787:
1435:
876:
710:
783:. By all accounts, Elizabeth possessed considerable charm of person and intellect, while Edward was used to getting what he wanted. Historians generally accept the marriage was an impulsive decision, but differ on whether it was also a "calculated political move". One view is the low status of the Woodvilles was part of the attraction, since unlike the Nevilles, they were reliant on Edward and thus more likely to remain loyal. Others argue if this was his purpose, there were far better options available; all agree it had significant political implications that impacted the rest of Edward's reign.
1277:
509:
891:; when it was defeated, the two fled to France in May 1470. Seeing an opportunity, Louis XI persuaded Warwick to negotiate with his enemy, Margaret of Anjou; she eventually agreed, first making him kneel before her in silence for fifteen minutes. With French support, Warwick landed in England on 9 September 1470 and announced his intention to restore Henry. By now, the Yorkist regime was deeply unpopular and the Lancastrians rapidly assembled an army of over 30,000; when John Neville switched sides, Edward narrowly escaped capture and was forced to seek refuge in
1223:". He spent large amounts on expensive status symbols to show off his power and wealth as king of England, while his collecting habits show an eye for style and an interest in scholarship, particularly history. He acquired fine clothes, jewels, and furnishings, as well as a collection of beautifully illuminated historical and literary manuscripts, many made specially for him by craftsmen in Bruges. His book purchases included books for entertainment and instruction, whose contents reveal his interests. They focus on the lives of great rulers, including
644:
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860:. It soon became clear there was little support for Warwick or Clarence; Edward was released in September and resumed the throne. Outwardly, the situation remained unchanged, but tensions persisted and Edward did nothing to reduce the Nevilles' sense of vulnerability. The Percys, traditional rivals of the Neville family in the North, fought for Lancaster at Towton; their titles and estates were confiscated and given to Warwick's brother John Neville. In early 1470, Edward reinstated
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841:. In early July, Clarence defied his brother by travelling to Calais, where he married Isabel in a ceremony conducted by George Neville and overseen by Warwick. The three men issued a 'remonstrance', listing alleged abuses by the Woodvilles and other advisors close to Edward and then returned to London, where they assembled an army to remove these 'evil councillors' and establish good government.
598:
in 1459, his father and brother Edmund fled to
Ireland, while the Earls of March, Salisbury and Warwick made their way to Calais. Edward's name appears alongside those of his father, Warwick and Salisbury in widely circulated manifestoes declaring their quarrel was only with Henry's evil counsellors.
1528:
By mid-August, Elizabeth
Woodville was certain of the deaths of her sons; after her initial grief turned to fury, she opened secret talks with Margaret Beaufort. She promised her support in return for Henry's agreement to marry her eldest daughter Elizabeth. In December 1483, Henry swore an oath to
1154:
Commentators observe a marked difference between Edward's first period as king, and the second. The failure of attempts to reconcile former enemies like
Somerset meant he was noticeably more ruthless after 1471, including the execution of his brother Clarence. In his youth, Edward was a capable and
970:
on 4 May. Sixteen-year-old Edward of
Westminster, the heir to the throne, died on the battlefield, with surviving leaders like Somerset executed shortly afterwards. This was followed by Henry's death a few days later; a contemporary chronicle claimed this was due to "melancholy" but it is generally
621:
The implications of removing the legally accepted heir to the throne created substantial opposition to the
Yorkist administration; in late 1460, Edward was given his first independent command and sent to deal with a Lancastrian insurgency in Wales. Warwick remained in London, while York, Salisbury,
689:
Estimates of the dead range from 9,000 to 20,000; figures are uncertain, as most of the mass graves were emptied or moved over the centuries, while corpses were generally stripped of clothing or armour before burial. Nevertheless, casualties among the
Lancastrian nobility were enormous and explain
1110:
in 1974, who concluded the peace and stability of his later reign was squandered in short-term aggrandisement. He further suggests that Edward "remains the only king in
English history since 1066 in active possession of his throne who failed to secure the safe succession of his son. His lack of
658:
described him as handsome, affable, and energetic. Unusually tall for the period at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimetres), he was an impressive sight in armour, and took care to wear splendid clothes. This was done deliberately to contrast him with King Henry VI, whose physical and mental
982:
and heirs to their mother's considerable inheritance. Many of the estates held by the brothers had been granted by Edward, who could also remove them, making them dependent on his favour. This was not the case with property acquired through marriage and explains the importance of this dispute.
1182:
Economics was closely linked to foreign policy; Edward's reign was dominated by the three-sided diplomatic contest between
England, France, and Burgundy, with two of the three seeking to ally against the third. As Flemish merchants were the largest buyers of English wool, Edward was generally
1072:, which allowed him to gorge himself at meals, then return after vomiting to start again. He fell fatally ill at Easter 1483, but survived long enough to add codicils to his will, the most important naming his brother as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and was buried in
837:. Warwick responded by building an alliance with Edward's disaffected younger brother and heir, the Duke of Clarence, who held estates adjacent to the Neville heartland in the north. Concerned by this, Edward blocked a proposed marriage between Clarence and Warwick's eldest daughter
805:
One reason for this was that twelve of the new queen's siblings survived into adulthood, creating a large pool of competitors for offices and estates, as well as in the matrimony market. Resentment built when her sisters made a series of advantageous unions, including that of
760:, died at the Second Battle of St Albans. If nothing else, it was a clear demonstration he was not in control of the king, despite suggestions to the contrary. Edward's motives have been widely discussed by contemporaries and historians. Although Elizabeth's mother,
927:
faced the same issue that dominated Henry's previous reign. Mental and physical frailties made him incapable of ruling and resulted in an internal struggle for control, made worse because the coalition that put him back on the throne consisted of bitter enemies.
594:, in October 1453 created a viable Lancastrian figurehead, and the 1450s was dominated by political conflict between the two factions. By the age of 17, the Earl of March was a political and military leader in his own right; after their defeat at the
555:
as the last
English possession in Northern France; Somerset, whom many held responsible for the losses, was appointed King Henry's chief minister. English politics became dominated by the struggle between the Yorkists and supporters of the
1163:
was transferred to the Crown, where it remains today. In 1478, his staff prepared the so-called 'Black Book', a comprehensive review of government finances, still in use a century later. He invested heavily in business ventures with the
6581:
Briefly joined the
Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.
690:
the enduring bitterness among those who survived. Since 1996, excavations have uncovered over 50 skeletons from the battle; an analysis of their injuries shows the brutality of the contest, including extensive post-mortem mutilations.
1158:
One effect of this was that Parliament became increasingly reluctant to approve taxes for wars which Edward failed to prosecute, then used the funds instead to finance his household expenditures. Under his rule, ownership of the
1056:, where James was being held prisoner by his nobles. Albany switched sides and without siege equipment, the English army was forced to withdraw, with little to show for an expensive campaign, apart from the capture of
1525:. The historical consensus is he and his brother Richard were killed, probably between July and September 1483; debate on who gave the orders, and why, continues, although their uncle Richard III was the beneficiary.
1252:
to Eltham Palace and that he had a yeoman "to kepe the king's bookes". More than forty of his books survive intact from the 15th century, which suggests they were carefully stored, and are in the
959:. Parr fought against the Yorkists at Edgecote in 1469 and his defection confirmed Clarence's decision to switch sides; as they marched south, more recruits came in, including 3,000 at Leicester.
1536:
argued that the alleged pre-contract of marriage between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Talbot rendered his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville void. Both Eleanor and Edward were dead, but according to
4604:
1087:
The cause of Edward's death is uncertain; allegations of poison were common in an era when lack of medical knowledge meant death often had no obvious explanation. Other suggestions include
919:, part of the Duchy of Burgundy, accompanied by a few hundred men, including his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Anthony Woodville and William Hastings. The Duchy was ruled by
682:
on 17 February, the Lancastrians regaining custody of Henry VI. The two met in London, where Edward was hastily appointed king, before marching north, where the two sides met at the
5025:
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729:
seemed to end the Lancastrian threat. This exposed internal divisions, particularly over foreign policy, which in this period largely focused on the relationship between England,
721:
Most of the nobility had either remained loyal to Henry or stayed neutral, forcing Edward to rely heavily on the Nevilles. Consolidating the regime initially took precedence, but
528:
During Edward's youth, there was economic decline in England and military defeat abroad, exacerbated by a weak and corrupt central government. Both Edward and his younger brother
974:
Although the Lancastrian cause seemed at an end, the regime was destabilised by a quarrel between Clarence and his brother Gloucester. The two were married to Isabel Neville and
701:. There was little point in killing him while his son remained alive since this would have transferred the Lancastrian claim from a frail captive to one who was young and free.
2545:. By modern standards, York was the senior heir, although this was less clear at the time. In practical terms, it meant both he and Edward had a legitimate claim to the throne.
4037:
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours
496:, were physically very similar, all three being tall and blonde, in contrast to their father, the Duke of York, who was short and dark. His youngest brother, who later became
737:, with two of the parties manoeuvring to form an alliance against the third. Although Edward preferred Burgundy as a partner, he allowed Warwick to negotiate a treaty with
880:
6636:
1462:
claimed this backfired, since "albeit she were out of al array save her kyrtle only: yet went she so fair & lovely ⊠that her great shame wan her much praise."
1175:, Edward's spending habitually exceeded income; on his death in 1483, the Crown had less than ÂŁ1,200 in cash. His close relationship with the London branch of the
1260:, including the extant Great Hall, the site of a feast for 2,000 people in December 1482, shortly before his death in April. He also began great improvements to
1021:
in 1485. Clarence was widely suspected of involvement, a factor in his eventual execution in the Tower on 18 February 1478; claims he was "drowned in a butt of
6691:
1040:, plus a yearly pension of 50,000 crowns, thus allowing him to recoup the costs of his army. In 1482, Edward backed an attempt to usurp the Scottish throne by
1501:
There are claims for many others, including Mary, second wife of Henry Harman of Ellam, and Isabel Mylbery (born circa 1470), who married John Tuchet, son of
686:. Fought on 29 March in the middle of a snowstorm, it was the bloodiest battle ever to take place on English soil, and ended in a decisive Yorkist victory.
5018:
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4016:
Backhouse, Janet (1987). "Founders of the Royal Library: Edward IV and Henry VII as Collectors of Illuminated Manuscripts". In Williams, David (ed.).
1532:
Prior to his succession, Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate, on the grounds his brother's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid. The
1068:
Edward's health began to fail, and he became subject to an increasing number of ailments; his physicians attributed this in part to a habitual use of
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1540:, Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, claimed to have carried out the ceremony himself. Once secure on the throne, Henry VII annulled the
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in July, he commanded one of three divisions in a Yorkist victory that led to the capture of Henry VI. York returned from Ireland; on entering the
4545:
Sutherland, T. L.; Schmidt, A. (2003). "The Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey Project: An Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology".
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While the War of the Roses has been documented by numerous historians, Edward as an individual is less well known; 19th century historians like
532:, were born in Rouen, where their father, the Duke of York, served as governor of English lands in France until 1445, when he was replaced by
936:'s death in 1455, while he had executed his elder brother in 1464; Warwick and Clarence quickly found themselves isolated by the new regime.
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told Edward with unusual frankness that "she was no wife for a prince such as himself, for she was not the daughter of a duke or earl."
1155:
charismatic military commander, who led from the front, but as he grew older, the energy noted by contemporaries became less apparent.
807:
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417:, the last remaining Lancastrian claimant, Edward reigned in relative peace for the next twelve years. Edward nearly restarted the
488:
Allegations of illegitimacy were discounted at the time as politically inspired, and by later historians. Edward and his siblings
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Despite this apparent resolution, the Yorkist cause continued well into the 16th century. The most famous are the pretenders
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1438:
As King he bore the royal arms undifferenced. Examples exist of several varying combinations of crest, supporters and motto.
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brought on by excess, which fits with what is known of his physical habits. Another theory is that Edward died of syphilis.
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Chibnall, Marjorie (1960). "Review; The Household of Edward IV: The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478, by A. R. Myers".
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from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the
253:
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Matters came to a head in August 1453 when King Henry VI collapsed into a catatonic stupor on hearing news of the loss of
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in 1477. Edward is shown receiving a manuscript copy from Woodville, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth, his eldest son
819:
765:
477:, giving Edward a potential claim to the throne. This was strengthened in 1447, when York became heir to the childless
3392:"'Deciphering Two Opaque Sources on the Death of King Edward IV of England.' Medieval Syphilis and Treponemal Disease"
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2016:
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298:
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The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant
6302:
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Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the Late 13th century to the Close of the Middle Ages
1522:
1434:
1337:
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declared his nephews illegitimate in 1483, he did so on the grounds Edward's marriage to their mother was invalid.
1248:
It is not known where or how Edward's library was stored, but it is recorded that he transferred volumes from the
575:, an English possession for over 300 years. The Duke of York took over the government, his chief supporters being
6568:
6128:
5936:
3587:
3573:
2684:
Set sail on 2 October 1470 from England and took refuge in Burgundy; deposed as King of England on 3 October 1470
875:
693:
Margaret fled to Scotland with Edward of Westminster, while the new king returned to London for his 28 June 1461
73:
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agreed a compromise, whereby Henry remained king, but York and his descendants were designated his successors.
17:
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663:
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generally dismissed him as a bloodthirsty nonentity. The most comprehensive modern biography was written by
709:
6407:
6332:
5685:
5648:
1900:
1521:, he was supervised by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, who also acted as his regent for the
943:, close to his estates in Yorkshire. Supporters were reluctant to join him; the important northern city of
607:
482:
4644:
1563:, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, while a number of attempts were made on the life of her son, Cardinal
551:, although he did not take up the post until 1449. Most of Normandy was recaptured by the French, leaving
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pro-Burgundian, although Duke Charles' reluctance to support him in 1471 cooled their relationship. The
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Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis
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Constitutional History of England in the Fifteenth Century (1399â1485): With Illustrative Documents
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In 1475, Edward allied with Burgundy and declared war on France. With Duke Charles busy with the
834:
761:
529:
394:, where he gathered support and invaded England in March 1471; after victories at the battles of
5122:
3712:
Hicks, M. (27 October 2008). "A Story of Failure: The Minority of Edward V". In Beem, C. (ed.).
962:
Edward entered London unopposed and took Henry prisoner; Warwick was defeated and killed at the
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6487:
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6243:
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923:, husband of his sister Margaret; he provided minimal help, something Edward never forgot. The
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387:
268:
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ended in its bankruptcy; in 1517, the Medicis were still seeking repayment of Edward's debts.
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1264:, where he was buried in 1483; later completed by Henry VII, it was badly damaged during the
1045:
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seventy years earlier. The first significant contingent to join was a group of 600 men under
611:
418:
355:
5334:
5086:
752:
In October 1464, Warwick was enraged to discover that on 1 May, Edward had secretly married
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5851:
5607:
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5544:
5534:
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5282:
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5221:
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5154:
4856:
1778:
1602:
1537:
1354:
1313:
1120:
1037:
967:
775:
The marriage was certainly unwise and unusual, although not unheard of; Henry VI's mother,
714:
655:
433:
in 1453. Following his sudden death in April 1483, Edward was briefly succeeded by his son
414:
399:
508:
429:. This treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War, which had been in abeyance since the
406:, were killed), he resumed the throne. Shortly afterwards, Henry VI was found dead in the
8:
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5857:
5634:
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1969:
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of England for the duration of the new king's minority, but quickly seized the throne as
430:
426:
375:
359:
243:
193:
117:
4808:
1095:, although both were well-known and easy to describe. One contemporary attributed it to
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4114:
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1578:
Edward IV's position in relation to the houses of York and Lancaster (selective chart)
1517:
when he was seven months old and given his own household at the age of three. Based in
1276:
1219:
Edward's court was described by a visitor from Europe as "the most splendid ... in all
1160:
1111:
political foresight is largely to blame for the unhappy aftermath of his early death."
940:
757:
738:
557:
344:
167:
1199:
and France acquired the rest. Edward and his successors lost much of their imfluence.
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6412:
6083:
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5304:
5117:
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4745:
4714:
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4629:
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4529:
4510:
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4467:
4451:
4435:
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4333:
4267:
4248:
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4133:
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from the senior line. The Duke of York's claim derived from Edward III's fourth son,
2300:
1409:
1305:
1285:
1232:
1196:
845:
734:
730:
583:. In January 1454, 12-year-old Edward accompanied his father to London to attend the
565:
336:
258:
233:
217:
151:
147:
5165:
4349:
An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland..
2580:
Now the generally accepted date, although others suggest it was fought on 3 February
1497:
Grace Plantagenet, recorded as attending the funeral of Elizabeth Woodville in 1492.
1450:, possibly daughter of Thomas Waite (or Wayte), of Southampton. The most famous was
1032:, Louis opened negotiations. Soon after Edward landed at Calais, the two signed the
947:
opened its gates only when he claimed to be seeking the return of his dukedom, like
6477:
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6437:
6352:
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2538:
1053:
963:
920:
849:
726:
697:. Henry VI remained at large for over a year, but was caught and imprisoned in the
683:
675:
648:
614:, he declared himself king, a claim greeted by the assembled lords in silence. The
584:
572:
497:
395:
367:
31:
4300:
1490:, an important historical source for the Tudor period. From his first marriage to
1476:), possibly daughter of Elizabeth Lucy, who married Thomas, son of George Lumley,
844:
With Edward still in the north, the royal army was defeated by a Neville force at
382:, known as the "Kingmaker". In 1470, a revolt led by Warwick and Edward's brother
6218:
5617:
5362:
5192:
5144:
5134:
5128:
4896:
4892:
4821:
4356:
McKendrick, Scot (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.).
4181:
4097:
Edward IV, England's Forgotten Warrior King: His Life, His People, and His Legacy
4004:
2956:
1555:, but Yorkist challengers remained a concern for Henry VII and his son. In 1541,
1514:
1455:
1423:
1419:
1301:, an act repealed by Henry VII, who married Edward's eldest daughter, Elizabeth.
1184:
830:
698:
603:
474:
407:
332:
263:
68:
4147:
Doyle, Kathleen (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.).
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wine" appears to have been a joke by Edward, referring to his favourite drink.
853:
852:; on 12 August, his father-in-law Richard Woodville and Richard's younger son,
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308:
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The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437â1509
4018:
England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium
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1295:, seven of whom survived him; they were declared illegitimate under the 1484
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470:
371:
351:
288:
3399:
3391:
1013:
The last significant rebellion ended in February 1474 with the surrender of
6277:
6238:
5804:
5740:
5497:
4949:
4185:
4008:
3780:
1487:
1477:
1323:
975:
5092:
903:
887:
In March 1470, Warwick and Clarence exploited a private feud to start the
5745:
5730:
5315:
4737:
4236:
Privy Purse expenses of Elizabeth of York: Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV
3886:(2015 Endeavour Press Ltd ed.). Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 78.
2647:
2568:
2478:
1459:
1227:, historical chronicles, and instructional and religious works. In 1476,
1220:
1176:
1148:
1081:
517:
163:
4422:
Rorke, Martin (2006). "English and Scottish Overseas Trade, 1300â1600".
991:
6248:
6074:
6047:
5973:
5845:
5720:
5710:
5700:
5287:
5149:
4558:
4443:
3891:
2530:
2526:
1893:
1595:
1556:
1529:
do so, which he duly carried out after his coronation in October 1485.
1451:
1317:
1009:â1475; it shows signs of the corpulence that affected him in later life
857:
780:
4568:
The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: A Social and Architectural History
939:
Backed by wealthy Flemish merchants, in March 1471 Edward landed near
5893:
5735:
5705:
5292:
4711:
Everyday Life in Medieval London: From the Anglo-Saxons to the Tudors
1494:, he had three daughters, Frances, Elizabeth and Bridget Plantagenet.
1412:(14 August 1479 â 15 November 1527), Countess of Devon; married
1088:
1049:
671:
630:
on 30 December, leaving Edward as the new head of the Yorkist party.
623:
5921:
5393:
4702:
DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th Year
1280:
As Duke of York, Edward bore the royal arms quartered with those of
1231:
established the first English printing press in the outbuildings of
6023:
5887:
5725:
5666:
5272:
5097:
4925:
1333:
1144:
1096:
1077:
916:
458:
434:
422:
421:, following his invasion of France in 1475, but he was assuaged by
391:
127:
4360:. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library.
4151:. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library.
3792:
2924:
1383:); one of the Princes in the Tower; disappeared, assumed murdered
966:
on 14 April, while a second Lancastrian army was destroyed at the
670:. The battle was preceded by a meteorological phenomenon known as
5643:
5549:
4785:
2589:
This resurfaced in the 17th century contest between England, the
1092:
1069:
1022:
340:
283:
51:
5773:
2499:
List of earls in the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV of England
1396:(2 November 1475 â 23 November 1511), Lady Howard; married
5435:
5383:
5107:
5102:
3542:
892:
552:
1454:, later compelled by Richard III to perform public penance at
749:, respectively daughter and sister-in-law of the French king.
5355:
4396:
Royal visits and progresses to Wales, and the border counties
643:
454:
143:
662:
On 2 February 1461, Edward won a hard-fought victory at the
5139:
3554:
3482:
1427:
944:
872:, but this was a significant demotion for a key supporter.
5033:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2746:
1256:, held by the British Library. Edward spent large sums on
3935:
3715:
The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England
3681:
3131:
2840:
2816:
2558:
that supported these claims was subsequently discredited.
1357:; disappeared, assumed murdered prior to his coronation,
741:, which included a suggested marriage between Edward and
3768:
3518:
3458:
3083:
3071:
2912:
606:
with Warwick and Salisbury, and marched into London. At
362:
in December 1460. After defeating Lancastrian armies at
4645:"Was Edward IV Illegitimate?: The Case for the Defence"
3947:
3923:
3530:
3371:
3335:
3311:
3287:
3227:
3215:
3191:
3143:
3119:
3107:
3059:
2758:
1465:
Edward had several acknowledged illegitimate children;
883:, 1885, of King Edward IV's reception to Exeter in 1470
678:". However, this was offset by Warwick's defeat at the
339:, a series of civil wars in England fought between the
3828:
3620:
3179:
3155:
2541:
was the senior descendant of Edward III's second son,
1544:
and arrested Stillington, who died in prison in 1491.
848:
on 24 July 1469. After the battle, Edward was held in
654:
At this stage of Edward's career, contemporaries like
3744:
3632:
3275:
3167:
3023:
2936:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2828:
2721:
2719:
1505:. However, the evidence for these is circumstantial.
544:, where the Duke of York was the dominant landowner.
4815:
British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts
4603:. University of East Anglia, School of History PHD.
3853:. Penguin monarchs. London: Allen Lane. p. 38.
3756:
3588:"Jean de Wavrin, Recueil des croniques d'Engleterre"
3506:
3263:
3239:
2888:
2794:
2792:
2777:
2706:
2704:
1513:
Edward IV's eldest son, also named Edward, was made
1168:, which he used as an additional source of funding.
756:, a widow with two sons, whose Lancastrian husband,
647:
Towton Cross, commemorating Edward's victory at the
4836:
for details and images of Edward IV's manuscripts).
4192:
3816:
3804:
3786:
3644:
3494:
3470:
3446:
3359:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3251:
3203:
3035:
1048:. Gloucester invaded Scotland and took the town of
674:, or three suns, which he took as his emblem, the "
4732:. Vol. III (107th ed.). Burke's Peerage.
3732:
3693:
3608:
3095:
3047:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2804:
2716:
1017:, who survived to command the Lancastrian army at
4544:
2930:
2900:
2789:
2701:
1486:(1460s/1470s â 3 March 1542), author of the
1036:. Edward received an immediate payment of 75,000
560:, or Lancastrians, notably the Duke of Somerset,
6603:
4742:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
4597:The Historical Reputation of Edward IV 1461â1725
4358:A European Heritage, Books of Continental Origin
3434:
2736:
2734:
2689:
622:and Edmund marched north to suppress another in
536:. Edward and Edmund were probably brought up at
469:. Until his father's death, he was known as the
378:in 1464 led to conflict with his chief advisor,
3604:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1470.
3590:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1471.
3576:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1479.
2652:Britain's Royal Family: the Complete Genealogy
1191:; Flanders, along with the lands known as the
1080:, was never crowned, Gloucester becoming King
978:, respectively, the daughters of the Earl and
822:; and Eleanor Woodville with Anthony, heir to
473:. Both his parents were direct descendants of
437:; his younger brother, Richard, was appointed
6692:Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
6637:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
5937:
5789:
5019:
4377:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
4281:—— (2004). "Shore , Elizabeth ".
2731:
2529:'s third surviving son. Henry IV had deposed
768:, was a middle-ranking provincial baron. The
4330:Philippe de Commynes: Memory, Betrayal, Text
4119:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3969:
3798:
1308:(11 February 1466 â 11 February 1503),
764:, came from the upper nobility, her father,
626:; all three were killed following defeat at
5586:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
4730:Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage
1268:, and little of the original work remains.
907:Edward IV (left) watching the execution of
5944:
5930:
5796:
5782:
5763:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
5026:
5012:
4807:
4355:
4165:
3560:
3137:
2846:
2822:
1442:Edward had numerous mistresses, including
971:assumed he was killed on Edward's orders.
638:
223:
50:
4699:
4614:
4346:
4043:
4015:
3774:
3602:"Guyart des Moulins, La Bible historiale"
3548:
3089:
3077:
4623:
4127:
4081:
3929:
3904:
3884:Richard III and the Princes in the Tower
3834:
3488:
2752:
1433:
1370:(10 April 1472 â 11 December 1472).
1275:
1271:
1241:, translated into English for Edward by
1206:
1171:Although the economy recovered from the
1128:
990:
902:
898:
874:
785:
708:
642:
507:
354:at the age of eighteen when his father,
331:(28 April 1442 â 9 April 1483) was
6647:English pretenders to the French throne
6174:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
6169:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
4690:
4593:
4565:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4284:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4217:Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle
4214:
3907:Richard III: a ruler and his reputation
3881:
3626:
3524:
3464:
3185:
3161:
2961:. Amberley Publishing Ltd. p. 42.
2918:
2882:
2642:
2640:
2638:
1422:(10 November 1480 â 1507), nun at
1332:(20 March 1469 â 24 August 1507),
562:William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
413:Despite facing an overseas threat from
14:
6604:
6094:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
4727:
4665:Henry VI (The English Monarchs Series)
4610:from the original on 17 December 2019.
4523:
4501:
4374:
4280:
4261:
4233:
4198:The Royal Bastards of Medieval England
4130:The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty
4094:
4062:
3988:
3941:
3846:
3750:
3738:
3699:
3687:
3638:
3245:
3173:
2894:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2266:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
1484:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle
1136:Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers
868:; John was compensated with the title
812:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
592:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
577:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
410:, possibly killed on Edward's orders.
404:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
6189:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
6164:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg
6104:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
6099:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
6089:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England
5951:
5925:
5777:
5007:
4708:
4662:
4584:
4421:
4393:
4242:
4146:
4034:
3810:
3762:
3711:
3650:
3614:
3512:
3394:. Arc Humanities Press, 2022: 23â52.
3329:
3269:
2954:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2382:
2379:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2337:
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2319:
2313:
2311:
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2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2191:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2112:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1570:
1042:Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany
930:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
909:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
581:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
448:
374:and took the throne. His marriage to
6343:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
4736:
4480:
4458:
4402:
3953:
3822:
3536:
3500:
3476:
3452:
3440:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3257:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3149:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2942:
2906:
2870:
2858:
2834:
2810:
2798:
2783:
2771:
2725:
2710:
2695:
2646:
1561:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
1414:William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon
1326:(11 August 1467 â 23 May 1482).
1063:
1002:, posthumous portrait from original
534:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset
453:Edward was born on 28 April 1442 at
402:(where both the Earl of Warwick and
272:
6338:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland
6224:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford
6084:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England
4628:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
4526:Richard III: England's Black Legend
3909:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 162.
2615:
1235:; on 18 November 1477, he produced
659:frailties undermined his position.
547:In 1447, the Duke of York was made
24:
6318:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
6288:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond
6184:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
4683:
4642:
4466:. University of California Press.
3389:
2740:
1074:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
835:George Neville, Archbishop of York
820:Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
794:, from the illuminated manuscript
590:The birth of King Henry VI's son,
500:, closely resembled their father.
206:
181:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
27:King of England (1461â70, 1471â83)
25:
6703:
6293:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
6209:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
6154:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu
5803:
4805:National Portrait Gallery, London
4760:
4700:Hankinson, C. F. J., ed. (1949).
2017:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
1015:John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
796:Anciennes Chroniques d'Angleterre
717:coin of Edward IV, minted in 1464
514:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
299:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
6682:People of the Hundred Years' War
6662:Earls of Rutland (1385 creation)
6652:English people of French descent
6586:
6585:
6348:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon
6298:William Hastings, Baron Hastings
6283:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
6267:
6159:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
6114:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
6109:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont
6073:
6062:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6016:
6006:
4436:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00346.x
1523:Council of Wales and the Marches
1338:John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles
380:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
347:factions between 1455 and 1487.
318:
6667:Earls of Ulster (1264 creation)
6569:Second Cornish uprising of 1497
6308:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell
6214:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
5063:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
4788:at the official website of the
4713:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
4626:The Life and Times of Henry VII
4332:. University of Toronto Press.
4319:Kerling, Nelly Johanna (1954).
4287:(online ed.). Oxford DNB.
4264:Richard III: A Study of Service
4084:The Journal of Economic History
3898:
3875:
3840:
3787:Given-Wilson & Curteis 1984
3705:
3656:
3594:
3580:
3566:
3383:
2958:Edward IV: Glorious Son of York
2948:
2583:
2574:
2561:
1406:(March 1477 â March 1479).
1254:Royal Collection of manuscripts
986:
932:, held Warwick responsible for
704:
202:
6657:Earls of March (1328 creation)
6529:Issue of Edward III of England
6278:Anne Neville, Queen of England
6239:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke
6234:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond
5060:Monarchs of England until 1603
4312:Louis XI, the Universal Spider
4266:. Cambridge University Press.
4200:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
4065:Richard III: The Maligned King
4048:. Cambridge University Press.
4039:. Vol. II. Henry Colburn.
3962:
2668:
2654:. Vintage Books. p. 135.
2548:
2511:
829:In 1467, Edward dismissed his
766:Richard Woodville, Lord Rivers
579:, and Salisbury's eldest son,
516:, the father of Edward IV and
13:
1:
6632:15th-century English nobility
6627:15th-century English monarchs
6503:Stafford and Lovell rebellion
6328:William Neville, Earl of Kent
6313:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
6254:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales
6199:George Stanley, Baron Strange
6194:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby
6144:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
6139:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon
6134:John Clifford, Baron Clifford
6119:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley
4728:Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003).
4323:. University of LeidenâBrill.
4310:Kendall, Paul Murray (1970).
4215:Gravett, Christopher (2003).
4170:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4044:Carpenter, Christine (1997).
3972:The Private Life of Edward IV
2931:Sutherland & Schmidt 2003
2609:
1503:John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley
1470:
1384:
1377:
1358:
1347:
1003:
996:
824:Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent
790:The marriage of Edward IV to
521:
503:
494:Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
57:
6672:Knights of the Golden Fleece
6403:Siege of the Tower of London
6303:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk
6124:James Butler, Earl of Ormond
4301:UK public library membership
4238:. London: William Pickering.
4095:Corbet, Anthony, Dr (2015).
1901:Philippa, Countess of Ulster
1508:
1469:Elizabeth Plantagenet (born
1400:(later 3rd Duke of Norfolk).
1238:Sayengis of the Philosophres
1133:Presentation miniature from
1114:
602:In 1460, Edward crossed the
564:, and King Henry VI's wife,
483:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
259:Catherine, Countess of Devon
7:
6463:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion
6149:John Neville, Baron Neville
6129:John Butler, Earl of Ormond
5670:British monarchs after the
4801:Portraits of King Edward IV
4768:"Eltham Palace and Gardens"
4744:. London: The Bodley Head.
4424:The Economic History Review
4328:Kleiman, Irit Ruth (2013).
3970:Ashdown-Hill, John (2016).
3850:Richard III: a failed king?
3664:"Eltham Palace and Gardens"
2492:
1340:, then Thomas Kyme or Keme.
1291:Edward had ten children by
1262:St George's Chapel, Windsor
1202:
1076:. His twelve-year-old son,
925:restored Lancastrian regime
889:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion
779:, married her chamberlain,
352:Yorkist claim to the throne
234:Elizabeth, Queen of England
10:
6708:
6229:James Tuchet, Baron Audley
4624:Williams, Neville (1973).
4615:Wilkinson, Bertie (1964).
4166:Gillingham, John (2001) .
3991:British Kings & Queens
3574:"La Grande histoire CĂ©sar"
2604:
2193:Richard, Earl of Cambridge
1173:depression of 1450 to 1470
1125:Great Slump (15th century)
1118:
680:Second Battle of St Albans
664:Battle of Mortimer's Cross
461:, eldest surviving son of
370:in early 1461, he deposed
239:Cecily, Viscountess Welles
29:
6579:
6516:
6370:
6262:
6057:
5994:
5987:
5959:
5909:
5811:
5758:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5598:
5581:
5577:
5054:
5050:
4986:
4978:
4971:
4947:
4939:
4932:
4922:
4913:
4903:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4842:
4570:. Yale University Press.
4347:Mackenzie, Eneas (1825).
4262:Horrox, Rosemary (1989).
4234:Harris, Nicholas (1830).
4196:; Curteis, Alice (1984).
3847:Horrox, Rosemary (2020).
3718:. Springer. p. 196.
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2367:
2365:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2256:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2073:
2071:
2055:
2053:
2026:
2024:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1983:
1962:
1960:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1924:
1910:
1908:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
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1866:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1836:
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1730:
1728:
1726:
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1706:
1704:
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1700:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1688:
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1672:
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1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1599:
1215:in southeast London, 2018
549:chief governor of Ireland
463:Richard, 3rd Duke of York
314:
304:
294:
282:
216:
187:
173:
157:
137:
133:
123:
113:
103:
92:
81:
67:
49:
44:
5913:Dukes of York and Albany
4820:6 September 2014 at the
4594:Whittle, Andrew (2017).
4063:Carson, Annette (2009).
3905:Horspool, David (2017).
3789:, pp. 158, 161â174.
2535:Edmund, 1st Duke of York
2517:Henry's grandfather was
2504:
2472:George, Duke of Clarence
1745:Lionel, Duke of Clarence
1346:(2 November 1470 â
1187:in 1477 led to the 1482
1139:, printed in England by
633:
596:Battle of Ludford Bridge
490:George, Duke of Clarence
384:George, Duke of Clarence
6544:BonvilleâCourtenay feud
4704:. London: Odhams Press.
4691:Cokayne, G. E. (2000).
4663:Wolfe, Bertram (1981).
4566:Thurley, Simon (1993).
4524:—— (2014).
4481:—— (1981).
4243:Hicks, Michael (2011).
4128:Crawford, Anne (2008).
2955:James, Jeffrey (2015).
2448:Edward, Prince of Wales
1758:John, Duke of Lancaster
1738:Edward, Prince of Wales
1404:George, Duke of Bedford
1376:(17 August 1473 â
1266:First English Civil War
1211:Edward's Great Hall at
762:Jacquetta of Luxembourg
725:'s victory at the 1464
639:Accession to the throne
530:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
6493:Buckingham's rebellion
6473:Readeption of Henry VI
4394:Parry, Edward (1851).
4375:Panton, James (2011).
4293:10.1093/ref:odnb/25451
3993:. Carroll & Graf.
3882:Pollard, A.J. (1991).
3551:, pp. 26, 28, 39.
3422:Cite journal requires
2556:television documentary
1439:
1288:
1216:
1193:Burgundian Netherlands
1151:
1010:
915:Edward took refuge in
912:
884:
866:Earl of Northumberland
802:
718:
651:
525:
269:Arthur, Viscount Lisle
161:9 April 1483 (aged 40)
6179:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros
5964:Red Rose of Lancaster
5840:Richard of Shrewsbury
4403:Penn, Thomas (2019).
4351:. Mackenzie and Dent.
4219:. Osprey Publishing.
4168:The Wars of the Roses
4149:The Old Royal Library
3989:Ashley, Mike (2002).
2325:Richard, Duke of York
1437:
1374:Richard, Duke of York
1279:
1272:Marriage and children
1210:
1195:, became part of the
1132:
1046:James III of Scotland
994:
911:, at Tewkesbury, 1471
906:
899:Exile and restoration
878:
789:
712:
646:
612:Palace of Westminster
511:
388:re-installed Henry VI
356:Richard, Duke of York
350:Edward inherited the
249:Richard, Duke of York
96:11 April 1471 â
56:Posthumous portrait,
6554:NevilleâNeville feud
6539:Princes in the Tower
5640:William III & II
5205:Henry the Young King
5155:Edward the Confessor
5123:Ăthelred the Unready
4857:House of Plantagenet
4854:Cadet branch of the
4709:Mount, Toni (2014).
4585:Timbs, John (1855).
4035:Burke, John (1836).
1779:Edmund, Duke of York
1603:Philippa of Hainault
1567:, who died in 1558.
1538:Philippe de Commines
1355:Princes in the Tower
1314:Henry VII of England
1312:of England; married
1121:Great Bullion Famine
968:Battle of Tewkesbury
833:, Warwick's brother
818:to William, heir to
656:Philippe de Commines
358:, was killed at the
85:4 March 1461 â
6333:Sir Richard Herbert
5828:Richard Plantagenet
5588:Union of the Crowns
4982:Richard Plantagenet
4943:Richard Plantagenet
4379:. Scarecrow Press.
4194:Given-Wilson, Chris
3944:, pp. 316â320.
3690:, pp. 431â432.
3539:, pp. 270â277.
3491:, pp. 340â341.
3380:, pp. 414â415.
3344:, pp. 434â435.
3320:, pp. 364â365.
3296:, pp. 306â307.
3236:, pp. 260â261.
3224:, pp. 256â258.
3200:, pp. 152â153.
3152:, pp. 135â136.
3128:, pp. 210â211.
3116:, pp. 203â205.
3068:, pp. 112â113.
2774:, pp. 504â505.
2755:, pp. 173â178.
2593:, and France under
2519:Henry IV of England
1444:Lady Eleanor Talbot
1344:Edward V of England
1293:Elizabeth Woodville
1034:Treaty of Picquigny
980:Countess of Warwick
870:Marquess of Montagu
856:, were executed at
808:Catherine Woodville
792:Elizabeth Woodville
777:Catherine of Valois
754:Elizabeth Woodville
431:Battle of Castillon
427:Treaty of Picquigny
376:Elizabeth Woodville
360:Battle of Wakefield
244:Edward V of England
194:Elizabeth Woodville
6687:Earls of Cambridge
6549:PercyâNeville feud
6428:St Albans (Second)
6323:Sir Thomas Neville
5969:White Rose of York
5672:Acts of Union 1707
5635:James II & VII
5328:Kenneth I MacAlpin
5113:Edgar the Peaceful
4973:Peerage of Ireland
4934:Peerage of England
3956:, pp. 34, 44.
3409:– via JSTOR.
3390:Salmon, Marylynn.
1571:Genealogical table
1440:
1289:
1217:
1161:Duchy of Lancaster
1152:
1147:, and his brother
1011:
913:
885:
803:
758:John Grey of Groby
739:Louis XI of France
719:
652:
558:House of Lancaster
526:
449:Birth and ancestry
419:Hundred Years' War
30:For the play, see
6677:People from Rouen
6599:
6598:
6378:St Albans (First)
6366:
6365:
6244:Margaret Beaufort
5953:Wars of the Roses
5919:
5918:
5822:Edward of Norwich
5816:Edmund of Langley
5771:
5770:
5754:
5753:
5657:
5656:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5118:Edward the Martyr
5002:
5001:
4954:Earl of Cambridge
4923:Succeeded by
4904:Succeeded by
4824:(SEARCH: Keyword
4751:978-0-0995-3973-5
4720:978-1-4456-1564-6
4674:978-0-4133-2080-3
4635:978-0-2977-6517-2
4577:978-0-3000-5420-0
4535:978-1-6059-8603-6
4528:. Pegasus Books.
4516:978-0-0947-7300-4
4507:Wars of the Roses
4492:978-0-4132-9530-9
4473:978-0-5200-2781-7
4414:978-1-8461-4690-9
4405:The Brothers York
4386:978-0-8108-5779-7
4367:978-0-7123-5816-3
4339:978-1-4426-6324-4
4299:(Subscription or
4273:978-0-5214-0726-7
4254:978-0-7524-7326-0
4247:. History Press.
4226:978-1-8417-6513-6
4207:978-0-7102-0025-9
4177:978-0-2978-2016-1
4158:978-0-7123-5816-3
4139:978-1-8472-5197-8
4132:. A&C Black.
4106:978-1-4917-4635-6
4074:978-0-7524-5208-1
4067:. History Press.
4055:978-0-5213-1874-7
4027:978-0-8511-5475-6
4020:. Boydell Press.
3981:978-1-4456-5245-0
3916:978-1-4729-4619-5
3860:978-0-14-197893-2
3799:Ashdown-Hill 2016
3725:978-0-230-61618-9
3563:, pp. 42â65.
3527:, pp. 51â57.
3467:, pp. 22â24.
3284:, pp. 26â27.
3032:, pp. 85â86.
2968:978-1-4456-4622-0
2945:, pp. 54â55.
2933:, pp. 15â25.
2921:, pp. 85â89.
2873:, pp. 29â30.
2861:, pp. 28â29.
2837:, pp. 25â27.
2682:. 14 March 2010.
2661:978-0-0995-3973-5
2543:Lionel of Antwerp
2537:, but his mother
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2301:Margaret of Anjou
1410:Catherine of York
1316:, mother of King
1306:Elizabeth of York
1243:Anthony Woodville
1233:Westminster Abbey
1197:Holy Roman Empire
1064:Illness and death
735:Duchy of Burgundy
566:Margaret of Anjou
390:. Edward fled to
337:Wars of the Roses
326:
325:
254:Anne, Lady Howard
16:(Redirected from
6699:
6589:
6588:
6423:Mortimer's Cross
6353:Margaret of York
6271:
6077:
6066:
6050:
6040:
6030:
6020:
6010:
5992:
5991:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5860:(1633/1644â1685)
5798:
5791:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5663:
5662:
5623:Richard Cromwell
5613:The Protectorate
5603:James I & VI
5579:
5578:
5160:Harold Godwinson
5080:Edward the Elder
5073:Alfred the Great
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5005:
5004:
4997:Merged in Crown
4979:Preceded by
4966:Merged in Crown
4940:Preceded by
4917:Lord of Ireland
4883:Preceded by
4873:
4866:
4840:
4839:
4811:
4790:British monarchy
4782:
4780:
4778:
4772:English Heritage
4755:
4733:
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4705:
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4581:
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4496:
4485:. Eyre Methuen.
4477:
4455:
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4012:
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3814:
3808:
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3709:
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3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3668:English Heritage
3660:
3654:
3648:
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3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
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3598:
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3408:
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3375:
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3345:
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3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
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3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
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3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2940:
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2928:
2922:
2916:
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2904:
2898:
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2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2786:, pp. 5, 7.
2781:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2680:Archontology.org
2672:
2666:
2665:
2644:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2539:Anne de Mortimer
2515:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1475:
1472:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1368:Margaret of York
1363:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1336:Welles; married
1185:death of Charles
1054:Edinburgh Castle
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
964:Battle of Barnet
957:James Harrington
921:Charles the Bold
850:Middleham Castle
727:Battle of Hexham
684:Battle of Towton
676:Sun in splendour
649:Battle of Towton
523:
498:King Richard III
481:on the death of
364:Mortimerâs Cross
322:
274:
227:
210:
208:
204:
99:
88:
62:
59:
54:
42:
41:
21:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6575:
6512:
6488:Siege of London
6362:
6358:Richard of York
6266:
6258:
6219:Andrew Trollope
6204:William Stanley
6072:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6053:
5983:
5955:
5950:
5920:
5915:
5911:italics denote
5905:
5865:Ernest Augustus
5807:
5802:
5772:
5767:
5750:
5677:
5653:
5618:Oliver Cromwell
5594:
5569:
5564:
5411:Constantine III
5320:
5145:Harold Harefoot
5135:Edmund Ironside
5046:
5041: and
5032:
4992:
4984:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4928:
4919:
4916:
4915:King of England
4909:
4900:
4897:Lord of Ireland
4895:
4893:King of England
4888:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4852:
4845:
4822:Wayback Machine
4776:
4774:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4721:
4686:
4684:Further reading
4681:
4675:
4653:
4651:
4643:Wilson, Trish.
4636:
4607:
4600:
4578:
4536:
4517:
4503:Seward, Desmond
4493:
4474:
4415:
4387:
4368:
4340:
4298:
4274:
4255:
4227:
4208:
4178:
4159:
4140:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4075:
4056:
4028:
4001:
3982:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3903:
3899:
3880:
3876:
3861:
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3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
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3809:
3805:
3797:
3793:
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3757:
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3745:
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3706:
3698:
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3682:
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3670:
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3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3561:McKendrick 2011
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3138:Gillingham 2001
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2847:Gillingham 2001
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2823:Gillingham 2001
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2728:, pp. 3â7.
2724:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2645:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2521:, whose father
2516:
2512:
2507:
2495:
1573:
1515:Prince of Wales
1511:
1473:
1424:Dartford Priory
1420:Bridget of York
1387:
1380:
1361:
1350:
1274:
1205:
1189:Treaty of Arras
1127:
1119:Main articles:
1117:
1066:
1006:
999:
989:
901:
881:George Townsend
879:Watercolour by
831:Lord Chancellor
707:
699:Tower of London
641:
636:
604:English Channel
506:
475:King Edward III
451:
408:Tower of London
333:King of England
278:
264:Bridget of York
221:
220:
212:
200:
196:
183:
178:
162:
142:
97:
86:
77:
69:King of England
63:
60:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6705:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6564:Battle of Deal
6559:Perkin Warbeck
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6534:Titulus Regius
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6498:Bosworth Field
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Losecoat Field
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6393:Ludford Bridge
6390:
6385:
6383:Loveday (1458)
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
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5902:(1986âpresent)
5897:
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5849:
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5834:Edward of York
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5514:Edward Balliol
5510:
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5468:
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5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Constantine II
5371:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5321:
5319:
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5313:
5302:
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5166:Edgar Ătheling
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4989:Earl of Ulster
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4878:Regnal titles
4875:
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4853:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4812:
4798:
4797:at BBC History
4792:
4783:
4762:
4761:External links
4759:
4757:
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4706:
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4695:. Alan Sutton.
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4430:(2): 265â288.
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4407:. Allen Lane.
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3946:
3934:
3932:, p. 130.
3922:
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3897:
3874:
3859:
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3825:, p. 497.
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3777:, p. 136.
3775:Mackenzie 1825
3767:
3765:, p. 290.
3755:
3753:, p. 316.
3743:
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3692:
3680:
3655:
3643:
3641:, p. 125.
3631:
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3619:
3607:
3593:
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3565:
3553:
3549:Backhouse 1987
3541:
3529:
3517:
3515:, p. 270.
3505:
3503:, p. 351.
3493:
3481:
3479:, p. 370.
3469:
3457:
3455:, p. 451.
3445:
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3424:|journal=
3382:
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3368:, p. 494.
3358:
3356:, p. 431.
3346:
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3298:
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3262:
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3250:
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3202:
3190:
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3178:
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3166:
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3154:
3142:
3140:, p. 160.
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3092:, p. 170.
3090:Carpenter 1997
3082:
3080:, p. 146.
3078:Wilkinson 1964
3070:
3058:
3046:
3044:, p. 114.
3034:
3022:
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2839:
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1553:Perkin Warbeck
1549:Lambert Simnel
1542:Titulus Regius
1534:Titulus Regius
1510:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:Elizabeth Grey
1481:
1448:Elizabeth Lucy
1432:
1431:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1371:
1365:
1353:); one of the
1341:
1330:Cecily of York
1327:
1321:
1298:Titulus Regius
1273:
1270:
1250:Great Wardrobe
1229:William Caxton
1204:
1201:
1166:City of London
1141:William Caxton
1116:
1113:
1104:William Stubbs
1065:
1062:
1058:Berwick Castle
1030:Siege of Neuss
988:
985:
900:
897:
854:John Woodville
816:Anne Woodville
800:Jean de Wavrin
743:Anne of France
706:
703:
640:
637:
635:
632:
505:
502:
467:Cecily Neville
450:
447:
439:Lord Protector
324:
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309:Cecily Neville
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87:3 October 1470
83:
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55:
47:
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26:
18:King Edward IV
9:
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4:
3:
2:
6704:
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6645:
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6642:Dukes of York
6640:
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6524:Act of Accord
6522:
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6509:
6506:
6504:
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6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Hedgeley Moor
6446:
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6311:
6309:
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6299:
6296:
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6265:
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6120:
6117:
6115:
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6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
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6097:
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6087:
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6079:
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6056:
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6045:
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6035:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
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6002:
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5999:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5980:
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5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5942:
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5928:
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5914:
5908:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5805:Dukes of York
5799:
5794:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:Alexander III
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:Constantine I
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:
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5217:
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5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:
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5029:
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5022:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4958:Earl of March
4955:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:28 April 1442
4864:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4849:House of York
4841:
4835:
4831:
4828:, Start year
4827:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4802:
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4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4650:
4649:History Files
4646:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4588:
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4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4509:. Constable.
4508:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4460:Ross, Charles
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
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4392:
4388:
4382:
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4317:
4313:
4308:
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4294:
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4285:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4099:. iUniverse.
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:0-7867-1104-3
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3930:Crawford 2008
3926:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3837:, p. 25.
3836:
3835:Williams 1973
3831:
3824:
3819:
3813:, p. 11.
3812:
3807:
3801:, Chapter 28.
3800:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3653:, p. 69.
3652:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3489:Chibnall 1960
3485:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3416:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3332:, p. 18.
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3248:, p. 41.
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3104:, p. 93.
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3056:, p. 85.
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 91.
3019:
3014:
3008:, p. 60.
3007:
3002:
2996:, p. 61.
2995:
2990:
2984:, p. 62.
2983:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2897:, p. 97.
2896:
2891:
2885:, p. 83.
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2813:, p. 11.
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2753:Crawford 2008
2749:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2713:, p. 14.
2712:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:John of Gaunt
2520:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2449:
2433:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2410:
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2326:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2288:
2267:
2237:
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2232:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:Anne Mortimer
2141:
2138:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2060:
2058:
2041:
2040:Joan Beaufort
2018:
2006:
2004:
1971:
1949:
1947:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1807:
1805:
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1759:
1746:
1739:
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1732:
1710:
1708:
1694:
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1624:
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1614:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1565:Reginald Pole
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:Ludlow Castle
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1466:
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1445:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:Thomas Howard
1395:
1392:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Queen consort
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Eltham Palace
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Julius Caesar
1222:
1214:
1213:Eltham Palace
1209:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
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1162:
1156:
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1126:
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1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:, brother of
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
993:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
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958:
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950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
926:
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910:
905:
896:
894:
890:
882:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Edgecote Moor
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
770:Privy Council
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
747:Bona of Savoy
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
711:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Herefordshire
665:
660:
657:
650:
645:
631:
629:
625:
619:
617:
616:Act of Accord
613:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
586:
585:Great Council
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
542:Welsh Marches
539:
538:Ludlow Castle
535:
531:
519:
515:
510:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:King Henry VI
476:
472:
471:Earl of March
468:
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:King Henry VI
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
285:
281:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
226:
225:
219:
215:
195:
190:
186:
182:
177:18 April 1483
176:
172:
169:
166:, Middlesex,
165:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:28 April 1442
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
106:
102:
95:
91:
84:
80:
75:
70:
66:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
34:
19:
6013:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5833:
5762:
5741:Elizabeth II
5669:
5585:
5512:
5490:
5481:Alexander II
5398:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5308:
5297:
5267:
5220:
5203:
5191:
5164:
5127:
5085:
5078:
5071:
4996:
4987:
4965:
4950:Duke of York
4948:
4914:
4891:
4872:9 April 1483
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4775:. Retrieved
4771:
4741:
4738:Weir, Alison
4729:
4710:
4701:
4692:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:
4625:
4616:
4596:
4586:
4567:
4550:
4546:
4525:
4506:
4482:
4463:
4427:
4423:
4404:
4395:
4376:
4357:
4348:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4282:
4263:
4244:
4235:
4216:
4197:
4167:
4148:
4129:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4064:
4045:
4036:
4017:
3990:
3974:. Amberley.
3971:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3906:
3900:
3883:
3877:
3849:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3714:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3627:Thurley 1993
3622:
3617:, p. 4.
3610:
3596:
3582:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3525:Kerling 1954
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3465:Whittle 2017
3460:
3448:
3436:
3415:cite journal
3403:. Retrieved
3400:j.ctv2z0vvkm
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3186:Kendall 1970
3181:
3169:
3162:Kendall 1970
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2957:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2919:Gravett 2003
2914:
2909:, p. 4.
2902:
2890:
2883:Kleiman 2013
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2801:, p. 9.
2779:
2748:
2698:, p. 8.
2691:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2651:
2648:Weir, Alison
2585:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2513:
2464:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1500:
1488:Lisle Papers
1478:Baron Lumley
1464:
1456:Paul's Cross
1441:
1394:Anne of York
1324:Mary of York
1296:
1290:
1247:
1236:
1218:
1181:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1134:
1108:Charles Ross
1101:
1086:
1067:
1027:
1012:
987:1471 to 1483
976:Anne Neville
973:
961:
953:William Parr
938:
914:
886:
843:
828:
804:
795:
774:
751:
723:John Neville
720:
705:1461 to 1470
692:
688:
661:
653:
620:
601:
589:
570:
546:
527:
487:
452:
412:
349:
328:
327:
222:
109:28 June 1461
98:9 April 1483
39:
32:
6622:1483 deaths
6617:1442 births
6508:Stoke Field
6433:Ferrybridge
6408:Northampton
6388:Blore Heath
6034:Richard III
5988:Key figures
5979:Family tree
5896:(1920â1936)
5890:(1892â1910)
5883:(1784â1827)
5875:(1760â1767)
5867:(1716â1728)
5854:(1605â1625)
5848:(1494â1509)
5842:(1474â1483)
5836:(1460â1461)
5830:(1415â1460)
5824:(1402â1415)
5818:(1385â1402)
5746:Charles III
5731:Edward VIII
5461:Alexander I
5441:Malcolm III
5416:Kenneth III
5316:Elizabeth I
5278:Richard III
4832:, End year
4777:17 December
4667:. Methuen.
4654:17 December
4619:. Longmans.
4589:. D. Bogue.
4483:Richard III
4245:Richard III
3963:Works cited
3942:Seward 2014
3751:Corbet 2015
3739:Horrox 2004
3700:Carson 2009
3688:Panton 2011
3673:17 December
3639:Harris 1830
3246:Horrox 1989
3174:Ashley 2002
2895:Seward 1997
2676:"Edward IV"
2569:Richard III
2479:Richard III
1474: 1464
1460:Thomas More
1388: 1483
1381: 1483
1362: 1483
1351: 1483
1334:Viscountess
1221:Christendom
1177:Medici Bank
1082:Richard III
1007: 1470
1000: 1520
862:Henry Percy
608:Northampton
518:Richard III
512:Drawing of
443:Richard III
415:Henry Tudor
345:Lancastrian
164:Westminster
114:Predecessor
61: 1540
6606:Categories
6483:Tewkesbury
6249:Owen Tudor
5974:Tudor rose
5721:Edward VII
5711:William IV
5701:George III
5630:Charles II
5525:Robert III
5471:Malcolm IV
5446:Donald III
5421:Malcolm II
5406:Kenneth II
5288:Henry VIII
5248:Richard II
5243:Edward III
5177:William II
5150:Harthacnut
4993:1460â1461
4962:1460â1461
4920:1471â1483
4901:1461â1470
4844:Edward IV
4547:Landscapes
4303:required.)
3892:B00SBBRGIE
3869:1180238601
3811:Parry 1851
3763:Burke 1836
3651:Doyle 2011
3615:Timbs 1855
3513:Rorke 2006
3330:Hicks 2011
3270:Wolfe 1981
2610:References
2531:Richard II
2527:Edward III
1894:Richard II
1596:Edward III
1557:Henry VIII
1452:Jane Shore
1318:Henry VIII
1052:, but not
995:Edward IV
934:his father
858:Kenilworth
781:Owen Tudor
695:coronation
504:Early life
400:Tewkesbury
386:, briefly
105:Coronation
6612:Edward IV
6418:Wakefield
6059:Lancaster
6044:Henry VII
6014:Edward IV
5881:Frederick
5736:George VI
5706:George IV
5696:George II
5608:Charles I
5590:from 1603
5540:James III
5520:Robert II
5476:William I
5451:Duncan II
5379:Malcolm I
5369:Donald II
5293:Edward VI
5283:Henry VII
5268:Edward IV
5238:Edward II
5228:Henry III
5211:Richard I
5172:William I
5093:Ăthelstan
4826:Edward IV
4795:Edward IV
4786:Edward IV
4464:Edward IV
4452:153762480
4314:. Norton.
4115:cite book
3954:Ross 1974
3823:Penn 2019
3537:Ross 1974
3501:Ross 1974
3477:Penn 2019
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3378:Ross 1974
3366:Penn 2019
3354:Penn 2019
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3306:Penn 2019
3294:Penn 2019
3282:Ross 1981
3258:Penn 2019
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3198:Ross 1974
3150:Ross 1974
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2784:Ross 1974
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2726:Ross 1974
2711:Ross 1974
2696:Penn 2019
2595:Louis XIV
2465:Edward IV
1559:executed
1509:Aftermath
1115:Political
1089:pneumonia
1084:in July.
1050:Edinburgh
672:parhelion
628:Wakefield
624:Yorkshire
540:, in the
329:Edward IV
315:Signature
124:Successor
93:2nd reign
82:1st reign
45:Edward IV
33:Edward IV
6591:Category
6517:See also
6398:Sandwich
6024:Edward V
6004:Henry VI
5996:Monarchs
5726:George V
5716:Victoria
5691:George I
5560:James VI
5545:James IV
5535:James II
5508:David II
5503:Robert I
5492:Margaret
5426:Duncan I
5335:Donald I
5273:Edward V
5263:Henry VI
5253:Henry IV
5233:Edward I
5199:Henry II
5098:Edmund I
5087:Ălfweard
5045:monarchs
5039:Scottish
4926:Edward V
4907:Henry VI
4886:Henry VI
4818:Archived
4740:(1999).
4605:Archived
4505:(1997).
4462:(1974).
4186:3532002M
4009:8141172M
3405:4 August
2650:(2008).
2493:See also
2308:Henry VI
1970:Henry IV
1286:Mortimer
1282:de Burgh
1203:Cultural
1097:apoplexy
1078:Edward V
1019:Bosworth
949:Henry IV
917:Flanders
733:and the
459:Normandy
435:Edward V
423:Louis XI
392:Flanders
148:Normandy
128:Edward V
118:Henry VI
6458:Edgcote
6443:Piltown
6413:Worksop
5852:Charles
5644:Mary II
5550:James V
5530:James I
5466:David I
5431:Macbeth
5363:Eochaid
5258:Henry V
5193:Matilda
5187:Stephen
5182:Henry I
5043:British
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5035:English
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2605:Sources
2554:A 2004
2081:Henry V
1149:Richard
1093:malaria
1070:emetics
1023:Malmsey
573:Gascony
425:in the
341:Yorkist
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6438:Towton
6371:Events
5900:Andrew
5894:Albert
5888:George
5873:Edward
5555:Mary I
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5400:AmlaĂb
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152:France
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5356:Giric
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4870:Died:
4863:Born:
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4555:JSTOR
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4448:S2CID
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3396:JSTOR
2567:When
2505:Notes
798:, by
715:Noble
713:Rose
634:Reign
455:Rouen
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6264:York
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4779:2019
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3888:ASIN
3865:OCLC
3855:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3675:2019
3428:help
3407:2023
2963:ISBN
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