History of the Jews in Austria

4419: 4084: 4323: 3766:, that dorsal tax would be forbidden, that the trials held within the community would be condensed, and that those who would not get an education would not be able to marry before the age of 25. The emperor also declared that Jews would establish Jewish schools for their children, but they opposed that because he forbade them organizing within the community and establishing public institutions. In the aftermath of different resistances, also from the Jewish party, which opposed the many conditions held upon them, and also from the Christian party, which opposed many of the rights given to Jews, the decree was not fully implemented. 4494:. At first, he refused to see her, but then let her in for five minutes and disapprovingly told her she could take 600 Jewish children if she managed to get them out within one week. She managed. She then kept on organising the transport of children from Germany and Austria. This lasted until the outbreak of WW-II on Sept. 1st, 1939, when European borders were closed. The exact number of Austrian children that could flee through Wijsmuller's organisation is not exactly known but according to her biographer runs up to 10,000. The last transport - now known under the name 4704: 4688: 2537: 3327: 4025: 3701: 7273: 7756: 5179: 2949: 3396: 3085: 7768: 5193: 3251:, the period was characterized by the formal cancellations of many outstanding debts that were owed to Jewish financiers, and those that would have been enforced by debt collection activity by Jews were left purposely outstanding so as to impoverish the Jewish creditor; there were then mass official confiscation of all Jewish assets, and the creation of policies demanding economic limitations against all Jewish people. 4591: 3786: 50: 3367:, a period in which Jews were persecuted frequently and deported from many areas, including Vienna in 1670, though they gradually returned after several years. Jews were also subject to different laws—one of which permitted only first-born children to marry—in order to stop the increase of the Jewish population. Although Leopold treated the Jewish population severely, he did have a Jewish economic advisor, 3973:. The emperor, Franz Joseph, was opposed to the appointment, but after Lueger was elected three consecutive times, the emperor was compelled to accept his election according to the regulations. During the period of his authority, Lueger removed Jews from positions in the city administration and forbade them from working in the factories located in Vienna until his death in 1910. 4410:

could be taken, so nearly everything of value was left behind. To leave the country, a departure 'tax' had to be paid, which was a large percentage of their entire property. Emigrants hurried to collect only their most important personal belongings, pay the departure fees, and had to leave behind them everything else. Departure was only possible with a

3777:, who continued working on the integration of Jews into the wider Austrian society, but he was more moderate than his uncle. In 1812, a Jewish Sunday school was opened in Vienna. During the same period of time, a number of limitations were placed on Jews, such as the obligation to study in Christian schools and to pray in German. 3993:) began demanding more and more collective rights; among German speakers, many started feeling more connected to Germany, which was strengthening. Under these circumstances, the Jewish population was especially notable for their loyalty to the empire and their admiration of the emperor. The Austrian Jews of the 4414:

to enter another country, which was hard to obtain, especially for the poor and elderly, so even the wealthy sometimes had to leave behind their parents or grandparents. By the summer of 1939 110,000 Jews had departed the country. The last Jews left legally in 1941. Almost all Jews who remained after

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By October 1942 Austria had only about 2,000 to 5,000 Jews left. About 1,900 of these were sent out of the country during the next two years, and the rest remained in hiding. The total number of the Austrian Jewish population murdered during the Holocaust is about 65,500 people, 62,000 of them known

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for an example of its reluctance in compensating victims.) In November 2005, the Austrian government sent out compensation letters to the 19,300 Austrian Holocaust survivors still living. The total amount that Austria paid in compensation was over $ 2 million, which was paid to individual Holocaust

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granted Jews equal rights, saying "the civil rights and the country's policy is not contingent in the people's religion". The emperor was well liked by Jews, who, as a token of appreciation, wrote prayers and songs about him that were printed in Jewish prayer books. In 1849 the emperor canceled the

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at this point, though again, there is no concrete proof. The existence of a Jewish community in the area is only known for sure after the start of the 12th century when two synagogues existed. In the same century, the Jewish settlement in Vienna increased with the absorption of Jewish settlers from

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students against Jewish and socialist classmates increased since the 1920s, particularly at the Institute of Anatomy under Julius Tandler, or on the occasion of the abolishment of the anti-Semitic Gleispach student regulation 1930. In 1921, there was a significant antisemitic mob parade in Vienna.

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canceled different limitations that had been placed upon Jews previously, such as the restriction to live only in predetermined locations and the limitation to certain professions. They were now allowed to establish factories, hire Christian servants and study at higher education institutions, but

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to order the imprisonment of all of the Jews in Austria. 210 Jewish men, women, and children were forcibly taken from their homes and burnt alive in the public town square, while the remaining families were rounded up and deported from Austria, forced to leave all their belongings behind. In 1469,

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and the collection of taxes and also gained key positions in many other aspects of life in Austria. In 1204, the first documented synagogue in Austria was constructed. In addition, Jews went through a period of religious freedom and relative prosperity; a group of families headed by notable rabbis

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A 31 year old Syrian refugee has been arrested in connection with three attacks on the Jewish community in Graz in southern Austria...The first attack took place around 11pm on August 18 when Graz's synagogue was graffitied with the words "Palestine is free" and "Our language and our land are red

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and also the reformer of the school system in Vienna, Hugo Breitner. Due to the Social Democratic Party being the only party in Austria that accepted Jews as members and also in leading positions, several Jewish parties that were founded after 1918 in Vienna, where about 10% of the population was

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to allow for direct descendants of victims of National Socialism to regain Austrian citizenship. Previously, only victims and their children were allowed to regain Austrian citizenship. This amendment came into effect on September 1, 2020, and by early 2021 around 950 applicants had already been

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was responsible for handling emigration. They were not allowed to take cash or stocks or valuable items like jewelry or gold, and most antiques or artworks were declared 'important to the state' and could not be exported, and were often simply seized; essentially only clothes and household items

4547:. In the summer of 1939 hundreds of factories and Jewish stores were shut down by the government. In October 1941 Jews were forbidden to exit the boundaries of Austria. The total number of Jews who managed to exit Austria is about 28,000. Some of the Vienna Jews were sent to the transit camp at 4502:

was invaded by the Nazis, on the last ship leaving Dutch waters, the SS Bodegraven, on which she managed to place 74 German and Austrian Jewish children. She decided to remain in Holland herself, although she had had the chance of joining the group of children. All of the children she rescued,

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all Jews who resided in the area. The entire Jewish population was unfairly targeted by some angry non-Jewish neighbors and the animosity made daily life unbearable — the population continued to decline in the middle of the 14th century. At the start of the 15th century, during the regime of

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The Austrian government was sued for Austria's involvement in the Holocaust and required to compensate its Jewish survivors. Initially, the government postponed the compensation matters, until the United States started putting on pressure. In 1998 the Austrian government introduced the Art

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In 1910, 1,313,687 Jews lived in the Austrian half of the empire, most of these in the northeastern provinces of Galicia and Bukovina. In 1918, there were about 300,000 Jews in the new (much smaller) Austrian state, scattered in 33 different settlements. Most of these (about 200,000)

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by name. The rest of the Jewish population of Austria, excluding up to 5,000 who managed to survive in Austria, emigrated — about 135,000 people of Jewish religion or Jewish ancestry, compared to the number in 1938. But thousands of Austrian Jews emigrated before 1938.

4401:, all Jews were effectively forced to emigrate from Austria, but the process was made extremely difficult. The emigration center was in Vienna, and the people leaving were required to have numerous documents approving their departure from different departments. The 5519: 6333:"Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King." Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King. N.p., n.d. Web. October 1, 2016. His parents were both Jewish, but although young Carl was bar mitzvahed, the family was not religiously observant. He characterizes himself as a "Jewish atheist." 3976:

The intertwining of Jews and the attitude of the emperor towards them could also be seen in the general state of the empire. From the middle of the 19th century there started to be many pressures from the different nationalities living in the multinational

3295:, who became known for his fairness and strong relationship by allowing Jews to live relatively free from scapegoating and hate crimes — he was even referred to at times as the "King of the Jews". He allowed Jews to return and settle in all the cities of 4626:

lived in Austria. About 3,000 of them stayed in Austria and formed the new Jewish community. Many of the Jews in the DP camps throughout Europe eventually immigrated to Israel. Many others returned to Germany and Austria. In October 2000 the

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were immediately applied to Austria so that people with one Jewish grandparent were deemed to be Jewish, even if they or their parents had converted to another faith so that 201,000 to 214,000 people were caught by these anti-Jewish laws.

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Although the empress was known for her hatred of Jews, several Jews did work for her at her court. The empress made it mandatory that Jews would go to the general elementary schools, and in addition, permitted them to join universities.

3733:. As a result of annexation, many Jews were added to the Austrian Empire and the empress, Maria Theresa, quickly legislated different laws aimed at regulating their rights and canceled Jewish autonomy to take authority over the Jews. 3177:

business, encouraged the immigration of additional Jews to the area, and promised protection and autonomous rights, such as the right to judge themselves and the right to collect taxes. This bill of rights affected other kingdoms in

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and antisemitism has not vanished entirely from public life in Austria. In the 1990s many threatening letters were sent to politicians and reporters, and some Austrian public figures have occasionally shown sympathy toward Nazism.

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about 200,000 Hungarians fled through Austria to the west, among them 17,000 Jews. Seventy-thousand Hungarians stayed in Austria, a number of Jews among them. One of the best-known of them is the political scientist and publicist

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CE. Over the course of many centuries, the political status of the community rose and fell many times: during certain periods, the Jewish community prospered and enjoyed political equality, and during other periods it suffered

4894:. Hostility by some inhabitants of the village towards those who accommodate Jews was reported. Several hotels and apartments in the town confirmed that Jews are banned from the premises. Those who book rooms are subjected to 4482:, who on behalf of the British government sought help to fulfill the quota of 10,000 temporary Jewish refugee children from Nazi-Germany and Nazi-Austria. Wijsmuller went to Vienna but was arrested for criticizing the Nazi 5515: 4383:. Jewish shops were vandalised and looted and some Jewish homes were destroyed. In Vienna, all synagogues except one were destroyed. During that night, at least 27 Jews were murdered in Austria, and many others beaten. 4366:' and either sold for a fraction of their value or seized outright. Jewish citizens were humiliated as they were commanded to perform different menial tasks, without any consideration of age, social position, or sex. 5665: 5277: 3748:

succeeded her and started working on the integration of Jews into Austrian society. The emperor determined that they would be obligated to enlist in the army, and established governmental schools for Jews. The

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prohibition against Jews organizing within the community, and in 1852 new regulations for the Jewish community were set. In 1867, Jews formally received full equal rights thanks to liberalization efforts.

6509: 4257:) were Jewish Austrians. In 1933, many Austrian Jews, who had worked and lived in Germany for years, returned to Austria, including many who fled Nazi restrictions on Jews working in the film industry. 6613: 7708: 6568: 4809:

survivors themselves, to the owners of businesses that were damaged, and for stolen bank accounts, etc. In addition, the Austrian government also transferred $ 40 million to the Austria Jewish fund.

3843:), authors, playwrights, poets, doctors, bankers, businessmen, and artists. Vienna became a cultural Jewish center and became a center of education, culture and Zionism. Theodor Herzl, the father of 4304:, which had developed its own "emigrant-film"-movement, had to accept the German restrictions forbidding Jews from working in the film industry. Emigration among film artists then rose sharply with 3027:

drastically reduced the Jewish community in Austria and only 8,140 Jews remained in Austria according to the 2001 census. Today, Austria has a Jewish population of 10,300 which extends to 33,000 if

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for Christian landowners. The earliest evidence of Jewish officials tasked with the unpleasant role of collecting unpaid taxes appears in a document from 1320. During the same time, riots occurred

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that the Jews were a separate ethnic and religious group, and were not bound to the laws that targeted the Christian population. Following this declaration, in July 1244, the emperor published a

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view of Jews as a separate, foreign nation, Austro-hungarian liberals defined 'Jewishness' as a religious identity and expected Jews to assimilate in other areas of life. In Hungary, this meant

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theoretically opposed the persecution of the Jews, as had his grandfather, and even permitted the construction of a synagogue. Nevertheless, huge taxes were imposed upon the Jewish population.

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movement, which was established in the same period, also reached the Jewish community in Austria, largely due to the difficult condition of the Jews there. Many followed in the footsteps of

4587:. Those Jews were murdered by the Lithuanian, Latvian and Bielorussian collaborators under the supervision of German soldiers, mainly by being shot in forests and buried in mass graves. 5456: 3869: 6140: 3340:, whose regime began in 1556, opposed the persecution of the Jews, but levied excessive taxes and ordered them to wear a mark of disgrace. Between 1564 and 1619, during the reigns of 6628: 7733: 7703: 6185: 6823:

The Road to The Open (JC Verite European Classics Book 1) – Kindle edition by Arthur Schnitzler, J. Chakravarti, Horace Samuel. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com

4362:, the Nazis started instituting anti-Jewish measures throughout the country. Jews were expelled from all cultural, economic, and social life in Austria. Jewish businesses were ' 3059:. It is considered to be the earliest surviving evidence of a Jewish presence in what is now Austria. It is hypothesized that the first Jews immigrated to Austria following the 4434:, risking his own life and his career rapidly approved the visa applications of thousands of Jews seeking to escape the Nazis. Among them were possibly the Austrian filmmakers 6837: 4138:

During the 1920s, Jewish cultural creators flourished, including bestselling novels written by Jews and a revival of Yiddish theater enjoyed by both Jews and non-Jews alike.

4312:, to November 1938, when nearly all synagogues in Austria were destroyed (more than 100, about 30 to 40 of which were built as dedicated synagogues, 25 of them in Vienna). 3803:, and dissolved gradually after the death of the emperor to the annexation of Austria to Germany by the Nazis, a process that led to the start of the Holocaust in Austria. 3710:

After the period of religious fanaticism towards the Jewish population of the region, a period of relative tolerance began which was less noticeable during the reign of

1170: 7069: 4555:. At the end of the winter of 1941, an additional 4,500 Jews were sent from Vienna to different concentration and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Poland (mainly 6157: 4080:, where up to a third of the population was Jewish, had usually higher percentage rates of voters for the Social Democratic Party than classical "worker"-districts. 4268:

was fascist, and leaders of the Social Democratic Party were arrested or had to flee. But, except for Jews strongly engaged in the Social Democratic Party, the new

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The investigators believe that the motive is Islamist," Nehammer said, adding that security measures at synagogues were being reinforced to prevent copycat attacks

5975: 4729:, there has been a renewed influx of Jewish people from the former Soviet Union. The current Austrian Jewish population is around 12,000–15,000 — most living in 4615: 3219:

The insularity and assumed prosperity of the Jewish community caused increased tensions and jealousy from the Christian population along with hostility from the

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At the start of the 13th century, the Jewish community began to flourish. One of the main reasons for the prosperity was the declaration by Holy Roman Emperor

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lines"...He is also suspected of having vandalised the headquarters of a Graz LGBTQ association and a Catholic church last week. Austria's interior minister,

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Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien 1930–1935 (Neue Folge. 3. Band) published by Magistratsabteilung für Statistik. Contains figures of 1910, 1923 und 1934.

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for Jews, which barred them from many jobs, businesses, and educational opportunities, but allowed for rights to sales, thus encouraging them to work in the

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in Austria. Holocaust survivors who had nowhere to return to after the war remained in the DP camps, and were helped by groups of volunteers who came from

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Jewish loyalty to Austria and the emperor was particularly strong during WWI, given that the state's main enemy during the first two years of the war was

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The emperor established a fund aimed at financing the establishment of Jewish institutions and in addition, established the Talmudic school for rabbis in

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Archaeological sensation in Austria. Scientists from the University of Vienna unearth the earliest evidence of Jewish inhabitants in Austria, 13.03.08,

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With Jewish prosperity and equality, several Jewish scholars converted to Christianity in a desire to assimilate into Austrian society. Among them were

7004: 2498: 6269: 6974: 6092: 262: 4741:. About 800 are Holocaust survivors who lived in Austria before 1938 and about 1,500 are immigrants from countries once a part of the Soviet Union. 7083: 7062: 7029: 7012: 5865: 3821:, but the process was more complicated in the rest of the empire as "Austria" did not yet exist as a national identity, only a political identity. 1285: 7025: 6391: 4721:

Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community in Austria has rebuilt itself, although it is much smaller. In the 1950s a wave of immigration from the

6986: 3413: 3106: 1533: 5363:"Suetonius Claudius 25.4, Acts 18, and Paulus Orosius' "Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII:" Dating the Claudian Expulsion(s) of Roman Jews" 4847:

There were very few Jews in Austria in the early post-war years; however, some of them became very prominent in Austrian society. These include

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In 1939 the Nazis initiated the annihilation of the Jewish population. The most notable persons of the community, about 6,000, were sent to the

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for attacks on Jews, and defacing a synagogue with "Free Palestine" graffiti. He was also a suspect in an attacks on a Catholic church and on

3227:, Austria's prominence decreased as far as being a religious center for Jewish scholarly endeavors due to the highly anti-Semitic atmosphere. 7418: 7227: 7054: 2763: 1787: 6132: 4491: 4234: 2977: 6543: 3003: 6193: 3268: 772: 735: 5316: 3063:

after the Roman occupation of Israel. It is theorized that the Roman legions who participated in the occupation and came back after the

6852: 4567:, which had around one thousand Jews. In the fall of 1942, the Nazis sent more Jews to the ghettos in the cities they occupied in the 3314:. In 1509, he passed the "Imperial Confiscation Mandate" which foresaw the destruction of all Jewish books, apart from one exception, 7625: 7438: 6214: 4346:"). The Jewish population in Austria at the time was 181,882, with 167,249 in Vienna. Thousands of Jews had already emigrated before 2829: 1711: 7463: 7353: 6481: 6290: 6049: 1734: 6936: 3271:, the condition of Jews worsened as a result of unfounded accusations that the movement was associated with the Jewish community. 7635: 6776: 6254: 4294: 3230:

Some Jewish business enterprises focused on civic finance, private interest-free loans, and government accounting work enforcing

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Some foreign officials assisted by issuing far more visas than they were officially allowed to. The Chinese consul to Austria,

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Jewish, had no chance of gaining bigger parts of the Jewish population. Districts with high Jewish population rates, such as

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movement, which manages kindergartens, schools, a community center and even a university. There are also active branches of

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Jews and the Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics : with a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medallists

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The Nazis entered Austria without any major resistance and were accepted approvingly by many Austrians. Immediately after

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regime, which thought itself as pro-Austrian and anti-national socialism, brought no worsening for the Jewish population.

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are sometimes described as having a "tripartite identity": politically Austrian, culturally German, ethnically Jewish.

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gained special attention in 2010, where people thought to be Jews were barred from making hotel bookings, based on a

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The biggest Jewish presence in Austria today is in Vienna, where there are synagogues, a Jewish retirement home, the

4443: 4331: 4115: 3435: 3341: 3292: 3132: 2484: 1576: 1538: 1513: 1433: 1418: 1265: 1205: 1160: 7200: 7180: 6173:, ascribed an "Islamist motive" to the attacks, calling the suspect a "radical Islamist antisemite" and "homophobe". 5666:"Gebet für den Landesfürsten | Prayer for the sovereign (Emperor Franz Joseph I), a teḥinah by Abraham Neuda (1855)" 3114: 7788: 7713: 7515: 7153:

Nicht in einem Bett - Juden und Christen in Mittelalter und Frühneuzeit. Reihe: Juden in Mitteleuropa, Ausgabe 2005

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during the Second World War. He remained the president of Austria until 1992. During his term he was considered a

4153:. Also the cultural contribution of Jews reached its peak. Many famous writers, film and theatre directors (e.g., 3839:

despite their small percentage in the population. Contributions came from Jewish lawyers, journalists (among them

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settled in Vienna — these learned men were later referred to as "the wise men of Vienna". The group established a

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A document from the 10th century that determined equal rights between the Jewish and Christian merchants in the

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The Jewish Lists: Physicists and Generals, Actors and Writers, and Hundreds of Other Lists of Accomplished Jews

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Between 1848 and 1938, Jews in Austria enjoyed a period of prosperity beginning with the start of the reign of

3774: 3770: 3417: 3110: 2925: 2885: 1860: 1846: 1814: 1794: 1762: 1706: 1681: 1656: 1636: 1626: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1581: 1566: 1543: 1458: 1443: 1363: 1322: 1275: 1270: 1190: 1135: 7728: 7670: 7615: 7605: 7585: 7575: 7560: 7555: 7535: 7505: 7473: 7458: 7433: 7369: 5221: 5070: 4816:(founded in 1993), and other community institutions. Austrian Jews are of many different denominations, from 4628: 4595: 4524: 4072:

in Vienna, the only districts where Jews formed about half of the population, and the neighbouring districts

4013: 4005: 3745: 3364: 3345: 3166: 3150: 2890: 2874: 2281: 1819: 1804: 1767: 1729: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1671: 1666: 1646: 1631: 1616: 1591: 1557: 1528: 1428: 1413: 1337: 1327: 1245: 1215: 1140: 1126: 6790: 5847: 7645: 7600: 7525: 7495: 7262: 7252: 7213: 5595:"This Day in Jewish History / Holy Roman Emperor Orders All Jewish Books - Except the Bible - Be Destroyed" 5535:"3rd century amulet - sign of earliest Jewish life in Austria - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News" 5206: 4646: 4544: 4475: 3349: 3248: 2942: 2920: 1889: 1809: 1772: 1696: 1641: 1508: 1483: 1408: 1383: 1373: 1312: 1235: 1230: 1210: 1200: 1180: 1165: 1058: 762: 526: 521: 4275:

The census of 1934 counted 191,481 Jews in Austria, with 176,034 living in Vienna and most of the rest in

3055:(Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord is one) inscribed on it in the grave of a Jewish infant in 4967: 4886:

Latent antisemitism is an issue in several rural areas of the country. Some issues in the holiday resort

4856: 4791:, who made multiple anti-Semitic statements and was often accused of being a Nazi sympathizer, served as 4455: 3244: 2963: 2930: 2905: 2895: 2880: 2516: 1879: 1874: 1829: 1782: 1468: 1438: 1398: 1393: 1250: 556: 7746: 4564: 4269: 3829: 3064: 2781: 2589: 2353: 2198: 1906: 1300: 496: 486: 222: 4836:

youth movements. Today, the biggest minority among the Jewish community in Vienna are immigrants from

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discovered a third-century CE amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer

6795: 4520: 3806: 3796: 3789: 3715: 2467: 2160: 2011: 1952: 843: 6449: 5594: 4486:-collection, but managed to talk her way out and the next day headed straight to the then office of 4375:) was carried out in Germany and Austria. Synagogues all over Austria were looted and burned by the 4928: 4876: 4392: 4265: 3711: 3704: 3095: 2801: 2170: 2150: 1260: 740: 281: 4642:, who after his release worked together with the United States army to locate Nazi war criminals. 4503:

survived the war circumstances. Wijsmuller was awarded the title 'Righteous Among the Peoples' by

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all this only on the condition that Jews would be obligated to attend school, that they would use

7244: 6673: 5619:. Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books/Rice University Press, Houston 1975, S. 48 5076: 4777: 4671: 4246: 4040: 3750: 3406: 3099: 2847: 2786: 2311: 2301: 2266: 2145: 2135: 1918: 1089: 1031: 865: 544: 501: 216: 6762: 4669:

hotels, and the names of those who took them and never gave them back, are detailed in the book

5317:"Roman Policy towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome during the First Century C.E." 5115: 4802:

Restitution Act, which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. (But see also,

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During the reign of Franz Joseph and after, Austria's Jewish population contributed greatly to

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that was considered to be the most prominent school of Talmudic studies in Europe at the time.

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After the Holocaust, the Jews throughout Europe who managed to survive were concentrated in

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Other notable influential Jews contributing greatly to Austrian culture included composers

3848: 3729:, or simply "Galicia", became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the 2735: 2720: 2392: 2344: 2084: 1942: 755: 620: 609: 567: 7272: 6658: 5611:

census 1890, 1900, 1910 of the K. K. Statistischen Central-Kommission and census 1934 and

4844:, each with separate synagogues and a large community center called "The Spanish Center". 4426:

the Nazis forced Austrian Jews to clean pro-independent Austria slogans off the pavements.

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was appointed as Austria's president in 1986 despite having served as an officer in the

4762:, and in 1994 they reconstructed the Jewish library in Vienna, which was then reopened. 4687: 6629:"Kreisky, Israel and Jewish Identity book review: Will the real Bruno please stand up?" 6297:"Brull, Ignaz 1846-1907 Moravia, Prossnitz - Austria, Vienna" Accessed 6 November 2006. 6054: 5795: 5776:"Changes and Continuities in Austria's Coping with Refugee Crises over Three Centuries" 5437: 5390: 5343: 5145: 4658: 4631:

was built in Vienna in memory of the Austrian Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust.

4619: 4261: 4190: 4016:. At that time, Vienna contained the third-largest urban population of Jews in Europe. 3836: 2791: 2702: 2654: 2560: 2525: 2296: 2246: 2193: 2188: 2102: 1972: 1240: 1069: 828: 748: 602: 168: 4478:, went to Vienna after being requested to do so by the British (and Jewish) professor 7143: 7126: 7109: 7095: 7073: 7045: 7016: 6990: 6954: 6884: 6708: 6595: 6416: 6314: 5937: 5905: 5814: 5737: 5707: 5574: 5549: 5464: 5429: 5382: 5335: 5297: 5157: 5151: 4837: 4783: 4623: 4327: 4308:

becoming the major destination. The main emigration wave started in March 1938, with

4301: 4099: 3978: 3893: 3885: 3857: 3730: 3368: 3330: 3300: 3283: 3224: 2811: 2725: 2682: 2677: 2659: 2551: 2440: 2382: 2362: 2179: 1739: 1378: 838: 709: 639: 516: 429: 296: 5889: 5020: 4657:

Details of the property seized under the Nazis in Vienna from Austrian Jews such as

4218: 7302: 6983:

Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im Mittelalter. Band 1: Von den Anfängen bis 1338

6926:

Reconstructing a national identity: the Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I

6162: 5897: 5826: 5791: 5787: 5703:

Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I

5421: 5374: 5327: 5289: 5103: 5032: 4899: 4895: 4872: 4833: 4703: 4639: 4230: 4146: 3948: 3353: 3279: 3274:

In 1420, the status of the Jewish community hit a low point when a Jewish man from

3260: 2915: 2692: 2639: 2410: 2291: 2251: 2215: 1913: 1463: 974: 730: 634: 549: 439: 231: 7170: 7140:

Die jüdische Gemeinde Wiener Neustadt: Von ihren Anfängen bis zu ihrer Zerstörung

6426: 6375: 6308: 6294: 5979: 5731: 5701: 4953: 4556: 4499: 4495: 4483: 4479: 4447: 4411: 4338:

The prosperity ended abruptly on 13 March 1938 with the annexation of Austria by

4103: 4060: 3952: 3800: 3759: 3755: 3303:. Under his regime, Jews gained a short period of peace (between 1440 and 1493). 3220: 2995: 2740: 2730: 2697: 2372: 2331: 2326: 2306: 2228: 2222: 2155: 2107: 1947: 1928: 1079: 808: 720: 703: 247: 95: 87: 7338: 5930:

Ben-Gavriêl, Moshe Yaacov; Ben-Gavrîʾēl, Moše Yaʿaqov; Wallas, Armin A. (1999).

5571:

Sacred Communities: Jewish and Christian Identities in Fifteenth-Century Germany

4744:

In July 1991 the Austrian government acknowledged its role in the crimes of the

7772: 7760: 7088:"Der letzte Jude hat den Tempel verlassen": Juden in Niederösterreich 1938–1945 5198: 5184: 5091: 5015: 4821: 4817: 4662: 4536: 4487: 4406: 4380: 4351: 4242: 4238: 4226: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4124: 4064: 4019: 4001: 3963: 3921: 3738: 3231: 3170: 2953: 2472: 2271: 2126: 2006: 1985: 1962: 1957: 1935: 1923: 1518: 999: 933: 898: 876: 813: 651: 629: 491: 470: 446: 212: 194: 156: 148: 128: 124: 7165: 5901: 4972: 4788: 4699:—the main building of the Jewish community, which houses the central synagogue 4511:

but the erection and unveiling was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic.

7782: 6170: 5433: 5386: 5339: 5301: 5109: 5097: 5082: 5064: 5011: 5002: 4984: 4978: 4963: 4921: 4917:

people. These attacks were characterized by officials as relating to radical

4848: 4772: 4758: 4676: 4666: 4371: 4276: 4154: 4149:, calling in particular for support for the relocation of Jewish refugees in 4087: 4048: 3940: 3939:

The prosperity period also affected the sports field: the Jewish sports club

3917: 3913: 3901: 3881: 3840: 3818: 3379: 3326: 3275: 3052: 3048: 3028: 3024: 2796: 2420: 2415: 1621: 1548: 1074: 923: 918: 913: 903: 881: 833: 595: 434: 339: 301: 252: 7175: 6477: 5831: 5461:

People under Power: Early Jewish and Christian Responses to the Roman Empire

4043:(1919–34) was strongly influenced by Jews. Many of the leading heads of the 4024: 6583: 6186:"Austria Extends Citizenship to Descendants of Victims of Nazi Persecution" 5139: 5121: 4990: 4749: 4745: 4722: 4651: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4431: 4376: 4363: 4339: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4123:

Antisemites began blaming Jews for the downfall of Austria-Hungary and the

4069: 4052: 4032: 3929: 3925: 3889: 3862: 3321: 3239: 3235: 3212: 3060: 3020: 2644: 2566: 2450: 2276: 2117: 2112: 2070: 2023: 1117: 984: 969: 928: 893: 506: 348: 152: 132: 6687: 6599: 4540: 4474:

In December 1938 the Dutch representative of a committee for aid to Jews,

4454:. Ho's actions were recognized posthumously when he was awarded the title 3773:. After only two years of his reign, he died and was succeeded by his son 5641:. Oldenbourg Verlag, Wien 2003, S. 85–87 (Ergebnis der Volkszählung 1934) 5133: 5127: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5006: 4996: 4752:. In 1993, the Austrian government reconstructed the Jewish synagogue in 4692: 4572: 4439: 4435: 4305: 4250: 4222: 4182: 4174: 4128: 4077: 3994: 3970: 3933: 3905: 3814: 3700: 3363:

The nadir of the Jewish community in Austria arrived during the reign of

3044: 3016: 3007: 2435: 2377: 2042: 948: 943: 938: 908: 144: 136: 5652:

Bevölkerung nach dem Religionsbekenntnis und Bundesländern 1951 bis 2001

5347: 5293: 5278:"Contexts of State Violence: Jewish Expulsions in the Holy Roman Empire" 4490:, the then relatively unknown head of the Central for Jewish Emigration 6285:"the Nazi ban on his compositions - he was Jewish" Accessed 6 Nov 2006. 5639:

Schlussbericht der Historikerkommission der Republik Österreich. Band 1

5394: 5362: 4959: 4947: 4829: 4765: 4504: 4463: 4280: 4254: 4158: 4119: 4110:

from Austria already began with the increase of antisemitism after the

4073: 4056: 3982: 3909: 3852: 3420: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3375: 2634: 2612: 2093: 1107: 1036: 994: 823: 803: 362: 269: 189: 140: 7205: 6392:"Österreichisches Olympisches Comité - Österreichisches Olympiamuseum" 6352: 6096: 5815:"1918 und der Beginn des wissenschaftlichen Braindrain aus Österreich" 5441: 5409: 3259:

In the middle of the 15th century, following the establishment of the

7067:

Denkmale. Jüdische Friedhöfe in Wien, Niederösterreich und Burgenland

6893:

Garrabrant, Emilie. "The Stars We Never Saw". Washington, D.C., 2022.

5455:

Lans, Birgit van der (2015), Labahn, Michael; Lehtipuu, Outi (eds.),

5331: 5026: 4795: 4753: 4507:. Early in 2020, a statue was made in her honor in her birth town of 4343: 4283:(3,632), where notable Jewish communities also existed. Of the other 4178: 3868: 3315: 3191: 3159: 2806: 2620: 2256: 2241: 1331: 1279: 1041: 989: 979: 660: 656: 646: 561: 321: 6951:

Laboratory for World Destruction: Germans And Jews in Central Europe

6905:

Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution

6881:"The Jews of Austria: Essays on their Life, History and Destruction" 5457:"The Politics of Exclusion: Expulsions of Jews and Others from Rome" 5378: 4330:" (raid) after the annexation of Austria at the headquarters of the 3395: 3084: 1009: 6009:"Expulsion, Deportation and Murder - History of the Jews in Vienna" 5425: 4918: 4738: 4451: 4210: 3825: 3356:

prevailed and the condition of the Jews worsened even more. Later,

3206: 3068: 3056: 2616: 2584: 2574: 2425: 2035: 1967: 798: 306: 257: 6215:"Member of Expelled Ephrussi Family Receives Austrian Citizenship" 6133:"Austria Arrests Syrian Over Attacks on Jewish Leader, Synagogue" 4887: 4841: 4508: 3844: 3763: 3264: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3155: 2852: 2570: 2536: 2401: 2367: 2236: 2030: 1019: 1014: 886: 777: 672: 668: 664: 413: 408: 385: 367: 242: 237: 227: 205: 180: 107: 91: 55: 7106:"Gantze Dörffer voll Juden": Juden in Niederösterreich 1496-1670 6659:"Antisemites and Jews Agree: Gustav Mahler Is a Jewish Composer" 4824:. The Jewish community also has many activities arranged by the 4590: 3785: 3769:

Upon his death in 1790, Joseph II was succeeded by his brother,

6791:"Joseph Schildkraut, Noted American Jewish Actor, Dead; Was 68" 6036:

Schlussbericht der Historikerkommission der Republik Österreich

5961:

Schlussbericht der Historikerkommission der Republik Österreich

4898:, and rooms are denied to those who are identified as possible 4891: 4825: 4730: 4696: 4560: 4459: 4290: 3990: 3986: 3311: 3296: 3187: 3179: 3146: 3032: 3012: 2578: 2061: 2056: 2016: 2001: 1112: 1004: 424: 390: 376: 311: 59: 7196:

Ordinary exile |Austrian Jewish refugees in France and Belgium

7195: 6267:

Jewish: "Contemporary Review, June, 1999 by Anthony Paterson"

5663: 5124:, philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist 4563:

area). In June 1942, a transport went directly from Vienna to

7038:

Hofjuden und Landjuden. Jüdisches Leben in der Frühen Neuzeit

5929: 4906: 4548: 4543:

ghetto in Poland and from there they were transported to the

3828:. During the 1890s several Jews were elected to the Austrian 2624: 2556: 1024: 453: 357: 326: 49: 7123:

Jüdisches Leben in Baden: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

6838:"Always a Jew Inside Asserts Schoenberg Relating His Return" 4020:

The First Republic and Austrofascism (1918–1934 / 1934–1938)

4008:. About 300,000 Jewish men served in the Austrian military. 3447: 3205:

During this period, the Jewish population mainly dealt with

7201:

Databases of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and Belgium

6933:

Becoming Austrians: Jews and Culture between the World Wars

6584:"[Was Dr. Carl Koller driven from Vienna in 1885?]" 5923: 5733:

Becoming Austrians: Jews and Culture between the World Wars

4914: 4910: 4734: 4532: 4098:

The First Republic of Austria denied citizenship to former

3223:. In 1282, when the area became controlled by the Catholic 3174: 2999: 176: 120: 7185: 6544:"Dr. Helen Kaplan, 66, Dies; Pioneer in Sex Therapy Field" 5762:

Die Mazzesinsel – Juden in der Wiener Leopoldstadt 1918–38

5249: 5247: 3861:, a very influential newspaper at that time. Another Jew, 3695: 7190: 4950:, Chorus Master and Conductor Metropolitan Opera New York 4535:. Many other Jews were sent to the concentration camp of 3969:

During this period, Vienna elected an antisemitic mayor,

6919:

The Jews of Vienna, 1867-1914: assimilation and identity

5990:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

5664:

Varady (editing/transcription), Aharon N. (2022-02-24).

3322:

The rise of religious fanaticism of the Society of Jesus

5613:

Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien für das Jahr 1910

5537:. Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24 5244: 7744: 6910:

Oxaal, Ivar, Michael Pollak, and Gerhard Botz, eds.

6765:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. 6671: 6529:"A Memorable Memoir: The Moving Life of Eric Kandel" 6050:"Vienna Skewered as a Nazi-Era Pillager of Its Jews" 5959:

as quoted in: Österreichische Historikerkommission:

5174: 4787:

in many countries. From 1989 to 1991 and 1999–2008,

4031:, one of the many synagogues in the neighborhood of 3718:, who was very popular among the Jewish population. 2040: 2021: 444: 6985:. Institut für Geschichte der Juden in Österreich. 6351:. North American Hanns Eisler Forum. Archived from 5973:

www.ushmm.org – Jewish Population of Europe in 1933

3865:, succeeded Herzl as the editor of the feuilleton. 6874:Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: A cultural history 6038:. Band 1. Oldenbourg Verlag, Wien 2003, S. 291–293 3278:was falsely accused and charged with the crime of 7368: 7176:Holocaust Victims' Information and Support Center 6336: 6093:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 5568: 4527:. The main concentration camp in Austria was the 7780: 6047: 5963:. Band 1. Oldenbourg Verlag, Wien 2003, S. 85–87 5554:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5410:"The Expulsion of Jews from Rome under Tiberius" 4855:between 1970 and 1983, the artist and architect 3336:The period of relative peace did not last long. 6883:. (Valentine Mitchell & Co., London. 1967. 6541: 6345:"Hanns Eisler: Life: BBC Composer of the Month" 4498:was on the 14th of May, 1940, three days after 4293:(2,195) also counted more than 1,000 Jews. The 6068: 5491:"Earliest jewish gold scroll found in Austria" 5463:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 33–78, 4927:In September 2019, Austria voted to amend its 4114:. In University of Vienna, violent attacks by 3310:ordered a decree which expelled all Jews from 3031:is accounted for, meaning having at least one 7354: 7221: 6943:The Jews of Vienna in the age of Franz Joseph 6674:"The Cultural Background of Ludwig von Mises" 6412:Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography 6287:born Moravia: "Composers of Classical Music" 6120:(German) on possible antisemitism in Serfaus. 5275: 3981:empire: the national minorities (such as the 3744:After Maria Theresa's death in 1780, her son 3043:Jews have been in Austria since at least the 2971: 2764:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I 2492: 25: 7166:Institute for the History of Jews in Austria 6737:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. 6252: 4711:, showing the former size of this synagogue. 4369:On November 9, "the Night of Broken Glass" ( 4284: 3019:to concentration camps and mass murder, and 3006:. There have been Jews in Austria since the 37: 6700: 5848:"Anti-Semitism at the University of Vienna" 5812: 5360: 5276:Doten-Snitker, Kerice (December 14, 2020). 4725:brought Russian Jews to Austria. Since the 4386: 4297:estimates 250,000 Jews in Austria in 1933. 4004:, known to be a highly dangerous place for 3254: 3113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 736:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7361: 7347: 7228: 7214: 6641: 5890:"The Fate of the Jews in Austria, 1933–39" 4415:this time were murdered in the Holocaust. 3758:only in the official documents instead of 3714:. It reached its peak during the reign of 2978: 2964: 2499: 2485: 48: 6912:Jews, Antisemitism, and Culture in Vienna 6306: 6219:Vindobona.org | Vienna International News 5830: 5819:Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs 5729: 5699: 5118:, swimmer and physician, Olympic champion 4682: 4606: 4446:in 1940 and who then produced films with 3436:Learn how and when to remove this message 3202:, which had high concentrations of Jews. 3133:Learn how and when to remove this message 7181:Republic of Austria|Historikerkommission 6948: 6526: 6482:International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 6030: 6028: 5845: 5617:The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna 5562: 4702: 4686: 4589: 4531:, which was located next to the city of 4469: 4417: 4321: 4082: 4023: 3943:was established in 1909 and excelled in 3867: 3784: 3699: 3325: 7235: 6907:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005) Vol 1, pp 48–50. 6779:. Swedish Film Institute. 2 March 2014. 6507: 5996:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5955: 5953: 5773: 5407: 5314: 5304:– via Cambridge University Press. 4905:In August 2020, an Arab immigrant from 4707:Monument on the place of the destroyed 4622:. Until 1955, about 250,000 to 300,000 4492:Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung 4295:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 4193:), architects and set designers (e.g., 3696:Change in the attitude towards the Jews 3456:according to census and particular area 3291:the deportation order was cancelled by 7781: 6707:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 237. 6694: 6656: 6408: 6373: 6242:. Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. 6130: 6034:Österreichische Historikerkommission: 5894:The Routledge History of the Holocaust 5637:Österreichische Historikerkommission: 5488: 5315:Rutgers, Leonard Victor (1994-04-01). 3382:by immigrating to the land of Israel. 7342: 7209: 6749:Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture 6661:. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. 6581: 6566: 6384: 6025: 5936:. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 473–. 5883: 5881: 5879: 5846:Kniefacz, Katharina (23 March 2015). 5725: 5723: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 6898:Jewish politics in Vienna: 1918-1938 6760: 6626: 6342: 5950: 5887: 5780:Journal of Austrian-American History 5454: 4717:Antisemitism in contemporary Austria 4634:One of the notable prisoners of the 4442:, who got one of the last visas for 4403:Central Office for Jewish Emigration 4143:First World Congress of Jewish Women 3741:did not exist yet during that time. 3418:adding citations to reliable sources 3389: 3111:adding citations to reliable sources 3078: 77:Regions with significant populations 7142:. Mandelbaum Verlag, Vienna. 2005. 7125:. Mandelbaum Verlag, Vienna. 2005. 7108:. Mandelbaum Verlag, Vienna. 2005. 6783: 6672:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (2019). 6535: 6447: 6143:from the original on May 16, 2022. 6071:"Vienna's tourist trail of plunder" 5532: 4875:, who was formerly a member of the 4051:were assimilated Jews, for example 3819:assimilating to the Magyar identity 26: 13: 6866: 6253:Weltsch, Robert; Silverman, Lisa. 6048:Erlanger, Steven (March 7, 2002). 5876: 5720: 5682: 5282:Social Science History Association 5232:History of the Jews in Switzerland 4869:Social Democratic Party of Austria 4237:), musicians and composers (e.g., 4047:and especially the leaders of the 4045:Social Democratic Party of Austria 3074: 14: 7805: 7159: 6850: 6799:. 23 January 1964. Archived from 6131:Murphy, Francois (Aug 24, 2020). 5408:Merrill, Elmer Truesdell (1919). 5045:, novelist and short-story writer 5014:, neurologist and the founder of 4935: 527:Historical population comparisons 7766: 7754: 7271: 6953:. University of Nebraska Press. 6900:(Indiana University Press, 1991) 6527:Applebey, Sarah (1 March 2019). 6307:Greenberg, Martin Harry (1979). 5522:from the original on 2023-06-03. 5191: 5177: 5029:, weightlifter, Olympic champion 4999:, weightlifter, Olympic champion 3727:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 3394: 3385: 3083: 2947: 2759:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 2688:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 2535: 1171:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1085:Historical population by country 6928:(Oxford University Press, 2004) 6844: 6830: 6814: 6769: 6754: 6741: 6727: 6680: 6665: 6650: 6635: 6620: 6606: 6575: 6560: 6520: 6501: 6487: 6470: 6456: 6452:. The New York Review of Books. 6441: 6402: 6367: 6327: 6300: 6261: 6246: 6237: 6231: 6207: 6178: 6150: 6124: 6110: 6081: 6069:Connolly, Kate (May 21, 2002). 6062: 6041: 6001: 5984: 5966: 5858: 5839: 5806: 5767: 5760:. In: Ruth Beckermann (Hrsg.): 5750: 5657: 5644: 5631: 5622: 5605: 5587: 5217:History of the Jews in Salzburg 4859:and Jewish politicians such as 4805:Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I 4514: 4300:In 1936, the previously strong 4141:In May 1923, Vienna hosted the 4112:collapse of the Habsburg Empire 3405:needs additional citations for 7370:History of the Jews in Europe 7319:Freedom of religion in Austria 6588:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 6542:Saxon, Wolfgang (1995-08-19). 6313:. Schocken Books. p. 43. 6240:"Altenberg, Peter (1859–1919)" 5813:Feichtinger, Johannes (2015). 5800:10.5325/jaustamerhist.2.2.0116 5792:10.5325/jaustamerhist.2.2.0116 5730:Silverman, Lisa (2012-06-19). 5526: 5507: 5482: 5448: 5401: 5354: 5308: 5269: 5227:History of the Jews in Germany 4525:Buchenwald concentration camps 3723:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2992:history of the Jews in Austria 1: 6510:"How Jewish was Franz Kafka?" 5700:Rozenblit, Marsha L. (2001). 5237: 5222:History of the Jews in Vienna 4756:, which was destroyed during 4636:Mauthausen concentration camp 4629:Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial 4596:Mauthausen concentration camp 4529:Mauthausen Concentration Camp 4145:in the presence of President 3780: 742:Christianity and Judaism 7171:The History of Jewish Vienna 6968: 6949:Wistrich, Robert S. (2007). 6914:(Taylor & Francis, 1987) 6896:Freidenreich, Harriet Pass. 6484:. Accessed February 2, 2011. 6409:Frankl, Viktor Emil (2000). 5489:Andrei, Mihai (2008-03-19). 4879:and a representative in the 4647:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4545:Auschwitz concentration camp 4476:Geertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer 4332:Israelitische Kultusgemeinde 4315: 3038: 3004:Judea under Roman occupation 7: 7794:Jews and Judaism in Austria 6569:"Melanie Klein (1882-1960)" 6377:The Men in the Trojan Horse 5888:Igel, Lee H. (2007-09-01), 5736:. Oxford University Press. 5706:. Oxford University Press. 5367:The Jewish Quarterly Review 5361:Slingerland, Dixon (1992). 5170: 5005:, psychiatrist who founded 4968:Foreign Minister of Austria 4857:Friedensreich Hundertwasser 4456:Righteous among the Nations 3688:= after expansion of Vienna 3452:Jewish population of Vienna 3151:Jewish population in Vienna 2041: 2022: 1749:Latin America and Caribbean 445: 10: 7810: 7186:Jewish community of Vienna 6840:. Arnold Schönberg Center. 6478:"Jewish Olympic Medalists" 6343:Levi, Erik (August 1998). 5764:. Löcker Verlag, Wien 1984 5654:(accessed 15 January 2009) 5569:Dean Phillip Bell (2001). 5255:"How many Jews in Austria" 5130:, fencer, Olympic champion 4939: 4714: 4565:Sobibor extermination camp 4390: 4131:, similarly to the German 3876:in Leopoldstadt (painting) 3851:and was the editor of the 3721:Upon the partition of the 2782:Republic of German-Austria 2590:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy 2354:Jewish political movements 2051:Conversion to Judaism 7694: 7656: 7376: 7311: 7280: 7269: 7243: 6853:"Was Wittgenstein a Jew?" 6796:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 6614:"Erich Wolfgang Korngold" 6497:. Jewish Virtual Library. 5902:10.4324/9780203837443.ch9 5533:Uni, Assaf (2008-04-02). 5136:, journalist and novelist 4962:, politician, founder of 4840:, followed by those from 3790:Franz Joseph I of Austria 3716:Franz Joseph I of Austria 3685: 3450: 2994:probably begins with the 757:Hinduism and Judaism 118: 113: 106: 101: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 47: 31: 6761:Lazaroms, Ilse Josepha. 6374:Singer, Kurt D. (1953). 5933:Tagebücher 1915 bis 1927 5207:Austria–Israel relations 5094:, violinist and composer 5079:, composer and conductor 4987:, pharmaceutical chemist 4877:Freedom Party of Austria 4727:fall of the Iron Curtain 4393:The Holocaust in Austria 4387:The Holocaust in Austria 4266:Federal State of Austria 3712:Maria Theresa of Austria 3705:Maria Theresa of Austria 3352:, the fanaticism of the 3255:Deportation from Austria 2853:Second Austrian Republic 2802:Federal State of Austria 583:Temple in Jerusalem 276:Bar and bat mitzvah 7789:Jewish Austrian history 7245:Christianity in Austria 6642:Fitzgibbon, M. (2018). 6631:. The Jewish Chronicle. 6508:Bronner, Ethan (2008). 6466:. MusicAndTheHolocaust. 6450:"How Jewish Was Freud?" 5832:10.1553/BRGOE2014-2s286 5670:opensiddur.org/?p=42814 5615:, in: Anson Rabinbach: 5077:Erich Wolfgang Korngold 4672:Unser Wien (Our Vienna) 4598:by the American forces. 4247:Erich Wolfgang Korngold 4181:) and producers (e.g., 4133:"stab-in-the-back" myth 3872:Inside the 1887 opened 3801:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3751:1782 Edict of Tolerance 2848:Allied-occupied Austria 2787:First Austrian Republic 545:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7419:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6903:Levy, Richard S., ed. 6531:. Lake Forest College. 5573:. BRILL. p. 119. 4975:, composer and pianist 4712: 4700: 4683:Contemporary situation 4607:After Second World War 4599: 4559:and to ghettos in the 4470:Geertruida Wijsmuller 4427: 4422:Immediately after the 4335: 4302:Austrian film industry 4285: 4095: 4036: 3877: 3799:as the Emperor of the 3792: 3707: 3333: 3065:First Jewish–Roman War 3047:CE. In 2008 a team of 2650:Margraviate of Austria 38: 7070:Club Niederösterreich 6924:Rozenblit, Marsha L. 6917:Rozenblit, Marsha L. 6657:Weiser, Alex (2017). 6616:. The Kennedy Center. 6089:"The Jews of Austria" 5212:List of Austrian Jews 4942:List of Austrian Jews 4940:Further information: 4865:Parliament of Austria 4853:Chancellor of Austria 4709:Leopoldstädter Tempel 4706: 4690: 4593: 4421: 4334:in Vienna, March 1938 4325: 4086: 4029:Leopoldstädter Tempel 4027: 3871: 3788: 3703: 3329: 1291:São Tomé and Príncipe 1286:Republic of the Congo 680:Second Temple Judaism 551:Kingdom of Judah 522:Modern historiography 114:Related ethnic groups 39:Österreichische Juden 7327:Call to Disobedience 7104:Barbara Staudinger. 7072:, St. Pölten. 2006. 6941:Wistrich, Robert S. 6879:Fraenke, Josef, ed. 6876:(Cambridge UP, 1990) 6701:Paul Taylor (2004). 6448:McGrath, William J. 6355:on 14 September 2017 6118:Sueddeutsche Zeitung 5998:web site, 11/28/2019 4861:Elisabeth Pittermann 4553:Nazi-occupied Poland 4350:. The German racial 4207:Ernst Deutsch-Dryden 3849:University of Vienna 3414:improve this article 3107:improve this section 3067:brought back Jewish 2736:German Confederation 2721:Archduchy of Austria 2393:World Agudath Israel 1534:United Arab Emirates 621:Second Temple period 611:Babylonian captivity 7657:States with limited 7258:Old Catholic Church 7237:Religion in Austria 6989:, Innsbruck. 2005. 6646:. Encyclopedia.com. 6594:(5). NIH: 155–156. 6257:. Encyclopedia.com. 6166:. August 25, 2020. 5650:Statistik Austria: 5414:Classical Philology 5320:Classical Antiquity 5294:10.1017/ssh.2020.39 5164:Ludwig Wittgenstein 5087:Austrian Chancellor 5059:Helen Singer Kaplan 4881:European Parliament 4264:broke out. The new 4039:Austria during the 4006:its Jewish citizens 3936:, and many others. 3928:, the philosophers 3813:In contrast to the 2715:Early modern period 2595:Ostrogothic Kingdom 686:Hellenistic Judaism 264:Land of Israel 223:Principles of faith 44: 7034:Barbara Staudinger 7001:Michaela Feurstein 6935:(Oxford UP, 2012) 6921:(SUNY Press, 1984) 6548:The New York Times 6514:The New York Times 6495:"Elfriede Jelinek" 6293:2011-09-27 at the 6055:The New York Times 5978:2009-01-15 at the 5870:The New York Times 5146:Joseph Schildkraut 5051:, neuroscientist, 4863:, a member of the 4713: 4701: 4659:Samuel Schallinger 4600: 4594:Liberation of the 4448:Chinese filmmakers 4428: 4336: 4262:Austrian Civil War 4215:Heinrich Eisenbach 4191:Arnold Pressburger 4120:National Socialist 4096: 4037: 3888:, and the authors 3878: 3793: 3708: 3334: 2954:Austria portal 2830:National Socialism 2703:Duchy of Carinthia 2655:House of Babenberg 2561:Kingdom of Noricum 2247:Jewish Koine Greek 1789:Dominican Republic 1070:Judaism by country 749:Jews and Christmas 604:Assyrian captivity 21: 7742: 7741: 7336: 7335: 7263:Eastern Orthodoxy 7253:Roman Catholicism 7136:Werner Sulzgruber 7092:Mandelbaum Verlag 6960:978-0-8032-1134-6 6945:(Oxford UP, 1989) 6931:Silverman, Lisa. 6676:. MisesInstitute. 6627:Shindler, Colin. 6582:Hruby, K (1986). 6567:Donaldson, Gail. 5943:978-3-205-99137-3 5911:978-0-203-83744-3 5756:Ruth Beckermann: 5743:978-0-19-994272-5 5713:978-0-19-513465-0 5470:978-90-485-2199-9 5158:Arnold Schoenberg 5152:Arthur Schnitzler 5073:, ophthalmologist 4956:, writer and poet 4784:persona non grata 4679:and Tina Walzer. 4661:who co-owned the 4624:displaced persons 4100:Habsburg monarchy 4092:Wiener Werkstätte 4090:greeting card by 3979:House of Habsburg 3894:Arthur Schnitzler 3886:Arnold Schoenberg 3874:Türkischer Tempel 3858:Neue Freie Presse 3847:, studied at the 3815:medieval-European 3693: 3692: 3689: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3369:Samson Wertheimer 3331:Samson Wertheimer 3284:sacramental bread 3225:House of Habsburg 3143: 3142: 3135: 2988: 2987: 2812:Ostmark (Austria) 2683:Holy Roman Empire 2678:House of Habsburg 2660:Privilegium Minus 2607:Early Middle Ages 2552:Hallstatt culture 2509: 2508: 2458: 2457: 2206: 2205: 1953:Reconstructionist 1897: 1896: 1049: 1048: 856: 855: 693:Jewish–Roman wars 641:Hasmonean dynasty 557:Kingdom of Israel 461: 460: 162: 161: 7801: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7750: 7695:Dependencies and 7636:Northern Ireland 7377:Sovereign states 7363: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7275: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7191:DAVID newsletter 7119:Thomas E. Schärf 7094:, Vienna. 2004. 7044:, Vienna. 2004. 7015:, Vienna. 2001. 7005:Gerhard Milchram 6964: 6872:Beller, Steven. 6860: 6859: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6644:"Fritz Kreisler" 6639: 6633: 6632: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6571:. Union College. 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6464:"Fritz Grünbaum" 6460: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6429:on 22 March 2015 6425:. Archived from 6406: 6400: 6399: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6304: 6298: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6272:. Archived from 6265: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6192:. Archived from 6182: 6176: 6175: 6163:Jewish Chronicle 6154: 6148: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6095:. 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1716: 1713:United Kingdom 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146:Bilad-el-Sudan 1143: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1099:Land of Israel 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 959: 958: 957:Related groups 954: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 890: 889: 884: 869: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 853: 852: 851: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 814:Jewish atheism 811: 806: 801: 793: 792: 788: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765:Islamic–Jewish 760: 753: 738: 733: 725: 724: 717: 716: 715: 714: 690: 677: 649: 644: 637: 632: 630:Yehud Medinata 624: 623: 617: 616: 615: 614: 607: 600: 592: 579: 571: 559: 554: 547: 539: 538: 536:Ancient Israel 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Land of Israel 489: 481: 480: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 447:Shulchan Aruch 442: 437: 432: 427: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 403: 402: 396: 395: 394: 393: 388: 380: 379: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 352: 351: 343: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 272: 267: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 225: 220: 213:God in Judaism 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 184: 183: 173: 172: 160: 159: 157:Ukrainian Jews 149:Hungarian Jews 116: 115: 111: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 84: 83: 79: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 53: 22:Austrian Jews 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7806: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709:Faroe Islands 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:South Ossetia 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Liechtenstein 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:3-85476-163-5 7145: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:3-85476-164-3 7128: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114:3-85476-165-1 7111: 7107: 7103: 7101: 7100:3-85476-141-4 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7078:3-9502149-0-9 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:3-8257-0352-5 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021:3-205-99094-3 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6995:3-7065-4018-5 6992: 6988: 6987:StudienVerlag 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:0-85303-000-6 6886: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6803:on 2015-01-29 6802: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6716: 6714:9781903900871 6710: 6706: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6563: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6451: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6330: 6322: 6320:9780805237115 6316: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6276:on 2008-04-10 6275: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6255:"Bauer, Otto" 6249: 6241: 6234: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6196:on 2022-04-22 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6172: 6171:Karl Nehammer 6165: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6099:on 2019-04-01 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5926: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5896:, Routledge, 5895: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5582: 5580:0-391-04102-9 5576: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5551: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5189: 5186: 5175: 5166:, philosopher 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110:Reggie Nalder 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5098:Gustav Mahler 5096: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083:Bruno Kreisky 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5065:Melanie Klein 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012:Sigmund Freud 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003:Viktor Frankl 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985:Carl Djerassi 4983: 4980: 4979:Simon Deutsch 4977: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4964:Austromarxism 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4922:anti-Semitism 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4900:Orthodox Jews 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849:Bruno Kreisky 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814:Jewish Museum 4810: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4773:Kurt Waldheim 4770: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4759:Kristallnacht 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4677:Stephan Templ 4674: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4462:organization 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4372:Kristallnacht 4367: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4277:Lower Austria 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260:In 1934, the 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:Max Reinhardt 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4088:Rosh Hashanah 4085: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:Austromarxism 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941:Hakoah Vienna 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918:Viktor Frankl 3915: 3914:Sigmund Freud 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902:Elias Canetti 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882:Gustav Mahler 3875: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841:Theodor Herzl 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725:in 1772, the 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3429: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3403:This section 3401: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3386:Modern period 3383: 3381: 3380:Sabbatai Zevi 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:Maximilian II 3339: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Frederick III 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:Upper Austria 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:anti-Catholic 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3234:and handling 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3175:money lending 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3158:and from the 3157: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3134: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092:This section 3090: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Roman legions 3058: 3054: 3053:Shema Yisrael 3050: 3049:archeologists 3046: 3036: 3035:grandparent. 3034: 3030: 3029:Law of Return 3026: 3025:The Holocaust 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797:Austrofascism 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546:Early history 2543: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2312:Judeo-Aramaic 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2302:Judeo-Italian 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282:Ghardaïa Sign 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907:Denominations 1903: 1902: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735:United States 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221:Guinea-Bissau 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Lists of Jews 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 961: 960: 956: 955: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 867: 862: 861: 850: 842: 840: 837: 835: 834:The Holocaust 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 790: 789: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 761: 759: 754: 750: 744: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 722: 719: 718: 711: 705: 699: 694: 691: 687: 681: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 626: 625: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 606: 601: 597: 593: 590: 585: 580: 576: 572: 569: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 537: 534: 533: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 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Reuters. 5825:: 286–298. 5495:ZME Science 5134:Joseph Roth 5128:Ellen Preis 5106:, economist 5071:Karl Koller 5053:Nobel prize 5049:Eric Kandel 5043:Franz Kafka 5037:Nobel Prize 5035:, actress, 5007:logotherapy 4997:Robert Fein 4973:Ignaz Brüll 4892:racial bias 4822:Reform Jews 4793:Governor of 4789:Jörg Haider 4746:Third Reich 4693:Stadttempel 4645:During the 4484:Winterhilfe 4440:Luise Fleck 4306:Los Angeles 4251:Max Steiner 4223:Karl Farkas 4183:Jacob Fleck 4175:Peter Lorre 4129:World War I 4108:Brain drain 4078:Brigittenau 3971:Karl Lueger 3934:Karl Popper 3906:Joseph Roth 3465:total pop. 3338:Ferdinand I 3286:. This led 3280:desecration 3249:Leopold III 3045:3rd century 3008:3rd century 2753:World War I 2672:Middle Ages 2526:History of 2446:Revisionist 2436:Neo-Zionism 2043:Zeved habat 1836:Puerto Rico 1662:Netherlands 1494:South Korea 1479:Philippines 1359:Afghanistan 1226:Ivory Coast 1000:Crypto-Jews 965:Bnei Anusim 944:Bene Israel 909:Beta Israel 866:Communities 773:Middle Ages 512:Persecution 287:Bereavement 145:Polish Jews 137:German Jews 7783:Categories 7581:San Marino 7541:Montenegro 7521:Luxembourg 7501:Kazakhstan 7404:Azerbaijan 6807:2014-09-21 6720:2017-03-06 6553:2023-12-09 6280:2006-10-30 6224:2021-02-05 6200:2021-02-05 6103:2018-06-25 6018:2024-06-16 5917:2021-11-05 5675:2024-06-08 5541:2012-03-14 5500:2023-09-20 5476:2024-02-19 5238:References 5160:, composer 5100:, composer 4993:, composer 4960:Otto Bauer 4948:Kurt Adler 4932:approved. 4830:Bnei Akiva 4766:Neo-Nazism 4715:See also: 4505:Yad Vashem 4464:Yad Vashem 4397:After the 4281:Burgenland 4255:Kurt Adler 4235:Armin Berg 4159:Fritz Lang 4074:Alsergrund 4057:Otto Bauer 3983:Hungarians 3960:Karl Kraus 3910:Vicki Baum 3898:Karl Kraus 3853:feuilleton 3781:Prosperity 3775:Francis II 3771:Leopold II 3245:Albert III 3149:implies a 2911:Liberalism 2635:Carantania 2613:Marcomanni 2431:Maximalism 2383:Secularism 2363:Autonomism 2180:Literature 1973:Humanistic 1577:Azerbaijan 1539:Uzbekistan 1514:Tajikistan 1434:Kyrgyzstan 1419:Kazakhstan 1266:Mozambique 1241:Madagascar 1161:Cape Verde 1113:New Yishuv 1108:Old Yishuv 1059:Population 1037:Subbotniks 995:Samaritans 934:Romanyotim 877:Ashkenazim 824:Old Yishuv 804:Sabbateans 791:Modern era 783:Golden Age 710:Bar Kokhba 430:Beit Yosef 297:Philosophy 141:Czech Jews 7714:Gibraltar 7516:Lithuania 6969:In German 5992:"Austria" 5434:0009-837X 5387:0021-6682 5340:0278-6656 5302:0145-5532 5027:Hans Haas 4867:from the 4796:Carinthia 4754:Innsbruck 4620:Palestine 4466:in 2001. 4424:Anschluss 4399:Anschluss 4364:aryanised 4360:Anschluss 4348:Anschluss 4344:Anschluss 4317:Anschluss 4310:Anschluss 4179:Paul Muni 4151:Palestine 3991:Croatians 3953:athletics 3830:Reichsrat 3746:Joseph II 3675:1,550,123 3661:1,539,848 3647:1,531,346 3633:1,619,855 3619:1,627,566 3605:1,616,125 3591:1,935,881 3577:1,865,780 3563:2,031,420 3549:1,674,957 3535:1,341,190 3426:June 2024 3376:Sabbatean 3365:Leopold I 3346:Rudolf II 3316:the Bible 3306:In 1496, 3301:Carinthia 3192:Lithuania 3160:Rhineland 3123:June 2024 3094:does not 3069:prisoners 3039:Antiquity 2807:Anschluss 2792:Civil War 2621:Baiuvarii 2567:Roman Era 2441:Religious 2297:Zarphatic 2287:Bukharian 2257:Judeo-Tat 2242:Yeshivish 2216:Languages 2171:Sephardic 2161:Israelite 2151:Ethiopian 2141:Ashkenazi 2080:Religious 1870:Australia 1852:Venezuela 1758:Argentina 1740:Greenland 1652:Lithuania 1504:Sri Lanka 1499:Singapore 1424:Kurdistan 1389:Indonesia 1379:Hong Kong 1332:Abayudaya 1256:Mauritius 990:Igbo Jews 980:Krymchaks 899:Sephardim 767:relations 661:Sadducees 657:Pharisees 647:Sanhedrin 562:Jerusalem 322:Synagogue 190:Etymology 129:Sephardic 125:Ashkenazi 82:Languages 7734:Svalbard 7719:Guernsey 7666:Abkhazia 7641:Scotland 7596:Slovenia 7591:Slovakia 7566:Portugal 7424:Bulgaria 7293:Hinduism 7288:Buddhism 7065:. (ed.) 6291:Archived 6141:Archived 5976:Archived 5852:650 Plus 5550:cite web 5520:Archived 5348:25011005 5171:See also 5154:, author 5055:laureate 5039:laureate 4919:Islamist 4739:Salzburg 4665:and the 4663:Imperial 4616:DP camps 4539:and the 4452:Shanghai 4379:and the 4211:Kabarett 4035:, Vienna 3949:swimming 3945:football 3826:Budapest 3350:Matthias 3288:Albert V 3207:commerce 3182:such as 3057:Halbturn 2943:Timeline 2926:Hinduism 2886:Football 2617:Lombards 2585:Rugiland 2575:Pannonia 2517:a series 2515:Part of 2468:Category 2426:Kahanism 2373:Feminism 2345:Politics 2229:Biblical 2199:American 2146:Bukharan 2136:American 2036:Shidduch 2012:Clothing 1968:Haymanot 1914:Orthodox 1842:Suriname 1825:Paraguay 1778:Colombia 1677:Portugal 1587:Bulgaria 1524:Thailand 1474:Pakistan 1454:Mongolia 1449:Malaysia 1369:Cambodia 1343:Zimbabwe 1318:Tanzania 1196:Eswatini 1186:Ethiopia 1176:Djibouti 1156:Cameroon 1151:Botswana 1080:Diaspora 1042:Noahides 1015:Marranos 939:Cochinim 924:Bukharim 914:Gruzinim 904:Teimanim 894:Mizrahim 882:Galician 848:conflict 809:Hasidism 799:Haskalah 704:Diaspora 575:timeline 487:Timeline 400:Rabbinic 307:Kabbalah 282:Marriage 258:Tzedakah 248:Holidays 206:Religion 169:a series 167:Part of 102:Religion 34:‎ 7773:Judaism 7761:Austria 7747:Portals 7631:England 7621:Ukraine 7571:Romania 7531:Moldova 7489:Ireland 7484:Iceland 7479:Hungary 7469:Germany 7464:Georgia 7454:Finland 7449:Estonia 7444:Denmark 7429:Croatia 7414:Belgium 7409:Belarus 7399:Austria 7394:Armenia 7389:Andorra 7384:Albania 7312:Related 7298:Judaism 6690:. IMDb. 6600:3515769 6190:Austria 5599:Haaretz 5395:1455110 5148:, actor 5142:, actor 5112:, actor 4888:Serfaus 4842:Bukhara 4838:Georgia 4748:during 4667:Bristol 4581:Vilnius 4509:Alkmaar 4460:Israeli 4458:by the 4289:, only 4127:during 3855:of the 3845:Zionism 3764:Yiddish 3594:176,034 3580:201,513 3566:175,294 3552:146,926 3538:118,495 3521:817,300 3507:726,105 3493:607,510 3479:476,220 3354:Jesuits 3282:of the 3269:Bohemia 3265:Jan Hus 3200:Bohemia 3196:Silesia 3184:Hungary 3156:Bavaria 3115:removed 3100:sources 3013:pogroms 2891:Cricket 2571:Noricum 2528:Austria 2411:General 2402:Zionism 2378:Leftism 2368:Bundism 2292:Knaanic 2252:Yevanic 2237:Yiddish 2194:Yiddish 2189:Israeli 2166:Mizrahi 2156:Israeli 2127:Cuisine 2103:Ancient 2085:Secular 2031:Kashrut 2007:Wedding 1994:Customs 1986:Culture 1963:Science 1958:Renewal 1948:Karaite 1929:Hasidic 1861:Oceania 1847:Uruguay 1815:Jamaica 1795:Ecuador 1763:Bolivia 1707:Ukraine 1682:Romania 1657:Moldova 1637:Hungary 1627:Germany 1622:Georgia 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History of the Jews in Austria

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