intrusive Rocks of the Southern Kuril Islands (Shikotan, Kunashir, Urup). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 5, 77-80 (in Russian).
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1473:"2007 Survey of Energy Resources" (PDF). World Energy Council 2007. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
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613:(Hokkaido Island), located 16 km to the southwest; and by the South Kuril Strait (Yuzhno-Kurilski Proliv, Minami Chishima Kaikyo) from
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Piskunov, B.N., Rybin, A.V. (2000). Petrogeochemical types of granitoids of the Kuril island arc. Doklady Earth Science, 371, 93-95.
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attempted to map and explore the island in 1811, but was apprehended by Japanese authorities and spent two years in prison.
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in 1951, the Japanese government has claimed since the mid-1950s that the southern islands were not part of the ceded
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2011:
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Syvorotkin, V.L., Rusinova, S.V., 1989. Is there a lava plateau on the Kunashir island? Pacific geology 4, 103e108.
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903:(VOC). Vries's account of the area was incredibly garbled—including a fictitious continental extension dubbed
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609:(Hokkaido Island), located 25 km to the west; Izmena Strait (Notsuke Suido or lower Nemuro Kaikyo) from
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Yuzhno-Kurilsk Journal; Between Russia and Japan, a Pacific Tug of War — The New York Times, 2002
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943:) in 1754. Its headquarters was located in Tomari (present-day Golovnino) and administered Kunashir,
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Sergeev, K.F., 1976. Tectonics of the Kuril Island System. Nauka, Moscow, p. 240 (in Russian).
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which were separate islands but have since joined together by low-lying areas with lakes and
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Sergeev, K.F. (1976). Tectonics of the Kuril Island System. Nauka, Moscow, 240 (in Russian).
918:, its placement on most maps of the period more closely resembles the location of Kunashir.
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Japanese Military Architectures around the Coast of Yezo Province in the Nineteenth Century
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The original inhabitants of the island—as with most of Hokkaido and the Kurils—were the
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with maximum temperatures in August and September. The vegetation mostly consists of
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were signed on September 2, 1945, in accordance with understandings reached at the
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Kunashir is separated by the Catherine Strait (Kunashiri Suido) from the island of
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A history of geographical discovery in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
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1390:(in French), vol. 7, Paris: Librairie Hachette & Co., p.
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The Japanese expanded north to Kunashir in the 18th century, with the
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are first recorded visiting this part of the Kurils in 1643 when the
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with very heavy precipitation especially in the autumn and a strong
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On September 1, 1945, or one day before the surrender documents of
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1452:戸祭由美夫『絵図に見る幕末の北辺防備：五稜郭と城郭・陣屋・台場』古今書院、2018年、71頁(Tomatsuri Yumio,
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revolted against Yamato Japanese tradespeople and colonists.
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Saint-Martin, Louis Vivien de; Rousselet, Louis (1895).
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In 1789 Kunashir Island was one of the settings of the
601:, located 22 km northeast; Kunashir Strait (upper
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flowers or bare rocks. Tree cores of century-old oaks
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Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands
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The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
1380:De Saint-Martin, Vivien; et al., eds. (1895),
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1411:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1279:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
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1369:(in French). Hatchette et cie. pp. 444–445.
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933:establishing a fishery and trading site called
1387:Nouveau Dictionnaire de Géographie Universelle
1366:Nouveau dictionnaire de géographie universelle
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850:as the island supports populations of various
842:of smaller islands, has been recognised as an
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1538:
1456:, (Tokyo: Kokon Shoin Publishers Ltd), p.71.
1024:The largest settlement on Kunashir Island is
830:were found in July 2001 on Kunashiri Island.
2217:Chyornye Bratya (Chirpoy and Brat Chirpoyev)
969:Vasily Golovnin (left person) taken prisoner
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1111:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.05.002
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814:underbrush. The mountains are covered with
2568:Important Bird Areas of the Kurile Islands
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984:Kunashir Island coastline: photo taken by
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1313:"Lesser Kuril Ridge and Kunashir Island"
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676:(Tomari-yama). The island is made up of
164:Map of Kunashir and the adjacent islands
27:Southernmost island in the Kuril islands
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660:. All four volcanoes are still active:
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1428:"The Early Cartography of the Pacific"
838:Kunashir, along with the neighbouring
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636:: 1,490 km (580 sq mi)
625:, from which it is separated by the
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2049:Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A
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335:1,490 km (580 sq mi)
24:
652:Kunashir Island is formed by four
25:
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2012:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
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1506:Flights to Kunashir Island banned
1502: (archived December 23, 2010)
899:and the surrounding area for the
727:on the western side of the island
648:: 4–30 km (2.5–18.6 mi)
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664:(1,819 m (5,968 ft)),
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2382:Ptichy Island (Shantar Islands)
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1005:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
778:Sulfuric River, Kunashir Island
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45:needs additional citations for
2377:Ptichy Island (Kamchatka Krai)
1319:. BirdLife International. 2021
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2452:Spafaryev, Ryabokon and Talan
2146:Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk
2027:Invasion of the Kuril Islands
1339:"THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES"
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854:bird species, including many
2558:Japan–Soviet Union relations
2543:Islands of the Pacific Ocean
2538:Islands of the Kuril Islands
1299:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.015
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573:. The island has been under
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7:
1938:Other geographical features
1426:Wroth, Lawrence C. (1944),
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1028:, administrative center of
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363:1,819 m (5968 ft)
176:Location of Kunashir Island
10:
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2007:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion
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712:Kunashiri Observatory Deck
708:View of Kunashir from the
642:: 123 km (76 mi)
355:to 30 km (19 mi)
343:123 km (76.4 mi)
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2090:Maarten Gerritszoon Vries
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2462:Trety, Krayny and Vtoroy
2070:William Robert Broughton
1405:Heawood, Edward (1912).
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1048:The island is served by
1030:Yuzhno-Kurilsky District
956:Menashi-Kunashiri Battle
914:is usually connected to
901:Dutch East India Company
1950:Ilya Muromets Waterfall
1010:Treaty of San Francisco
351:4 km (2.5 mi)
1965:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
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893:Maarten Gerritsz Vries
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848:BirdLife International
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575:Russian administration
360:Highest elevation
2172:Baydukov and Belyakov
2044:Kuril Islands dispute
1074:Kuril Islands dispute
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587:Kuril Islands dispute
554:), possibly meaning
54:improve this article
1291:2004PPP...209..303J
1050:Mendeleyevo Airport
844:Important Bird Area
834:Important Bird Area
820:Siberian Dwarf Pine
607:Shiretoko Peninsula
480:approx. 7000 (2007)
302: /
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2017:Russo-Japanese War
1929:Zavaritski Caldera
1784:Goryashchaya Sopka
1774:Golets-Torny Group
1490:General references
1317:BirdLife Data Zone
993:
973:Russian navigator
971:
840:Lesser Kuril Chain
828:(Quercus crispula)
780:
672:(Rausu-yama), and
368:Highest point
306:44.117°N 145.850°E
238:Show map of Russia
132:
2520:
2519:
2417:Sakharnaya Golova
2098:
2097:
2032:Battle of Shumshu
1899:Tao-Rusyr Caldera
1568:Antsiferov Island
986:Russian President
784:humid continental
611:Notsuke Peninsula
577:since the end of
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511:
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208:Show map of Japan
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16:(Redirected from
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2563:Southern Kuriles
2282:Khalpili Islands
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1974:Cities and towns
1924:Vernadskii Ridge
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1285:(1–4): 303–311.
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2533:Kunashir Island
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2422:Shantar Islands
2397:Rechnaya Matuga
2337:Morskaya Matuga
2267:Kamen Opasnosti
2197:Chastye Islands
2187:Bolshoy Shantar
2148:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2099:
2094:
2075:Vasily Golovnin
2053:
1995:
1969:
1933:
1844:Milna (volcano)
1824:Lomonosov Group
1799:Karpinsky Group
1697:
1653:Polonsky Island
1628:Lowuschki Rocks
1623:Kunashir Island
1603:Habomai Islands
1593:Chyornye Bratya
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989:Dmitry Medvedev
975:Vasily Golovnin
935:Kunashiri-basho
924:Martin Spanberg
907:—but while his
872:
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782:The climate is
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725:Cape Stolbchaty
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619:Habomai Islands
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495:Kunashir Island
443:
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420:Yuzhno-Kurilsky
408:Sakhalin Oblast
403:Federal subject
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1554:Kuril Islands
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1345:on 2008-03-25
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603:Nemuro Kaikyo
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461:Subprefecture
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143:Native name:
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110:December 2018
102:
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88:
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81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2407:Rovny Island
2317:Maly Shantar
2296:
2257:Ivyinichaman
2167:Banka Zotova
1829:Lvinaya Past
1789:Grozny Group
1478:
1469:
1453:
1448:
1431:
1421:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1375:
1365:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
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1234:
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1039:
1023:
997:World War II
994:
972:
953:
934:
928:
920:Vitus Bering
905:Company Land
890:cartographer
888:under Dutch
873:
837:
827:
802:, and mixed
788:seasonal lag
781:
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760:
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651:
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579:World War II
560:Grass Island
559:
556:Black Island
555:
534:Kunashiri-tō
494:
493:
472:Demographics
384:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2502:Yengalychev
2497:Yam Islands
2432:Shiashkotan
2287:Kharimkotan
2222:Dobrzhansky
2207:Chirinkotan
2065:Ainu people
1955:Kasatka Bay
1839:Mendeleyeva
1819:Kuntomintar
1809:Kharimkotan
1739:Chirinkotan
1734:Chikurachki
1668:Shiashkotan
1618:Kharimkotan
1588:Chirinkotan
1020:Settlements
770:Environment
682:crystalline
658:hot springs
571:Archipelago
322:Archipelago
309: /
285:Coordinates
248:Other names
2527:Categories
2372:Prokofyeva
2362:Paramushir
2312:Makanrushi
2232:Feklistova
2157:Antsiferov
1909:Tri Sestry
1854:Prevo Peak
1794:Ivao Group
1724:Berutarube
1714:Atsonupuri
1648:Paramushir
1633:Makanrushi
1349:2008-03-25
1323:7 February
1080:References
1060:After the
1056:Population
856:waterbirds
852:threatened
824:herbaceous
810:and Kuril
696:Relief map
477:Population
449:Prefecture
426:Claimed by
80:newspapers
69:"Kunashir"
2332:Menshikov
2237:Glinyanyy
1849:Nemo Peak
1834:Medvezhya
1769:Fuss Peak
1702:Volcanoes
1258:Russian).
1098:Volcanoes
1044:Transport
909:imaginary
885:Castricum
880:Europeans
846:(IBA) by
804:deciduous
670:Mendeleev
654:volcanoes
593:Geography
528:romanized
508:romanized
270:Geography
256:Kün Ashyr
2512:Zubchaty
2507:Zavyalov
2487:Ushishir
2442:Simushir
2427:Shelikan
2412:Sakhalin
2352:Onekotan
2342:Nansikan
2327:Medvezhy
2297:Kunashir
2242:Hokkaido
2192:Broutona
1919:Ushishur
1879:Shirinki
1779:Golovnin
1719:Baransky
1688:Ushishir
1683:Simushir
1673:Shikotan
1643:Onekotan
1583:Broutona
1440:24301919
1248:236e254.
1068:See also
897:Hokkaido
860:seabirds
678:volcanic
674:Golovnin
623:Hokkaido
617:and the
615:Shikotan
519:Japanese
514:Kunashír
503:Кунаши́р
454:Hokkaido
415:District
297:145°51′E
275:Location
260:Japanese
2467:Tyuleny
2437:Shumshu
2402:Reyneke
2392:Rasshua
2387:Raikoke
2367:Pilamif
2272:Kekurny
2212:Chkalov
2177:Belichy
2162:Atlasov
1981:Kurilsk
1914:Uratman
1894:Srednii
1889:Smirnov
1884:Sinarka
1869:Rudakov
1864:Rasshua
1859:Raikoke
1749:Chirpoi
1678:Shumshu
1663:Rasshua
1658:Raikoke
1561:Islands
1498:at the
1392:441–445
1287:Bibcode
1036:Economy
870:History
822:scrub,
733:Geology
684:rocks.
666:Smirnov
605:) from
551:Kunasir
530::
510::
499:Russian
294:44°07′N
94:scholar
2492:Utichy
2357:Oremif
2307:Kusova
2252:Iturup
2227:Ekarma
2058:People
2000:Events
1904:Tyatya
1764:Ekarma
1744:Chirip
1608:Iturup
1598:Ekarma
1460:
1438:
1382:"Yèso"
947:, and
945:Iturup
916:Iturup
864:waders
812:bamboo
808:lianas
792:spruce
662:Tyatya
640:Length
599:Iturup
466:Nemuro
438:
394:Russia
391:
372:Chacha
353:
340:Length
252:Kazakh
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2472:Umara
2457:Telan
2322:Matua
2292:Konus
2277:Ketoy
1804:Ketoi
1759:Ebeko
1754:Demon
1709:Alaid
1638:Matua
1613:Ketoy
1436:JSTOR
1085:Notes
816:birch
710:Rausu
646:Width
585:(see
583:Japan
568:Kuril
441:Japan
348:Width
101:JSTOR
87:books
2477:Urup
2247:Iony
1693:Urup
1578:Awos
1458:ISBN
1325:2021
960:Ainu
949:Urup
940:国後場所
876:Ainu
862:and
818:and
796:pine
680:and
634:Area
564:Ainu
543:クナシㇼ
539:Ainu
332:Area
150:クナシㇼ
146:Ainu
73:news
2482:Ush
1295:doi
1283:209
800:fir
589:).
562:in
558:or
523:国後島
264:国後島
56:by
2529::
1430:,
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1384:,
1315:.
1293:.
1281:.
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1352:.
1327:.
1301:.
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