2043:
181:
293:. Some suggest that it might be possible to recognize multiple languages within Tiipai. On the other hand, despite a great deal of lexical variation, all varieties of Tiipai are mutually intelligible, meaning that it is a single language with a great deal of variation across communities. For a discussion of sociolinguistic motivation for this variation, see Field 2011.
1049:, and in many cases their meaning is not clear. However, they are meaningful in the sense that a common semantic notion can be found in a percentage of the verbs that bear the affix, and in many cases the underlying roots never appear without these lexical affixes. However, there are two lexical suffixes that express direction whose meanings are transparent:
1994:
For both realis and irrealis moods, in cases of overlapping reference, such as a group as the subject of the first clause and a member of the group as the subject of the second clause, or with weather verbs, either same-subject or different-subject markers may be used. Time verbs, on the other hand,
951:
Biconsonantal clusters are permitted initially, medially, and finally, while triconsonantal clusters are permitted initially and medially. No clusters of a dental and alveolar consonant are permitted and identical consonants cannot form a cluster, with the exception of /ch/. Attested final consonant
1610:
The default word order of Tiipai is (S)(O)V. Overt expression of nouns is optional and functions only to specify or "lexicalize", as person for subjects and objects is marked on the verb, as discussed above. If an oblique noun appears, it appears between the subject and the object. For ditransitive
1461:
Albeit much less than verbs, nouns also bear some morphology in Tiipai. Only 8 nouns in Tiipai bear plural morphology, and all of these seem to have originated as verbs—this paucity is also likely partly due to the fact that expressing plurality is not even obligatory on verbs. Interestingly, noun
314:
in Tiipai. The only short vowel without a corresponding long vowel is /ə/. This phoneme only appears in unstressed positions and is inserted to break up consonant clusters, though its appearance is not entirely predictable. Short vowels in the final position are often followed by aspiration, but
280:
language—as a result, Tiipai is also known as
Southern Diegueño. However, linguists now recognize that they represent at least three distinct language clusters within a speech variety continuum. Tiipai itself is not a uniform speech variety, with borders that are far from clearcut and variations
296:
Loanwords are numerous in Tiipai—the majority are from
Spanish, while a few come from English. Published documentation of the Tiipai language includes a descriptive grammar of Jamul Tiipai, a trilingual dictionary, a trilingual book of stories and oral histories from Baja California Kumiai
1689:
Tiipai exhibits, like other Yuman languages, a switch-reference system, with different suffixes depending on the mood of the dependent clause. These suffixes are cliticized to the dependent clause verb, and can express simultaneous or sequential events. When the dependent clause is in the
964:
Roughly six major rules governing phonemic sound changes have been posited in Tiipai, listed below. Note that /e/ deletion may occur in other environments to restore initial and medial clusters, but since this behavior is not fully regular, it is not described as a rule below.
1677:, although different names have been traditionally used for these cases. Subjects of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked by the subject case, while objects appear in absolute case. Case marking is obligatory on demonstratives and noun phrases marked with
955:
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is only found in stem-initial or root-initial positions, or immediately proceeding a root, where it is followed by a stressed phoneme. The labialized velar consonants are only found syllable-initially in the pre-stress position.
1611:
verbs, the linear ordering of the two objects is based on an animacy hierarchy: (1st person > 2nd person > 3rd person animate > 3rd person inanimate). This animacy hierarchy also determines which object is marked for person on the verb.
1156:"to make cry". The causative, like other derivational processes, can also cause changes within the stem itself: in 17 cases, lexical affixes are lost, while an intrusive /k/ appears in 5 cases, along with other miscellaneous phenomena.
1236:
occur only with stems ending in a vowel. Like the causative, loss of lexical affixes and an intrusive /k/ may also occur. Distributive action verbs are formed similarly, except the only processes that may occur include prefixation of
511:
The vowel /u/ is normally realized as , though it is realized as when stressed and followed by /j/ and when unstressed and before /ʔ/. /uː/ is realized as when stressed and followed by /tː/, /j/, or a velar consonant.
1076:
For all derivational processes in Tiipai, there are several morphemes that, unless indicated otherwise, can each independently and optionally express their corresponding morphological function. For example, the
265:, California. There were, conservatively, 200 Tiipai speakers in the early 1990s; the number of speakers has since declined steadily, numbering roughly 100 speakers in Baja California in a 2007 survey.
1159:
There are two types of plural verbs in Tiipai: plural subject forms, denoting multiple subjects, and distributive action forms, denoting multiple objects. Plural subject forms are formed as follows:
515:/a/ surfaces as when between palatals (unless it is stressed and preceding /nʲ/) and when preceded by a consonant other than /p/, /t/, or /ʔ/ and followed by /j/. It is realized as before /w/.
890:, despite the fricative and affricate being normally described as post-alveolar and the approximant as palatal. However, this grouping is consistent with other Americanist works of the time.
169:
496:
The phoneme /i/ is usually realized as , though it is realized as between palatals and when stressed and as when preceded by /m/ or /xʷ/ and followed by /r/ when stressed. The long vowel /
952:
clusters are (with dashes separating phonemes): /m-lly/, /m-p/, /p-sh/, /r-s/, /y-lly/, /y-p/, /y-k/. Attested vowel clusters include: /a-aa/, /aa-a/, /aa-aa/, /aa-ii/, /uu-u/, /uu-uu/.
1665:(car window) "windshield". Additionally, in possessive constructions, the owner precedes the possessed noun, which is inflected for alienability and person as discussed above.
1060:
Additionally, lexical reduplication occurs in Tiipai to form verb stems. In 17 instances, full reduplication occurs, with the stress falling on the second syllable:
3408:
1029:
Tiipai employs mostly prefixes, though some suffixes are used frequently. Affixes are almost always a single syllable, and many consist of only a single phoneme.
1012:/e/ is deleted in clusters consisting of a sibilant followed by a stop other than /kw/ or /'/ or clusters beginning with the glottal stop: /sh-puk/ →
907:
when in, respectively, a post-stress position following a consonant and in the initial position followed by /t/ or /t͡ʃ/ and any vowel besides /ə/.
948:. As prefixes vastly outnumber suffixes, stress is usually placed on the final syllable. Syllables are (C)V(C), where the V may be short or long.
2340:
1037:
Verbs bear the majority of morphology in Tiipai, divided between lexical affixes and affixes representing derivational and inflection processes.
493:. Only predictable variations are discussed below, but there are additional cases where two allophones covary, appearing in the same condition.
1486:
Tiipai distinguishes two types of possession: inalienable and alienable. Inalienable possession applies to body parts, some items of clothing,
2822:
1124:
As mentioned above, apart from affixes separated by "or" in the list above, these affixes can co-exist—for example, stative verbs often take
1995:
are always different-subject. This phenomenon is typical of other Yuman languages. Furthermore, all switch reference markings are optional.
3398:
1614:
Deviations from the default word order are fairly common in discourse. Some attested examples are objects preceding subjects so as to be
191:
936:
with all possible preceding stressed vowels, while /j/ sometimes forms diphthongs with preceding /a/ and /aː/ in unstressed positions.
929:/. Analysis of the term is complicated, so since the phoneme is only found in one native word, /b/ is not included in the above table.
832:
1212:
In this derivational process, vowel length change within the root is actually the most productive process, occurring in 72% of stems:
2372:
2257:
944:
As is typical of other Yuman languages, Tiipai words contain a singular stressed syllable, always corresponding to the grammatical
1064:"to be too tight (clothing)". In 5 instances, full reduplication occurs except the vowel of the first syllable is reduced to /e/:
1271:
on both the subject (referring to a person who habitually or professionally performs the action) and the oblique (referring to a
3403:
1721:
is used for subsequent verbs in switch-reference chains, verbs involving time or weather, and in some auxiliary constructions:
2300:, edited by Bright, William. International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Texts Series monograph 1:117-120.
691:
875:
823:
213:
1045:
Most basic verb stems in Tiipai are made up of the root and one or more lexical affixes. These lexical affixes are not
987:
Vowels become shortened when preceding a glottal stop or when pre-stress and not adjacent to the root: /ny-aa-'-aam/ →
2287:, edited by Langdon, Margaret. International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Texts Series 1.3:101-106.
2815:
711:
638:
203:
17:
1519:
All other nouns are considered alienably possessed. They inflect similarly, except with the additional prefix
3137:
2365:
2013:
1478:
and root vowel length change. The two major instances in which nouns take affixes are possession and case.
2808:
768:
684:
253:. As part of the Yuman family, Tiipai has also been consistently included in the controversial quasi-stock
155:
3358:
1661:
construction is ordered with the noun representing the whole followed by the noun representing the part:
1653:
Multi-word noun phrases are rare, but do occur in certain contexts. A noun followed by the demonstrative
504:
498:
406:
390:
2497:
2481:
1046:
1005:/e/ is inserted in a pre-stress position between a non-syllabic segment and a consonant: /m-sh-yaay/ →
863:
701:
626:
609:
578:
475:
464:
3087:
2405:
1357:
Special prefixes are used in some combinations when transitive verbs have 1st or 2nd person objects:
887:
721:
554:
550:
2042:
3348:
3272:
3176:
3062:
3039:
2744:
2683:
2358:
616:
418:
399:
311:
1793:"As they went on, they went through some water. (There was water and they went in and out of it.)"
3117:
2703:
925:
648:
286:
3107:
2492:
2487:
2064:, edited by Redden, James E. pp. 184–190. University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale, IL.
1717:
There are two different-subject suffixes in the realis, but they appear in different contexts.
2959:
1618:
and subjects following verbs when they are lexicalized as an "afterthought" to the statement.
1081:
is formed using any amount of the following affixes, ordered by linear order within the verb:
3363:
3343:
3267:
3147:
2964:
2916:
2866:
2697:
2600:
2470:
2465:
2430:
1674:
1272:
849:
795:
747:
2936:
3127:
2691:
2644:
1436:
Finally, there exist special person prefixes for relative clauses in the subject position:
1144:"to make smooth". Furthermore, some affixes only appear in certain phonological conditions—
310:
The Jamul dialect of Tiipai contains seven vowels, four short and three long, as length is
2994:
8:
3353:
3262:
3162:
3077:
3009:
2954:
2901:
2896:
2831:
2733:
754:
676:
603:
3217:
3202:
2516:
2167:
Laylander, Don. 1985. "Some
Linguistic Approaches to Southern California's Prehistory".
3157:
3102:
2881:
2720:
2672:
2658:
2613:
2412:
2251:
2211:
2103:
945:
904:
544:
534:
290:
3192:
147:
3393:
3302:
3232:
3197:
3182:
3122:
3112:
3092:
3044:
3019:
2931:
2886:
2651:
2635:
2606:
2569:
2548:
2446:
2439:
2398:
2389:
2215:
2194:
Field, Margaret (2011). "Kumeyaay
Language Variation, Group Identity, and the Land".
2095:
1566:
1308:
813:
565:
502:/ is realized as when stressed and preceding /w/ or adjacent to /x/. Additionally, /
437:
282:
269:
2906:
2091:
297:
communities, a word list, and texts, including audio and video on the ELAR website.
209:
3322:
3317:
3282:
3252:
3187:
3142:
3082:
2979:
2974:
2926:
2911:
2876:
2871:
2758:
2727:
2621:
2579:
2538:
2475:
2457:
2203:
2087:
1535:
The following markings indicating case are suffixed to the end of the noun phrase:
1462:
pluralization actually closely resembles the causative, but with only the prefixes
1282:
897:
539:
262:
1650:, often used more for textual deixis or marking the ends of complex noun phrases.
3375:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
3327:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3257:
3222:
3167:
3097:
3072:
2999:
2984:
2969:
2856:
2595:
2574:
2522:
2507:
2419:
2381:
1574:
1332:
785:
741:
560:
489:
Tiipai features many alternations in vowels, with several vowels having multiple
250:
238:
92:
84:
64:
53:
1634:, and they do not inflect for plurality. Three lexical demonstratives are used:
237:) is a Native American language belonging to the Delta–California branch of the
160:
3312:
3212:
3152:
3029:
3014:
2921:
2891:
2791:
2769:
2752:
2665:
2553:
2346:
1627:
1312:
1281:
formation of relative stems, or special stems for some verbs when appearing in
1268:
598:
2030:
1913:
When the dependent verb is in the irrealis mood, the suffixes are as follows:
3387:
3207:
3132:
3067:
3034:
3004:
2989:
2775:
2764:
2543:
2099:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1570:
1552:
728:
655:
590:
369:
348:
315:
unlike other Yuman languages, initial vowels do not have an aspirated onset.
273:
2244:
Footsteps From the Past into the Future: Kumeyaay
Stories of Baja California
168:
3172:
3024:
2738:
665:
332:
325:
2311:"Documentation of the Baja California Yuman Languages Kumeyaay and Ko'alh"
130:
3227:
1615:
384:
362:
341:
2345:
Jamul Tiipay in The World Atlas of
Language Structures - Online version
1315:, most verbs in Tiipai inflect for person using the following prefixes:
277:
2325:
American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native
America
2107:
2075:
2035:
1646:"that one, those (further away)". There is also a demonstrative clitic
933:
490:
456:
376:
355:
246:
49:
2800:
2310:
1502:"behalf". The following person affixes appear on the possessed nouns:
2169:
San Diego State
University Cultural Resource Management Casual Papers
1078:
429:
140:
123:
2076:"Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics"
180:
2341:
2207:
1658:
1288:
1245:, and root vowel length change. For distributive action formation,
258:
221:
2350:
1930:
In this case, the reference clause bears the irrealis morphology:
998:/sh/ assimilates to /s/ preceding a dental stop: /sh-t-uu-maay/ →
2861:
1295:
1148:
only appears when the stem ends in a stressed /a/, /aa/, or /i/:
242:
217:
3292:
1691:
1631:
913:
In a post-stress position, /t͡ʃ/ becomes , while /x/ becomes .
188:
1264:
Other derivational processes that occur on the verb include:
2246:(in English, Spanish, and Tiipay). San Diego, CA: SDSU Press.
976:
High vowels become glides before /a/ and /aa/: /uu-a'-niw/ →
254:
2060:
Langdon, Margaret. 1990. "Diegueño: How Many
Languages?" In
526:
Jamul Tiipai features a consonant inventory of 21 phonemes.
2230:
Barona Inter-Tribal Dictionary: 'Iipay Aa Tiipay Aa Uumall
220:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
173:
The traditional geographic distribution of Tiipai speakers
2062:
Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan-Penutian Languages Workshop
1323:
before stems beginning with a stressed vowel, ∅ elsewhere
910:/k/ becomes when following a stressed, non-front vowel.
2296:
Hinton, Leanne. 1978. Coyote Baptizes the Chickens. In
893:
Interestingly, all obstruents in Tiipai are voiceless.
508:/ is realized as when unstressed between /x/ and /m/.
1790:
when-go.PL-SS water 3-be.lying-DS enter.PL come.out.PL
969:
Clusters of glottal stops are reduced: /s-a'-'uull/ →
2122:
Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages
1657:
is used to specify a referent ("this noun"), while a
1275:, instrument, or location associated with the action)
268:
In the past, Tiipai and its neighbors to the north,
2274:. San Diego, CA: San Diego Unified School District.
187:Tiipai is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1429:The "..." indicates intervening lexical prefixes:
518:/ə/ is consistently realized as between labials.
276:, had been considered three dialects of a single
3385:
1193:Root (potentially with a change in vowel length)
1110:Root (potentially with a change in vowel length)
939:
896:The phoneme /s/ in Jamul Tiipai is described as
886:Scholarly work describes some phonemes above as
261:tribes in northern Baja California and southern
3409:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
2816:
2366:
2283:Hinton, Leanne. 1976. The Tar Baby Story. In
2196:International Journal of American Linguistics
1630:within Tiipai are typically used for spatial
2327:(Vol. 4). Oxford University Press on Demand.
2184:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
1228:frequently occurs with verbs of motion, and
923:that contains the voiced bilabial plosive /
2823:
2809:
2373:
2359:
1302:
1071:
991:"s/he made me go away", /aa-ch-uu-much/ →
179:
2228:Miller, Amy and Langdon, Margaret. 2008.
1990:"I will go and give it to the old woman."
1897:
1859:
1814:
1759:
1642:"that one, those (middle distance)", and
959:
2272:Tipai Language-English-Spanish Word List
2270:Meza Cuero, Jon and Meyer, Paula. 2008.
2014:"The Kumeyaay Communities of California"
1987:1-go-IRR.SS old.woman-DEM 1-give-IRR-EMP
916:In final position, /r/ is realized as .
192:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2830:
2073:
1877:
1787:nya-naa-ch xa tuu-yak-m nekxap netepach
1220:. A few further notes: the position of
1016:"to lay head on pillow", /ch-a'-saw/ →
214:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3386:
2152:
1353:before root initial stems, ∅ elsewhere
1261:"to give birth on several occasions".
27:Yuman language spoken in Mexico and US
2804:
2354:
2256:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
2242:Field, Margaret; et al. (2019).
2241:
2193:
2182:The Languages of Native North America
1974:
1960:
1945:
1909:"Don't drink the water, it is dirty."
1829:
1825:
1781:
1770:
1733:
1362:
2232:. Lakeside, CA: Barona Museum Press.
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1970:
1949:
1941:
1755:
1737:
1523:appearing after the person affixes:
2380:
1906:NEG water IMP-drink not be.dirty-DS
1694:mood, the suffixes are as follows:
1684:
24:
3399:Indigenous languages of California
2024:
1040:
257:. Tiipai is spoken by a number of
25:
3420:
2334:
2127:
2049:
924:
874:
862:
831:
822:
794:
767:
753:
746:
727:
720:
710:
700:
690:
683:
664:
654:
647:
637:
625:
615:
608:
503:
497:
474:
463:
436:
417:
405:
398:
389:
2041:
1978:
1841:"It's ten o'clock, let's sleep."
1253:, realized following sibilants:
980:"gaming place", /ii-a'-ma-ch/ →
167:
2317:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2235:
2222:
2092:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.359
1903:may xa ke-si xemaaw 'iimatt-chm
1838:really be.10:00-DS sleep.PL-IRR
1668:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2114:
2067:
2005:
1621:
903:Consonants /m/ and /n/ can be
13:
1:
2124:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.
2080:Annual Review of Anthropology
2018:Smithsonian Folklife Festival
1998:
1681:, but is optional elsewhere.
1673:The case system of Tiipai is
1481:
1307:Although a few verbs inflect
1024:
940:Stress and syllable structure
521:
1555:, realized as the allomorph
1407:
1382:
1278:formation of frequency words
847:
811:
783:
739:
674:
596:
570:
454:
427:
382:
300:
7:
3359:Plains Indian Sign Language
1984:'-aa-k kwa'kuy-pu '-iny-x-s
1835:nyaam lasdyees-m shuumaap-x
1224:is not always predictable,
10:
3425:
2020:. Smithsonian Institution.
919:There is one native word,
3372:
3336:
3245:
3053:
2945:
2847:
2838:
2785:
2712:
2682:
2634:
2588:
2562:
2531:
2506:
2456:
2429:
2388:
2074:Nichols, Johanna (1997).
1605:
1490:"daughter (man's term)",
1383:
1364:
564:
559:
548:
543:
538:
533:
531:
330:
323:
320:
305:
200:
178:
166:
154:
138:
121:
116:
81:
71:
59:
45:
37:
32:
3349:Albarradas Sign Language
2180:Mithun, Marianne. 1999.
2155:A Grammar of Jamul Tipay
1498:"tribe, last name", and
1456:
1032:
3404:Yuman–Cochimí languages
2704:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
1530:
1379: 3rd person
1376: Imperative
1373: 2nd person
1370: 1st person
1303:Inflectional morphology
1072:Derivational morphology
2323:Campbell, Lyle, 2000.
2120:Hinton, Leanne. 1994.
2011:
1470:accompanying suffixes
960:Phonological processes
932:Both /j/ and /w/ form
202:This article contains
3364:Chatino Sign Language
3344:Mexican Sign Language
1675:nominative-accusative
281:across towns such as
239:Yuman language family
134:(as part of Diegueño)
41:United States, Mexico
2153:Miller, Amy (2001).
1365: Subject
1298:stems for some verbs
1291:stems for some verbs
3354:Mayan Sign Language
2832:Languages of Mexico
1848:is used elsewhere.
1707:: different-subject
1638:"this one, these",
706:⟨lly⟩
2965:Chontal de Tabasco
2218:– via JSTOR.
1257:"to give birth" →
1185:Lexical prefix(es)
1168:Lexical prefix(es)
1098:Lexical prefix(es)
837:⟨ly⟩
773:⟨ny⟩
733:⟨xw⟩
716:⟨sh⟩
696:⟨ll⟩
660:⟨kw⟩
643:⟨ch⟩
631:⟨tt⟩
480:⟨aa⟩
423:⟨uu⟩
411:⟨ii⟩
3381:
3380:
3241:
3240:
3063:Chontal of Oaxaca
2798:
2797:
2792:extinct languages
2630:
2629:
2616:
2614:Havasupai dialect
2609:
2498:Southeastern Pomo
2482:Northeastern Pomo
2039:(19th ed., 2016)
1926:different-subject
1713:different-subject
1663:armewil laventaan
1559:following a vowel
1427:
1426:
1249:has an allomorph
1241:, suffixation of
1140:"to be smooth" →
884:
883:
868:⟨y⟩
759:⟨n⟩
670:⟨'⟩
621:⟨t⟩
593:
586:
581:
574:
487:
486:
442:⟨e⟩
228:
227:
210:rendering support
206:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3416:
3088:Chichimeca Jonaz
2845:
2844:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2612:
2607:Hualapai dialect
2605:
2532:Delta–California
2529:
2528:
2406:New River Shasta
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2009:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1899:
1879:
1861:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1685:Switch reference
1586:or locative case
1545:∅: absolute case
1360:
1359:
1283:relative clauses
1196:Lexical suffix,
973:"sink, dishpan".
928:
878:
869:
866:
838:
835:
826:
798:
774:
771:
760:
757:
750:
734:
731:
724:
717:
714:
707:
704:
697:
694:
687:
671:
668:
661:
658:
651:
644:
641:
632:
629:
622:
619:
612:
589:
584:
577:
572:
529:
528:
507:
501:
481:
478:
467:
443:
440:
424:
421:
412:
409:
402:
393:
318:
317:
263:San Diego County
194:
183:
171:
150:
133:
126:
100:Delta–California
87:
30:
29:
21:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3368:
3332:
3237:
3177:whistled speech
3055:
3049:
2985:Sierra Popoluca
2947:
2941:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2799:
2794:
2781:
2745:Western Jicaque
2708:
2678:
2626:
2584:
2558:
2527:
2502:
2452:
2425:
2384:
2382:Hokan languages
2379:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2151:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1964:
1953:
1935:
1911:
1901:
1890:
1882:
1871:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1818:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1687:
1671:
1624:
1608:
1575:comitative case
1533:
1484:
1459:
1305:
1074:
1043:
1041:Lexical affixes
1035:
1027:
1009:"to be afraid".
1002:"to seek (pl)".
995:"to kill (pl)".
962:
942:
867:
836:
772:
758:
732:
715:
705:
695:
669:
659:
642:
630:
620:
602:
555:
524:
479:
441:
422:
410:
308:
303:
251:Baja California
208:Without proper
196:
195:
186:
174:
146:
129:
122:
112:
88:
85:Language family
83:
77:100 (2007)
74:
73:Native speakers
54:Baja California
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Western Apache
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2946:10,000-100,000
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:Tequistlatecan
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2335:External links
2333:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2302:
2298:Coyote Stories
2289:
2276:
2263:
2234:
2221:
2208:10.1086/667451
2202:(4): 557–573.
2186:
2173:
2160:
2126:
2113:
2066:
2048:
2023:
2012:Hough, Eliza.
2003:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1965:
1954:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:: same-subject
1891:
1883:
1872:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1775:
1764:
1750:
1742:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:: same-subject
1686:
1683:
1670:
1667:
1628:demonstratives
1623:
1620:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1577:
1560:
1546:
1543:
1542:: subject case
1532:
1529:
1527:"your chair".
1517:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1483:
1480:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1269:nominalization
1210:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1073:
1070:
1068:"to peek in".
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1003:
996:
985:
974:
961:
958:
941:
938:
882:
881:
879:
872:
870:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
839:
829:
827:
820:
818:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
792:
790:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
775:
765:
763:
761:
751:
744:
738:
737:
735:
725:
718:
708:
698:
688:
681:
679:
673:
672:
662:
652:
645:
635:
633:
623:
613:
606:
595:
594:
587:
582:
575:
569:
568:
563:
558:
547:
542:
537:
532:
523:
520:
485:
484:
482:
472:
470:
468:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
434:
432:
426:
425:
415:
413:
403:
396:
394:
387:
381:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
337:
336:
329:
322:
307:
304:
302:
299:
241:, which spans
226:
225:
212:, you may see
198:
197:
185:
184:
176:
175:
172:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
144:
136:
135:
127:
119:
118:
117:Language codes
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
18:Tipai language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3421:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Southern Pomo
2491:
2489:
2488:Northern Pomo
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1598:illative case
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:locative case
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1515:3rd person: ∅
1514:
1512:
1508:
1506:1st person: ∅
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1452:3rd person: ∅
1451:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:nyekeka'naapa
1423:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:1st person: '
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1294:formation of
1293:
1290:
1287:formation of
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:"to punch" →
1215:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
967:
966:
957:
953:
949:
947:
937:
935:
930:
927:
922:
917:
914:
911:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
891:
889:
888:alveo-palatal
880:
877:
873:
871:
865:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
848:
844:
842:
840:
834:
830:
828:
825:
821:
819:
817:
815:
812:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
797:
793:
791:
789:
787:
784:
780:
778:
776:
770:
766:
764:
762:
756:
752:
749:
745:
743:
740:
736:
730:
726:
723:
719:
713:
709:
703:
699:
693:
689:
686:
682:
680:
678:
675:
667:
663:
657:
653:
650:
646:
640:
636:
634:
628:
624:
618:
614:
611:
607:
605:
600:
597:
592:
588:
583:
580:
576:
571:
567:
562:
557:
552:
546:
541:
536:
530:
527:
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
500:
494:
492:
483:
477:
473:
471:
469:
466:
462:
460:
458:
455:
451:
449:
447:
445:
439:
435:
433:
431:
428:
420:
416:
414:
408:
404:
401:
397:
395:
392:
388:
386:
383:
378:
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:
334:
327:
319:
316:
313:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
199:
193:
190:
182:
177:
170:
165:
162:
159:
157:
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149:
145:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
120:
115:
105:
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101:
99:
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96:
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94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3374:
3268:Plautdietsch
3246:Non-official
3054:Under 10,000
2877:Tzotzil Maya
2872:Tzeltal Maya
2867:Yucatec Maya
2787:
2774:
2757:
2743:
2726:
2719:
2698:Tequistlatec
2696:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2601:Upland Yuman
2515:
2480:
2471:Eastern Pomo
2466:Central Pomo
2445:
2438:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2324:
2319:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2121:
2116:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2061:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2007:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1969:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1940:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1823:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1731:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1669:Case marking
1662:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1589:
1579:
1567:instrumental
1562:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:2nd person:
1499:
1495:
1494:"language",
1491:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1446:2nd person:
1441:
1440:1st person:
1435:
1433:"tell me!".
1430:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:3rd person:
1336:
1327:
1326:2nd person:
1320:
1309:analytically
1306:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
988:
981:
977:
970:
963:
954:
950:
943:
931:
920:
918:
915:
912:
909:
902:
898:apico-dental
895:
892:
885:
525:
517:
514:
510:
495:
488:
309:
295:
267:
234:
230:
229:
201:
139:
103:
3128:Matlatzinca
2960:Tojol-abʼal
2692:Huamelultec
2645:Coahuilteco
2431:Palaihnihan
2285:Yuman Texts
2171:2(1):14-58.
2086:: 359–384.
1893:'iimatt-chm
1622:Noun phrase
1616:topicalized
1409:2nd person
1387:1st person
1152:"to cry" →
1142:texelaakaya
1057:"towards".
1053:"away" and
850:Approximant
312:contrastive
216:instead of
3388:Categories
3263:Portuguese
3163:Texistepec
3098:Chocholtec
3078:Chiricahua
3040:Qʼanjobʼal
2955:Tarahumara
2841:Indigenous
2036:Ethnologue
1999:References
1959:old.woman-
1956:kwa'kuy-pu
1821:shuumaap-x
1810:lasdyees-m
1758:-be.lying-
1729:nya-naa-ch
1525:menya'naak
1482:Possession
1333:Imperative
1066:kellykully
1047:productive
1025:Morphology
934:diphthongs
522:Consonants
491:allophones
247:California
97:Core Yuman
50:California
3158:Kaqchikel
3138:Mezcalero
3103:Pima Bajo
3010:Popolocan
2937:Purépecha
2917:Chinantec
2839:Official/
2790:indicate
2776:Yana/Yahi
2734:Jicaquean
2721:Chimariko
2673:Mamulique
2659:Comecrudo
2413:Okwanuchu
2252:cite book
2216:147262714
2100:0084-6570
1967:'-iny-x-s
1896:be.dirty-
1813:be.10:00-
1780:come.out.
1752:tuu-yak-m
1398:nyek...'-
1313:auxiliary
1218:llyewaaka
1154:taamiicha
1079:causative
1007:mesheyaay
993:achuumuch
984:"powwow".
677:Fricative
604:Affricate
301:Phonology
291:La Huerta
141:Glottolog
124:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
3394:Kumeyaay
3303:Japanese
3273:Venetian
3233:Awakatek
3228:Ayapanec
3123:Jakaltek
3113:Lacandón
3093:Huarijío
3056:speakers
3020:Cuicatec
2995:Tepehuán
2948:speakers
2932:Tlapanec
2850:speakers
2848:100,000+
2652:Cotoname
2570:Maricopa
2549:Kumeyaay
2447:Atsugewi
2440:Achumawi
2399:Konomihu
1777:netepach
1732:when-go.
1659:genitive
1626:Lexical
1594:inessive
1584:ablative
1571:allative
1496:shiimull
1289:irrealis
1062:chilchil
1000:stuumaay
905:syllabic
545:Alveolar
535:Bilabial
287:San José
278:Diegueño
270:Kumeyaay
259:Kumeyaay
222:Help:IPA
148:kumi1248
65:Kumeyaay
3323:Chinese
3318:Italian
3283:Catalan
3253:English
3218:Cochimí
3148:Kʼicheʼ
3143:Ixcatec
3108:Qʼeqchí
3083:Tacuate
3045:Tepehua
2980:Chatino
2975:Huichol
2927:Mazahua
2912:Huastec
2902:Mazatec
2897:Totonac
2887:Zapotec
2862:Nahuatl
2857:Spanish
2788:Italics
2759:Salinan
2728:Esselen
2636:Pakawan
2622:Yavapai
2580:Quechan
2539:Cocopah
2517:Cochimí
2476:Kashaya
2390:Shastan
2108:2952527
1488:pechaay
1403:ny...'-
1384:Object
1311:via an
1296:stative
1273:patient
1259:ste'aaw
1214:llyewak
1020:"food".
1018:cha'saw
989:nya'aam
982:ya'mach
971:sa'uull
921:nyímbi,
814:Lateral
566:Glottal
556:palatal
551:Alveolo
379:
372:
370:Central
365:
358:
351:
349:Central
344:
335:
328:
321:
243:Arizona
218:Unicode
3328:German
3308:Korean
3298:Romani
3293:Arabic
3288:Hebrew
3278:Basque
3258:French
3223:Kiliwa
3213:Olutec
3203:Pápago
3198:Kumiai
3193:Qatoʼk
3188:Cucapá
3173:Kikapú
3168:Paipai
3073:Akatek
3000:Triqui
2970:Amuzgo
2882:Mixtec
2596:Paipai
2575:Mojave
2523:Kiliwa
2458:Pomoan
2420:Shasta
2214:
2106:
2098:
2031:Tiipai
1973:-give-
1938:'-aa-k
1885:xemaaw
1880:-drink
1824:sleep.
1805:really
1769:enter.
1766:nekxap
1692:realis
1632:deixis
1606:Syntax
1138:xelkay
1132:, and
978:wa'niw
540:Dental
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
331:
324:
306:Vowels
289:, and
249:, and
231:Tiipai
189:UNESCO
104:Tiipai
67:(2016)
63:4,250
46:Region
33:Tiipai
3313:Greek
3153:Lipan
3030:Yaqui
3015:Huave
2907:Chʼol
2892:Otomí
2770:Washo
2753:Karuk
2713:Other
2666:Garza
2563:River
2554:Tipai
2508:Yuman
2212:S2CID
2104:JSTOR
1874:ke-si
1869:water
1802:nyaam
1747:water
1573:, or
1500:keyaw
1457:Nouns
1393:nyem-
1349:, or
1200:, or
1092:, or
1033:Verbs
1014:shpuk
786:Trill
742:Nasal
561:Velar
363:Front
342:Front
326:Short
283:Jamul
255:Hokan
235:Tipay
161:Tipai
93:Yuman
3337:Sign
3208:Ixil
3183:Teko
3133:Seri
3068:Chuj
3035:Pame
3005:Cora
2990:Mayo
2922:Mixe
2765:Seri
2544:Ipai
2258:link
2096:ISSN
1944:-go-
1846:-chm
1711:-chm
1655:peya
1640:nyip
1636:peya
1590:-lly
1531:Case
1474:and
1466:and
1255:s'aw
1232:and
946:root
599:Stop
591:lab.
585:nor.
579:pal.
573:nor.
385:High
377:Back
356:Back
333:Long
274:Ipai
272:and
3025:Mam
2739:Tol
2589:Pai
2204:doi
2088:doi
2033:at
1979:EMP
1975:IRR
1961:DEM
1946:IRR
1934:(4)
1924:-km
1888:not
1878:IMP
1860:NEG
1856:may
1852:(3)
1830:IRR
1798:(2)
1725:(1)
1699:-ch
1679:-pu
1648:-pu
1644:puu
1596:or
1540:-ch
1521:ny-
1472:-ch
1468:aa-
1464:ch-
1442:ny-
1413:ny-
1347:uu-
1247:ch-
1243:-ch
1239:ch-
1230:-ch
1222:ch-
1198:-ch
1189:uu-
1179:or
1172:ch-
1146:-ch
1130:aa-
1114:-ch
1106:uu-
1104:or
1102:aa-
1094:sh-
1090:ch-
457:Low
430:Mid
204:IPA
156:ELP
131:dih
3390::
2254:}}
2250:{{
2210:.
2200:78
2198:.
2129:^
2102:.
2094:.
2084:26
2082:.
2078:.
2051:^
2016:.
1950:SS
1918:-k
1898:DS
1866:xa
1826:PL
1815:DS
1782:PL
1771:PL
1760:DS
1744:xa
1738:SS
1734:PL
1719:-m
1705:-m
1592::
1582::
1580:-k
1569:,
1565::
1563:-m
1557:-y
1551::
1549:-i
1511:m-
1492:aa
1476:-a
1448:m-
1422:m-
1351:w-
1345:,
1343:u-
1337:k-
1335::
1328:m-
1251:t-
1234:-p
1226:n-
1207:-a
1202:-p
1181:t-
1177:n-
1164:a-
1150:mi
1136::
1134:-a
1128:,
1126:t-
1119:-a
1088:,
1086:t-
1055:-k
1051:-m
900:.
833:lʲ
769:nʲ
755:n̪
729:xʷ
702:ɬʲ
656:kʷ
639:tʃ
617:t̪
553:-)
505:iː
499:iː
476:aː
419:uː
407:iː
285:,
245:,
52:,
3179:)
3175:(
2824:e
2817:t
2810:v
2374:e
2367:t
2360:v
2313:.
2260:)
2206::
2157:.
2110:.
2090::
1977:-
1971:1
1948:.
1942:1
1828:-
1756:3
1736:-
1321:-
926:b
876:w
864:j
824:l
796:r
748:m
722:x
712:ʃ
692:ɬ
685:s
666:ʔ
649:k
627:t
610:p
601:/
549:(
465:a
438:ə
400:u
391:i
233:(
224:.
20:)
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