Kumeyaay - Knowledge

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blows it three times, causing the heavens to rise up and form the sky. He draws a line from east to west, named Y-nak and A-uk. He draws a line from north to south, named Ka-tulk and Ya-wak. He tells Yo-ko-mat-is that from the east three or four men are coming from the east, and from the east three or four Indians are coming, and he makes hills and valleys with hollows of water so the humans will not die of dehydration. He makes forests so humans will not die of cold. Then he makes humans out of mud, who can walk but never get tired, and tells them that they must walk to the east towards the light. When the humans reach the Sun, he makes the Moon, and tells the men they must run races when the Moon is small. Later, when there is less food and water, Tuchaipa calls together the men without the women and gives them three choices; to die forever; to live for a time and return; or to live forever. The men are divided over what to choose, and talk and talk without knowing what to do. Then the

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their bodies to make land. Then Tcaipakomat makes a type of black bird with a flat bill (xanyil) to come into being, but they were lost without their roosts, so Tcaipakomat takes red clay, yellow clay, and black clay to make a round flat object, and throws it into the sky to make a dimly-shining moon (halya). Tcaipakomat tries again with another piece of clay to make the brighter sun (inyau). Then he takes a light colored piece of clay (mutakwic), and splits it up, making a man, and the a woman (Sinyaxau, First Woman). The children of this man and this woman are people (ipai).

439: 880: 961: 530:, and other smaller groups on the Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with the Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands. 774: 605:

south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in the early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While the siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with

891:(1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino. 1014: 1165: 5255: 5728: 1154: 1066: 475:, were called the Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks; the latter dirtying local water sources considerably. 358: 1041:, was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of the sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality. 1250:

One Kumeyaay creation story involves the original state of the world as being covered with salt water and tule, without land. The older brother Tuchaipa (also known as Tu-chai-pai, Tcaipakomat) and the younger twin brother Yokomatis (Yo-ko-mat-is) make the world. Tuchaipa rubs tobacco in his hand and

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and the Pacific Ocean up until the Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the

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Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened the security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled the city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the

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Various disputes culminated to a skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, and killed 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel on April 5th of that year.

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In another story, Tcaipakomat and Yokomatis have their eyes closed from the blinding salt water. Yokomatis tries to see atop the water, but opens his eyes and is blinded. Tcaipakomat goes on top of the water and sees nothing, so he makes little red ants (miskiluiw, ciracir) which fill the water with

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The Kumeyaay has a continuous song and dance culture, of which many are still passed on to the next generation during special occasions. Occasions like the mourning of an important figure was honored by an Eagle Dance, and a War Dance accompanied those heading for battle. Men often sang songs with a

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Upon Spanish arrival, woven baskets were highly prized by the Europeans, as these baskets were so well made that they could hold water and it was possible to cook food with these baskets in an open fire. The strong demand for Californian woven baskets in Mexican and European markets strengthened the

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created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after the passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which

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Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out

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One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though a "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that the "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally

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In the late eighteenth century, it is estimated that the Kumeyaay population was between 3,000 and 9,000. In 1828, 1,711 Kumeyaay were recorded by the missions. The 1860 federal census recorded 1,571 Kumeyaay living in 24 villages. The Bureau of Indian Affairs recorded 1,322 Kumeyaay in 1968, with

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to serve the Kumeyaay-Diegueño Nation, and describes its mission as "to support cultural identity, sovereignty, and self-determination while meeting the needs of native and non-native students". The college's focus is on "Kumeyaay History, Kumeyaay Ethnobotany and traditional Indigenous arts" It

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from an area south of the Salton Sea. Within the Tipai-Ipai, the coastal Kumeyaay traded salt, seaweed, and abalone shells for acorns, agave, mesquite beans, and gourds from the mountain Kumeyaay. They also traded along the Pacific coast to obtain Olivella shell beads from the Chumash, as well as

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The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were

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were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for the sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to

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construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a

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In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the

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which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize the right to water and were also obligated to share food with

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The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in the Guadalupe

37: 642:. A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to the wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the 1317:

points out that this estimate depended on calculations of rates of baptisms at the Mission, and as such "ignores the unbaptized". She suggests that the region could have supported 6,000–9,000 people. Florence C. Shipek goes further, estimating 16,000–19,000 inhabitants.

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The Kumeyaay used archery in order to hunt prey. The arrows were made of wood, reeds, or cane, as well as chamise or greasewood plant for larger animals. Bows were made of mesquite or ash, as well as animal hides. They also equipped with throwing sticks better known as

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in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California.

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Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked the emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along the

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Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however, a 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc.

471:, incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under the Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near 987:

In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by the

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Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on the reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands.

747:, negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After the 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation, the treaties were all rejected. 1191:

The Kumeyaay's maritime economy relied on shell fishing, and they built fishing boats, either balsa rafts made of reeds or dugout canoes. To support their maritime economy, they manufactured fishing spears, hooks, and nets made of agave fiber.

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During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins.

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were also stone-ground and consumed. The Kumeyaay stored these grains in basket granaries made of willow leaves. They also consumed the leaves and fruits of the prickly pear and copal cactus, as well as cherries, plums, elderberries, and

1687: 3713: 3800: 577:, trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between the Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through the area. 730:

threatened to intervene in the conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border.

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maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay,

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They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or

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and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in the city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for the

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Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation.

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The Kumeyaay started to abandon much of their traditional clothing after coming in contact with the Spanish, and adopted European-style clothing, wearing clothes that were normal in Latin America.

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comes and says to choose to die forever, and so the men choose to be done with life and die forever. This is the reason why the fly rubs his hands together, to beg the forgiveness of humans.

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On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos.

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AMERICAN PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CORPORATION, PETITIONER, V. THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY, RESPONDENT; U.S. GRANT HOTEL VENTURES, LLC, REAL PARTY IN INTEREST. NO. D060868. MAY 24, 2012.

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The Kumeyaay had a system of trail runners who carried messages and announcements between bands, which notified the presence of the Spaniards prior to Cabrillo's arrival in San Diego.

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rattle, while women supported the song through dance. Through the Mission, the Kumeyaay picked up skills in Western musical instruments, and joined the Mission choirs and orchestras.

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During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the

4489:; Rick, Torben C.; Jones, Terry L.; Porcasi, Judith F. (2010). "One If by Land, Two If by Sea: Who Were the First Californians?". In Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). 593:. The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with a decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio. 1612: 4432: 3452: 982: 844:

businesses in the region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to the American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the

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in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from the Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as

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along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave the Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or

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hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At the time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans.

316:). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after a brief familiarization. 2032: 969:

Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the

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gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their

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and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in

3743: 1138:, as well as larger animals like antelope, deer, and mountain sheep. The Kumeyaay also ate more nutrient-rich insects such as crickets, grubs and grasshoppers. 910:

The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around the San Diego region, such as the

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dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout the land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the

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using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father

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considered that the wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai, a view mostly supported by other researchers.

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lawsuit in August against the Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites).

4191: 2108: 4906: 323:, who is credited with doing much of the early work on documenting the language, the general scholarly consensus recognized three separate languages: 223:

loosely divided the 'Iipay and the Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from

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Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to the Kumeyaay village in what is now

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led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other

4343: 5173: 5154: 3908: 3885: 5236: 1188:. Granite was also plentiful in Kumeyaay lands, which was used to trade for pestles, steatite, eagle feathers, and colored minerals for paint. 4631:. San Ángel, Del. Álvaro Obregón, México, 01000, DF: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. pp. 30–31. 3952: 937:. Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of a professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of 4822: 3392: 3530: 1057:

also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as a gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship.

589:, some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the 4666:

Native Americans:Southwest-California-Northwest Coast-Great Basin–Plateau Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Peoples

2769: 590: 4462: 3097: 1276:"serves and relies on resources from the thirteen reservations of the Kumeyaay Nation situated in San Diego county". In the fall of 2016, 5183: 3302: 2362: 744: 3483: 5604: 4277: 3226: 566:

on April 26th with the support of the Quechan, resulting in three dead Mexican soldiers and a fort that would never return to service.

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forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers.

726:. This was due to the strategic positioning of the Kumeyaay and the lack of gold in the mountains. Additionally, Mexican officials in 6063: 5229: 3607: 2943: 1476: 1284:

in Kumeyaay Studies with courses at its Rancho San Diego campus, as well as at Kumeyaay Community College on the Sycuan reservation.

828:. However, the Kumeyaay did not participate in much of the active fighting in the Magonista Rebellion, and did not participate with 3336: 3153: 719:

The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma.

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resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to the rest of the Mexican republic between the

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as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold the pueblo.

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However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on the same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the

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Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under the

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These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in the house, they were often burned down.

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is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what is now a popular state park, known as

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message of indigenous liberation from the Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the

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From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President

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proposed that the population of the Kumeyaay in the San Diego region in 1770 had been about 3,000. More recently,

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Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. In 1925,

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435 living on reservations. By 1990, an estimated 1,200 lived on reservation lands, while 2,000 lived elsewhere.

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Mexican controlled coast up until the start of the Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on

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Naomi Sussman. “Indigenous Diplomacy and Spanish Mediation in the Lower Colorado-Gila River Region, 1771-1783.”

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tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021.

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were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming

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Shipek, Florence C. (1978). "History of Southern California Mission Indians". In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.).

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On January 7, 1852, representatives of a number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner

4861:"Social Differentiation and Exchange among the Kumeyaay Indians during the Historic Period in California" 2497: 2040: 825: 663: 548: 5098:, Vol. XVII, No. LXVI. p. 185-8 ; Vol. XIX. No. LXXII pp. 52–60 and LXXIII. pp. 145–64. . 4399: 3414: 435:, thus giving the region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement. 5215: 5203: 4335: 2718: 1359: 1268: 1141:

Kamia Kumeyaay in the Imperial Valley practiced some forms of agriculture, producing maize, beans, and

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Shipek, Florence C. (1986). "The Impact of Europeans upon Kumeyaay Culture". In Starr, Raymond (ed.).

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follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision.

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Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population.

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tribes along the Gulf of California and in the American Southwest as far east as to trade with the

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in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement.

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After years of sexual assaults from the Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of

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by the Sycuan Band with the focus on research and policy related to the tribal gaming industry.

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Du Bois, Constance Goddard. 1904–1906. "Mythology of the Mission Indians: The Mythology of the

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All languages and dialects spoken by the Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the

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Viejas (Baron Long) Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Viejas Reservation

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San Diego becomes Major League Soccer's 30th franchise in landmark moment for sport's hotbed

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expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team.

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berries. They also fermented many of these plants with water and honey to create alcohol.

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Kumeyaay.info: The Kumeyaay Tribes Guide — Tribal Bands of the Kumeyaay Nation (Diegueño)

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Sycuan: Our People, Our Culture, Our History: Honoring the Past, Building the Future

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Language Ideology and Hegemony in the Kumeyaay Nation: Returning the Linguistic Gaze

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Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for the

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In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the

6007: 5922: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5714: 5694: 5444: 4562:. Institute for Regional Studies of the Californias, San Diego State University. 2828:"Obituary: Margaret Langdon; linguist helped write first local Indian dictionary" 2310: 2275: 904: 841: 716:

campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in the San Pasqual Valley.

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anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to the Kumeyaay village of

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Engaging Native American Publics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Collaborative Key

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Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Barona Reservation

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Hatam's Village (within the former Native American neighborhood in San Diego) (

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Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to

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Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation

1212:, which were used to knock out small animals and were sometimes used in war. 900: 837: 833: 597: 519: 380: 327: 313: 309: 205: 142: 138: 98: 78: 4773: 4429:"Kumeyaay Sense of the Land and Landscape - Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians" 1805:

La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation

1728:

Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation

1013: 555:, to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era. 5992: 5820: 5775: 5760: 5649: 5417: 5294: 5145: 4902:"Kumeyaay Cultural Landscapes of Baja California's Tijuana River Watershed" 4766:

The Impact of European Exploration and Settlement on Local Native Americans

4285: 2915:"KUMEYAAY MAP 1776 Kumeyaay Territory, 2005 California Indian Reservations" 2714: 2467: 2426: 2254: 1421:

Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation

1107:

Acorns were a staple of the Kumeyaay diet, and made acorn mush they called

938: 922: 228: 5684: 5061:"Excavation and Analysis of a Stone Enclosure Complex in San Diego County" 4455:"San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865" 3088:"Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcala" 1380:

Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation

705:

warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture

6002: 5947: 5881: 5871: 5851: 5785: 5765: 5664: 5573: 5563: 5428: 5341: 5320: 5280: 4510:"Recontextualizing Kumeyaay oral literature for the twenty-first century" 3765: 2348: 1225: 1185: 1164: 1114:

which could be used in dough to make bread by grinding with a mano and a

948: 925:. Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as 743:

and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the

635: 552: 538: 463:

to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a

443: 431:

also visited in 1602 and met with a band of Kumeyaay during the feast of

5795: 5689: 5076: 5060: 5051: 5035: 5026: 5010: 5001: 4977: 4968: 4952: 4919: 4901: 4884: 4860: 4629:

La utopía del norte fronterizo: La revolución anarcosindicalista de 1911

16:

Kumeyaay Indians of Baja California, Mexico and Southern California, USA

5927: 5780: 5448: 5391: 5305: 5275: 5254: 4876: 2895: 2408: 2303: 1841:

Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation

1229: 1037:

The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or

996: 813: 527: 483: 248: 185: 82: 5932: 5396: 1577:

Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Campo Indian Reservation

126: 5982: 5942: 5770: 5558: 5462: 5412: 5375: 5290: 5122: 4577:

Luomala, Katharine (1978). "Tipai-Ipai". In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.).

3005: 2419: 2412: 2261: 2226: 2188: 1128: 1123: 734: 706: 5937: 5325: 5165:

Religious Practices of the Diegueño Indians, by T.T. Waterman, 1910.

3909:"Border Report: Kumeyaay Band Sues to Stop Border Wall Construction" 686: 658:, Kumeyaay lands were split between the U.S. and Mexico through the 5906: 5790: 5755: 5507: 5501: 5370: 5300: 5285: 5270: 4835: 4723: 4669: 4122: 2474: 2433: 2383: 2376: 2175: 1180: 1173: 1119: 1044:

Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of

889:

Barona Group of the Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy

694: 690: 675: 507: 400: 244: 1157:

Kumeyaay coiled basket, woven by Celestine Lachapa, 19th century,

1153: 929:-based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or 5901: 5810: 5750: 5709: 5699: 5659: 5533: 5485: 5479: 5439: 5434: 5406: 5354: 5350: 5336: 5125:— in San Diego County, California + Baja California state, México 4942:(1990). Redden, James E. (ed.). "Diegueño: how many languages?". 4559:

A Teacher's Guide to Historical and Contemporary Kumeyaay Culture

3706:"County may lift barriers to tribes expanding their reservations" 2440: 2214: 1179:

The Ipai-Tipai Kumeyaay traded with the Kamia Kumeyaay to obtain

1145:. Like other Kumeyaay, though, they largely relied on gathering. 1135: 1109: 829: 803: 713: 702: 698: 606: 547:

assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in the

523: 515: 305: 134: 5036:"Pipes and Tobacco Use Among Southern California Yuman Speakers" 3358:

Cruz, Debbie; Mohebbi, Emilyn; Ruth, Brooke (December 6, 2023).

1545:

Laguna Indian Reservation (Kwaaymii Reservation) (defunct 1989)

1065: 867: 5805: 5674: 5669: 5568: 5517: 5512: 5469: 5454: 2209: 1142: 1134:

They hunted for animals such as birds, rabbits, squirrels, and

1115: 301: 240: 130: 68: 4768:. San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Association. pp. 13–25. 4140:

San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story

4109:

Du Bois, Constance Goddard. “The Mythology of the Diegueños.”

231:, while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including the 36: 5815: 5679: 5578: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5401: 5365: 5360: 5184:

Corpus of Kumiai and Ko’alh spoken in Baja California, Mexico

5150:

Kumeyaay Studies Program in conjunction with Cuyamaca College

5112:. El Cajon, Calif.: Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation, 2006. 4957:

California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

3766:"Campo Kumeyaay Nation | Muht Hei, Inc. | Kumeyaay Wind Farm" 2181: 1613:

Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California

852: 5134: 5128: 4693:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture and Peoples

3600:"Kumeyaay Land: Baja California's Endangered Rural Heritage" 5474: 5380: 5346: 5140: 4946:. Carbondale, IL: University of Southern Illinois: 184–190. 4491:

California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture and Complexity

4091: 4079: 4067: 4025: 4013: 1292: 919: 574: 357: 5137:, information website of Larry Banegas, Barona Reservation 4818:"Kumeyaay Language Variation, Group Identity and The Land" 4309: 2783: 1460:

San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California

4944:

Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan-Penutian Languages Workshop

4485: 3579: 3577: 2901: 2807: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2705:

negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel on January 7, 1852.

1252: 1025:, the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called 596:

With conditions worsening, the Kumeyaay led an attack on

265:

The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as the

5160:

Mythology of the Mission Indians, by Du Bois, 1904-1906.

3878:"Native Kumiai Finding a New Way - The Baja Storyteller" 1262: 983:

Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier

55:

As of 1990, 1,200 on reservations; 2,000 off-reservation

3991:"Native Americans of Southern California: The Kumeyaay" 580: 418: 243:. The Kamia lived to the east in an area that included 4899: 4267:"Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs" 4233: 4231: 4229: 3574: 3033: 3031: 2871: 2735: 990:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

949:

Kumeyaay-Mexican economy and the wine tourism industry

539:

First Mexican Empire and First Mexican Republic period

4714:

Pritzker, Barry M.; Johansen, Bruce E., eds. (2007).

4214: 3736:"San Diego County Supervisors repeal tribal policies" 3250:"Historic California Posts: Fuerte de Laguna Chapala" 2944:"A Glossary of Proper Names in California Prehistory" 2857: 2855: 2853: 1242:

Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

976: 792:

and Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at the

569:

After decades of debates and delays, the missions in

5723: 5188:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

5059:

Van Wormer, Stephen R.; Carrico, Richard L. (1993).

4247: 630:

Battle of San Pasqual, picturing the Kumeyaay pueblo

203:. The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the 5179:

A.R. Royo, "The Kumeyaay: San Diego County and Baja

4900:Gamble, Lynn H.; Wilken-Robertson, Michael (2008). 2883: 693:. The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside 669: 5065:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5040:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5015:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4907:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2795: 2530: 2220: 859:, Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations. 735:Establishment of Kumeyaay reservations in the U.S. 284:translates as "People of the west", with the word 5211:Viejas Reservation - Lesson 1 How to say Kumeyaay 5141:Kumeyaay Indian Language and Culture by Sam Brown 5058: 4953:"A Shaman's "Sucking Tube" from San Diego County" 4930:(1925). "Handbook of the Indians of California". 4512:. In Kroskrity, Paul V.; Meek, Barbra A. (eds.). 1224:They also had animal companions and domesticated 894:In response to the casino construction boom, the 6030: 5619: 4785:. San Diego, CA: University of California Press. 4713: 4556:Hoffman, Geralyn Marie; Gamble, Lynn H. (2006). 2176:Present-day cities with Kumeyaay village origins 277:. They are referred to as the Kumiai in Mexico. 5174:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 4534: 3357: 5094:and Diegueño Indians of Southern California." 5033: 4493:. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. pp. 53–62. 4336:"Last Full-Blooded Kwaaymii Indian Dies at 87" 3295:"History: 1769 - The Arrival of the Spaniards" 3289: 3287: 3285: 1331:Kumeyaay reservations and village communities 804:Kumeyaay in the Mexican Revolution (1910–1911) 342:(Southern Digueño) in northern Baja California 5605: 5237: 5096:The Journal of the American Folk-Lore Society 4859:Gamble, Lynn H.; Zepeda, Irma Carmen (2002). 4823:International Journal of American Linguistics 4555: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4031: 4019: 2789: 868:Kumeyaay-American economy and casino industry 157:Michael Connolly, from San Diego, pronounces 4858: 4695:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4397: 4363: 4361: 1148: 840:tribes in raiding on small towns or looting 591:San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians 562:In retaliation, the Kamia-Kumeyaay attacked 4369:"bajacalifology.org - Kumeyaay Place Names" 3906: 3282: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 2363:Spring Valley, San Diego County, California 1196:basket weaving economy among the Kumeyaay. 770:, displacing the residents of the village. 533: 423:The first European to visit the region was 5612: 5598: 5244: 5230: 4978:"Seri Bands in Cross-Cultural Perspective" 4304: 4302: 4192:"College expands Kumeyaay studies program" 3659: 3657: 3445:"Kumeyaay Sense of the Land and Landscape" 3360:"Prosecuting overdose deaths as homicides" 1325: 638:were victorious over the Americans at the 493: 35: 5131:, with educational materials for teachers 4398:Felix-Ibarra, Ana Patricia (2021-08-17). 4358: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3679:(1). San Diego History Center Quarterly. 3322: 3320: 3122:, vol. 66, no. 2, Apr. 2019, pp. 329–52. 887:In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in 777:Kumeyaay were displaced to construct the 269:, the former Spanish name applied to the 4975: 4686: 4659: 4280:. January 14, 2015. pp. 1942–1948. 3945:"The Kumeyaay Millennium - Land History" 3594: 3592: 3205: 3168: 2877: 2825: 2748: 2393:Milh 'Ewa (Michegua) (Sycramore Canyon, 1163: 1152: 1064: 1012: 959: 878: 772: 689:, opening up a new western front of the 625: 450: 437: 356: 149: 6054:History of San Diego County, California 5194:, Alamo-Neji, Necua and San Jose Tecate 5155:Kumeyaay Department at Cuyamaca College 4938: 4926: 4790: 4720:Encyclopedia of American Indian History 4576: 4452: 4299: 4237: 4220: 4055:from the original on September 22, 2021 3938: 3936: 3934: 3673:The Journal of San Diego History Center 3663: 3654: 3272: 3146:"Give Thanks and Remember Your Cousins" 3143: 3068:from the original on September 29, 2020 3037: 3016:from the original on September 28, 2016 2861: 2813: 1170:Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 621: 373: 6031: 5008: 4951:O’Neil, Dennish (Summer–Winter 1983). 4950: 4794:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes 4763: 4740: 4601: 4346:from the original on December 24, 2020 4253: 3988: 3967: 3666:"Indian Gaming in the Kumeyaay Nation" 3644: 3628: 3610:from the original on February 21, 2020 3504: 3317: 3193:from the original on November 26, 2020 2628:Hwat Nyaknyuma (Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas) 1168:Kumeyaay willow storage basket at the 5593: 5225: 5108:Miskwish, Michael C, and Joel Zwink. 4932:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 4815: 4780: 4626: 4507: 4189: 4113:, vol. 14, no. 54, 1901, pp. 181–85. 4001:from the original on November 7, 2020 3955:from the original on October 16, 2020 3907:Srikrishnan, Maya (August 17, 2020). 3828:from the original on October 16, 2020 3589: 3583: 3455:from the original on November 1, 2022 3415:"San Diego History: Garra's Uprising" 3305:from the original on February 2, 2021 3247: 3229:from the original on October 23, 2020 3006:"The Kumeyaay of Southern California" 2986:from the original on October 11, 2016 2889: 2801: 1263:Reservation era Kumeyaay institutions 184:in Mexico and the southern border of 41:Anthony Pico, former chairman of the 5333:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 5011:"Kumeyaay Socio-Political Structure" 4535:Gray-Kanatiiosh, Barbara A. (2010). 4379:from the original on October 1, 2022 4190:Huard, Christine (August 15, 2016). 3989:Bacich, Damian (November 13, 2019). 3931: 3919:from the original on August 20, 2020 3703: 3520: 3473: 3339:from the original on August 12, 2020 3216: 3100:from the original on August 12, 2020 3053: 1724:Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians 581:Centralist Republic of Mexico period 442:Location of the Kumeyaay village of 419:Spanish exploration and colonization 60:Regions with significant populations 5199:Kumeyaay Indians of Baja California 5105:. El Cajon, CA: Sycuan Press, 2007. 5009:Shipek, Florence C. (Winter 1982). 4976:Sheridan, Thomas E. (Summer 1982). 4453:Carrico, Richard L. (Summer 1980). 4333: 4202:from the original on April 11, 2018 3888:from the original on August 7, 2020 3858:from the original on March 17, 2022 3486:from the original on March 31, 2022 3425:from the original on April 11, 2021 3144:Gurling, Sara (November 22, 2018). 2936: 2826:Barfield, Chet (November 2, 2005). 2572:Mat'haina:l (Villareal de San José) 1008: 862: 506:east of the Colorado River and the 180:who live at the northern border of 13: 5084: 4743:Handbook of North American Indians 4580:Handbook of North American Indians 3716:from the original on April 8, 2021 3523:"The Kumeyaay Threat of 1860-1880" 3385:"The Indian Tax Rebellion of 1851" 3326: 3299:SanPasqualBandofMissionIndians.org 2998: 2979:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve 2948:Society for California Archaeology 1877:Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation 1767:Jamul Indian Village of California 977:Kumeyaay and the US-Mexican border 649: 409:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve 188:in the United States. They are an 178:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 172:or by the historical Spanish name 14: 6080: 5116: 3533:from the original on July 3, 2023 3395:from the original on May 17, 2021 3156:from the original on July 3, 2023 3054:Yagi, George (October 11, 2017). 2762:"The Indians of San Diego County" 2709:Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming 2546:Wanya pu:wam (Cerro de Bonifacia) 1929:Recognized communities in Mexico 1289:Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming 851:After the revolution, the ban on 768:1915 Panama-California Exposition 6064:Indigenous peoples of California 5726: 5260:Indigenous peoples of California 5253: 5034:Underwood, Jackson (2002–2004). 4816:Field, Margaret (October 2012). 4627:Muñoz, Gabriel Trujillo (2012). 4461:. San Diego Historical Society. 4459:The Journal of San Diego History 4334:Ray, Nancy (December 23, 1989). 4111:The Journal of American Folklore 3942: 3746:from the original on May 6, 2021 3476:"Kumeyaay – California Genocide" 2549:We-ilmex (near Presa El Carrizo) 670:Yuma War and California genocide 4479: 4465:from the original on 2011-12-20 4446: 4435:from the original on 2022-11-01 4421: 4410:from the original on 2021-12-28 4391: 4327: 4316:from the original on 1996-12-27 4259: 4183: 4157: 4146:from the original on 2023-05-26 4128: 4103: 4037: 3995:The California Frontier Project 3900: 3870: 3840: 3810: 3799:Zeigler, Mark (May 18, 2023). " 3793: 3782: 3758: 3728: 3697: 3686:from the original on 2021-11-29 3563:from the original on 2021-07-25 3545: 3514: 3467: 3449:Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians 3437: 3407: 3377: 3351: 3241: 3219:"Kumeyaay – The Mexican Period" 3137: 3112: 3080: 3047: 2966: 2925:from the original on 2018-12-10 2907: 2772:from the original on 2020-11-01 2693:Kumeyaay traditional narratives 2531:Other former villages in Mexico 2221:Other former villages in the US 2041:Playas de Rosarito Municipality 1345:Associated Kumeyaay village(s) 1305:Population of Native California 1246:Kumeyaay traditional narratives 518:-led coalition, along with the 473:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia 190:indigenous people of California 5431:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 4994:10.1080/00231940.1982.11760572 3704:Mapp, Lauren (April 3, 2021). 3664:Banegas, Ethan (Winter 2017). 2819: 2754: 2660:'Ui'cikwar (Real del Castillo) 2597:Kwat' Kunšapax (Las Calabazas) 502:region against a coalition of 1: 3882:Baja Bound Insurance Services 2729: 2711:at San Diego State University 2581:Uap 'cu:l uit (Cañon Manteca) 1298: 201:Yuman–Cochimí language family 6069:Indigenous peoples in Mexico 5621:Indigenous peoples of Mexico 5170:Kumeyaay (Diegueño) language 5129:Kumeyaay Information Village 4278:Government Publishing Office 4165:"Kumeyaay Community College" 3949:www.americanindiansource.com 3822:Kumeyaay Information Village 3010:Kumeyaay Information Village 2919:Kumeyaay Information Village 2654:Jiurr-jiurr (Agua Escondida) 2606:Mutu Cata (Cañon del Cansio) 2587:Hacamum/Ha'kumum (Agua Tule) 1503:Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel 514:. The Kumeyaay aligned with 288:meaning "steep" or "cliff". 7: 5186:by Margaret Field from the 4687:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). 4660:Pritzker, Barry M. (1998). 4541:. ABDO Publishing Company. 4373:www.sandiegoarchaeology.org 4196:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3805:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3710:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2832:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2686: 2578:Mat'kwoho:l (Cañon Manteca) 2170: 1942:Aguaje de la Tuna (Tecate) 1202: 1083: 896:San Diego County government 826:Magonista rebellion of 1911 745:"18 Treaties" of California 664:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 585:Under territorial governor 549:Mexican War of Independence 291: 10: 6085: 6059:History of Baja California 6044:California Mission Indians 5146:Kumeyaay Community College 3056:"The Battle for San Diego" 2719:San Diego State University 1302: 1269:Kumeyaay Community College 1239: 1235: 1215: 1060: 1003: 980: 673: 469:Misión San Diego de Alcalá 391:and extending east to the 352: 258: 18: 5915: 5829: 5743: 5721: 5627: 5266: 4605:A grammar of Jamul Tiipay 4098:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4086:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4074:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4032:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4020:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 3807:. Retrieved May 20, 2023. 2790:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 2663:Yiu kwiñi:l (Ojos Negros) 2543:Kwa-kwa (Cuero de Venado) 2368:'Aa Kuskilly (Apusquel) ( 2356:National City, California 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1149:Economy and communication 728:Baja California Territory 467:over the village and the 387:in the north to south of 363:Arthur Carl Victor Schott 125: 120: 97: 92: 64: 59: 54: 49: 34: 21:Kumeyaay (disambiguation) 5628:More than 100,000 people 5103:Kumeyaay: A History Book 4781:Smith, Kalim H. (2005). 4651:: CS1 maint: location ( 4508:Field, Margaret (2017). 4049:San Diego History Center 3333:San Diego History Center 3132:10.1215/00141801-7298819 3093:San Diego History Center 2641:Municipality of Ensenada 2622:Municipality of Mexicali 2584:Ja-kwak-wak (Las Juntas) 2274:'Iilh Taawaa (Ystagua) ( 1291:was also established at 964:Valle de Guadalupe, B.C. 905:Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) 534:Early Mexican rancho era 5744:20,000 – 100,000 people 5529:Plains and Sierra Miwok 5388:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 4125:. Accessed 26 May 2023. 2600:Cukwapa:l (El Compadre) 2537:Municipality of Tijuana 2246:Nyip 'ewai (Nipaquay) ( 1521:Elcuanan (Santa Ysabel) 1326:Tribes and reservations 1102: 901:Payomkawichum (Luiseño) 494:Colorado River conflict 425:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 254: 43:Viejas Band of Kumeyaay 5916:Less than 1,000 people 5208:Samuel Brown recounts 4865:Historical Archaeology 4791:Waldman, Carl (2014). 3557:American Indian Source 3254:www.militarymuseum.org 3248:Ruhge, Justin (2005). 2615:Ha'kume (Ejido Jacume) 2566:Municipality of Tecate 2555:Mat Hasil Ewik Kakap ( 2432:Tehayiiw/Ajopunquile ( 1556:Inyahkai? Aha-Hakaik? 1176: 1161: 1159:San Diego Museum of Us 1073: 1018: 965: 884: 781: 764:indigenous Californian 631: 447: 370: 161: 5830:1,000 – 20,000 people 5498:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 5331:Eel River Athapaskans 5101:Miskwish, Michael C. 4934:(78). Washington, DC. 4400:"Kumeyaay Placenames" 4310:"U.S. Census website" 2902:Erlandson et al. 2010 2666:Ha'cur (San Salvador) 2657:Kwar Nuwa (El Sauzal) 2382:Matt Tumau (Matamo) ( 2325:North City, San Diego 2253:Matt Xtaat (Choyas) ( 2147:Ensenada Municipality 2117:Ensenada Municipality 2085:Ensenada Municipality 2045:Ensenada Municipality 1917:Language affiliation 1339:Language affiliation 1303:Further information: 1167: 1156: 1068: 1016: 981:Further information: 963: 882: 776: 674:Further information: 644:Pueblo de Los Ángeles 640:Battle of San Pasqual 629: 564:Fort Romualdo Pacheco 504:Yuman speaking tribes 451:Missionization period 441: 385:Oceanside, California 360: 298:Yuman language family 259:Further information: 156: 121:Related ethnic groups 6049:History of San Diego 4672:. pp. 196–197. 4602:Miller, Amy (2001). 4518:Taylor & Francis 4295:on February 9, 2015. 2954:on December 28, 2012 2612:Ha'mat'tai (Jamatay) 2609:Jat'ám (Santa Clara) 2520:Rockwood, California 2506:Imperial, California 2283:Tijuana River Valley 2281:Milh Ixox (Melijo) ( 2033:San José de la Zorra 1351:Federal recognition 1118:. Other grains like 779:El Capitan Reservoir 741:Oliver M. Wozencraft 656:Mexican–American War 622:Mexican-American War 374:Pre-European contact 19:For other uses, see 4799:Infobase Publishing 3421:. August 10, 1992. 3183:"Kumeyaay Timeline" 2838:on October 11, 2016 2816:, pp. 184–190. 2592:Valle de las Palmas 2513:Brawley, California 2511:Sitcarknyewa (near 2455:Ballena, California 2341:County of San Diego 2290:San Clemente Canyon 2009:Tecate Municipality 1979:Tecate Municipality 1949:Tecate Municipality 1625:'E-quilsch a-mahk ( 1332: 1271:was created by the 943:Major League Soccer 933:acquisition of the 883:Barona Resort Hotel 857:Valle de Las Palmas 818:anarcho-syndicalist 724:California genocide 680:California genocide 662:resulting from the 433:San Diego de Alcalá 261:California Missions 31: 4877:10.1007/BF03374351 4520:. pp. 41–59. 4171:on October 8, 2007 3913:Voice of San Diego 2974:"Native Americans" 2698:Kumeyaay astronomy 2649:Valle de Guadalupe 2448:Ramona, California 2395:Santee, California 2388:Dehesa, California 2370:Bonita, California 2318:Rancho Penasquitos 2297:Downtown San Diego 2231:(City of San Diego 2205:Sinyweche (Santee) 1914:Village community 1641:0.00032 (0.00083) 1330: 1280:began offering an 1177: 1162: 1077:of slabs of bark. 1074: 1019: 966: 885: 810:Mexican Revolution 798:Viejas Reservation 794:Barona Reservation 782: 632: 457:Portolá expedition 448: 429:Sebastián Vizcaíno 371: 330:(Northern Digueño) 162: 29: 6026: 6025: 5587: 5586: 4940:Langdon, Margaret 4808:978-1-438-11010-3 4756:978-0-16004-574-5 4733:978-1-851-09818-7 4706:978-0-19513-877-1 4679:978-0-874-36836-9 4638:978-6-07791-683-3 4619:978-3-110-86482-3 4610:Mouton de Gruyter 4594:978-0-16004-574-5 4569:978-0-92561-351-6 4548:978-1-617-84911-4 4527:978-1-31736-128-2 4500:978-0-75911-960-4 4487:Erlandson, Jon M. 4340:Los Angeles Times 4045:"San Diego Brews" 3770:www.campo-nsn.gov 3586:, pp. 30–31. 3419:Los Angeles Times 3391:. June 12, 2006. 3364:KPBS Public Media 2309:Sinyau-Pichkara ( 2195:Pa-tai (Ensenada) 2168: 2167: 2109:San Antonio Necua 1315:Katharine Luomala 1311:Alfred L. Kroeber 1172:cultural museum, 1021:Prior to Western 927:Campo Reservation 916:San Diego Trolley 912:Sycuan Green Line 347:Katherine Luomala 273:living along the 247:and bordered the 197:Kumeyaay language 154: 148: 147: 6076: 5842:Chichimeca Jonaz 5736: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5200: 5172:overview at the 5080: 5055: 5030: 5005: 4972: 4963:(1/2): 245–247. 4947: 4935: 4923: 4896: 4855: 4812: 4787:Master's Thesis. 4786: 4777: 4760: 4737: 4726:. p. 1071. 4710: 4683: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4623: 4598: 4573: 4552: 4531: 4504: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4404:ArcGIS StoryMaps 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4288:. Archived from 4276:. Vol. 80. 4274:Federal Register 4271: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167:. Archived from 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4132: 4126: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3986: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3940: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3848:"Juntas de Nejí" 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3814: 3808: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3642: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3604:SohoSanDiego.org 3596: 3587: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3553:"Jose Hatam Bio" 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3521:Connolly, Mike. 3518: 3512: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3474:Connolly, Mike. 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3291: 3280: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3217:Connolly, Mike. 3214: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3141: 3135: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3051: 3045: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2950:. Archived from 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2834:. Archived from 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2703:O. M. Wozencraft 2375:Tapin/Jacunmat ( 2215:Tecuan (Tijuana) 1885:San Diego County 1849:San Diego County 1813:San Diego County 1775:San Diego County 1737:San Diego County 1696:San Diego County 1661:San Diego County 1621:San Diego County 1585:San Diego County 1552:San Diego County 1516:San Diego County 1468:San Diego County 1429:San Diego County 1388:San Diego County 1354:Area in mi (km) 1333: 1329: 1282:associate degree 1278:Cuyamaca College 1009:Social structure 971:Port of Ensenada 935:U.S. Grant Hotel 863:Contemporary era 848:administration. 752:Ulysses S. Grant 461:Cosoy (Kosa'aay) 405:San Diego County 397:Cuyamaca complex 389:Ensenada, Mexico 367:Sorony & Co. 321:Margaret Langdon 233:Laguna Mountains 176:, is a tribe of 168:, also known as 155: 50:Total population 39: 32: 28: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 5911: 5825: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5623: 5618: 5588: 5583: 5445:Northern Paiute 5262: 5252: 5250: 5210: 5198: 5119: 5087: 5085:Further reading 4809: 4757: 4734: 4707: 4680: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4620: 4595: 4570: 4549: 4528: 4501: 4482: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3943:Pico, Anthony. 3941: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3742:. May 6, 2021. 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3643: 3639: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3519: 3515: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3367: 3366:(Podcast). KPBS 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3327:Farris, Glenn. 3325: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3215: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3052: 3048: 3036: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2736: 2732: 2689: 2684: 2637: 2618: 2562: 2533: 2528: 2498:Imperial County 2494: 2473:Hortluke (near 2453:Shpank/Epegam ( 2337: 2311:Rancho Bernardo 2276:Sorrento Valley 2237:'Iipay Kumeyaay 2223: 2178: 2173: 2140:Santa Catarina 2059: 1972:Juntas de Neji 1692:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1657:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1617:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1562:1947 (defunct) 1328: 1307: 1301: 1265: 1248: 1238: 1218: 1205: 1151: 1105: 1094:olivella shells 1086: 1063: 1011: 1006: 985: 979: 951: 870: 865: 842:Chinese-Mexican 806: 737: 682: 672: 660:Mexican Cession 652: 650:Late modern era 646:and San Diego. 624: 583: 571:Alta California 541: 536: 496: 480:Mission Indians 453: 421: 376: 355: 334:Kumeyaay proper 294: 275:San Diego River 271:Mission Indians 263: 257: 221:San Diego River 199:belongs to the 182:Baja California 150: 88: 73:Baja California 45: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6018:Western Apache 6015: 6013:Tohono Oʼodham 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5206: 5195: 5181: 5176: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5118: 5117:External links 5115: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071:(3): 234–246. 5056: 5031: 5021:(2): 296–303. 5006: 4988:(4): 185–213. 4973: 4948: 4936: 4928:Kroeber, A. L. 4924: 4914:(2): 127–152. 4897: 4856: 4844:10.1086/667451 4836:10.1086/667451 4830:(4): 557–573. 4813: 4807: 4788: 4778: 4761: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4711: 4705: 4684: 4678: 4657: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4599: 4593: 4574: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4505: 4499: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4445: 4420: 4390: 4357: 4326: 4298: 4258: 4246: 4225: 4213: 4182: 4156: 4127: 4123:10.2307/533630 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3966: 3930: 3899: 3869: 3839: 3809: 3792: 3781: 3757: 3727: 3696: 3653: 3637: 3621: 3588: 3573: 3544: 3513: 3497: 3466: 3436: 3406: 3376: 3350: 3316: 3281: 3265: 3240: 3204: 3167: 3136: 3111: 3079: 3046: 3027: 2997: 2965: 2935: 2906: 2894: 2892:, p. 557. 2882: 2880:, p. 140. 2870: 2849: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2753: 2751:, p. 145. 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575:Cikaú (Tanama) 2573: 2569: 2561: 2560: 2557:Islas Coronado 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2518:Matakal (near 2516: 2509: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2489:Ocotillo Wells 2485: 2482:Ocotillo Wells 2478: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2405: 2402:Imperial Beach 2398: 2391: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2248:Mission Valley 2243: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143:Tiipay, Kamia 2141: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923:Kumeyaay name 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1845:Tiipay, Kamia 1843: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796:0.023 (0.060) 1794: 1791: 1790:0.023 (0.060) 1788: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1726:(formerly the 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644:24.88 (64.43) 1642: 1639: 1638:24.88 (64.43) 1636: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604:25.76 (66.73) 1602: 1599: 1598:25.76 (66.73) 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589:Meelqsh G'tay 1587: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537:23.42 (60.67) 1535: 1532: 1531:23.42 (60.67) 1529: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1327: 1324: 1300: 1297: 1264: 1261: 1237: 1234: 1217: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1150: 1147: 1104: 1101: 1085: 1082: 1062: 1059: 1017:Kumeyaay items 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 978: 975: 950: 947: 869: 866: 864: 861: 805: 802: 790:El Capitan Dam 736: 733: 671: 668: 651: 648: 623: 620: 611:Colorado River 582: 579: 545:Mexican Empire 540: 537: 535: 532: 500:Colorado River 495: 492: 452: 449: 420: 417: 393:Colorado River 375: 372: 354: 351: 344: 343: 337: 331: 293: 290: 256: 253: 146: 145: 123: 122: 118: 117: 95: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 76: 65: 62: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 40: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6081: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5734:Mexico portal 5724: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 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5120: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4256:, p. 19. 4255: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4223:, p. 88. 4222: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4100:, p. 39. 4099: 4094: 4088:, p. 29. 4087: 4082: 4076:, p. 21. 4075: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4034:, p. 27. 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 19. 4021: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3155: 3151: 3150:Latino Rebels 3147: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2904:, p. 62. 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2878:Pritzker 2000 2874: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2804:, p. 12. 2803: 2798: 2792:, p. 81. 2791: 2786: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2749:Pritzker 2000 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2725: 2724:Viejas Casino 2722: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407:Hayal/Jayal ( 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347:Chaip/Chayp ( 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302:Totakamalam ( 2301: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2269:Pacific Beach 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228:Tepacul Watai 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2200:Pawai (Poway) 2198: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1868:7.17 (18.58) 1867: 1864: 1862:7.17 (18.58) 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853:Snyaawkwatun 1852: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832:6.39 (16.56) 1831: 1828: 1826:6.39 (16.56) 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758:8.55 (22.14) 1757: 1754: 1752:8.55 (22.14) 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679:9.31 (24.12) 1678: 1675: 1673:9.31 (24.12) 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1334: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1210:rabbit sticks 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1160: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1001: 998: 993: 991: 984: 974: 972: 962: 958: 954: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Sycuan Band's 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 897: 892: 890: 881: 877: 874: 860: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:Porfirio Díaz 819: 815: 811: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 784:In 1932, the 780: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 753: 748: 746: 742: 732: 729: 725: 720: 717: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 681: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 628: 619: 617: 612: 608: 602: 599: 598:Rancho Tecate 594: 592: 588: 587:José Figueroa 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 559: 556: 554: 550: 546: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 491: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 455:In 1769, the 445: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 416: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383:from present 382: 381:Pacific Ocean 368: 364: 361:Engraving by 359: 350: 348: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 325: 324: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 289: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 262: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 213: 208: 207: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:'Iipai-Tiipai 167: 160: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 84: 80: 79:United States 77: 74: 70: 67: 66: 63: 58: 53: 48: 44: 38: 33: 22: 5988:Motozintleco 5972: 5761:Chontal Maya 5520:(Gabrieliño) 5504:(Fernandeño) 5409:(Bear River) 5385: 5135:Kumeyaay.com 5109: 5102: 5095: 5068: 5064: 5043: 5039: 5018: 5014: 4985: 4981: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4931: 4911: 4905: 4871:(3): 71–91. 4868: 4864: 4827: 4821: 4793: 4782: 4765: 4742: 4719: 4716:"Tipai-Ipai" 4692: 4689:"Tipai-Ipai" 4665: 4662:"Tipai-Ipai" 4628: 4604: 4578: 4558: 4537: 4513: 4490: 4480:Bibliography 4467:. 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Retrieved 2766:Kumeyaay.com 2765: 2756: 2715:Viejas Arena 2638: 2619: 2603:'Ui'ha'tumer 2563: 2534: 2495: 2480:Winal (near 2468:Anza-Borrego 2427:Solana Beach 2338: 2323:Ahwell-ewa ( 2316:Awil-Nyawa ( 2255:Barrio Logan 2234: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2183: 2043: 2002:Peña Blanca 1906:1.28 (3.31) 1900:1.28 (3.31) 1715:2.51 (6.50) 1709:2.51 (6.50) 1494:2.24 (5.79) 1488:2.24 (5.79) 1451:2.73 (7.06) 1445:2.73 (7.06) 1434: 1412:1.34 (3.48) 1406:1.34 (3.48) 1395: 1358: 1336:Reservation 1320: 1308: 1286: 1266: 1257: 1249: 1226:mockingbirds 1223: 1219: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1140: 1133: 1108: 1106: 1098: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1069:Frame of an 1055: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1023:assimilation 1020: 994: 986: 967: 955: 952: 939:San Diego FC 923:Viejas Arena 909: 893: 888: 886: 875: 871: 850: 807: 783: 757: 749: 738: 721: 718: 711: 683: 653: 633: 603: 595: 584: 568: 560: 557: 542: 497: 487: 477: 454: 432: 422: 413: 377: 345: 318: 295: 285: 281: 279: 266: 264: 229:Lake Henshaw 216: 210: 204: 194: 173: 169: 165: 163: 158: 26:Ethnic group 5524:Tübatulabal 5342:Halchidhoma 5321:Coast Miwok 5281:Ahwahnechee 5046:(1): 1–12. 4254:Shipek 1986 4175:October 10, 4005:October 31, 3959:October 31, 3645:Shipek 1978 3629:Shipek 1978 3537:October 16, 3505:Shipek 1978 3490:October 16, 3233:October 16, 3020:October 10, 2990:October 10, 2842:October 10, 2590:Metot'tai ( 2525:Hacamikalau 2487:Wi-i (near 2400:Alyshuhwi ( 2349:Chula Vista 2332:Balboa Park 1926:Population 1477:San Pasqual 1473:Ahmukatlatl 1348:Population 1273:Sycuan Band 1230:roadrunners 997:border wall 808:During the 760:Balboa Park 636:Californios 553:Californios 510:led by the 403:complex in 6033:Categories 5928:Chiricahua 5892:Qʼanjobʼal 5872:Mexicanero 5449:Kucadikadi 5392:Lake Miwok 5306:Chemehuevi 5276:Acjachemen 4469:2010-06-22 4439:2021-12-28 4414:2021-12-28 4320:2017-03-21 4240:, p. 4150:2023-05-26 3775:2023-07-06 3690:2021-05-12 3647:, p. 3631:, p. 3584:Muñoz 2012 3567:2021-08-03 3507:, p. 3389:HistoryNet 3370:2023-12-07 3275:, p. 3259:2024-08-13 3061:HistoryNet 3040:, p. 2958:August 12, 2929:2018-12-09 2890:Field 2012 2864:, p. 2802:Smith 2005 2776:2020-10-29 2730:References 2439:Hamashaw ( 2425:Kulaumai ( 2409:Olivenhain 2304:Point Loma 2078:La Huerta 2053:Mat Purjao 2013:'Ui'hapal 1742:Ewiiaapaay 1700:Matkwatay 1505:(formerly 1299:Population 1240:See also: 1124:chia seeds 1120:pinon nuts 1034:visitors. 814:Magonistas 654:After the 616:Point Loma 528:Chemehuevi 484:Luis Jayme 446:in yellow. 249:Salton Sea 186:California 83:California 5983:Mezcalero 5953:Kaqchikel 5943:Ixcatecos 5887:Pima Bajo 5801:Tojolabal 5685:Purépecha 5635:Chinantec 5559:Wukchumni 5463:Ramaytush 5459:Costanoan 5420:(Klamath) 5413:Mechoopda 5376:Kitanemuk 5311:Chimariko 5291:Bay Miwok 5192:La Huerta 5148:and its * 4893:161306672 4852:147262714 4647:cite book 4206:April 11, 3124:EBSCOhost 2681:Hameskiny 2647:Jhlumúk ( 2634:Hakwisiay 2552:Mat g'tay 2420:Encinitas 2413:Encinitas 2262:Otay Mesa 2189:San Diego 2182:Kosa'aay 1953:Ha'samen 1920:Location 1435:Kumehall 1357:Includes 1342:Location 1232:as pets. 1129:Manzanita 1050:Kuseyaays 1046:Kuseyaays 1031:shiimull, 995:However, 992:of 1990. 707:Fort Yuma 399:, a late 280:The term 267:Diegueños 225:Escondido 93:Languages 6039:Kumeyaay 5923:Awakatek 5897:Qʼeqchiʼ 5877:Ocuiltec 5867:Lacandon 5862:Jakaltek 5857:Guarijio 5811:Wixarika 5796:Tepehuán 5791:Popoluca 5771:Cuicatec 5695:Tlapanec 5690:Rarámuri 5508:Timbisha 5502:Tataviam 5386:Kumeyaay 5371:Kawaiisu 5301:Cahuilla 5286:Atsugewi 5271:Achomawi 5077:27825522 5052:23799624 5027:27825128 5002:30247342 4969:27825148 4920:27825888 4885:25616993 4774:17346424 4724:ABC-CLIO 4670:ABC-CLIO 4538:Kumeyaay 4463:Archived 4433:Archived 4408:Archived 4377:Archived 4344:Archived 4314:Archived 4200:Archived 4144:Archived 4059:April 6, 4053:Archived 3999:Archived 3953:Archived 3917:Archived 3886:Archived 3856:Archived 3826:Archived 3744:Archived 3720:April 6, 3714:Archived 3681:Archived 3608:Archived 3561:Archived 3531:Archived 3484:Archived 3453:Archived 3423:Archived 3393:Archived 3337:Archived 3303:Archived 3227:Archived 3191:Archived 3154:Archived 3098:Archived 3066:Archived 3014:Archived 2984:Archived 2923:Archived 2770:Archived 2687:See also 2678:Hacukpin 2675:Hakwisay 2631:Wekwilul 2475:Ranchita 2446:Canapu ( 2434:La Costa 2418:Hakutl ( 2384:El Cajon 2377:El Cajon 2295:Tisirr ( 2171:Villages 2056:Iškišup? 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