1308:
1463:
54:
1316:
150:
518:
493:
1451:
68:
570:
1370:
982:
1105:
1378:
1350:, an old man and a child were shot and killed by the Heimwehr. On 14 July 1927 the shooters were acquitted and left-wing supporters began a massive protest during which the Ministry of Justice building was burned. To restore order, the police and army shot and killed 89 people and injured 600. The huge protest is known as the
1223:– to which deputies were elected in universal elections. The Federal President was elected for a four-year term in a full session of both houses, while the Chancellor was elected by the National Council. As no political party ever gained a parliamentary majority, Austria was governed by coalitions of the conservative
1589:. Fascist Italy had good relations with Austria under Dollfuss and Mussolini suspected German involvement and promised the Austrofascist regime military support if Germany were to invade, as the Nazis had claims on Italian-administered Tyrol. Italy's support helped save Austria from potential annexation in 1934.
1176:, which, under the name "Western Hungary", had been part of the Hungarian kingdom since 907. It was inhabited mostly by a German-speaking population, but had also Croat- and Hungarian-speaking minorities. Through the Treaty of St. Germain it became part of the Austrian Republic in 1921. However, after a
1388:
However the new state was difficult to control, as much of the former empire's important economic regions had been taken away with the foundation of new nation-states. The matter was further complicated by the fact that a number of these new nation-states were still dependent on Vienna's banks, but
1408:
asked for foreign loans and introduced austerity policies. In
October 1922 Britain, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia provided a loan of 650 million gold kronen after Seipel promised not to attempt Anschluss with Germany for the next 20 years and allowed the League of Nations to control Austria's
1392:
The landlocked
Austria was barely able to support itself with food and lacked a developed industrial basis. In addition, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy had imposed a trade blockade and refused to sell food and coal to Austria, which eventually was saved by aid and support from the
133:
136:
1199:, Austria was no longer economically and politically viable as a separate state without union with Germany. Austria now found itself a small, landlocked country of about 6.5 million people, with 4 million Austrian Germans excluded from the new state and instead being placed against their
140:
132:
131:
130:
139:
137:
1400:
between
Austria and Czechoslovakia was signed in which Austria recognized the new state borders and relinquished claims to represent ethnic Germans living on the territory of the newly created Czechoslovakia. In return Czechoslovakia provided a loan of 500 million Kronen to Austria.
129:
1281:
was elected to the post of
Federal President and on 7 December 1929 the Constitution was amended, reducing the rights of the Parliament, making the Federal President electable by a popular vote and giving him the right to appoint the federal government and to issue emergency laws.
138:
135:
134:
1207:, with its population of almost 2 million, was left as an imperial capital without an empire to feed it. Only 17.8 percent of Austria's land was arable; the vast majority of arable land in the former Austrian half of the empire was now part of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
127:
103:
1261:
of
October 17, 1920, the Social Democrats lost the parliamentary majority and remained in the opposition until 1934, when they were banned by Dollfuss. The Christian Socials won 85, Social Democrats 69, Greater Germany Party 20 and Peasants Union 8 seats.
1566:
The state took complete control of employer–employee relations, known as Ständestaat, and began to crack down on pro-Nazi and pro–German-unification sympathizers. The Nazis responded by assassinating
Engelbert Dollfuss during the
126:
101:
128:
1154:
consent. The Allies were not willing to allow a defeated
Germany to expand its borders by absorbing what remained of Austria. With this route closed, German-Austria changed its official name to the
102:
1563:), supposedly providing their best opinions on respective areas. In practice all legislation and appointments were exercised from above by the Federal Chancellor's and President's decree.
1528:, to be led by the Fatherland Front, with the proclamation of the authoritarian "May Constitution". The name of the country was changed from the "Republic of Austria" to the "
1470:
Chancellor
Engelbert Dollfuss of the Christian Social Party took power in Austria on 20 May 1932, and moved the party and Austria towards dictatorship, centralisation and
1755:
1409:
economy. During the next two years the state budget was stabilized and international supervision over finances ended in March 1926. Austria's central bank
791:
2457:
2197:
2472:
1172:
on
October 10, 1920, in which the majority of the population chose to remain with Austria. The second prevented land-claim was Hungary's claim to
1074:
was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929. The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with
1323:
Despite the nation having a steady political party in power, the politics of the nation were fractious and violent, with both Social
Democrat (
1357:
After the 1927 events, the conservative elements became stronger and the violence in Austria continued to escalate until the early 1930s when
796:
1195:
during peace talks, specifically the right to "self-determination" of all nations. Many of them felt that with the loss of over 70% of the
1010:
1475:
410:
2452:
862:
1254:
came to power in May 1922 and attempted to forge a political alliance between wealthy industrialists and the Roman Catholic Church.
1806:
1622:
The question of Western Hungary / Burgenland 1918-1923: a territorial question in the context of national and international policy
89:
2462:
2447:
2063:
67:
1117:
1040:
149:
53:
1633:
1133:
2151:
2038:
1478:, which gave him the opportunity to establish an authoritarian government without a parliament. In May 1933 he created the
933:
1116:– now effectively reduced to the Alpine and Danubian crownlands of the Austrian Empire – was given reduced borders by the
2018:
1307:
2058:
1286:
1267:
1258:
1462:
1708:
1681:
2442:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1003:
943:
720:
1067:
2297:
2013:
958:
918:
903:
204:
1474:, in part because fascist Italy was its strongest international ally against Germany. In March 1933, Dollfuss
2207:
2028:
1582:
1410:
1339:
forces clashing with each other. The country was divided between the conservative countryside population and
923:
907:
2187:
2104:
1926:
1799:
975:
953:
1160:
The new state managed to block two land claims by its neighbours. The first was the south-eastern part of
2231:
1986:
1738:
1502:
1425:
1325:
996:
963:
938:
928:
913:
549:
1648:
1620:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2124:
1941:
1540:
1479:
1393:
Western Allies. By 1922 one USA dollar was worth 19,000 kronen and half the population was unemployed.
1220:
1200:
1169:
1099:
1055:
814:
622:
498:
359:
1187:
The Treaty of Saint Germain angered the German population in Austria who claimed that it violated the
2467:
2089:
2048:
2008:
1536:
1216:
347:
1596:, maintained the ban on Nazi activities, but also banned Austria's national paramilitary force, the
1524:
of February 1934, between Social Democrats and government forces. On 1 May 1934, Dollfuss created a
2033:
1956:
1658:
1529:
1059:
834:
511:
438:
1315:
2331:
2321:
2288:
2268:
2258:
2114:
2094:
2043:
1976:
1792:
1289:
the Social Democrats emerged as the largest party with 72 seats, but Christian Social Chancellor
1239:
of 1919–20, which had established a number of progressive socioeconomic and labour legislations.
1071:
880:
383:
196:
73:
2283:
2177:
2131:
1916:
1896:
682:
229:
110:
1698:
1671:
2273:
2141:
2109:
1247:
335:
290:
2278:
2263:
2217:
2136:
2099:
2023:
1996:
1906:
768:
753:
236:
1490:). While outwardly fascist, it was mostly Catholic and influenced by the papal encyclical
1450:
8:
2351:
2293:
2243:
2202:
2146:
2077:
1884:
1351:
1302:
1083:
662:
627:
397:
1140:, or SHS, also known as Yugoslavia). Despite Austrian protests this treaty also forbade
2407:
2400:
2313:
2212:
2182:
2165:
1951:
1931:
1845:
1827:
1819:
1653:
1521:
1445:
1414:
1358:
1087:
1063:
824:
735:
687:
593:
558:
462:
424:
321:
2326:
2192:
2053:
1981:
1971:
1911:
1835:
1724:
1704:
1677:
1629:
1510:
1491:
1455:
1177:
1161:
1151:
844:
758:
715:
710:
692:
584:
1270:
Ignaz Seipel stayed in power and resigned in November 1924 when he was succeeded by
2416:
2381:
2366:
2356:
2336:
2303:
2253:
1901:
1874:
1649:
DIVIDE ON GERMAN AUSTRIA. - Centrists Favor Union, but Strong Influences Oppose It.
1593:
1586:
1572:
1420:
The Great Depression hit Austria hard and in May 1931 the largest bank in Austria,
1263:
948:
725:
672:
267:
2346:
1936:
1921:
1525:
1483:
1215:
The new constitution created a bi-cameral legislature with the upper house – the
1188:
1147:
1028:
773:
763:
730:
369:
192:
177:
59:
34:
1369:
2421:
2119:
1429:
1397:
1278:
1192:
1125:
1113:
986:
457:
279:
2436:
2340:
1961:
1770:
1757:
1506:
1441:
1421:
829:
200:
1889:
1852:
1405:
1347:
1336:
1271:
1251:
1196:
1129:
677:
599:
188:
1235:
which were more conservative than the first government of Social Democrat
1219:– formed by representatives from federal states and the lower house – the
1568:
1544:
1495:
1236:
1121:
1044:
309:
1581:
This assassination by the Austrian Nazis infuriated Austria's neighbour
1413:
was re-established in 1923, a sales tax was introduced in 1923, and the
1168:. It was prevented from being taken over by the new SHS-state through a
1514:
1382:
1354:. Social Democrats called for a general strike which lasted four days.
1340:
1290:
1173:
1165:
1079:
1051:
667:
645:
255:
226:
1424:
Bank, collapsed. To improve its economy, Austria wanted to conclude a
2248:
1966:
1242:
After 1920, Austria's government was dominated by the anti-Anschluss
1142:
1075:
839:
653:
216:
1879:
1862:
1784:
1598:
1331:
1232:
1104:
1048:
649:
617:
607:
1404:
In 1922, in an effort to deal with post-war inflation, Chancellor
1857:
1815:
1471:
1428:, but in 1931 this was denied by France and the countries of the
885:
603:
569:
536:
211:
1389:
business was hampered by the newly erected borders and tariffs.
1867:
1204:
1181:
611:
166:
1739:"1934 to 1938: Ständestaat in the Name of "God, the Almighty""
1180:
which was disputed by Austria, the provincial capital city of
1840:
1513:
as an argument against a union of Austria with predominantly
1377:
657:
589:
1543:
were abolished, its members nominated by four non-elective,
1494:
of 1931 which refuted liberalism and socialism in favour of
1532:". The flag, coat of arms and anthem were changed, too.
1058:—and ended with the establishment of the Austrofascist
1132:
to Italy and a portion of the Alpine provinces to the
1210:
1043:
on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of
1466:
Austrian soldiers during the brief civil war of 1934
1505:, which wanted Austria to join Germany. Dollfuss's
1501:The government was in competition with the growing
1628:. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä. p. 25.
2434:
1203:under Czechoslovak, Italian, and Yugoslav rule.
1700:Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986
1800:
1535:Federalism and the controlling powers of the
1381:One of the many apartment buildings built in
1293:created a coalition government without them.
1004:
797:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
1197:cisleithanian territory of the prewar empire
108:
87:
26:
1731:
411:Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament
2458:States and territories established in 1919
1807:
1793:
1120:, which ceded German-populated regions in
1011:
997:
148:
1266:was elected Federal President. After the
1697:Jelavich, Barbara (September 25, 1987).
1696:
1539:were curtailed, while elections for the
1461:
1449:
1376:
1368:
1314:
1306:
1103:
2473:Former countries of the interwar period
1319:Social Democrats celebrating 1 May 1932
1184:(German Ödenburg) remained in Hungary.
1108:Lands claimed by German-Austria in 1918
1039:, was created after the signing of the
95:"German-Austria, you wonderful country"
2435:
1547:-styled councils – the State Council (
1520:Political violence escalated into the
1277:In December 1928 the Christian Social
1788:
1618:
1417:replaced the Krone in December 1924.
1346:In 1927, during a political clash in
1296:
1134:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1112:In September 1919, the rump state of
90:Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land
1814:
1343:controlled by the Social Democrats.
1191:laid out by United States President
1138:Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca
154:The First Austrian Republic in 1930
13:
2059:Western European broadleaf forests
1211:Government and politics, 1920–1934
14:
2484:
2453:1934 disestablishments in Austria
1373:25-schilling gold coin, .900 fine
1246:which retained close ties to the
1435:
1164:, which was inhabited partly by
980:
792:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
721:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
568:
516:
491:
124:
99:
66:
52:
1250:. The party's first Chancellor
1041:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
2463:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
2448:1919 establishments in Austria
2014:Alps conifer and mixed forests
1717:
1703:. Cambridge University Press.
1690:
1664:
1642:
1612:
1509:tied Austrian identity to the
1033:Erste Österreichische Republik
1:
1605:
1555:), Federal Economic Council (
1411:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
1229:Greater German People's Party
1093:
1062:based upon a dictatorship of
1551:), Federal Culture Council (
1130:German-populated South Tyrol
16:Period of Austrian statehood
7:
1987:Military history of Austria
1977:Allied-administered Austria
1673:Building an Unwanted Nation
1592:The successor to Dollfuss,
1559:) and the States' Council (
1326:Republikanischer Schutzbund
1146:, or union of Austria with
10:
2489:
1439:
1426:customs union with Germany
1364:
1300:
1287:1930 legislative elections
1100:Republic of German-Austria
1097:
1056:Republic of German-Austria
815:Republic of German-Austria
623:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
499:Republic of German-Austria
2394:
2312:
2239:
2230:
2173:
2164:
2085:
2076:
2004:
1995:
1826:
1713:– via Google Books.
532:
470:
452:
448:
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420:
407:
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379:
375:
365:
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305:• 1919–1920 (first)
303:
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273:
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222:
210:
184:
172:
159:
147:
117:
82:
48:
43:
21:
2009:Administrative divisions
1957:Federal State of Austria
1530:Federal State of Austria
1476:suspended the parliament
1454:Dollfuss addressing the
1060:Federal State of Austria
886:Second Austrian Republic
835:Federal State of Austria
512:Federal State of Austria
317:• 1932–1934 (last)
118:"Be Blessed Without End"
2443:First Austrian Republic
2044:Pannonian mixed forests
1947:First Austrian Republic
1118:Treaty of Saint Germain
1072:Republic's constitution
1025:First Austrian Republic
881:Allied-occupied Austria
820:First Austrian Republic
1917:Siege of Vienna (1529)
1897:Margraviate of Austria
1487:
1467:
1459:
1385:
1374:
1320:
1312:
1268:October 1923 elections
1244:Christian Social Party
1225:Christian Social Party
1109:
1082:views, leading to the
1032:
683:Margraviate of Austria
230:parliamentary republic
111:Sei gesegnet ohne Ende
109:
88:
27:
1571:of 25 July 1934 (see
1511:Roman Catholic Church
1465:
1453:
1396:In December 1921 the
1380:
1372:
1318:
1311:Heimwehr parade, 1928
1310:
1259:legislative elections
1248:Roman Catholic Church
1170:Carinthian plebiscite
1107:
173:Common languages
2064:World Heritage Sites
1907:Archduchy of Austria
1657:, January 17, 1919 (
1619:Vares, Mari (2008).
1557:Bundeswirtschaftsrat
1488:Vaterländische Front
1156:Republic of Austria.
769:German Confederation
754:Archduchy of Austria
384:Treaty of St Germain
355:• Lower chamber
343:• Upper chamber
2298:freedom of religion
1885:Ostrogothic Kingdom
1767: /
1503:Austrian Nazi party
1361:became Chancellor.
1352:July Revolt of 1927
1303:July Revolt of 1927
1227:and the right-wing
1084:July Revolt of 1927
1037:Republic of Austria
748:Early modern period
628:Ostrogothic Kingdom
28:Republik Österreich
23:Republic of Austria
2208:Telecommunications
1952:Austrian Civil War
1932:Congress of Vienna
1927:March Constitution
1846:Kingdom of Noricum
1654:The New York Times
1522:Austrian Civil War
1468:
1460:
1446:Austrian Civil War
1415:Austrian Schilling
1386:
1375:
1359:Engelbert Dollfuss
1329:) and right-wing (
1321:
1313:
1297:Left–right clashes
1110:
1088:Austrian Civil War
1068:Fatherland's Front
1064:Engelbert Dollfuss
1035:), officially the
987:Austria portal
863:National Socialism
736:Duchy of Carinthia
688:House of Babenberg
594:Kingdom of Noricum
463:Austrian schilling
425:Austrian Civil War
322:Engelbert Dollfuss
2430:
2429:
2390:
2389:
2226:
2225:
2160:
2159:
2152:Political parties
2105:Foreign relations
2072:
2071:
1982:History of Vienna
1912:Habsburg monarchy
1836:Hallstatt culture
1771:48.200°N 16.367°E
1635:978-951-39-3074-5
1492:Quadragesimo anno
1456:League of Nations
1152:League of Nations
1021:
1020:
845:Ostmark (Austria)
716:Holy Roman Empire
711:House of Habsburg
693:Privilegium Minus
640:Early Middle Ages
585:Hallstatt culture
542:
541:
528:
527:
524:
523:
504:
503:
390:10 September 1919
275:• 1928–1934
263:• 1920–1928
251:• 1919–1920
141:
104:
2480:
2468:Former republics
2410:
2403:
2237:
2236:
2171:
2170:
2083:
2082:
2002:
2001:
1902:Duchy of Austria
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:. 11 March 2009.
1721:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1616:
1594:Kurt Schuschnigg
1587:Benito Mussolini
1541:National Council
1480:Fatherland Front
1264:Michael Hainisch
1221:National Council
1047:which ended the
1013:
1006:
999:
985:
984:
983:
929:Military history
914:Economic history
875:Post-war Austria
726:Duchy of Austria
673:Frankish Kingdom
572:
562:
544:
543:
520:
519:
508:
507:
495:
494:
488:
487:
472:
471:
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439:May Constitution
431:12 February 1934
427:
386:
360:National Council
268:Michael Hainisch
197:Eastern Orthodox
162:and largest city
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119:
114:
106:
105:
93:
70:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
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2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2386:
2377:Public holidays
2372:National anthem
2308:
2249:Austrian people
2222:
2156:
2068:
1991:
1937:Austria-Hungary
1922:Austrian Empire
1875:Germanic tribes
1822:
1813:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1761:
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1756:
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1753:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1585:under dictator
1553:Bundeskulturrat
1537:Federal Council
1526:one-party state
1448:
1440:Main articles:
1438:
1367:
1305:
1299:
1217:Federal Council
1213:
1189:Fourteen Points
1102:
1096:
1017:
981:
979:
969:
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891:
890:
876:
868:
867:
858:
850:
849:
810:
802:
801:
787:
779:
778:
774:Austria-Hungary
764:Austrian Empire
759:Habsburg empire
749:
741:
740:
731:Duchy of Styria
706:
698:
697:
641:
633:
632:
580:
560:
553:
517:
492:
461:
456:
441:
428:
423:
416:4–15 March 1933
413:
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370:Interwar period
356:
348:Federal Council
344:
318:
306:
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178:Austrian German
163:
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125:
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17:
12:
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5:
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2097:
2092:
2090:Climate change
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579:Early history
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533:Today part of
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20:
2332:Coat of arms
2322:Architecture
2289:Prostitution
2259:Demographics
2137:Legal system
2115:Human rights
2095:Constitution
1946:
1890:East Francia
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1742:
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1406:Ignaz Seipel
1403:
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1387:
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1348:Schattendorf
1345:
1337:paramilitary
1335:) political
1330:
1324:
1322:
1284:
1276:
1272:Rudolf Ramek
1256:
1252:Ignaz Seipel
1241:
1214:
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1137:
1111:
1036:
1024:
1022:
974:
857:World War II
819:
678:East Francia
481:Succeeded by
480:
475:
403:15 July 1927
189:Christianity
97:(1920–1929)
83:
74:Coat of arms
2284:Pornography
2274:Health care
2178:Agriculture
2132:LGBT rights
2125:enforcement
1774: /
1602:, in 1936.
1569:July Putsch
1545:corporatist
1496:corporatism
1237:Karl Renner
1122:Sudetenland
1045:World War I
786:World War I
705:Middle Ages
559:History of
476:Preceded by
465:(1924–1938)
460:(1919–1924)
398:July Revolt
332:Legislature
310:Karl Renner
122:(1929–1934)
2437:Categories
2352:Literature
2147:Parliament
2110:Government
2029:Ecoregions
1606:References
1515:Protestant
1383:Red Vienna
1341:Red Vienna
1291:Otto Ender
1285:After the
1257:After the
1178:plebiscite
1174:Burgenland
1166:Slovenians
1150:, without
1094:Foundation
1080:right-wing
1052:rump state
944:Liberalism
668:Carantania
646:Marcomanni
444:1 May 1934
336:Parliament
291:Chancellor
256:Karl Seitz
223:Government
212:Demonym(s)
201:Protestant
116:(English:
2279:Languages
2264:Education
2218:Transport
2188:Companies
2100:Elections
2039:Mountains
2024:Districts
1997:Geography
1967:Anschluss
1853:Roman Era
1561:Länderrat
1549:Staatsrat
1517:Germany.
1162:Carinthia
1143:Anschluss
1090:of 1934.
1076:left-wing
840:Anschluss
825:Civil War
654:Baiuvarii
600:Roman Era
237:President
185:Religion
44:1919–1934
2417:Category
2294:Religion
2244:Abortion
2203:Taxation
2142:Military
2078:Politics
1880:Rugiland
1863:Pannonia
1820:articles
1599:Heimwehr
1332:Heimwehr
1233:Landbund
1086:and the
1066:and the
1049:Habsburg
976:Timeline
959:Hinduism
919:Football
650:Lombards
618:Rugiland
608:Pannonia
550:a series
548:Part of
453:Currency
217:Austrian
193:Catholic
176:German (
2401:Outline
2362:Museums
2337:Cuisine
2314:Culture
2232:Society
2213:Tourism
2183:Banking
2166:Economy
1972:Ostmark
1858:Noricum
1828:History
1816:Austria
1762:16°22′E
1759:48°12′N
1472:fascism
1458:in 1933
1365:Economy
1148:Germany
924:Cricket
604:Noricum
561:Austria
537:Austria
437:•
422:•
409:•
396:•
381:•
227:Federal
205:Judaism
160:Capital
84:Anthem:
2422:Portal
2327:Cinema
2198:Mining
2193:Energy
2054:States
2049:Rivers
2019:Cities
1868:Raetia
1818:
1725:"1931"
1707:
1680:
1632:
1484:German
1205:Vienna
1182:Sopron
1029:German
954:Cinema
908:Vienna
898:Topics
612:Raetia
552:on the
295:
241:
167:Vienna
86:
35:German
31:
2408:Index
2382:Sport
2367:Music
2357:Media
2304:Women
2254:Crime
2034:Lakes
1841:Celts
1626:(PDF)
964:Islam
949:Music
939:Radio
663:Avars
658:Suebi
590:Celts
2347:Flag
2341:wine
1705:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1576:1934
1444:and
1078:and
1023:The
904:Jews
60:Flag
2120:Law
1659:PDF
1578:).
1231:or
1124:to
1054:of
203:),
2439::
1741:.
1676:.
1651:,
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1486::
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1274:.
1128:,
1031::
656:-
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610:-
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199:,
195:,
2343:)
2339:(
2300:)
2296:(
1808:e
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1027:(
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
910:)
906:(
614:)
602:(
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592:(
191:(
180:)
120:)
37:)
33:(
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