Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York

1000: 403: 137: 2436: 34: 4874: 4818: 2419: 5079: 4848: 4838: 4828: 2366: 2383: 5397: 877:. Not only that, but the terms of Somerset's appointment could have caused York to feel that his own role as effective regent over the whole of Lancastrian France was reduced to that of governor of Normandy. The English establishment in Normandy expressed strong opposition to the measure, but the delegation York sent to remonstrate against the decision was unsuccessful. Somerset's campaign itself also added to the insult: his conduct brought 991:, it was with Cecily (who was pregnant at the time) and an army of around 600 men. This suggests a stay of some time was envisaged. However, claiming a lack of money to defend English possessions, York decided to return to England. His financial state may indeed have been problematic, since by the mid-1440s he was owed £38,666 by the crown, (equivalent to £39.6 million in current value) and the income from his estates was declining. 2402: 1773: 4885: 4858: 2346: 1294:. York and the Nevilles had therefore succeeded in killing their enemies, while York's capture of the king gave him the chance to resume the power he had lost in 1453. It was vital to keep Henry alive, as his death would have led, not to York becoming king himself, but to the minority rule of Henry's two-year-old son 1202:, which finally drove English forces from France. He became completely unresponsive, was unable to speak, and had to be led from room to room. The Council tried to carry on as though the king's disability would be brief, but they had to admit eventually that something had to be done. In October, invitations for a 1136:, was sent to the Tower when he proposed that York be recognised as heir to the throne, and Parliament was dissolved. Henry VI was prompted into belated reforms, which went some way to restore public order and improve the royal finances. Frustrated by his lack of political power, York retired to Ludlow. 1317:

or in London (to be enthroned in Parliament in July). When Parliament met again in November, the throne was empty, and it was reported that the king was ill again. York resumed the office of Protector; although he surrendered it when the king recovered in February 1456, it seemed that this time Henry

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However, he was dissatisfied with the terms under which he was appointed, as he had to find much of the money to pay his troops and other expenses from his own estates. York was keen to leave France as soon as his original twelve-month term of office expired, but he was instructed to remain until the

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York's public stance was that of a reformer, demanding better government and the prosecution of the "traitors" who had lost northern France. Judging by his later actions, there may also have been a more hidden motive—the destruction of Somerset, who was soon released from the Tower. York's men made

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A Parliament called to meet on 7 October repealed all the legislation of the Coventry parliament the previous year. On 10 October, York arrived in London and took residence in the royal palace. Entering Parliament with his sword borne upright before him, he made for the empty throne and placed his

1254:, Henry lost little time in reversing York's actions. Somerset was released and restored to favour. York was deprived of the Captaincy of Calais (which was granted to Somerset once again) and of the office of Protector. Salisbury resigned as Chancellor. York, Salisbury, and Salisbury's eldest son, 935:

York returned to England on 20 October 1445 at the end of his five-year appointment in France. He must have had reasonable expectations of reappointment. However, he had become associated with the English in Normandy who were opposed to the policy of Henry VI's Council towards France, some of whom

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could assume personal rule. His actual departure was delayed due to disagreements pertaining to the terms of his indentures. Rather than receiving the same powers Bedford had enjoyed as "regent", York was forced to settle for a lesser role as "lieutenant-general and governor", by which he was not

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from Sandal Castle. Their reasons for doing so are not clear; they were variously claimed to be a result of deception by the Lancastrian forces, or treachery by northern lords who York mistakenly believed to be his allies, or simple rashness on York's part. The larger Lancastrian force destroyed

1392:. York, the Nevilles and some other lords refused to appear, fearing that the armed forces that had been commanded to assemble the previous month had been summoned to arrest them. Instead, York and Salisbury recruited in their strongholds and met Warwick, who had brought with him his troops from 1139:

In 1452, York made another bid for power, but not to become king himself. Protesting his loyalty, he aimed to be recognised as Henry VI's heir to the throne (Henry was childless after seven years of marriage), while also continuing to try to destroy the Duke of Somerset. Henry may have preferred

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in 1424. The marriage, which took place by October 1429, meant that Richard was now related to much of the English upper aristocracy, many of whose members had themselves married into the Neville family. In October 1425, when Ralph Neville died, he bequeathed the wardship of York to his widow,

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Although Margaret of Anjou had now taken the place formerly held by Suffolk or Somerset, her position, at least at first, was not as dominant. York had his Lieutenancy of Ireland renewed, and he continued to attend meetings of the Council. However, in August 1456 the court moved to

889:, disrupting York's attempts (conducted during 1442–43) to involve the English in an alliance of French nobles. Somerset's army achieved nothing and eventually returned to Normandy, where Somerset died in 1444. This may have been the start of the hatred that York harboured for the 1270:

with a hastily assembled and poorly equipped army of around 2,000. York, Warwick, and Salisbury were already there with a larger and better-equipped army. More importantly, at least some of their soldiers would have had experience in the frequent border skirmishes with the

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In May 1436, a few months after Bedford's death, York was appointed to succeed him as commander of the English forces in France. York's appointment was one of a number of stop-gap measures after the death of Bedford to try to retain French possessions until the young King

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on 23 April 1443, which created an indefinite truce between England and Burgundy. Funding the war effort was becoming an increasing issue: though he was paid his annuity of £20,000 in 1441–2, York did not receive anything more from England until February 1444.

1466:. Their lives were forfeit, and their lands reverted to the king; their heirs would not inherit. This was the most extreme punishment a member of the nobility could suffer, and York was now in the same situation as Henry of Bolingbroke (the future King 1301:

In the custody of York, the king was returned to London with York and Salisbury riding alongside, and with Warwick bearing the royal sword in front. On 25 May, Henry received the crown from York in a clearly symbolic display of power. York made himself

1470:) in 1398. Only a successful invasion of England would restore his fortune. Assuming the invasion was successful, York had three options: become Protector again, disinherit the king's son so that York would succeed, or claim the throne for himself. 1262:(away from Somerset's enemies in London). York and his Neville relations recruited in the north and probably along the Welsh border. By the time Somerset realised what was happening, there was no time to raise a large force to support the king. 5391:

Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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and had considerable estates in Ireland, but it was also a convenient way of removing him from both England and France. His term of office was for ten years, ruling him out of consideration for any other high office during that period.

1218:, died, making continued government in the King's name constitutionally impossible. Henry could not be induced to respond to any suggestion as to who might replace Kemp. Despite the opposition of Margaret of Anjou, York was appointed 552:

of the crown. As he was an orphan, his property was managed by royal officials. Despite his father's plot against the king, along with his provocative ancestry—one which had been used in the past as a rallying point by enemies of the

1329:. However, the king once again came under the control of a dominant figure, this time one harder to replace than Suffolk or Somerset: for the rest of his reign, it would be the queen, Margaret of Anjou, who would control the king. 1459:. Such was the Yorkists' naval dominance that Warwick was able to sail to Ireland in March 1460, meet York and return to Calais in May. Warwick's control of Calais was to prove to be influential with the wool merchants in London. 1515:

The next day, Richard advanced his claim to the crown by hereditary right in proper form. However, his narrow support among his peers led to failure once again. After weeks of negotiation, the best that could be achieved was the

842:, chasing them almost up to the walls of Paris. In the end, all of York's efforts were in vain, for the French took Pontoise by assault in September 1441. This was to be York's only military action during his second lieutenancy. 1081:. Evading an attempt by Henry to intercept him, and gathering followers as he went, York arrived in London on 27 September. After an inconclusive (and possibly violent) meeting with the king, York continued to recruit, both in 1096:

York and his ally, the Duke of Norfolk, returned to London in November with large and threatening retinues. The London mob was mobilised to put pressure on parliament itself. However, although granted another office, that of

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Once York took his army south of Leicester, thus barring the route to the Great Council, the dispute between him and the king regarding Somerset would have to be settled by force. On 22 May, the king and Somerset arrived at

1226:, as Chancellor was significant. Henry's burst of activity in 1453 had seen him try to stem the violence caused by various disputes between noble families. These disputes gradually polarised around the long-standing 370:, and his competing claim to the throne, were leading factors in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Richard eventually attempted to take 1206:

were issued, and although Somerset tried to have him excluded, York (the premier duke of the realm) was included. Somerset's fears were to prove well grounded, for in November he was committed to the Tower.

1342:, in the heart of the queen's lands. How York was treated now depended on how powerful the queen's views were. York was regarded with suspicion on three fronts: he threatened the succession of the young 536:. Once he inherited the vast Mortimer estates, he also became the wealthiest and most powerful noble in England, second only to the king himself. An account shows that York's net income from Welsh and 1512:, asked whether he wished to see the king. York replied, "I know of no person in this realm the which oweth not to wait on me, rather than I of him." This high-handed reply did not impress the Lords. 5441: 1175:

By the summer of 1453, York seemed to have lost his power struggle. Henry embarked on a series of judicial tours, punishing York's tenants who had been involved in the debacle at Dartford. The

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that followed hardly deserves the term battle. Possibly as few as 50 men were killed, but among them were some of the prominent leaders of the Lancastrian party, such as Somerset himself,

1520:, by which York and his heirs were recognised as Henry's successors. However, in October 1460 Parliament did grant York extraordinary executive powers to protect the realm, and made him 1155:), York was forced to come to an agreement with Henry. He was allowed to present his complaints against Somerset to the king, but was then taken to London and after two weeks of virtual 1121: 1585:, whose fathers had been killed at the First Battle of St Albans, and included several northern lords who were jealous of York's and Salisbury's wealth and influence in the North. 1488:

York remained in Ireland. He did not set foot in England until 9 September, and when he did, he acted as a king. Marching under the arms of his maternal great-great-grandfather

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on 25 March 1458. However, the lords concerned had earlier turned London into an armed camp, and the public expressions of amity seemed not to have lasted beyond the ceremony.

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hearth until his majority. The earl had fathered an enormous family, having had twenty-two children, and had many daughters needing husbands; as was his right, he

1601:. The precise nature of his end was variously reported; he was either unhorsed, wounded and overcome fighting to the death or captured, given a mocking crown of 1451:

backed him, providing offers of both military and financial support. Warwick's (possibly inadvertent) return to Calais also proved fortunate. His control of the

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provided for an alternative line of succession. By July, York had lost both of his offices, Lieutenant of Ireland and Justice of the Forest south of the Trent.

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in 1431. Finally, on 12 May 1432, he came into his inheritance and was granted full control of his estates. On 22 April 1433, York was admitted to the knightly

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turned to York again in 1440 after peace negotiations failed. He was reappointed Lieutenant of France on 2 July, this time with the same powers that the late

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and appointed Warwick Captain of Calais. York's position was enhanced when some of the nobility agreed to join his government, including Salisbury's brother

1415:, and afterwards, they both joined their forces with York. On 11 October, York tried to move south but was forced to head for Ludlow. On 12 October, at the 5461: 3825: 3529: 497:. Richard's mother, Anne Mortimer, died during or shortly after his birth, and his father the Earl of Cambridge was beheaded in 1415 for his part in the 1321:

Salisbury and Warwick continued to serve as councillors, and Warwick was confirmed as Captain of Calais. In June, York himself was sent north to defend

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York and his supporters raised their armies, but they were initially dispersed throughout the country. Salisbury beat back a Lancastrian ambush at the

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until November 1437. In spite of York's position as one of the leading nobles of the realm, he was not included in Henry VI's Council on his return.

1250:: "If Henry's insanity was a tragedy, his recovery was a national disaster." When he recovered his reason in January 1455, after 17 months of near 1015:

In 1450, the defeats and failures of the English royal government of the previous ten years boiled over into serious political unrest. In January

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either needed to conquer more territory to ensure permanent French subordination, or to concede territory to gain a negotiated settlement. During

3732: 1629: 941: 189: 63: 3680: 374:, but was dissuaded, although it was agreed that he would become king on Henry's death. However, within weeks of securing this agreement (the 2607:

Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press,

572:, under whose tutelage he remained until 1423, in a low public profile. Then, as ward of the Earl of Westmorland, York was brought up in the 5496: 4513: 1945: 1369:. Booth was a member of the queen's inner circle. The Percys were shown greater favour both at court and in the struggle for power on the 838:—in what would be the highlight of York's military career—led a brilliant campaign involving several river crossings around the Seine and 4753: 1148: 4086: 3947: 924:

seems to have been reluctant to employ York, who was not invited to the first royal council at the end of the regency in November 1437.

5421: 1727:"Richard of York Gave Battle in Vain" to remember the colours of a rainbow in order (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet— 568:

Little is recorded of Richard's early life. As a royal ward, in 1416 he was placed under the guardianship of the Lancastrian retainer

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Gathering men on the march from Ludlow, York headed for London, only to find the city gates barred against him on Henry's orders. At

846: 748:, one of the leading English captains of the day, but York also played a part in stopping and reversing French advances, recapturing 3890:(1932). "Richard, Duke of York, as Viceroy of Ireland, 1447–1460; With Unpublished Materials for his Relations with Native Chiefs". 1085:

and the west. The violence in London was such that Somerset, back in England after the collapse of English Normandy, was put in the

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meant that pro-Yorkist propaganda, emphasising loyalty to the king while decrying his wicked councillors, could be spread around

1298:. Since York's support among the nobility was small, he would be unable to dominate a minority Council led by Margaret of Anjou. 1287: 1028: 761: 5436: 5127: 5097: 4993: 4903: 4788: 4682: 1343: 1295: 1291: 1223: 1059: 586: 562: 494: 5018: 4968: 4963: 4908: 4442: 4380: 4202: 4178: 4147: 4104: 4013: 3994: 3869: 3806: 3780: 3754: 3716: 3669: 3645: 3624: 3596: 3572: 3508: 3484: 3364: 3334: 3303: 3179: 2498: 2388: 1255: 1194:

Then, in August 1453, Henry VI suffered a catastrophic mental breakdown, perhaps brought on by the news of the defeat at the

1008: 945: 812: 367: 904:) with France, so the remainder of York's time in France was spent in routine administration and domestic matters. York met 5486: 5466: 5157: 5152: 5107: 4923: 4918: 4469: 2536: 2502: 2007: 1582: 1574: 1428: 1412: 685: 1093:

several attacks on the properties and servants of the Duke of Somerset, who was to be the focus of attack in parliament.

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hand upon it, as if to occupy it. He may have expected the assembled peers to acclaim him as king, as they had acclaimed

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of England. He was also given the lands and income of the Prince of Wales, but was not granted the title itself or made

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Henry's attempts at reconciliation between the factions divided by the killings at St Albans reached their climax with

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Pugh, T.B. (1986). "Richard Plantagenet (1411–60), Duke of York, as the King's Lieutenant in France and Ireland". In

3690: 3449: 2612: 2465: 2129: 1820: 1307: 681: 589:. By now the wardship was even more valuable, as Richard had inherited the vast Mortimer estates on the death of the 85: 4297: 1802: 1550:. Faced with the threat of attack from the Percys, and with Margaret of Anjou trying to gain the support of the new 56: 5112: 5092: 4933: 3459: 2281: 2223: 2161: 783:

had earlier been granted. As in 1437, York was able to count on the loyalty of Bedford's supporters, including Sir

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York's flight worked to his advantage. He was still Lieutenant of Ireland and attempts to replace him failed. The

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Over the next few years, York was drawn more closely into the circle around the young king. On 19 May 1426 he was

339:, the third surviving son of Edward III. He also inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in 5378: 4938: 4746: 4223: 1152: 581: 1477:. The men of Kent rose to join them. London opened its gates to the Nevilles on 2 July. They marched north into 948:, who had succeeded his brother John. During 1446 and 1447, York attended meetings of Henry VI's Council and of 443: 5481: 5338: 5038: 4254: 1798: 1357:

Here, the Nevilles lost ground. Salisbury gradually ceased to attend meetings of the council. When his brother

1350:; and as a supporter of the Nevilles, he was contributing to the major cause of disturbance in the kingdom—the 1303: 1176: 625: 1573:

was also in hostile hands. The Lancastrian armies were commanded by some of York's implacable enemies such as

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York appears to have kept a low profile in English politics before his final return to England, in 1445. King

5312: 5232: 5137: 5063: 4928: 3564: 238: 4289: 3381: 557:—Richard was allowed to inherit his family estates without any legal constraints. His considerable lands as 5217: 5142: 4359: 4071: 1482: 1318:

was willing to accept that York and his supporters would play a major part in the government of the realm.

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on 21 December to find the situation bad and getting worse. Forces loyal to Henry controlled the city of

1505: 1032: 882: 873:. This denied York much-needed men and resources at a time when he was struggling to hold the borders of 1656:. After an occasionally tumultuous reign, he died in 1483 and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, 1613:

at the First Battle of St Albans. Salisbury escaped, but was captured and executed the following night.

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was intercepted as he tried to flee and was executed, possibly by Clifford in revenge for the death of

1164: 960: 451: 278: 4076: 2577: 1427:, Warwick, Salisbury, and York's son Edward to Calais. York's wife Cecily and their two younger sons ( 5476: 5302: 5207: 5187: 4988: 4162: 4118: 4042: 3616: 3582: 1756: 1551: 1283: 1035:

demanded that the king take back many of the grants of land and money he had made to his favourites.

470:), fourth surviving son of Edward III, whereas his mother Anne Mortimer was a great-granddaughter of 46: 4217: 3326: 3320: 5363: 5307: 5277: 4805: 4631: 4486: 2528: 1783: 1692: 1509: 1485:(through treachery among the king's troops), and captured Henry, whom they brought back to London. 1404:, but without York and the Nevilles. This could only mean that they were to be accused of treason. 1347: 953: 506: 471: 463: 248: 50: 42: 3025: 5257: 5147: 4722: 3861: 3291: 2492: 2476: 2461: 2351: 1787: 1695:

would come from the line of Henry VII and Elizabeth, and therefore from Richard of York himself.

1558: 1493: 1358: 808: 641: 521:, along with their claim to the throne, also descended to him on the death of his maternal uncle 383: 233: 223: 1423:

seven years earlier. Warwick's troops from Calais refused to fight, and the rebels fled—York to

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meant that his wardship was a valuable gift of the crown, and in December 1423 this was sold to

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into the arms of York, who now for the first time had support among a section of the nobility.

1227: 1188: 705: 146: 67: 4159:"The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411–1460), Duke of York" 3959:(1975). "Duke Richard of York's intentions in 1450 and the origins of the Wars of the Roses". 3937: 402: 5317: 5242: 5197: 4873: 4817: 4773: 4395: 4158: 3432: 1861: 1554: 1448: 1408: 1370: 1322: 949: 780: 673: 665: 605: 459: 418: 412: 407: 3927: 3473: 5431: 5426: 5348: 5292: 4853: 4661: 4575: 4503: 4330: 2482: 1919: 1672: 1644:

Within a few weeks of Richard of York's death, his eldest surviving son was acclaimed King

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Domestic matters kept him in England until June 1449, but when he did eventually leave for

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on 23 September 1459, while his son Warwick evaded another army under the command of the

1272: 1195: 1063: 1004: 972: 921: 858: 776: 717: 693: 649: 645: 617: 510: 379: 356: 340: 172: 2345: 2039: 1230:. Unfortunately for Henry, Somerset (and therefore the king) became identified with the 736:. Working with Bedford's captains, York had some success, recovering many lost areas in 482:, with a claim to the English throne that was arguably superior to that of the reigning 5078: 4868: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4778: 4549: 4477: 4248: 4059: 3956: 3907: 3795: 3769: 3726: 3700: 3494: 3056: 2590: 2418: 1751: 1397: 1160: 1114: 878: 689: 633: 609: 554: 502: 483: 348: 332: 5267: 5252: 5222: 4893: 4762: 4520: 4198: 4174: 4143: 4100: 4028: 4009: 3990: 3974: 3899: 3865: 3802: 3776: 3750: 3712: 3686: 3665: 3641: 3620: 3592: 3568: 3504: 3480: 3360: 3330: 3299: 3175: 2608: 1668: 1570: 1147:

in Kent, with his army outnumbered, and the support of only two of the nobility (the

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Lieutenant-general and governor of France (8 May 1436 – 16 July 1437, 2 July 1440 –

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While this was happening, the Lancastrian loyalists were rallying and arming in the

5287: 5262: 5247: 5162: 4307: 4051: 3970: 3830: 3655: 3534: 2512: 2469: 2407: 2357: 1981: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1653: 1598: 1547: 1529: 1456: 1362: 1346:; he was apparently negotiating for the marriage of his eldest son Edward into the 1235: 1203: 862: 498: 243: 3846: 3546: 1620:, but his severed head was put on a pike by the victorious Lancastrian armies and 5028: 4366: 4192: 4055: 3982: 3920: 3855: 3744: 3659: 3635: 3610: 3586: 3558: 3498: 3354: 3350: 3165: 3062: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2686: 1621: 1525: 1452: 1314: 1222:

and Chief Councillor on 27 March 1454. York's appointment of his brother-in-law,

1215: 1098: 1086: 1020: 964: 937: 788: 696:'s minority, his Council took advantage of French weakness and the alliance with 597: 569: 4216: 5373: 5368: 5343: 5192: 4879: 4565: 3932: 3834: 3708: 3538: 3444: 3067: 3063:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2454: 1747: 1684: 1625: 1521: 1474: 1366: 1231: 1219: 980: 796: 573: 533: 352: 200: 124: 112: 3523: 2856: 845:

In 1442, York continued to hold the line in Normandy. He signed a treaty with

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differenced by a label of three points argent each charged with three torteaux

5415: 5333: 5073: 4539: 4322: 4090:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 926–927. 4081: 4075: 4032: 3951:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 924–925. 3942: 3903: 3887: 3740: 3554: 3518: 3171: 2187: 1676: 1660:, who was himself succeeded after 86 days by his uncle, York's youngest son, 1649: 1562: 1517: 1436: 952:, but most of his time was spent in the administration of his estates on the 537: 528:

Richard of York already held a strong claim to the English throne, being the

487: 479: 467: 455: 433: 375: 336: 324: 288: 268: 120: 331:, that Richard inherited his strongest claim to the throne, as the opposing 5087: 5048: 4614: 4493: 3790: 2549: 1633: 1478: 1377: 1247: 1156: 1125: 1016: 839: 784: 753: 558: 529: 514: 474:, Edward's second son. After the death in 1425 of Anne's childless brother 168: 116: 1140:

Somerset to succeed him over York, as Somerset was a Beaufort descendant.

869:, in charge of an army of 8,000 men, initially intended for the relief of 4370: 4232: 4212: 3764: 3606: 2441: 1699: 1661: 1180: 1102: 1082: 959:

York's attitude toward the Council's surrender of the French province of

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in 1415, and so Richard inherited Edward's title and lands, becoming 3rd

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on the throne following a decisive victory over the Lancastrians at the

505:. Within a few months of his father's death, Richard's childless uncle, 5058: 4884: 4857: 4783: 4655: 4114: 3454: 2382: 1741: 1680: 1617: 1258:, were threatened when a Great Council was called to meet on 21 May in 795:. He was promised an annual income of £20,000 to support his position. 613: 549: 320: 4063: 4040:

Jones, Michael K. (1989). "Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses".

4823: 4703: 4643: 3936: 2371: 1645: 1463: 1267: 1259: 1251: 1211: 1074: 1047: 601: 577: 427: 387: 228: 176: 4731: 1772: 1105:, York still lacked any real support outside Parliament and his own 927: 900:

English policy now turned back to a negotiated peace (or at least a

749: 4833: 4697: 2401: 1724: 1657: 1561:, headed north on 2 December. They arrived at York's stronghold of 1534: 1420: 1389: 1339: 1313:

For the rest of the summer, York held the king prisoner, either in

1144: 1078: 1067: 1051: 909: 874: 827: 800: 737: 725: 19:"Richard of York" redirects here. For the prince in the Tower, see 1532:. With the king effectively in custody, York and Warwick were the 1120:

In April 1451, Somerset was released from the Tower and appointed

684:), over disagreements regarding the conduct of the war in France. 668:. In the spring of 1434, York attended a great council meeting at 3475:

Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97

1728: 1606: 1602: 1424: 1199: 1133: 1106: 988: 979:. In some ways it was a logical appointment, as Richard was also 870: 765: 304: 263: 5442:

Burials at the Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay

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at York, wearing a paper crown. His remains were later moved to

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The Commons and their Speakers in English Parliaments 1376–1523

1589: 1393: 1055: 1043: 732:(his original destination) led to his army being redirected to 661: 637: 975:, must have contributed to his appointment on 30 July 1447 as 672:

which attempted to conciliate the king's uncles, the dukes of

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of Edward III while also related to the same king in a direct

2899: 1276: 901: 850: 823: 816: 733: 729: 323:'s fourth surviving son. However, it was through his mother, 3408: 2761: 2705: 944:). Eventually (on 24 December 1446) the lieutenancy went to 580:

the thirteen-year-old Richard to his nine-year-old daughter

3439:. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). London: St. Catherine Press. 3099: 3097: 2734: 2732: 1566: 1039: 834:. Though York failed to bring the French to battle, he and 721:

allowed to appoint major financial and military officials.

629: 3109: 1179:, Margaret of Anjou, was pregnant, and even if she should 728:. This was the duke's first military command. The fall of 548:

Upon the death of the Earl of Cambridge, Richard became a

450:

Richard of York was born on 22 September 1411, the son of

2974: 1241: 1070:

fell to the French and refugees flooded back to England.

421:

arms of his great-grandfather King Edward III (father of

3396: 3248: 3094: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2986: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2911: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2729: 2717: 2674: 1027:, was lynched. In May the chief councillor of the king, 2751: 2749: 2747: 1402:

Parliament was summoned to meet at Coventry in November

908:, the intended bride for Henry VI, on 18 March 1445 at 458:(1388–1411). Both his parents were descended from King 386:. Two of his surviving sons later ascended the throne: 4025:

The Political Career of Richard, Duke of York, to 1456

3892:

Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

3260: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2531:(21 October 1449 – 18 February 1478). Married to Lady 1667:

Richard of York's grandchildren included Edward V and

1481:, and on 10 July, they defeated the royal army at the 1462:

In December 1459 York, Warwick and Salisbury suffered

724:

York landed in France on 7 June 1436, disembarking at

3829:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3212: 3200: 3188: 3145: 3121: 3010: 2962: 2935: 2839: 2812: 2785: 2662: 1388:

In June 1459 a Great Council was summoned to meet at

822:

York reached France in 1441 and quickly moved up the

327:, a descendant of Edward III's second surviving son, 3272: 3224: 3037: 2887: 2875: 2744: 2650: 1170: 931:

Richard Duke of York in an later imaginary engraving

315:

by virtue of being a direct male-line descendant of

4167:

Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England

3801:(revised 2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 3236: 3133: 3082: 2617: 2548:(2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485). Married to Lady 2509:

was annulled when they were both aged 10 or under).

1007:(right) sitting while the Dukes of York (left) and 994: 660:As York reached majority, events were unfolding in 299:(21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named 4298:"The myth of 'Joan of York' or 'Joan Plantagenet'" 3794: 3768: 3522: 3472: 4142:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 107–141. 3821:"Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)" 2552:, the sister of Lady Isabel, Duchess of Clarence. 2501:(22 April 1444 – after January 1503). Married to 664:which would tie him to the events of the ongoing 478:, this ancestry supplied her son Richard, of the 5413: 3864:(Yale ed.). London: Yale University Press. 2638: 2525:John of York (born 7 November 1448, died young). 1419:, York once again faced Henry just as he had at 55:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 4140:Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society 2555:Ursula of York (born 22 July 1455, died young). 2522:William of York (born 7 July 1447, died young). 2464:(10 August 1439 – 14 January 1476). Married to 1442: 1066:of England. In August, the final towns held in 915: 3463:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3359:(reprint ed.). Pen & Sword Military. 2591:"marks of cadency in the British royal family" 1837:Ancestors of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 1723:Richard of York is the subject of the popular 936:had followed him to England (for example, Sir 517:. The lesser title but greater estates of the 366:, and other members of Henry's court, such as 190:Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay 4747: 4599: 3775:(new ed.). Wordsworth Military Library. 3699: 1383: 740:while establishing good order and justice in 4227:. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son. p. 575. 3682:Constitutional History of the United Kingdom 3533:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3296:Towton: The Battle of Palm Sunday Field 1461 3049: 2515:(3 May 1446 – 23 November 1503). Married to 2338:Richard's children who survived to adulthood 1946:Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge 1473:On 26 June, Warwick and Salisbury landed at 540:lands alone was £3,430 in the year 1443–44. 5462:English military personnel killed in action 2485:(28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483). Married to 1801:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1541: 543: 406:Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York: 4754: 4740: 4606: 4592: 4113: 3731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3654: 3414: 3034:, "York and English politics before 1450". 2929: 2779: 2542:Thomas of York (born c. 1451, died young). 1332: 1275:and the occasionally rebellious people of 1031:, was murdered on his way into exile. The 893:, a resentment that would later turn into 135: 4070: 3955: 3925:. Oxford and London: James Parker and co. 3493: 3450:"Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460)" 3402: 3103: 3059:inflation figures are based on data from 3004: 2992: 2956: 2917: 2905: 2833: 2806: 2767: 2738: 2723: 2711: 1821:Learn how and when to remove this message 1557:, York, Salisbury and York's second son, 744:. The campaigns were mainly conducted by 710:English king's claim to the French throne 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 4008:(new rev. ed.). The History Press. 3931: 3918: 3771:Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses 3619:. Vol. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3524:"Richard, earl of Cambridge (1385–1415)" 3443: 3322:A Brief History of the Wars of the Roses 3298:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 60. 1365:, died in 1457, the new appointment was 1109:. In December Parliament elected York's 998: 926: 401: 4984:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 4979:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 4022: 4003: 3826:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3739: 3633: 3530:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3517: 3467: 3431: 3325:. London: Constable and Robin. p. 3266: 3254: 3206: 3163: 3019: 2821: 2794: 2755: 2632: 1579:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 1490:Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence 1310:, who had served under York in France. 1288:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 1029:William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk 362:Richard's conflicts with Henry's wife, 5414: 4904:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 4169:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. 2. 3886: 3853: 3789: 3553: 3479:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3318: 3290: 3218: 3194: 3151: 3127: 3115: 3043: 2980: 2968: 2944: 2893: 2850: 2656: 2505:(his first marriage, when a child, to 2203: 2083: 2079: 2069: 1961: 1851: 1847: 1292:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford 1242:Confrontation and aftermath, 1455–1456 1224:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1060:James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele 563:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 351:, a country he ultimately governed as 307:and claimant to the throne during the 4999:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4974:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 4914:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 4909:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 4899:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 4761: 4735: 4587: 4194:Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship 4187: 4094: 4039: 3981: 3815: 3763: 3703:(2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). 3605: 3581: 3560:Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461 3349: 3278: 3230: 3139: 3088: 3060: 3031: 2881: 2869: 2699: 2680: 2644: 2279: 2269: 2265: 2253: 2247: 2237: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2133: 2127: 2117: 2101: 2091: 2087: 2066:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 2063: 2053: 2037: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2005: 1995: 1979: 1969: 1965: 1949: 1943: 1933: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1859: 1855: 1504:in 1399. Instead, there was silence. 1256:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1183:, the marriage of the newly ennobled 946:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 640:, being present at his coronation as 624:, and on 20 January 1430 he acted as 368:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 5153:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 4231: 4211: 4156: 4133: 4097:Richard, Duke of York: King by Right 3678: 3242: 3164:Goodwin, George (16 February 2012). 2668: 2537:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 2503:John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk 1799:adding citations to reliable sources 1766: 1588:On 30 December, York and his forces 1583:John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford 1575:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset 963:, in return for an extension of the 27: 5148:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 5034:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 4894:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 4282:"Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York" 4006:Kings, Queens, Bones & Bastards 3382:"Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York" 1888:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 708:, Burgundy ceased to recognise the 688:could not be sustained forever, as 462:(1312–1377): his father was son of 423:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 21:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 13: 5128:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 5098:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 4994:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4318:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 3880: 2517:Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 2104:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March 1185:Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 523:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 14: 5523: 5422:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5103:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 5019:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4964:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 4613: 4302:Richard III Society Research blog 4262: 4173:: Boydell Press. pp. 71–88. 4123:The Dictionary of English History 3797:The End of the House of Lancaster 2495:(17 May 1443 – 30 December 1460). 2475:Henry of York (10 February 1441, 2466:Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter 2130:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 1325:against a threatened invasion by 1171:Protector of the Realm, 1453–1455 355:due to the mental instability of 297:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5512:Heirs apparent who never acceded 5507:Pretenders to the English throne 5497:People of the Hundred Years' War 5396: 5395: 5158:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 5108:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 5093:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 5077: 4969:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 4924:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 4919:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 4883: 4872: 4856: 4846: 4836: 4826: 4816: 3612:The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485 3591:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 3460:Dictionary of National Biography 2434: 2417: 2400: 2381: 2364: 2344: 2224:Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent 2162:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster 1771: 1630:Church of St Mary and All Saints 1308:William Neville, Lord Fauconberg 995:The Duke's Opposition, 1450–1453 655: 337:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 311:. He was a member of the ruling 32: 5502:People of the Wars of the Roses 5457:Earls of Ulster (1264 creation) 5379:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 5118:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 5024:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4224:A Compendium of Irish Biography 4099:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 3749:. Manchester University Press. 3374: 3343: 3312: 3284: 3157: 2356:Duchess of Exeter with husband 1698:In theatre, Richard appears in 1492:, he displayed a banner of the 1073:On 7 September, York landed at 771: 632:in the presence of the king at 490:, the third son of Edward III. 5452:Earls of March (1328 creation) 5339:Issue of Edward III of England 5088:Anne Neville, Queen of England 5049:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 5044:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4218:"York, Richard, Duke of" 4197:. Cambridge University Press. 4077:"York, Richard, Duke of" 3707:. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). 3637:Duke Richard of York 1411–1460 2601: 2583: 2566: 760:arrival of his successor, the 608:, the younger brother of King 1: 5437:15th-century English nobility 5313:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 5138:William Neville, Earl of Kent 5123:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 5064:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 5009:George Stanley, Baron Strange 5004:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 4954:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 4949:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 4944:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 4929:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 4434:Lieutenant-general of France 4409:Lieutenant-general of France 4239:. First published in 1995 as 4072:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge 4027:(PhD). University of Oxford. 3565:New Oxford History of England 2559: 1605:and then beheaded. Edmund of 1593:York's army in the resulting 1124:. One of York's councillors, 752:and a number of towns in the 686:Henry V's conquests in France 501:against the Lancastrian King 441:; overall an inescutcheon of 244:Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy 239:Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk 5213:Siege of the Tower of London 5113:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 4934:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 4117:; Pulling, F., eds. (1910). 3975:10.1016/0304-4181(75)90023-8 3847:UK public library membership 3547:UK public library membership 3384:. shakespeareandhistory.com/ 1648:and finally established the 1443:Wheel of fortune (1459–1460) 1439:and imprisoned at Coventry. 916:Role in politics before 1450 636:. He then followed Henry to 493:Richard had an only sister, 16:English nobleman (1411–1460) 7: 5487:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland 5467:Heirs to the English throne 5273:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 4959:John Neville, Baron Neville 4939:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 3962:Journal of Medieval History 3640:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3567:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1762: 1679:, and became the mother of 1246:According to the historian 1210:On 22 March 1454, Cardinal 847:Isabel, duchess of Burgundy 764:, and he did not return to 10: 5528: 5492:Lords Protector of England 5039:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 4306:By a committee chaired by 4253:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4056:10.1093/ehr/CIV.CCCCXI.285 3500:The Reign of King Henry VI 3435:(1959). G.H. White (ed.). 3424: 2702:, "Youth and inheritance". 2197: 2081: 1955: 1849: 1734: 1384:Civil war breaks out, 1459 1113:, Sir William Oldhall, as 881:to odds with the dukes of 454:(1385–1415), and his wife 452:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 397: 279:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 213: 166:30 December 1460 (aged 49) 18: 5389: 5326: 5180: 5072: 4867: 4804: 4797: 4769: 4719: 4621: 4572: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4537: 4529: 4518: 4510: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4414: 4407: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4364: 4356: 4351: 4316: 4286:Shakespeareandhistory.com 4043:English Historical Review 4023:Johnson, Paul A. (1981). 3854:Wolffe, Bertram (2001) . 3634:Johnson, Paul A. (1988). 3617:Oxford History of England 2573:Richard, 3rd duke of York 2453:His twelve children with 2267: 2259: 2231: 2209: 2205: 2169: 2147: 2139: 2111: 2089: 2085: 2047: 2025: 2017: 1989: 1967: 1963: 1927: 1905: 1897: 1869: 1853: 1639: 1496:as he approached London. 1284:First Battle of St Albans 1159:, was forced to swear an 1011:(centre) have an argument 284: 274: 262: 206: 196: 182: 162: 154: 134: 107: 102: 4723:Dukes of York and Albany 4119:"York, Richard, Duke of" 3356:From Wakefield to Towton 3319:Seward, Desmond (2007). 2529:George, Duke of Clarence 2330: 1542:Final campaign and death 1510:Archbishop of Canterbury 1417:Battle of Ludford Bridge 1348:Burgundian ruling family 1054:), they took control of 612:. He was present at the 544:Childhood and upbringing 507:Edward, 2nd Duke of York 472:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 464:Edmund, 1st Duke of York 378:), he was killed at the 303:, was a leading English 249:George, Duke of Clarence 41:This article includes a 5354:Bonville–Courtenay feud 4274:Luminarium Encyclopedia 4270:"Richard, Duke of York" 4095:Lewis, Matthew (2016). 4087:Encyclopædia Britannica 4004:Hilliam, David (2004). 3987:The Battle of Wakefield 3948:Encyclopædia Britannica 3862:English Monarchs series 3664:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3503:. London: Ernest Benn. 3061:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2578:Encyclopædia Britannica 2493:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1559:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1538:rulers of the country. 1494:coat of arms of England 1333:Uneasy peace, 1456–1459 1046:rose in revolt. Led by 1003:Victorian depiction of 706:Treaty of Arras of 1435 234:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 224:Anne, Duchess of Exeter 141:Richard of York in the 70:more precise citations. 5303:Buckingham's rebellion 5283:Readeption of Henry VI 4453:The Earl of Shrewsbury 4443:The Marquess of Dorset 4360:The Duke of Gloucester 3938:"York, House of" 3835:10.1093/ref:odnb/23503 3661:Cecily Duchess of York 3539:10.1093/ref:odnb/23502 2872:, "Service in France". 2546:Richard III of England 2507:Lady Margaret Beaufort 1234:cause. This drove the 1220:Protector of the Realm 1012: 932: 861:put the newly created 832:besieged by the French 682:the regency government 620:on 6 November 1429 in 447: 147:Talbot Shrewsbury Book 5482:Knights of the Garter 4989:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 4774:Red Rose of Lancaster 4650:Richard of Shrewsbury 4514:Richard of Conisburgh 4460:Lieutenant of Ireland 4292:on 11 September 2017. 4237:The Wars of the Roses 3989:. Sutton Publishing. 3922:The Annals of England 3919:Flaherty, W. (1876). 3588:Warwick the Kingmaker 1862:Edward III of England 1757:Lieutenant of Ireland 1483:Battle of Northampton 1449:Parliament of Ireland 1409:Battle of Blore Heath 1296:Edward of Westminster 1099:Justice of the Forest 1089:for his own safety. 1002: 977:Lieutenant of Ireland 930: 702:England's possessions 606:John, Duke of Bedford 476:Edmund, Earl of March 460:Edward III of England 444:Holland, Earl of Kent 413:royal arms of England 405: 382:, alongside his son, 5364:Neville–Neville feud 5349:Princes in the Tower 4470:The Duke of Clarence 4428:The Earl of Somerset 4381:The Duke of Somerset 4331:House of Plantagenet 4328:Cadet branch of the 4241:Lancaster & York 3705:Magna Carta Ancestry 3437:The Complete Peerage 3118:, pp. 248, 252. 2908:, pp. 459, 671. 2683:, pp. 335, 465. 2483:Edward IV of England 1920:Philippa of Hainault 1795:improve this section 1671:. Elizabeth married 1599:killed in the battle 1327:James II of Scotland 1304:Constable of England 1025:Bishop of Chichester 704:, but following the 626:Constable of England 534:male line of descent 313:House of Plantagenet 5143:Sir Richard Herbert 4638:Richard Plantagenet 4418:The Earl of Warwick 4396:The Duke of Bedford 4157:Pugh, T.B. (2001). 2770:, pp. 80, 666. 2714:, pp. 666–667. 2487:Elizabeth Woodville 2412:Duchess of Burgundy 2008:Isabella of Castile 1616:York was buried at 1595:Battle of Wakefield 1435:) were captured in 1273:Kingdom of Scotland 1196:Battle of Castillon 1165:St Paul's Cathedral 1064:Lord High Treasurer 803:, and his children 799:accompanied him to 650:Order of the Garter 511:Battle of Agincourt 509:, was slain at the 380:Battle of Wakefield 335:was descended from 301:Richard Plantagenet 173:Battle of Wakefield 5359:Percy–Neville feud 5238:St Albans (Second) 5133:Sir Thomas Neville 4779:White Rose of York 4576:Edward Plantagenet 4550:Peerage of Ireland 4504:Edward Plantagenet 4478:Peerage of England 4388:Political offices 4369:south of the 3679:Lyon, Ann (2003). 3417:, pp. xx, 35. 3174:. pp. 63–64. 3057:Retail Price Index 2983:, p. 154–155. 2671:, pp. 71, 74. 2535:. Parents of Lady 2425:George Plantagenet 2393:Duchess of Suffolk 1352:Percy–Neville feud 1228:Percy–Neville feud 1161:oath of allegiance 1013: 933: 666:Hundred Years' War 555:House of Lancaster 484:House of Lancaster 448: 333:House of Lancaster 43:list of references 5409: 5408: 5188:St Albans (First) 5176: 5175: 5054:Margaret Beaufort 4763:Wars of the Roses 4729: 4728: 4632:Edward of Norwich 4626:Edmund of Langley 4582: 4581: 4573:Succeeded by 4521:Earl of Cambridge 4501:Succeeded by 4467:Succeeded by 4440:Succeeded by 4415:Succeeded by 4405: 4378:Succeeded by 4339:21 September 1411 4308:Joanna Laynesmith 4204:978-0-521-42039-6 4180:978-0-85115-832-7 4149:978-0-8020-5695-5 4106:978-1-4456-4744-9 4015:978-0-7509-3553-1 3996:978-0-7509-1342-3 3871:978-0-300-08926-4 3845:(Subscription or 3808:978-0-7509-2199-2 3782:978-1-85326-691-1 3756:978-0-7190-0078-2 3718:978-1-4609-9270-8 3671:978-1-4742-7225-4 3647:978-0-19-822946-9 3626:978-0-19-821714-5 3598:978-0-631-16259-9 3574:978-0-19-822816-5 3545:(Subscription or 3510:978-0-510-26261-7 3486:978-0-7100-0728-5 3366:978-0-85052-825-1 3336:978-1-84529-006-1 3305:978-1-84415-965-9 3257:, pp. 41–42. 3181:978-0-7538-2817-5 2499:Elizabeth of York 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1675:, founder of the 1669:Elizabeth of York 1571:Pontefract Castle 1502:Henry Bolingbroke 1189:Margaret Beaufort 1122:Captain of Calais 1050:(taking the name 965:truce with France 906:Margaret of Anjou 857:However, in 1443 815:were all born in 793:William ap Thomas 622:Westminster Abbey 486:, descended from 364:Margaret of Anjou 329:Lionel of Antwerp 317:Edmund of Langley 309:Wars of the Roses 294: 293: 158:21 September 1411 96: 95: 88: 5519: 5477:Knights Bachelor 5399: 5398: 5233:Mortimer's Cross 5163:Margaret of York 5081: 4887: 4876: 4860: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4802: 4801: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4670:(1633/1644–1685) 4608: 4601: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4556:Preceded by 4530:Preceded by 4511:Preceded by 4484:Preceded by 4450:Preceded by 4425:Preceded by 4399: 4393:Preceded by 4357:Preceded by 4347: 4346:30 December 1460 4340: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4304:. 26 April 2017. 4293: 4288:. Archived from 4277: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4228: 4220: 4208: 4184: 4153: 4130: 4110: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4050:(411): 285–307. 4036: 4019: 4000: 3978: 3952: 3940: 3926: 3915: 3875: 3850: 3842: 3841:on 16 July 2018. 3837:. 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2404: 2385: 2368: 2358:Thomas St. Leger 2348: 2250:Alianore Holland 2040:María de Padilla 1982:Peter of Castile 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1775: 1767: 1750:of the Realm of 1717:Henry VI, Part 3 1711:Henry VI, Part 2 1705:Henry VI, Part 1 1693:English monarchs 1654:Battle of Towton 1552:King of Scotland 1548:north of England 1530:Duke of Cornwall 1506:Thomas Bourchier 1457:southern England 1413:Duke of Somerset 1363:Bishop of Durham 1033:House of Commons 863:Duke of Somerset 499:Southampton Plot 466:(founder of the 428:Castile and León 217: 139: 100: 99: 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 66:this article by 57:inline citations 36: 35: 28: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5385: 5322: 5298:Siege of London 5172: 5168:Richard of York 5076: 5068: 5029:Andrew Trollope 5014:William Stanley 4882: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4793: 4765: 4760: 4730: 4725: 4721:italics denote 4715: 4675:Ernest Augustus 4617: 4612: 4578: 4569: 4561: 4559:Edmund Mortimer 4543: 4535: 4533:Edmund Mortimer 4524: 4516: 4506: 4497: 4489: 4472: 4463: 4455: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4420: 4411: 4398: 4383: 4374: 4367:Justice in eyre 4362: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4296: 4280: 4268: 4265: 4246: 4245: 4205: 4181: 4150: 4107: 4016: 3997: 3957:Griffiths, R.A. 3933:Gairdner, James 3883: 3881:Further reading 3878: 3872: 3844: 3809: 3783: 3757: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3693: 3672: 3648: 3627: 3599: 3575: 3544: 3511: 3495:Griffiths, R.A. 3487: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3415:Laynesmith 2017 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2930:Laynesmith 2017 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 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119: 115: 103:Richard of York 92: 81: 75: 72: 61: 47:related reading 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5525: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5374:Battle of Deal 5369:Perkin Warbeck 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Titulus Regius 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5308:Bosworth Field 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5278:Losecoat Field 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5203:Ludford Bridge 5200: 5195: 5193:Loveday (1458) 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 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3979: 3969:(2): 187–209. 3953: 3943:Chisholm, Hugh 3929: 3916: 3898:(2): 158–186. 3894:. 7th series. 3888:Curtis, Edmund 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3851: 3813: 3807: 3787: 3781: 3761: 3755: 3737: 3717: 3709:Salt Lake City 3701:Richardson, D. 3697: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3656:Laynesmith, J. 3652: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3603: 3597: 3579: 3573: 3551: 3515: 3509: 3491: 3485: 3465: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3405:, p. 456. 3403:Griffiths 1981 3395: 3373: 3365: 3342: 3335: 3311: 3304: 3283: 3281:, p. 143. 3271: 3269:, p. 223. 3259: 3247: 3245:, p. 141. 3235: 3233:, p. 142. 3223: 3221:, p. 320. 3211: 3199: 3197:, p. 159. 3187: 3180: 3156: 3154:, p. 270. 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 103. 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 692. 3104:Griffiths 1981 3093: 3081: 3068:MeasuringWorth 3048: 3036: 3024: 3009: 3007:, p. 468. 3005:Griffiths 1981 2997: 2995:, p. 467. 2993:Griffiths 1981 2985: 2973: 2971:, p. 169. 2961: 2959:, p. 462. 2957:Griffiths 1981 2949: 2947:, p. 154. 2934: 2922: 2920:, p. 459. 2918:Griffiths 1981 2910: 2906:Griffiths 1981 2898: 2886: 2884:, p. 111. 2874: 2855: 2853:, p. 153. 2838: 2836:, p. 201. 2834:Griffiths 1981 2826: 2811: 2809:, p. 455. 2807:Griffiths 1981 2799: 2784: 2772: 2768:Griffiths 1981 2760: 2743: 2741:, p. 667. 2739:Griffiths 1981 2728: 2726:, p. 666. 2724:Griffiths 1981 2716: 2712:Griffiths 1981 2704: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2659:, p. 240. 2649: 2637: 2616: 2600: 2582: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2543: 2540: 2533:Isabel Neville 2526: 2523: 2520: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2480: 2479:; died young). 2473: 2455:Cecily Neville 2440: 2433: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2387: 2380: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2362: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2282:Alice FitzAlan 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 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5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Dukes of York 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334:Act of Accord 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Hedgeley Moor 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 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Cavendish. 3684: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3519:Harriss, G.L. 3516: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3209:, p. 31. 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3167:Fatal Colours 3160: 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 83. 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3091:, p. 73. 3090: 3085: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046:, p. 75. 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3022:, p. 46. 3021: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2932:, p. 41. 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2896:, p. 72. 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2824:, p. 29. 2823: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2797:, p. 28. 2796: 2791: 2789: 2782:, p. 32. 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2613:0-900455-25-X 2610: 2604: 2596: 2595:heraldica.org 2592: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2390: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188:Anne Mortimer 2183: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1822: 1814: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1780:This section 1778: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1691:. All future 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:Tudor dynasty 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:House of York 1647: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569:, and nearby 1568: 1564: 1563:Sandal Castle 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Act of Accord 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1437:Ludlow Castle 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1204:Great Council 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:queen consort 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:Earl of Devon 1146: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101:south of the 1100: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1006: 1001: 992: 990: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 929: 925: 923: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:John Beaufort 864: 860: 855: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 769: 767: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 719: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656:War in France 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 591:Earl of March 588: 587:Joan Beaufort 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 541: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 488:John of Gaunt 485: 481: 480:House of York 477: 473: 469: 468:House of York 465: 461: 457: 456:Anne Mortimer 453: 446: 445: 440: 439: 435: 430: 429: 424: 420: 416: 414: 409: 404: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Act of Accord 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 357:King Henry VI 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:Anne Mortimer 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 290: 289:Anne Mortimer 287: 283: 280: 277: 273: 270: 267: 265: 261: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 219: 216: 215: 209: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 144: 138: 133: 130: 126: 122: 121:Earl of March 118: 114: 111: 110: 106: 101: 98: 90: 87: 79: 76:December 2022 69: 65: 59: 58: 52: 48: 44: 39: 30: 29: 26: 22: 5167: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4637: 4564: 4538: 4519: 4494:Duke of York 4492: 4458: 4433: 4408: 4401: 4400: 4365: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4301: 4290:the original 4285: 4273: 4240: 4236: 4222: 4213:Webb, Alfred 4193: 4166: 4139: 4122: 4096: 4085: 4047: 4041: 4024: 4005: 3986: 3966: 3960: 3946: 3921: 3895: 3891: 3856: 3839:the original 3824: 3796: 3791:Storey, R.L. 3770: 3745: 3704: 3681: 3660: 3636: 3611: 3587: 3559: 3555:Hariss, G.L. 3528: 3499: 3474: 3458: 3445:Gairdner, J. 3436: 3410: 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3376: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3314: 3295: 3292:Sadler, John 3286: 3274: 3267:Johnson 1988 3262: 3255:Goodman 1990 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3207:Goodman 1990 3202: 3190: 3166: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3066: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3020:Johnson 1988 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2829: 2822:Johnson 1988 2802: 2795:Johnson 1988 2775: 2763: 2758:, p. 2. 2756:Johnson 1988 2719: 2707: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2635:, p. 1. 2633:Johnson 1988 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2568: 2550:Anne Neville 2462:Anne of York 2452: 2352:Anne of York 2065: 1817: 1808: 1793:Please help 1781: 1742:29 September 1722: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1666: 1643: 1634:Fotheringhay 1615: 1587: 1545: 1533: 1514: 1498: 1487: 1479:the Midlands 1472: 1461: 1446: 1406: 1387: 1378:The Love Day 1375: 1356: 1336: 1320: 1312: 1300: 1281: 1264: 1248:Robin Storey 1245: 1209: 1193: 1174: 1157:house arrest 1142: 1138: 1126:Thomas Young 1119: 1095: 1091: 1072: 1037: 1017:Adam Moleyns 1014: 986: 958: 954:Welsh border 942:Andrew Ogard 934: 919: 899: 856: 844: 830:, which was 821: 785:John Fastolf 775: 772:France again 758: 754:Pays de Caux 723: 714: 700:to increase 659: 595: 567: 559:duke of York 547: 530:heir general 527: 515:duke of York 492: 449: 442: 432: 426: 411: 361: 300: 296: 295: 212: 186:30 July 1476 169:Sandal Magna 143:frontispiece 117:Duke of York 108: 97: 82: 73: 62:Please help 54: 25: 5432:1460 deaths 5427:1411 births 5318:Stoke Field 5243:Ferrybridge 5218:Northampton 5198:Blore Heath 4844:Richard III 4798:Key figures 4789:Family tree 4706:(1920–1936) 4700:(1892–1910) 4693:(1784–1827) 4685:(1760–1767) 4677:(1716–1728) 4664:(1605–1625) 4658:(1494–1509) 4652:(1474–1483) 4646:(1460–1461) 4640:(1415–1460) 4634:(1402–1415) 4628:(1385–1402) 4189:Watts, J.L. 3817:Watts, John 3765:Rowse, A.L. 3741:Roskell, J. 3607:Jacob, E.F. 3583:Hicks, M.A. 3469:Goodman, A. 3455:Lee, Sidney 3433:Cokayne, G. 3219:Wolffe 2001 3195:Storey 1986 3152:Wolffe 2001 3128:Storey 1986 3116:Wolffe 2001 3044:Storey 1986 2981:Wolffe 2001 2969:Wolffe 2001 2945:Wolffe 2001 2894:Storey 1986 2851:Wolffe 2001 2657:Wolffe 2001 2442:Richard III 1700:Shakespeare 1662:Richard III 1597:. York was 1153:Lord Cobham 1111:chamberlain 1083:East Anglia 1058:and killed 836:Lord Talbot 746:Lord Talbot 670:Westminster 525:, in 1425. 436:quartering 419:differenced 392:Richard III 254:Richard III 68:introducing 5416:Categories 5293:Tewkesbury 5059:Owen Tudor 4784:Tudor rose 4570:1425–1460 4544:1425–1460 4525:1415–1460 4498:1415–1460 4464:1447–1460 4437:1440–1445 4412:1436–1437 4375:1447–1453 4171:Woodbridge 4163:M.A. Hicks 3849:required.) 3549:required.) 3279:Rowse 1998 3231:Rowse 1998 3170:. London: 3140:Hicks 1998 3089:Hicks 1998 3032:Watts 2004 2882:Rowse 1998 2870:Watts 2004 2700:Watts 2004 2681:Jacob 1961 2645:Watts 2004 2560:References 1689:Mary Tudor 1681:Henry VIII 1618:Pontefract 1323:the border 1216:Chancellor 950:Parliament 680:(heads of 678:Gloucester 646:Notre-Dame 634:Smithfield 614:coronation 372:the throne 321:Edward III 5228:Wakefield 4869:Lancaster 4854:Henry VII 4824:Edward IV 4691:Frederick 4402:as regent 4249:cite book 4136:J.G. Rowe 4033:556555037 3983:Haigh, P. 3904:0035-9106 3793:(1986) . 3767:(1998) . 3727:cite book 3371:pp. 31ff. 3351:Haigh, P. 3243:Lyon 2003 2669:Pugh 2001 2389:Elizabeth 2372:Edward IV 1811:June 2022 1782:does not 1702:'s plays 1673:Henry VII 1646:Edward IV 1622:displayed 1603:bulrushes 1555:James III 1464:attainder 1398:Worcester 1268:St Albans 1260:Leicester 1252:catatonia 1212:John Kemp 1107:retainers 1075:Beaumaris 1048:Jack Cade 1038:In June, 895:civil war 813:Elizabeth 742:the duchy 602:Leicester 578:betrothed 425:)), 2nd: 388:Edward IV 229:Edward IV 177:Yorkshire 5401:Category 5327:See also 5208:Sandwich 4834:Edward V 4814:Henry VI 4806:Monarchs 4235:(1996). 4233:Weir, A. 4215:(1878). 4191:(1996). 4074:(1911). 3985:(1997). 3935:(1911). 3912:25513645 3857:Henry VI 3819:(2004). 3743:(1965). 3658:(2017). 3609:(1961). 3585:(1998). 3557:(2005). 3521:(2004). 3497:(1981). 3471:(1990). 3447:(1896). 3294:(2011). 2477:Hatfield 2408:Margaret 1763:Ancestry 1725:mnemonic 1658:Edward V 1535:de facto 1475:Sandwich 1468:Henry IV 1421:Dartford 1390:Coventry 1340:Coventry 1236:Nevilles 1181:miscarry 1145:Dartford 1079:Anglesey 1068:Normandy 1052:Mortimer 1009:Somerset 1005:Henry VI 940:and Sir 922:Henry VI 910:Pontoise 883:Brittany 875:Normandy 859:Henry VI 828:Pontoise 826:towards 801:Normandy 791:and Sir 777:Henry VI 738:Normandy 726:Honfleur 718:Henry VI 698:Burgundy 694:Henry VI 618:Henry VI 616:of King 598:knighted 438:de Burgh 434:Mortimer 171:(at the 5268:Edgcote 5253:Piltown 5223:Worksop 4662:Charles 4165:(ed.). 4138:(ed.). 4127:Cassell 4115:Low, S. 4084:(ed.). 3945:(ed.). 3457:(ed.). 3425:Sources 3172:Phoenix 2575:at the 1803:removed 1788:sources 1752:England 1735:Offices 1729:ROYGBIV 1607:Rutland 1590:sortied 1433:Richard 1425:Ireland 1200:Gascony 1134:Bristol 1115:speaker 989:Ireland 887:Alençon 879:England 871:Gascony 781:Bedford 766:England 690:England 674:Bedford 610:Henry V 538:marcher 503:Henry V 431:, 3rd: 398:Descent 349:England 341:Ireland 319:, King 305:magnate 214:more... 145:of the 64:improve 5288:Barnet 5263:Hexham 5248:Towton 5181:Events 4710:Andrew 4704:Albert 4698:George 4683:Edward 4487:Edward 4342: 4201: 4177: 4146: 4103: 4064:571736 4062: 4031: 4012: 3993: 3910: 3902: 3868: 3843: 3805: 3779: 3753: 3715: 3689: 3668: 3644: 3623: 3595: 3571: 3543: 3507: 3483: 3388:19 May 3363: 3333: 3302: 3178: 2611: 1714:, and 1640:Legacy 1508:, the 1429:George 1394:Calais 1290:, and 1214:, the 1128:, the 1062:, the 1056:London 1044:Sussex 809:Edmund 805:Edward 787:, Sir 750:Fécamp 662:France 638:France 628:for a 495:Isabel 384:Edmund 345:France 285:Mother 275:Father 197:Spouse 183:Burial 149:, 1445 125:Ulster 4880:Tudor 4668:James 4656:Henry 4371:Trent 4344:Died: 4337:Born: 4161:. In 4080:. In 4060:JSTOR 3941:. In 3908:JSTOR 3453:. 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