669:, was met with outrage by the Serbian puppet government, which responded with pleas, interventions and threats of resignation. The killings led German military commanders in Serbia to question the efficacy of mass reprisal shootings, as they pushed thousands of Serbs into the hands of anti-German guerrillas. The killing of airplane factory workers in Kraljevo convinced the OKW that arbitrary shootings of Serbs not only incurred a significant political cost but were also counterproductive. The ratio of 100 executions for one soldier killed and 50 executions for one soldier wounded was reduced by half in February 1943, and removed altogether that autumn. Henceforth, each individual execution had to be approved by Special Envoy
323:
187:. The bodies were then examined for any signs of life; victims that had survived the initial volley were dealt a single bullet to the head. Once the first group had been liquidated, the soldiers returned to the factory and collected the next 100 victims. This process continued until all the men that were rounded up had been killed. The reprisals lasted several days. Following the shooting of hostages from the rolling-stock factory, the German Army deployed through the surrounding villages, burning homes and killing indiscriminately. According to the 717th Infantry Division's own records, 1,736 men and 19 "communist" women from the city and its outskirts were executed, despite attempts by local
429:
724:
because schoolchildren were among the
Kragujevac victims. Following the war, it was widely accepted that 7,000 civilians had been executed in Kragujevac and 6,000 had been executed in Kraljevo. The number of victims believed to have been killed in Kraljevo has since been reduced to around 2,000 by modern Serbian and German historians. A similar re-examining has taken place with regard to the massacre at Kragujevac, where both Serbian and German scholars agree that more than 2,700 civilians were killed. The total number of individuals killed in the two massacres is believed to be around 5,000.
654:
39:
398:, whereby the Yugoslav monarchy—and, by extension, Serb political hegemony—would be restored. Communist resistance commenced in early July, shortly after the invasion of the Soviet Union, targeting both the Germans and the puppet authorities. By late August 1941, the Partisans and Chetniks were carrying out joint attacks against the Germans. The Partisans were well organised and many of their commanders had ample military experience, having fought in the
736:
504:, though an identical policy had already been implemented in Serbia as early as 28 April 1941, aimed at deterring guerrilla attacks. Attacks against the Germans increased during the spring and summer, and Serbia once again became a warzone. German troops fanned through the countryside burning villages, taking hostages and establishing concentration camps. The first mass executions of hostages commenced in July.
2140:
608:. The bodies were then examined for any signs of life; victims that had survived the initial volley were dealt a single bullet to the head. Once the first group had been liquidated, the soldiers returned to the factory and collected the next 100 victims. This process continued until all the men that were rounded up had been killed.
641:, the commander of the 717th Infantry Division, personally oversaw the reprisals and praised his men for their "enthusiastic fulfillment of what was required of them". Another officer lauded his men for demonstrating "great bravery in action". Twenty members of the 717th Infantry Division were later conferred the
616:(Gypsies) were also among the victims, as were some Jews, and several dozen Slovene refugees. Among the dead was the entire Serbian workforce of an airplane factory producing armaments for the Germans. The factory workers had been interned on suspicion of sabotage. Forty members of the collaborationist
676:
The killings exacerbated tensions between the
Partisans and Chetniks. They also convinced Mihailović that active resistance was futile for as long as the Germans held an unassailable military advantage in the Balkans, and that killing German troops would only result in the unnecessary deaths of tens
723:
describes the killings as "the two most horrible outrages that the
Germans committed in Serbia" on the basis of Hitler's decree. The Kragujevac massacre remains better known than the one in Kraljevo, though both occurred around the same time and resulted in a similar number of deaths. This may be
591:) to a 2,200-strong German garrison in the city. Ten German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in the attack. "Not only will 100 Serbs be shot for each German," the garrison commander declared, "their families and property will also be destroyed." He then gave orders for the arrest and
611:
The reprisals lasted several days. Following the shooting of hostages from the rolling-stock factory, the German Army deployed through the surrounding villages, burning homes and killing indiscriminately. According to the 717th
Infantry Division's own records, by 17 or 20 October,
572:, which he thought could only be rectified by the reprisal shooting of Serbian civilians. "In Serbia," he wrote, "it is necessary, on the basis of the Balkan mentality and the great expansion of insurgent movements ... to carry out the orders of the OKW in the most severe form."
598:
New orders were subsequently issued demanding further executions. According to eyewitness accounts, the German Army went from house to house over the next several days, arresting all males between the ages of 14 and 60. They were herded into a makeshift detention centre at a former
162:
in which 10 German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded. The number of hostages to be shot was calculated based on a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded, a formula devised by
347:. The occupied territory covered about 51,000 km (20,000 sq mi) and had a population of 3.8 million. Hitler had briefly considered erasing all existence of a Serbian state, but this was quickly abandoned and the Germans began searching for a
206:, convinced German commanders that mass killings of Serbian hostages were not only ineffectual but also counterproductive, as they drove locals into the hands of insurgents and sometimes resulted in the deaths of factory workers contributing to the German
612:
1,736 men and 19 "communist" women from the city and its outskirts had been shot. The executions were carried out despite attempts by local collaborationists to mitigate the punishment. Most of those killed were ethnic Serbs, though 80
458:. Nedić's inability to crush the Partisans and Chetniks prompted the Military Commander in Serbia to request German reinforcements from other parts of the continent. In mid-September, they transferred the 125th Infantry Regiment from Greece and the
330:
Yugoslavia was overwhelmed by the combined strength of the Axis powers and surrendered in less than two weeks. The government and royal family went into exile, and the country was occupied and dismembered by its neighbours. The
603:
factory. Once there, their papers were checked and their names entered into a ledger. When the camp was full, the German Army ordered groups of 100 prisoners to march to pre-dug mass graves, where they were executed with heavy
182:
factory. Once there, their papers were checked and their names entered into a ledger. When the camp was full, the German Army ordered groups of 100 prisoners to march to pre-dug mass graves, where they were executed with heavy
499:
were to be "regarded as being of communist origin", and that 100 hostages were to be shot for every German soldier killed and 50 were to be shot for every German soldier wounded. It was intended to apply to all of
288:
began placing heavy pressure on
Yugoslavia to join the Axis. On 25 March 1941, after some delay, the Yugoslav government conditionally signed the Pact. Two days later, a group of pro-Western,
414:
and men that formed the nucleus of the
Chetniks were former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army. They could field around 20,000 fighters in the occupied territory at the time of the massacre.
708:, having been demoted for refusing to shoot deserters in the Ukraine. The 717th Infantry Division was reorganised as the 117th Jäger Division later in the war and its troops took part in a
595:
of 300 Serbian civilians. His orders were promptly carried out. The victims were described in contemporary German military documents as "communists, nationalists, democrats and Jews".
392:. The two movements had widely diverging goals. Whereas the Partisans sought to turn Yugoslavia into a communist state under Tito's leadership, the Chetniks sought a return to the pre-war
587:. At the time of the massacre, it was situated along a vital transport route and was the seat of a German divisional command. In mid-October 1941, the Partisans and Chetniks laid siege (
696:
in 1948, but was released due to ill health in 1953. Despite this, he lived until June 1971. Keitel was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the
276:
joined the Pact. The following day, German troops entered
Bulgaria from Romania, almost closing the ring around Yugoslavia. Intent on securing his southern flank for the
174:
The German Army initially responded by rounding up and executing 300 Serbian civilians, described in contemporary documents as "communists, nationalists, democrats and
631:
552:. He was allocated additional forces to assist him in doing so, reinforcing the three German occupation divisions already in the territory. These divisions were the
272:. From then, Yugoslavia was almost surrounded by the Axis powers and their satellites, and her neutral stance toward the war became strained. In late February 1941,
688:. One of the crimes specifically listed in Count 1 of the indictment was the massacre of 2,300 hostages in Kragujevac. Böhme committed suicide before his
564:. Böhme boasted a profound hatred of Serbs and encouraged his predominantly Austrian-born troops to exact "vengeance" against them. His primary grievances were the
343:
and was directly occupied by the
Germans for the key rail and riverine transport routes that passed through it, as well as its valuable resources, particularly
2153:
1623:
Byford, Jovan (2011), "The
Collaborationist Administration and the Treatment of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Serbia", in Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.),
787:
The
Germans had dismantled the factory in August 1941 and expropriated its machinery and materials, shipping them off to the Reich for use in German factories.
680:
List and Böhme were both captured at the end of the war. On 10 May 1947, they were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the
565:
1796:
Mazower, Mark (2004). "Military Violence and the National Socialist Consensus: The Wehrmacht in Greece, 1941–44". In Heer, Hannes; Naumann, Klaus (eds.).
719:
Like the massacre at Kragujevac, the Kraljevo massacre came to symbolise the brutality of the German occupation in Yugoslav popular memory. The historian
700:, and subsequently hanged. Hoffmann, whom the local population dubbed the "butcher of Kraljevo and Kragujevac", was promoted to command the more capable
375:
240:, Yugoslavia came to share its northwestern border with the Third Reich and fell under increasing pressure as her neighbours aligned themselves with the
188:
548:
was appointed as Plenipotentiary Commanding General in Serbia, with direct responsibility for quelling the revolt, bringing with him the staff of
178:." Over the following several days, all men between the ages of 14 and 60 were arrested and herded into a makeshift detention centre at the local
210:. Following the war, several senior German military officials were tried and convicted for their involvement in the reprisal shootings at the
332:
56:
374:, although during 1941, within the occupied territory, even the Partisans consisted almost entirely of Serbs. The Partisans were led by the
2247:
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of thousands of Serbs. He therefore decided to scale back Chetnik guerrilla attacks and wait for an Allied landing in the Balkans.
2237:
444:
617:
511:. The commanders who bore the most responsibility for these atrocities were primarily of Austrian origin and had served in the
311:
on the throne, and brought to power a "government of national unity" led by the head of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force, General
2121:
2097:
2076:
2055:
1998:
1977:
1956:
1932:
1910:
1891:
1847:
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1807:
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1765:
1740:
1719:
1700:
1676:
1654:
1634:
1613:
1592:
1570:
356:
488:; OKW) issued Hitler's order on the suppression of "Communist Armed Resistance Movements in the Occupied Areas", signed by
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commander in Southeast Europe, ordering him to suppress all resistance in that part of the continent. That same day, the
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143:
561:
557:
553:
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from France to help put down the uprising in Serbia. On 16 September, Hitler issued Directive No. 312 to
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The strengthening of Germany's military presence in Serbia resulted in a new wave of mass executions and
245:
215:
147:
111:
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The Origins Of The Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
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481:
30:
304:
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300:
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316:
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to mitigate the punishment. Twenty members of the 717th Infantry Division were later conferred
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National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies
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403:
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1879:
1580:
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692:. List was found guilty on Count 1, as well as on another count. He was sentenced to
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1920:
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Wilhelm Keitel issued Hitler's order regarding the ratio of hostages to be shot.
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451:
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252:. At the outbreak of World War II, the Yugoslav government declared its
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suitable to lead a puppet government in Belgrade. They initially settled on
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233:
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writes that the incident occurred on 15–16 October, while journalist
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On 29 August, the Germans replaced Aćimović with Yugoslavia's former
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War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
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2021:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 59–118.
689:
605:
516:
336:
241:
184:
135:
87:
244:. In April 1939, Italy opened a second frontier with Yugoslavia when it
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207:
203:
192:
1511:
1509:
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The massacre at Kraljevo, as well as a similar and nearly concurrent
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and subsequent Austro-Hungarian military defeats at the hands of the
508:
477:
402:. By late summer, they had 8,000 fighters spread across 21
228:
198:
The massacre at Kraljevo, as well as a similar and nearly concurrent
1839:
Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century
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495:. This decree specified that all attacks against the Germans on the
1506:
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155:
139:
52:
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315:. The coup enraged Hitler, who immediately ordered the country's
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is a city located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of
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Two resistance movements emerged following the invasion: the
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1819:The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance
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1993:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1951:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
2184:
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138:of approximately 2,000 residents of the city of
454:, another fervent anti-communist, who formed a
268:, aligning themselves with the Axis, and Italy
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150:. The massacre came in reprisal for a joint
1646:European Resistance in the Second World War
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2043:
2007:
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37:
1948:Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941–1945
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1749:
1343:
1192:
566:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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1986:
1965:
1643:Cooke, Philip; Shepherd, Ben H. (2013).
1601:
1579:
1500:
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1132:
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370:, and the royalist, Serbian nationalist
321:
319:, which commenced on 6 April 1941.
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1941:
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1515:
1401:
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256:. Between September and November 1940,
158:attack on a German garrison during the
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1835:
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146:between 15 and 20 October 1941 by the
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2248:Massacres committed by Nazi Germany
482:Supreme Command of the Armed Forces
333:German-occupied territory of Serbia
144:German-occupied territory of Serbia
57:German-occupied territory of Serbia
13:
778:gives the date as 17 October.
712:of hundreds of Greek civilians at
16:Massacre in German-occupied Serbia
14:
2259:
2132:
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1602:Browning, Christopher R. (2007).
1465:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950
1453:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950
1441:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950
1429:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950
1085:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950
523:, a prejudice that the historian
381:, while the Chetniks were led by
2138:
734:
620:were also inadvertently killed.
359:during the winter of 1939–1940.
195:for their role in the killings.
781:
761:
750:List of massacres in Yugoslavia
527:links to the Nazis' wider anti-
406:in the occupied territory. The
295:officers deposed the country's
2238:Serbia under German occupation
74:Residents of Kraljevo, mostly
1:
1548:
441:Minister of the Army and Navy
388:, an officer in the interwar
326:Map of German-occupied Serbia
221:
98:
1671:. London, England: Penguin.
793:
357:Minister of Internal Affairs
307:, placed his teenage nephew
7:
1817:Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975).
755:
727:
686:Subsequent Nuremberg trials
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216:Subsequent Nuremberg trials
10:
2264:
1901:Prusin, Alexander (2017).
1750:Manoschek, Walter (1995).
486:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
445:Chief of the General Staff
421:
417:
248:and occupied neighbouring
31:World War II in Yugoslavia
2228:Nazi war crimes in Serbia
2113:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
2065:Tomasevich, Jozo (2001).
2044:Tomasevich, Jozo (1975).
1987:Shepherd, Ben H. (2016).
1540:Cooke & Shepherd 2013
618:Serbian Volunteer Command
550:XVIII Mountain Corps
537:General der Gebirgstruppe
424:Uprising in Serbia (1941)
412:non-commissioned officers
117:
107:
94:
81:
70:
62:
48:
36:
28:
23:
2086:Vujačić, Veljko (2015).
1581:Browning, Christopher R.
293:Royal Yugoslav Air Force
2223:Massacres in Yugoslavia
702:352nd Infantry Division
562:717th Infantry Division
558:714th Infantry Division
554:704th Infantry Division
460:342nd Infantry Division
335:was limited to the pre-
1966:Shepherd, Ben (2012).
1710:Lebel, Jennie (2007).
959:Ramet & Lazić 2011
881:Ramet & Lazić 2011
658:
534:On 19 September,
436:
327:
43:A round-up in the city
2198:Collective punishment
2169:43.72361°N 20.68750°E
1880:Pavlowitch, Stevan K.
1836:Mojzes, Paul (2011).
1729:Levene, Mark (2013).
656:
519:. Most were ardently
513:Austro-Hungarian Army
456:new puppet government
431:
325:
2147:at Wikimedia Commons
772:Christopher Browning
706:prisoner-of-war camp
649:Aftermath and legacy
525:Stevan K. Pavlowitch
490:Generalfeldmarschall
465:Generalfeldmarschall
433:Generalfeldmarschall
2233:October 1941 events
2213:Massacres in Serbia
2165: /
2108:Wistrich, Robert S.
1518:, p. 230, note 283.
1207:, pp. 624–625.
1183:, p. 306, note 109.
937:, pp. 118–123.
898:, pp. 177–178.
390:Royal Yugoslav Army
366:-led, multi-ethnic
290:Serbian nationalist
226:Following the 1938
2218:Massacres of Serbs
2174:43.72361; 20.68750
2013:Vucinich, Wayne S.
1943:Roberts, Walter R.
1503:, p. 100, note 86.
1236:, p. 146, note 92.
716:in December 1943.
659:
570:Royal Serbian Army
542:Lieutenant General
437:
345:non-ferrous metals
328:
66:15–20 October 1941
2208:Massacres in 1941
2145:Kraljevo massacre
2143:Media related to
2123:978-1-136-41381-0
2099:978-1-107-07408-8
2078:978-0-8047-3615-2
2057:978-0-8047-0857-9
2000:978-0-300-17903-3
1979:978-0-674-04891-1
1958:978-0-8223-0773-0
1934:978-0-230-34781-6
1921:Ramet, Sabrina P.
1912:978-0-25209-961-8
1893:978-1-85065-895-5
1849:978-1-4422-0665-6
1828:978-0-8018-1589-8
1809:978-1-57181-493-7
1788:978-1-57181-751-8
1767:978-3-486-56137-1
1742:978-0-19-150555-3
1721:978-1-886223-33-2
1702:978-0-521-77401-7
1678:978-0-14-023377-3
1656:978-1-47383-304-3
1636:978-0-230-27830-1
1615:978-0-8032-0392-1
1594:978-0-8419-0967-0
1572:978-0-520-23489-5
1530:, p. 62, note 15.
1051:, pp. 97–98.
1039:, pp. 60–61.
913:, pp. 59–60.
883:, pp. 19–20.
847:, pp. 10–13.
694:life imprisonment
671:Hermann Neubacher
628:Brigadier General
593:summary execution
589:Siege of Kraljevo
400:Spanish Civil War
341:Kingdom of Serbia
303:, in a bloodless
189:collaborationists
160:Siege of Kraljevo
129:Kraljevo massacre
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2004:
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640:
386:Draža Mihailović
278:impending attack
212:Nuremberg Trials
103:
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1528:Pavlowitch 2007
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1414:Pavlowitch 2007
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1049:Tomasevich 1975
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1043:
1037:Pavlowitch 2007
1035:
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1013:Pavlowitch 2007
1011:
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998:Tomasevich 1975
996:
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986:Tomasevich 1975
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845:Pavlowitch 2007
843:
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831:
827:
821:Pavlowitch 2007
819:
815:
811:, pp. 6–7.
807:
800:
796:
791:
786:
782:
766:
762:
758:
740:
735:
733:
730:
721:Jozo Tomasevich
651:
634:
578:
426:
420:
379:Josip Broz Tito
339:borders of the
266:Tripartite Pact
224:
101:
84:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2193:1941 in Serbia
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2133:External links
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1552:
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1542:, p. 219.
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1348:
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1344:Manoschek 1995
1336:
1334:, p. 344.
1321:
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1306:
1289:
1287:, p. 587.
1277:
1275:, p. 100.
1265:
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1224:, p. 491.
1209:
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1195:, p. 176.
1193:Manoschek 2000
1185:
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1171:, p. 206.
1158:
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1137:
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1017:
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682:Hostages Trial
650:
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502:Eastern Europe
493:Wilhelm Keitel
422:Main article:
419:
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353:Milan Aćimović
270:invaded Greece
223:
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169:Eastern Europe
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1415:
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1359:Shepherd 2012
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1107:
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1073:Shepherd 2016
1069:
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1015:, p. 61.
1014:
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972:
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961:, p. 22.
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923:Shepherd 2016
919:
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871:, p. 49.
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2017:
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1516:Vujačić 2015
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1402:Milazzo 1975
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1317:Mazower 2004
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971:Milazzo 1975
966:
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876:
864:
857:Roberts 1973
852:
840:
833:Roberts 1973
828:
823:, p. 8.
816:
809:Roberts 1973
783:
776:Misha Glenny
763:
718:
679:
675:
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623:Generalmajor
621:
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606:machine guns
597:
579:
535:
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489:
485:
474:Wilhelm List
463:
438:
432:
393:
361:
329:
286:Adolf Hitler
282:Soviet Union
227:
225:
197:
193:Iron Crosses
185:machine guns
173:
165:Adolf Hitler
133:World War II
128:
126:
108:Perpetrators
102: 2,000
18:
2172: /
1302:Prusin 2017
1273:Mojzes 2011
1261:Levene 2013
1249:Mojzes 2011
1222:Glenny 2001
1154:Glenny 2001
690:arraignment
635: [
546:Franz Böhme
517:World War I
452:Milan Nedić
404:detachments
305:coup d'Ă©tat
301:Prince Paul
264:joined the
242:Axis powers
148:German Army
136:mass murder
112:German Army
90:by shooting
88:Mass murder
83:Attack type
2187:Categories
2160:20°41′15″E
2157:43°43′25″N
1549:References
1371:Lebel 2007
1025:Lampe 2000
947:Lampe 2000
770:historian
667:Kragujevac
665:in nearby
643:Iron Cross
509:war crimes
395:status quo
337:Balkan War
254:neutrality
222:Background
208:war effort
204:Kragujevac
202:in nearby
1872:312464743
1689:(2000) .
1169:Benz 2006
794:Citations
768:Holocaust
714:Kalavryta
521:anti-Serb
478:Wehrmacht
368:Partisans
364:communist
229:Anschluss
2203:Kraljevo
2110:(2013).
1945:(1973).
1882:(2007).
1667:(2001).
1583:(1985).
1559:(2006).
756:Endnotes
728:See also
710:massacre
663:massacre
585:Belgrade
581:Kraljevo
576:Killings
531:racism.
408:officers
372:Chetniks
317:invasion
274:Bulgaria
232:between
214:and the
200:massacre
152:Partisan
140:Kraljevo
131:was the
121:Reprisal
53:Kraljevo
49:Location
29:Part of
2015:(ed.).
684:of the
515:during
449:General
418:Prelude
383:Colonel
280:on the
262:Romania
258:Hungary
250:Albania
246:invaded
238:Austria
234:Germany
156:Chetnik
142:in the
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1997:
1976:
1955:
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1569:
529:Slavic
476:, the
297:regent
118:Motive
95:Deaths
71:Target
2037:47922
1864:(PDF)
1756:[
639:]
309:Peter
76:Serbs
2118:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2033:OCLC
2023:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1868:OCLC
1844:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1567:ISBN
614:Roma
560:and
443:and
349:Serb
260:and
236:and
176:Jews
127:The
63:Date
2189::
2031:.
1508:^
1421:^
1378:^
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978:^
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673:.
637:nl
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99:c.
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2003:.
1982:.
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1937:.
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626:(
540:(
484:(
468:(
154:–
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