Richard III of England

2178:, who believed that the body should be reburied in York, as they claim the king wished. In August 2013, they filed a court case in order to contest Leicester's claim to re-inter the body within its cathedral, and propose the body be buried in York instead. However, Michael Ibsen, who gave the DNA sample that identified the king, gave his support to Leicester's claim to re-inter the body in their cathedral. On 20 August, a judge ruled that the opponents had the legal standing to contest his burial in Leicester Cathedral, despite a clause in the contract which had authorized the excavations requiring his burial there. He urged the parties, though, to settle out of court in order to "avoid embarking on the Wars of the Roses, Part Two". The Plantagenet Alliance, and the supporting fifteen collateral descendants, also faced the challenge that "Basic maths shows Richard, who had no surviving children but five siblings, could have millions of 'collateral' descendants" undermining the group's claim to represent "the only people who can speak on behalf of him". A ruling in May 2014 decreed that there are "no public law grounds for the Court interfering with the decisions in question". The remains were taken to Leicester Cathedral on 22 March 2015 and reinterred on 26 March. 735:

Paston's letter of November 1473 says that King Edward planned to put both his younger brothers in their place by acting as "a stifler atween them". Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy the Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead". The doubts cast by George on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne. The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin,

1431:, or one of his men killed the king, writing that he "killed the boar, shaved his head". The identification in 2013 of King Richard's body shows that the skeleton had 11 wounds, eight of them to the skull, clearly inflicted in battle and suggesting he had lost his helmet. Professor Guy Rutty, from the University of Leicester, said: "The most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull—a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon." The skull showed that a blade had hacked away part of the rear of the skull. Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle. Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King 891: 1651: 2405: 1378:, and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. The role of Northumberland is unclear; his position was with the reserve—behind the king's line—and he could not easily have moved forward without a general royal advance, which did not take place. The physical confines behind the crest of Ambion Hill, combined with a difficulty of communications, probably physically hampered any attempt he made to join the fray. Despite appearing "a pillar of the Ricardian regime" and his previous loyalty to Edward IV, Baron Stanley was the stepfather of Henry Tudor and Stanley's inaction combined with his brother's entering the battle on Tudor's behalf was fundamental to Richard's defeat. The death of Richard's close companion 1347: 1627:, written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. He reversed his earlier position, and now portrayed Richard as a freakish individual who was born with teeth and shoulder-length hair after having been in his mother's womb for two years. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than the other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength". Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife. Jeremy Potter, a former Chair of the Richard III Society, claims that "At the bar of history Richard III continues to be guilty because it is impossible to prove him innocent. The Tudors ride high in popular esteem." 1149: 2423: 1987:) to find his remains. By comparing fixed points between maps, the church was found, where Richard's body had been hastily buried without pomp in 1485, its foundations identifiable beneath a modern city centre car park. In 1975 Audrey Strange of the Richard III Society predicted that the lost grave lay beneath one of the three car parks that partly cover the site of the former Grey Friars Priory. In the mid-1980s, academic David Baldwin, a medieval historian formerly of Leicester University, concluded that the burial site lay further to the east, beneath the northern (St Martin's) end of Grey Friars Street, or the buildings that face it on either side. 709:

the rest were to remain in the possession of the Duke of Clarence". The date of Paston's letter suggests the marriage was still being negotiated in February 1472. In order to win George's final consent to the marriage, Richard renounced most of the Earl of Warwick's land and property including the earldoms of Warwick (which the Kingmaker had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to George the office of Great Chamberlain of England. Richard retained Neville's forfeit estates he had already been granted in the summer of 1471: Penrith, Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, where he later established his marital household.

2146: 2018: 2092:), as well as physical characteristics of the skeleton which are highly consistent with contemporary accounts of Richard's appearance. The team announced that the "arrowhead" discovered with the body was a Roman-era nail, probably disturbed when the body was first interred. However, there were numerous perimortem wounds on the body, and part of the skull had been sliced off with a bladed weapon; this would have caused rapid death. The team concluded that it is unlikely the king was wearing a helmet in his last moments. Soil taken from the remains was found to contain microscopic 10504:: "After the death of Clarence, he came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare, that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his direction and his generalship. By these arts, Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated." 56: 2162: 1788: 1386: 16422: 1768:, "the later fifteenth century in England is now seen as a ruthless and violent age as concerns the upper ranks of society, full of private feuds, intimidation, land-hunger, and litigiousness, and consideration of Richard's life and career against this background has tended to remove him from the lonely pinnacle of Villainy Incarnate on which Shakespeare had placed him. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age." The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of the White Boar", is the oldest of several 17653: 17597: 1506:, a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard. He also improved bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time. He founded the College of Arms in 1484, he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books, and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English. During his reign, Parliament ended the arbitrary 713: 285: 1991: 671: 17858: 1268:

time of the Duke's involvement). Davies has suggested that it was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", to blame a disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists". It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that

17627: 17617: 17607: 1439: 1157: 1730:, but also claimed to have seen a letter written by Elizabeth of York, according to which Elizabeth sought to marry the king. Elizabeth's supposed letter was never produced. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna, of Lancastrian descent, and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin 2046:

accepted that Richard's naked corpse was tied to the back of a horse, with his arms slung over one side and his legs and buttocks over the other. The angle of the blow on the pelvis suggests that one of those present stabbed Richard's right buttock with substantial force, as the cut extends from the back to the front of the pelvic bone, an action intended to humiliate. It is also possible that Richard and his corpse suffered other injuries which left no trace on the skeleton.

7769: 7748: 7455: 7393: 6742: 6710: 6691: 6440: 4842: 18176: 1230:, who were still lodged in the royal residence of the Tower of London at the time of Richard's coronation, disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483. Although after his death Richard III was accused of having Edward and his brother killed, notably by More and in Shakespeare's play, the facts surrounding their disappearance remain unknown. Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains a suspect. 1543: 15004: 13839: 17664: 17637: 1566:, the Paston Letters, the Chronicles of Robert Fabyan and numerous court and official records, including a few letters by Richard himself. However, the debate about Richard's true character and motives continues, both because of the subjectivity of many of the written sources, reflecting the generally partisan nature of writers of this period, and because none was written by men with an intimate knowledge of Richard. 577: 10516:, p. 444. "The day after the battle, John Sponer galloped into York to bring news of King Richard's overthrow...to the Mayor and Aldermen hastily assembled in the council chamber", "it was showed by...John Spooner...that king Richard, late mercifully reigning upon us, was through great treason piteously slain and murdered, to the great heaviness of this City". York Records, p. 218. 1023:"), with the aim of attacking England, according to a contemporary French chronicler. Richard had the authority to summon the Border Levies and issue Commissions of Array to repel the Border raids. Together with the Earl of Northumberland, he launched counter-raids, and when the king and council formally declared war in November 1480, he was granted 10,000 pounds for wages. 1128:. On 10/11 June, Richard wrote to Ralph, Lord Neville, the City of York and others asking for their support against "the Queen, her blood adherents and affinity" whom he suspected of plotting his murder. At a council meeting on 13 June at the Tower of London, Richard accused Hastings and others of having conspired against him with the Woodvilles and accusing 1635:

higher than the right". Both emphasise that Richard was devious and flattering, while planning the downfall of both his enemies and supposed friends. Richard's good qualities were his cleverness and bravery. All these characteristics are repeated by Shakespeare, who portrays him as having a hunch, a limp and a withered arm. With regard to the "hunch", the

1370:(an especially swift and strong horse). The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000 and Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers are not known, though the royal army is believed to have "substantially" outnumbered Henry's. The traditional view of the king's famous cries of "Treason!" before falling was that during the battle Richard was abandoned by 7852:"From November 1461 until 1465 all references to Richard place him in locations south of the river Trent. It may have been partly to appease Warwick's injured feelings towards the rising influence of the king's new Woodville in-laws that he was given the honour of taking Richard into his household to complete his education, probably at some time in 1465". 1499:. It is considered to have greatly improved conditions for northern England, as it was intended to keep the peace and punish lawbreakers, as well as resolve land disputes. Bringing regional governance directly under the control of central government, it has been described as the king's "most enduring monument", surviving unchanged until 1641. 608:; in the autumn of 1465, Edward IV granted Warwick £1,000 for the expenses of his younger brother's tutelage. With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he was 12 or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16. While at Warwick's estate, it is likely that he met both 12428: 2391:(a two-volume miscellany published 1732–1735) was said to be a possible illegitimate child of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as "Richard the Master-Builder" or "Richard of Eastwell", but it has also been suggested he could have been Richard, Duke of York, one of the missing Princes in the Tower. He died in 1550. 2266:

Richard III Society. The proposal was publicly launched by the Society on 13 February 2013 but rejected by Leicester Cathedral in favour of a memorial slab. However, following a public outcry, the Cathedral changed its position and on 18 July 2013 announced its agreement to give King Richard III a raised tomb monument.

927:, although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated. That Richard's personal household sustained losses indicate he was in the thick of the fighting. A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury, deployed against the Lancastrian vanguard under 11432:, p. 135. "Loncraine and McKellen's film adaptation, set in 1930s England, also explores the question of what would have happened if Hitler had invaded England. ... The House of York in this War of the Roses is depicted as the Nazi Party, and Richard in a Nazi uniform seals his fate as eternity's archvillain." 731:

consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Richard's marriage to Anne was never declared null, and it was public to everyone including secular and canon lawyers for 13 years.

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In total, the skeleton had 10 wounds: four minor injuries on the top of the skull, one dagger blow on the cheekbone, one cut on the lower jaw, two fatal injuries on the base of the skull, one cut on a rib bone, and one final wound on the pelvis that was probably inflicted after death. It is generally

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During his lifetime he was the subject of some attacks. Even in the North in 1482, a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. In 1484, attempts to discredit him took the form of hostile placards, the only surviving one being

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Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into a storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy, while Henry anchored off Plymouth for a week before learning of Buckingham's failure. Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried

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per annum and had issued "Regulations" by July of that year: councillors to act impartially, declare vested interests and to meet at least every three months. Its main focus of operations was Yorkshire and the north-east and its responsibilities included land disputes, keeping of the king's peace and

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During the latter part of Edward IV's reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king, in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with the Earl of Warwick when the latter rebelled towards the end of the 1460s. Following Warwick's 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with

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has suggested that John was conceived during Richard's first solo expedition to the eastern counties in the summer of 1467 at the invitation of John Howard and that the boy was born in 1468 and named after his friend and supporter. Richard himself noted John was still a minor (not being yet 21) when

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records that Richard agreed to a prenuptial contract in the following terms: "the marriage of the Duke of Gloucester with Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon between them through the mediation of arbitrators; while all

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and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger

7884:." "No great magnate or royal duke in the fifteenth century had a 'home' in the twentieth-century sense of the word. Richard of Gloucester formed no more of a personal attachment to Middleham than he did to Barnard Castle or Pontefract, at both of which surviving records suggest he spent more time." 2348:

Hicks and Wilkinson also suggest that John's mother may have been Alice Burgh. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474, for a week. On 1 March 1474, he granted Alice Burgh 20 pounds a year for life "for certain special causes and considerations". She

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After his death in battle in 1485, Richard III's body was buried in Greyfriars Church in Leicester. Following the discoveries of Richard's remains in 2012, it was decided that they should be reburied at Leicester Cathedral, despite feelings in some quarters that he should have been reburied in York

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also states that he was "a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people". In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey upbraided the aldermen and Mayor of London for relying on a statute of Richard to avoid paying an extorted tax (benevolence) but received the reply "although he did evil, yet in his time

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talked to old men who, remembering him, said "that he was of bodily shape comely enough, only of low stature" and a German traveller, Nicolas von Poppelau, who spent ten days in Richard's household in May 1484, describes him as "three fingers taller than himself...much more lean, with delicate arms

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and Francis, Viscount Lovell. On 30 March 1485 Richard felt forced to summon the Lords and London City Councillors to publicly deny the rumours that he had poisoned Queen Anne and that he had planned marriage to his niece Elizabeth, at the same time ordering the Sheriff of London to imprison anyone

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George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the elder, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the king's permission. George joined his father-in-law's revolt against the king, while Richard remained loyal to Edward, even though he was rumoured to have been having an affair with Anne.

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A very pronounced curve in the spine was visible when the body was first uncovered, evidence of scoliosis which may have meant that Richard's right shoulder was noticeably higher than his left....The type of scoliosis seen here is known as idiopathic adolescent onset scoliosis. The word idiopathic

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described him as a man who used dissimulation to conceal "his fierce and savage nature" and who had "abandoned all principles of honour and humanity". Hume acknowledged that some historians have argued "that he was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no

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arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment". The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the

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and Anne: young aristocrats were often sent to be raised in the households of their intended future partners, as had been the case for the young dukes' father, Richard of York. As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match. During Warwick's lifetime,

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Further, the bottom of the skull had a gaping hole, where a halberd had entered. Forensic pathologist Stuart Hamilton said this injury would have left the man's brain visible and certainly would have killed him. Jo Appleby, the osteo-archaeologist who excavated the skeleton, said it was “a mortal

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praised him as a "good lord" who punished "oppressors of the commons", adding that he had "a great heart". In 1483, the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed a good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers". His

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Richard's Council of the North, described as his "one major institutional innovation", derived from his ducal council following his own viceregal appointment by Edward IV; when Richard himself became king, he maintained the same conciliar structure in his absence. It officially became part of the

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After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of a plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with. He proceeded to escort the king to London. They entered the city on 4 May, displaying the

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Michael Hicks and Josephine Wilkinson have suggested that Katherine's mother may have been Katherine Haute, on the basis of the grant of an annual payment of 100 shillings made to her in 1477. The Haute family was related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville's aunt, Joan

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coffin crafted by Michael Ibsen, a direct descendant of Richard's sister Anne, and laid in a brick-lined vault below the floor, and below the plinth and tombstone. The original 2010 raised tomb design had been proposed by Langley's "Looking For Richard Project" and fully funded by members of the

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of Richard III, commissioned by the Richard III Society, based on 3D mappings of his skull. The face is described as "warm, young, earnest and rather serious". On 11 February 2014 the University of Leicester announced the project to sequence the entire genome of Richard III and one of his living

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eggs. Several eggs were found in samples taken from the pelvis, where the king's intestines were, but not from the skull, and only very small numbers were identified in soil surrounding the grave. The findings suggest that the higher concentration of eggs in the pelvic area probably arose from a

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in 1619. The authoritative Buck text was published only in 1979, though a corrupted version was published by Buck's great-nephew in 1646. Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. He

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As for Richard's physical appearance, most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence that aside from having one shoulder higher than the other (with chronicler Rous not able to correctly remember which one, as slight as the difference was), Richard had no other noticeable bodily deformity.

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expanded on this portrayal, emphasising Richard's outward physical deformities as a sign of his inwardly twisted mind. More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage". Vergil also says he was "deformed of body ... one shoulder

11176:, p. 369. " tells the story of Richard himself, a 'handsome, earnest young man' who always speaks the truth, is unswervingly loyal to his brother Edward IV, and by an unkind destiny becomes a King of 'deep unhappiness,' plagued by hostile supernatural forces although personally blameless." 2373:

over a century later. Katherine apparently died before her cousin Elizabeth of York's coronation on 25 November 1487, since her husband Sir William Herbert is described as a widower by that time. Katherine's burial place was located in the London parish church of St James Garlickhithe, between

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of 17 February 1472 makes it clear that George was not happy about the marriage but grudgingly accepted it on the basis that "he may well have my Lady his sister-in-law, but they shall part no livelihood". The reason was the inheritance Anne shared with her elder sister Isabel, whom George had

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on the Scottish border since 10 September 1470, and again from May 1471; he used Penrith as a base while 'taking effectual measures' against the Scots, and 'enjoyed the revenues of the estates' of the Forest of Cumberland while doing so. It was at the same time that the Duke of Gloucester was

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In June 1473, Richard persuaded his mother-in-law to leave the sanctuary and come to live under his protection at Middleham. Later in the year, under the terms of the 1473 Act of Resumption, George lost some of the property he held under royal grant and made no secret of his displeasure. John

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has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first-degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel. There would have been first-degree

12436: 964:. He supposedly disapproved of Edward's policy of personally benefiting—politically and financially—from a campaign paid for out of a parliamentary grant, and hence out of public funds. Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign. 8196:

means that the reason for its development is not entirely clear, although there is probably a genetic component. The term adolescent onset indicates that the deformity wasn't present at birth, but developed after the age of ten. It is quite possible that the scoliosis was progressive...

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spreading such slanders. The same orders were issued throughout the realm, including York where the royal pronouncement recorded in the City Records dates 5 April 1485 and carries specific instructions to suppress seditious talk and remove and destroy evidently hostile placards unread.

8644:. "After 1466 Clarence was not the ally for which Edward IV had presumably hoped. He embroiled himself in a dangerous feud in the north midlands and associated himself politically with Warwick, who graduated from direction of Edward's affairs in the early 1460s to outright opposition." 1604:

and legs and also a great heart." Six years after Richard's death, in 1491, a schoolmaster named William Burton, on hearing a defence of Richard, launched into a diatribe, accusing the dead king of being "a hypocrite and a crookback...who was deservedly buried in a ditch like a dog."

956:(and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take a leading role), he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court, and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at 1470:

revealed the site of the garden and Greyfriars Church. There was a memorial ledger stone in the choir of the cathedral, since replaced by the tomb of the king, and a stone plaque on Bow Bridge where tradition had falsely suggested that his remains had been thrown into the river.

692:, only son of Henry VI, to seal her father's allegiance to the Lancastrian party. Edward died at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, while Warwick had died at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George. 12298:

King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter (2 December 2014).

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At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign, and eventually landed in

976:, he was highly regarded; although it has been questioned whether this view was reciprocated by Richard. Edward IV delegated significant authority to Richard in the region. Kendall and later historians have suggested that this was with the intention of making Richard the 2087:

On 4 February 2013, the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was beyond reasonable doubt that of King Richard III. This conclusion was based on mitochondrial DNA evidence, soil analysis, and dental tests (there were some molars missing as a result of

1140:, under his protection. Bishop Morton was released into the custody of Buckingham. On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over the Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June. 902:

Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat; it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's

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As late as 1469 rumours were still linking Richard's name with Anne Neville's. In August of that year, by which time Clarence had married Isabel, an Italian observer in London mistakenly reported that Warwick had married his two daughters to the king's brothers

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In November 2014, the results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the maternal side was as previously thought. The paternal side, however, demonstrated some variance from what had been expected, with the DNA showing no links between Richard and

1745:(1768), Walpole disputed all the alleged murders and argued that Richard may have acted in good faith. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders. However, he retracted his views in 1793 after 2325:, and so most historians agree that they were both fathered when Richard was a teenager. There is no evidence of infidelity on Richard's part after his marriage to Anne Neville in 1472 when he was around 20. This has led to a suggestion by the historian 2042:

battlefield wound in the back of the skull". The base of the skull had another fatal wound from a bladed weapon thrust, leaving a jagged hole. Inside the skull, there was evidence that the blade penetrated to a depth of 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in).

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of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. The Protector had the resort; the King in maner desolate."

1519:, regulated cloth sales, instituted certain forms of trade protectionism, prohibited the sale of wine and oil in fraudulent measure, and prohibited fraudulent collection of clergy dues, among others. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts. 1514:

raised funds), made it punishable to conceal from a buyer of land that a part of the property had already been disposed of to somebody else, required that land sales be published, laid down property qualifications for jurors, restricted the abusive

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The excavators found Greyfriars Church by 5 September 2012 and two days later announced that they had found Robert Herrick's garden, where the memorial to Richard III stood in the early 17th century. A human skeleton was found beneath the Church's

1749:, stating he now believed that Richard could have committed the crimes he was charged with, although Pollard observes that this retraction is frequently overlooked by later admirers of Richard. Other defenders of Richard include the noted explorer 1704:

crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown", but he dismissed this view on the grounds that Richard's exercise of arbitrary power encouraged instability. The most important late 19th century biographer of the king was

1213:, declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king. Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne. He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at 1276:, eldest daughter of Edward IV. It has also been pointed out that as this narrative stems from Richard's parliament of 1484, it should probably be treated "with caution". For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates in 881:

had before deposing Richard II in 1399; that is, that he was merely reclaiming the Dukedom of York rather than the crown. It was in Edward's attempt to regain his throne that Richard began to demonstrate his skill as a military commander.

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Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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contends that this means that "a lot of what people thought they knew about Richard III was pretty much propaganda and myth building." The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play

1110:, in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete." In 8247: 7875:

Says Kendall, "Richard had won his way back to Middleham Castle". However, any personal attachment he may have felt to Middleham was likely mitigated in his adulthood, as surviving records demonstrate he spent less time there than at

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briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" and "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way.

9755:. "Sir William Stanley was among the first to rally to Edward, and he may have brought 's good wishes with him ... Appointed steward of the king's household late in 1471, was thenceforward a regular member of the royal council. 2321:, in 1484. Neither the birth dates nor the names of the mothers of either of the children are known. Katherine was old enough to be wedded in 1484, when the age of consent was twelve, and John was knighted in September 1483 in 1132:, lover to both Hastings and Thomas Grey, of acting as a go-between. According to Thomas More, Hastings was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and 1757:(1906) replied to the work of Gairdner. He argued that Henry VII killed the princes and that the bulk of evidence against Richard was nothing more than Tudor propaganda. An intermediate view was provided by Alfred Legge in 841:. It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland's town bailiff. They were 1062:, succeeded him. Richard was named Lord Protector of the Realm and at Baron Hastings' urging, Richard assumed his role and left his base in Yorkshire for London. On 29 April, as previously agreed, Richard and his cousin, 1466:, although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars. The exact location was then lost, owing to more than 400 years of subsequent development, until 10648: 11628: 2121:

relatives, Michael Ibsen, whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains. Richard III thus became the first ancient person of known historical identity whose genome has been sequenced.

2097:

roundworm infection the king suffered in his life, rather than from human waste dumped in the area at a later date, researchers said. The mayor of Leicester announced that the king's skeleton would be re-interred at

1618:

as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power; Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as a vehicle for creating his own

1245:, and made grants to the church. Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests. He also founded the 13202: 743:, the stepdaughter of his sister Margaret, even though Margaret approved the proposed match. There is no evidence of Richard's involvement in George's subsequent conviction and execution on a charge of treason. 2025:

On 12 September, it was announced that the skeleton might be that of Richard III. Several reasons were given: the body was of an adult male; it was buried beneath the choir of the church; and there was severe

1574:

bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath.

1098:

carriages of weapons Rivers had taken with his 2,000-man army. Richard first accommodated Edward in the Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the

1078:. At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2,000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort was 600 men. Edward V had been sent further south to 13360:. "The child Edward ... was created prince of Wales on 24 August . ... He was formally declared heir apparent to the throne in parliament in February 1484. ... by the end of March 1484 the prince was dead." 1714:. Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with a neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations. 994:, president and formally institutionalised this body as an offshoot of the royal Council; all its letters and judgements were issued on behalf of the king and in his name. The council had a budget of 2,000 1772:

groups dedicated to improving his reputation. Other historians still describe him as a "power-hungry and ruthless politician" who was most probably "ultimately responsible for the murder of his nephews."

8346:, p. 115. The East Anglian Paston family have left historians a rich source of historical information for the lives of the English gentry of the period in a large collection of surviving letters. 1382:, may have had a demoralising effect on the king and his men. Either way, Richard led a cavalry charge deep into the enemy ranks in an attempt to end the battle quickly by striking at Henry Tudor. 869:

for England on 11 March 1471. Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at

739:. From this point, George seems to have fallen steadily out of King Edward's favour, his discontent coming to a head in 1477 when, following Isabel's death, he was denied the opportunity to marry 11592: 7893:

Hanham has raised "the charge of hypocrisy", suggesting "that Richard would 'grin' at the city", and questioning whether he was either as popular or as devoted to the region as sometimes thought.

10064: 13290: 8236: 2540: 13225: 11883: 9126:, p. 143, n. 53. However, Ross cites a letter from Edward IV in May 1480, the letter of appointment to his position as Lieutenant-General referred to his "proven capacity in the arts of war". 1482:

struck the bridge stone of Bow Bridge in the city; legend states that as his corpse was carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open.

12494: 1815:'s history/tragedy plays. Apart from Shakespeare, he appears in many other works of literature. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama 800:

for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March. Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds

13257: 8452:, p. 1023. "In fact, had sought a dispensation to marry from the penitentiary in early 1472, for it was granted on 22 April that year, and they probably married shortly afterwards." 1838:), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare. Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the 2361:

Both of Richard's illegitimate children survived him, but they seem to have died without issue and their fate after Richard's demise at Bosworth is not certain. John received a 20-pound

1046:. Although it is debatable whether the English victory was due more to internal Scottish divisions rather than any outstanding military prowess by Richard, it was the last time that the 1015:

By 1480, war with Scotland was looming; on 12 May that year, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North (a position created for the occasion) as fears of a Scottish invasion grew.

11538: 12556: 2450:

Informally, he may have been known as "Dickon", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth:

1607:

Richard's death encouraged the furtherance of this later negative image by his Tudor successors due to the fact that it helped to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of the throne. The

16664: 16439: 2261:. On top is a funeral crown commissioned specifically for the reinterment, and made by George Easton. The remains of Richard III are in a lead-lined inner casket, inside an outer 1998:, Leicester, shown superimposed over a modern map of the area. The skeleton of Richard III was recovered in September 2012 from the centre of the choir, shown by a small blue dot. 1090:, arrested. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by 12058: 1446:

After the Battle of Bosworth, Richard's naked body was then carried back to Leicester tied to a horse, and early sources strongly suggest that it was displayed in the collegiate

10638: 2435:

On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; in late 1461, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter. Following the death of King Edward IV, he was made

1478:

in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". On the ride into battle, his

13171: 1423:

while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground. It was said that the blows were so violent that the king's helmet was driven into his skull. The contemporary Welsh poet

12367: 11619: 784:

and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made

387:

There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally,

13551: 10940: 7902:

Rosemary Horrox notes that "Buckingham was an exception amongst the rebels as, far from being a previous favourite, he 'had been refused any political role by Edward IV'."

11804: 2533: 688:

Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married Anne Neville on 12 July 1472. Anne had previously been wedded to

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two days following Richard's assumption of the throne. Wood goes on to observe that "the impressions conveyed by this document are in many respects demonstrably false."

1233:

After the coronation ceremony, Richard and Anne set out on a royal progress to meet their subjects. During this journey through the country, the king and queen endowed

952:

on 4 July 1475. Richard's was the largest private contingent of his army. Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at

792:, as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales. On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and 1415:, Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies". The Burgundian chronicler, 662:, and concluded that though the spinal scoliosis looked dramatic, it probably did not cause any major physical deformity that could not be disguised by clothing. 18330: 12668: 4808: 1120:

On hearing the news of her brother's 30 April arrest, the dowager queen fled to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Joining her were her son by her first marriage,

18335: 11915: 2526: 1447: 9647:. "Following Bosworth, Katherine Stafford was married, by 7 November 1485, to the new king's 55-year-old bachelor uncle, Jasper Tudor, now duke of Bedford." 18230: 16657: 15528: 15495: 14956: 14925: 14832: 14662: 14357: 13968: 13097: 13038: 9489:

In 1484 were granted a charter of incorporation by Richard III, and given a house in Coldharbour in Upper Thames Street, London to keep their records in.

16444: 11679: 10422: 639:, the Duke of Burgundy, and the brothers could expect a welcome there. Edward was restored to the throne in the spring of 1471, following the battles of 12504: 10072: 2030:

of the spine, possibly making one shoulder higher than the other. There was also what appeared to be an arrowhead embedded in the spine; and there were

11230: 8412: 8277: 3903: 2181:

His remains were carried in procession to the cathedral on 22 March 2015, and reburied on 26 March 2015 at a religious re-burial service at which both

1906:(1974) the central plot revolves around the debate as to whether Richard III was guilty of these and other crimes. A sympathetic portrayal is given in 13300: 1764:

Some 20th-century historians have been less inclined to moral judgement, seeing Richard's actions as a product of the unstable times. In the words of

17881: 15094:; Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; 13235: 11893: 11200: 3782:

Dukedom of Edinburgh (1st creation), Marquessate of the Isle of Ely, and Earldom of Eltham (1st creation), Viscountcy Launceston, and Barony Snowdon

1962: 1467: 1341: 431: 10992: 18245: 1026:

The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. Richard witnessed the treaty with

10729:"These Supposed Crimes: Four Major Accusations (the Murders of Edward of Lancaster, Henry VI, Clarence and Queene Anne) Discussed and Illustrated" 16650: 13850: 13267: 12795: 1980: 11008: 10192: 2072:), was found to be a 16th-generation great-niece of the king in the same direct maternal line. Her mitochondrial DNA was tested and belongs to 658:

Dr. Jo Appleby, of Leicester University's School of Archaeology and Ancient History, imaged the spinal column, and reconstructed a model using

11528: 17434: 2500:, supported by a blue boar. As sovereign, he used the arms of the kingdom undifferenced, supported by a white boar and a lion. His motto was 2317:

and Katherine Plantagenet. Also known as 'John of Pontefract', John of Gloucester was appointed Captain of Calais in 1485. Katherine married

1782: 986:, restricted his influence by using his own agent, Sir William Parr." Following Richard's accession to the throne, he first established the 12566: 18220: 12765: 6047: 1034:. Northumberland, Stanley, Dorset, Sir Edward Woodville, and Richard with approximately 20,000 men took the town of Berwick as part of the 808:

in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker. It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes.

701:. The Countess, who was still alive, was technically the owner of the substantial Beauchamp estates, her father having left no male heirs. 17532: 12731: 6388: 4801: 518:, who were loyal to the crown. In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee England, whereupon Richard and his older brother 10384: 8503: 12068: 7369: 3890: 1313: 1197:, is said to have informed Richard that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid because of Edward's earlier union with 12152: 18240: 18235: 17777: 9925: 2378: 367:. Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared 18310: 15522: 15489: 14969: 14919: 14826: 14656: 14351: 13962: 12377: 11651: 1531: 1201:, making Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. The identity of Stillington was known only through the memoirs of French diplomat 1008: 1007:

Richard's increasing role in the north from the mid-1470s to some extent explains his withdrawal from the royal court. He had been

698: 519: 11377: 10735:(Exhibition at the Royal National Theatre, London, 27 March – 27 April 1991). Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from 9719:, p. 218. "Northumberland's rearguard was never seriously engaged, nor could be, whatever the proclivities of its commander". 17762: 17757: 17454: 13614: 6754: 6722: 6395: 5229: 4161: 1091: 619:

It is possible that even at this early stage Warwick was considering the king's brothers as strategic matches for his daughters,

13559: 9476: 1554:

There are numerous contemporary, or near-contemporary, sources of information about the reign of Richard III. These include the

697:

married in 1469. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to

631:

in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of the former Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou. In 1468, Richard's sister

18280: 18215: 17906: 17876: 17772: 17682: 17567: 16634: 13336:. "Although is usually attributed to 1474, the Tewkesbury chronicle records the birth of an unnamed son at Middleham in 1476." 12903: 7467: 7376: 6429: 5490: 5483: 4794: 2768: 1975:

and the Richard III Society, announced that they were going to look for the remains of King Richard. The search was managed by

1063: 494:, and the youngest to survive infancy. His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the ' 454:, comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his 388: 38: 2439:

of England. Richard held this office from 30 April to 26 June 1483, when he became king. During his reign, Richard was styled

756:

Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461, and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in

17797: 17747: 17742: 17687: 16339: 16320: 16285: 16266: 16230: 16161: 16120: 16098: 16079: 16060: 16025: 16006: 15987: 15968: 15949: 15930: 15911: 15804: 15753: 15714: 15638: 15615: 15450: 15428: 15398: 15314: 15216: 15069: 15047: 14907: 14795: 14765: 14743: 14563: 14183: 14100: 13950: 13904: 13756: 13733: 13706: 11731: 10264: 10215: 9208: 6815: 6786: 6350: 4098: 2318: 1582:'s lampoon of July 1484 "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog, all rule England under a Hog" which was pinned to the door of 928: 826: 601: 344: 11705: 18295: 18260: 17936: 17931: 17886: 17702: 17697: 10769: 10728: 7438: 6678: 4882: 4089: 2126: 1692:

Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless tyrant remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th-century

1375: 1137: 991: 789: 415:. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII. 221: 15181: 1877:, in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes. Other novelists such as 1761:(1885). Legge argued that Richard's "greatness of soul" was eventually "warped and dwarfed" by the ingratitude of others. 1458:. In 1495, Henry VII paid 50 pounds for a marble and alabaster monument. According to a discredited tradition, during the 604:, later known as 'the Kingmaker' because of his role in the Wars of the Roses. Warwick supervised Richard's training as a 18290: 17991: 17896: 17812: 17802: 14438:

History of the Life and Reign of Richard the Third, to Which is Added the Story of Perkin Warbeck from Original Documents

13065: 9371: 7760: 6779: 6420: 6293: 5463: 5220: 5164: 2866: 2757: 2228: 2174:

Minster. Those who challenged the decision included fifteen "collateral descendants of Richard III", represented by the

1636: 1320:, the uncle of Henry Tudor. Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under 1125: 1121: 1039: 1035: 736: 620: 609: 523: 373: 356: 18300: 18255: 17822: 17727: 17498: 17478: 16592: 16211: 16142: 15688: 15660: 15571: 15469: 15252: 15170: 15020: 14885: 14866: 14814: 14644: 14622: 14544: 14465: 14161: 14135: 13885: 13821: 13772: 13676: 13430: 11785: 7833: 7345: 6703: 4625: 3540: 3326: 2295: 2206: 1102:, where kings customarily awaited their coronation. Within the year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of 1071: 972:

Richard was the dominant magnate in the north of England until Edward IV's death. There, and especially in the city of

818: 13005: 2137:

that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Edward III and either Richard III or the 5th Duke of Beaufort.

2076:, which by deduction, should also be the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of Richard III. Joy Ibsen died in 2008. Her son 18305: 17946: 17901: 17787: 17782: 17732: 17722: 17427: 16619: 16609: 16417: 14705: 14282: 14060: 13915: 13583:, p. 44. "By early February 1462 a helm, crest and sword marked his stall ... in the Chapel of St. George." 10118: 6459: 5782: 4727: 1547: 1408: 1371: 924: 908: 769: 263: 9877: 8237:"Richard III, the 'hunchback king', really could have been a formidable warrior... and his body double can prove it" 2358:

he issued the royal patent appointing him Captain of Calais on 11 March 1485, possibly on his seventeenth birthday.

18315: 18250: 17891: 17871: 17712: 17492: 17485: 17472: 16577: 16562: 16552: 14427: 14221: 12059:"DNA could cleanse a king besmirched; tests of skeletal remains may bring re-evaluation of the reviled Richard III" 5424: 4605: 4320: 3730: 3718: 3440: 2562: 2291: 1953:, who plays the title character as well as himself. The play has been adapted for television on several occasions. 1710: 1650: 1411:

and coming within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed.

932: 9093: 1983:(ULAS). The participants looked for the lost site of the former Greyfriars Church (demolished during Henry VIII's 817:

Margaret of Anjou and promised the restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, the Baron Hastings and

18200: 18157: 17717: 17525: 9365: 7822: 6452: 5474: 4849: 2210: 2166: 2102: 2084:, was compared to samples from the human remains found at the excavation site and used to identify King Richard. 2058: 1827: 1797: 1346: 1012:

appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for five consecutive years, being described as 'of Penrith Castle' in 1478.

650:

During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the spine (

2337:. One of their children was Richard Haute, Controller of the Prince's Household. Their daughter, Alice, married 890: 18325: 18275: 18117: 17817: 16599: 15767: 13089: 13028: 12588: 12463: 10868: 2117: 1984: 1459: 12495:"Richard III DNA results announced – Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park" 11442: 10418: 284: 18091: 18011: 17916: 17842: 17707: 16535: 14241: 12094: 6377: 4104: 2404: 2299: 15583:

Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland, with the Continuations by Peter of Blois and Anonymous Writers

18270: 18225: 17996: 17921: 17460: 17420: 17324: 17287: 16542: 12063: 11092: 5865: 4303: 3498: 2307: 2223: 1379: 1321: 1234: 793: 77: 31: 12732:"Richard III DNA study raises doubts about royal claims of centuries of British monarchs, researchers say" 3738:

Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, and Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon

3609:

1st Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon

857:

declared war on Burgundy that Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assisted their return, providing, along with the

18285: 18132: 18051: 17792: 17737: 17692: 17049: 15275: 14499: 11524: 6729: 3896: 3576: 1491:

royal council machinery under the presidency of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in April 1484, based at

1206: 1136:, were arrested. Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, 17: 17038: 14512: 14239:

Clarke, Peter D. (2005). "English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century".

2349:

later received another allowance, apparently for being engaged as a nurse for his brother George's son,

2081: 18179: 18016: 17911: 17752: 17518: 17334: 17012: 16980: 15095: 13813: 10776: 10675: 3531: 2214: 1148: 1087: 797: 499: 16413: 13865: 12787: 12429:"Geneticist Dr Turi King and Genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer Give Key Evidence on the DNA Testing" 10669: 995: 960:. In refusing other gifts, which included 'pensions' in the guise of 'tribute', he was joined only by 18081: 17986: 17966: 17767: 17329: 17124: 17069: 16677: 15204: 14783: 14417: 13846: 12895: 10022:"The King in the Car Park: The Discovery and Identification of Richard III – Professor Kevin Schürer" 6412: 6369: 3489: 2365:

from Henry VII, but there are no mentions of him in contemporary records after 1487 (the year of the

2194: 1397: 1258: 1112: 1027: 727: 527: 487: 15042:. Vol. 1. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. pp. 133–146. 12642: 12153:"Edinburgh-based writer reveals how her intuition led archaeologists to remains of King Richard III" 10184: 2422: 2286:

on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared

422:

and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the

18320: 18142: 18086: 18056: 17584: 17130: 17119: 16825: 16681: 16673: 15599: 7531: 6038: 3912: 2238: 1765: 1390: 1363: 1337: 1194: 912: 531: 313: 1435:. He married the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece. 573:

for the Western Counties in 1464 when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command.

18036: 17926: 17099: 17094: 17079: 17054: 16406: 16241: 15815: 15630: 15607: 14986: 14495: 14145: 14000: 13996:

Landed society in Cumberland and Westmorland, c.1440–1485 – the politics of the Wars of the Roses

13942: 12672: 12534: 12526: 12432: 12407: 12217: 12188: 12157: 12033: 12004: 11975: 11834: 11808: 11735: 11683: 11286: 10380: 8183: 7828: 5143: 2416:

mount found on the Thames foreshore, and thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III.

2017: 1968: 1936: 1928: 1864: 1769: 1583: 1019:

of France had attempted to negotiate a military alliance with Scotland (in the tradition of the "

765: 538: 463: 447: 335:, an era when two branches of the royal family contested for the throne; Edward and Richard were 16761: 13144: 12978: 12823: 12757: 12614: 12125: 11856: 9953: 9900: 2310:. She had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life. 2145: 2067: 612:, who was his firm supporter later in his life, and Warwick's younger daughter, his future wife 18265: 18137: 18076: 18061: 17981: 17832: 17278: 17163: 17109: 17084: 17059: 17044: 16751: 15698: 15297: 14527: 14487: 14337: 11488: 11352: 11291: 7334: 3600: 2990: 1972: 1894: 1685:

library. As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book contains a Collect of

1217:

on 6 July. His title to the throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document

1133: 317: 17221: 15706: 12878:

R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Anor

9229: 8208: 2298:, an office previously held by his son Edward. Lincoln was the son of Richard's older sister, 1324:, in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent 18096: 18021: 17976: 17652: 17596: 17552: 17268: 17178: 17158: 17089: 17027: 17017: 17007: 16886: 16881: 16854: 16815: 16810: 15648: 15112: 14753: 14584: 14382: 14310: 14153: 13749:

Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval & Reburial Project

12935:

R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Ors

12913: 11967: 10372: 9854:, p. 211. "The original Welsh is 'Lladd y baedd, eilliodd ei ben'. The usual meaning of 5745: 5397: 4900: 2851: 2475: 2471: 2369:). He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by 2366: 2241:. The tombstone is deeply incised with a cross, and consists of a rectangular block of white 2130: 2105:

was opened in July 2014 in the Victorian school buildings next to the Greyfriars grave site.

1995: 1917: 1579: 1570: 1451: 1396:

All accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing

1161: 1031: 689: 675: 570: 348: 161: 16973: 16725: 16296: 14637:

Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics

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Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project

11709: 11446: 11344: 7670: 7486: 6746: 5173: 3763: 3335: 3281: 3242: 2468: 2218: 2202: 2175: 2113: 2093: 2073: 2004: 1869: 1731: 1516: 1432: 1269: 1242: 1227: 1202: 1183: 987: 878: 785: 644: 562: 392: 377: 117: 12882: 12706: 11805:"Search for Richard III Confirms that Remains Are the Long-Lost Church of the Grey Friars" 11565: 2161: 2101:

in early 2014, but a judicial review of that decision delayed the reinterment for a year.

1851:

in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king.

55: 8: 18006: 17677: 17592: 17273: 17226: 17168: 17104: 16901: 16891: 16871: 16837: 16642: 16356: 16130: 15283: 15057: 14171: 13093: 12250: 12209: 11480: 11373: 10643: 8242: 7725: 7400: 6478: 6444: 6320: 5830: 5432: 4668: 3784: 3584: 3203: 3060: 2748: 2659: 2550: 2444: 2303: 2275: 2186: 2150: 2098: 1945: 1912: 1812: 1655: 1620: 1608: 1527: 1355: 1293: 1198: 1103: 1067: 1043: 953: 931:, on 4 May 1471, and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting alongside 761: 542: 479: 467: 439: 423: 352: 301: 168: 133: 16421: 15726:"The Plantagenet in the Parish: The Burial of Richard III's Daughter in Medieval London" 15125: 14304: 14090: 12939: 12316: 12180: 11996: 9209:"Robert Fabyan: 'The Concordaunce of Hystoryes' | Richard III Society – American Branch" 1787: 1288:, who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England. 17857: 17647: 17626: 17616: 17606: 17557: 17443: 17310: 16948: 16896: 16820: 15859: 15851: 15681:

The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth: King of England and France and Lord of Ireland

15582: 15368: 15364: 15337: 15144: 15107: 14722: 14632: 14601: 14483: 14258: 14027: 14018: 13789: 13701:(revised and updated ed.). Stroud: The History Press (published 16 January 2013). 13226:"Richard III: Stone slab to mark final resting place of king, says Leicester Cathedral" 12469: 12343: 12300: 11297: 10180: 8416: 8281: 6714: 5842: 5753: 5205: 4427: 4270: 3410: 2970: 2819: 2634: 2556: 2387: 2334: 2314: 2109: 2034:

injuries to the skull. These included a shallow orifice which was probably caused by a

1890: 1807: 1614: 1507: 1385: 1300:

Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him. He was convicted of

1238: 1190: 961: 874: 854: 850: 705: 566: 558: 515: 451: 443: 324: 226: 15003: 13838: 13606: 9468: 1898:, attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham. In the mystery novel 450:

identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of

18046: 18031: 18001: 17672: 17541: 16943: 16756: 16335: 16316: 16281: 16262: 16226: 16207: 16179: 16157: 16138: 16116: 16094: 16075: 16056: 16021: 16002: 15983: 15964: 15945: 15926: 15907: 15863: 15800: 15775: 15749: 15710: 15684: 15656: 15634: 15611: 15567: 15465: 15446: 15424: 15394: 15351: 15310: 15248: 15212: 15166: 15149: 15065: 15043: 15016: 14992: 14903: 14881: 14862: 14810: 14791: 14761: 14739: 14640: 14618: 14559: 14540: 14491: 14461: 14390: 14314: 14278: 14217: 14209: 14189: 14179: 14178:. Dursley, England and Totowa, New Jersey: Alan Sutton and Rowman & Littlefield. 14157: 14131: 14106: 14096: 14066: 14056: 13946: 13900: 13881: 13817: 13793: 13752: 13729: 13702: 13694: 13672: 13295: 13262: 13230: 13195:"Cathedral criticised for being 'out of touch' over King Richard III's resting place" 12561: 12499: 12458: 12348: 12330: 12238: 12054: 11888: 11781: 11263: 11258: 11127: 10864: 10552:, p. 395, quoting from the court minutes of the Mercer's company, 31 March 1485. 10260: 7881: 7717: 6308: 4826: 4817: 4551: 4397: 4064: 3572: 3422: 3088: 2652: 2494: 2490: 2354: 2350: 2279: 1886: 1817: 1591: 1503: 1281: 1273: 1214: 777: 628: 511: 495: 455: 332: 205: 16804: 13119: 12899: 11776:

Ashdown-Hill, J.; Johnson, D.; Johnson, W.; Langley, P. (2014). Carson, A.J. (ed.).

8175: 18066: 18041: 18026: 17941: 17261: 17251: 17141: 17114: 16966: 16798: 16718: 16711: 16368: 16199: 16171: 15843: 15533: 15500: 15416: 15360: 15200: 15139: 15129: 15099: 14961: 14930: 14837: 14714: 14667: 14593: 14362: 14329: 14250: 14114: 14004: 13973: 13781: 13744: 12680: 12338: 12320: 12281: 12279: 12277: 11943: 11405: 7524: 7479: 6840: 6833: 6807: 6800: 6771: 6764: 6695: 6471: 6405: 6362: 6054: 4832: 2872: 2483: 2062: 1976: 1932: 1903: 1885:(1989) have also offered alternative versions to the theory that he murdered them. 1750: 920: 858: 805: 757: 740: 655: 640: 636: 632: 593: 581: 550: 483: 435: 15545: 15512: 15103: 14988:

The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688

14977: 14942: 14849: 14679: 14374: 13985: 10219: 1534:(son of his brother George, Duke of Clarence), was executed by Henry VII in 1499. 712: 17807: 17256: 17001: 16831: 16783: 16773: 16767: 16510: 16506: 16434: 16187: 16031: 15884: 15783: 15587: 15475: 15404: 15231: 15075: 15031: 14895: 14771: 14554:

Grant, A. (1993). "Foreign Affairs Under Richard III". In John Gillingham (ed.).

14507: 14471: 14453: 14441: 14416: 14398: 14300: 14288: 14270: 14227: 14197: 14074: 13934: 13827: 13805: 13712: 13682: 13024: 12983: 12952: 12908: 12851: 12619: 12267: 11656: 11100: 10254: 9472: 7773: 7752: 7459: 4080: 3881: 3164: 2579: 2567: 2283: 2250: 2246: 2231: 2198: 2061:, Richard's elder sister. A British-born woman who emigrated to Canada after the 2038:, and a scooping depression to the skull that was probably inflicted by a sword. 1587: 1563: 1412: 1405: 1367: 1325: 1297: 1246: 1167: 1099: 1079: 980:; Peter Booth, however, has argued that "instead of allowing his brother Richard 939:, in the trial and sentencing of leading Lancastrians captured after the battle. 853:, who had been the Burgundian Ambassador to Edward's court, but it was not until 670: 412: 381: 297: 72: 13291:"Richard III will be buried in a raised tomb not slab, says Leicester Cathedral" 12274: 11884:"Richard III dig: 'R' marks the spot where skeleton found in Leicester car park" 11585:"The remains of King Richard III reinterred in Leicester Cathedral, in pictures" 11529:"Benedict Cumberbatch proves a superb villain in The Hollow Crown's Richard III" 10736: 10639:"'Beyond reasonable doubt,' bones are the remains of England's King Richard III" 10408:, p. 92. "Tudor reason of State had claimed the first of its many victims." 2031: 1825:

is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play

1438: 1156: 18152: 18147: 18122: 17971: 17658: 17354: 17241: 17198: 17152: 16937: 16108: 15880: 15763: 15741: 15537: 15504: 14965: 14934: 14841: 14700: 14671: 14412: 14366: 14306:

The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803

14123: 14086: 13977: 12676: 11605:

Philippa Langley, who led the quest to find the remains of King Richard III ...

11206: 7877: 4581: 4294: 4282: 4276: 4069: 3977: 3580: 3155: 3079: 2999: 2879: 2505: 2436: 2342: 2338: 1859: 1854: 1738: 1727: 1705: 1682: 1662: 1428: 1424: 1285: 1219: 1171: 904: 862: 830: 801: 720: 693: 554: 491: 408: 360: 355:. He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the 273: 146: 15847: 14070: 13785: 10021: 9972: 2010:

The excavators found the remains in the course of the first excavation at the

18194: 18112: 17852: 16462: 16429: 16176:

Richard III: His Life and Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research

15438: 15279: 15091: 15035: 14996: 13801: 12334: 11920: 11122: 7768: 7747: 7454: 7392: 6741: 6709: 6690: 6439: 5188: 4841: 4436: 4152: 3588: 3431: 2646: 2287: 2193:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. Also present at the ceremony was 2089: 2077: 2035: 1990: 1878: 1874: 1678: 1670: 1492: 1107: 1020: 982: 716: 546: 507: 404: 309: 253: 15703:

The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots

15591: 15408: 15235: 14231: 14110: 13916:"Diriment Impediments, Dispensations and Divorce: Richard III and Matrimony" 13831: 13716: 13686: 1669:(1605) states that Richard, "albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good laws". 1362:

On 22 August 1485, Richard met the outnumbered forces of Henry Tudor at the

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Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages

16191: 16183: 16044: 16035: 15787: 15779: 15479: 15153: 15079: 14775: 14475: 14445: 14402: 14394: 14318: 14292: 14201: 14193: 14078: 14016:

Brown, Morton A. (1973). "Two-and-a-Half Secrets about Richard the Third".

13033: 12352: 12099: 12090: 11533: 11382: 11235: 10252: 10065:"'Strong evidence' Richard III's body has been found – with a curved spine" 9930: 7494: 7356: 4682: 2382: 2362: 2322: 2190: 2134: 1940: 1822: 1686: 1586:

and referred to Richard himself (the Hog) and his most trusted councillors

1416: 1351: 1317: 1083: 936: 781: 681: 613: 549:. They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the 396: 340: 305: 182: 16731: 15923:

Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England

12643:"Dundee experts reconstruct face of Richard III 528 years after his death" 10122: 1174:) at his feet, framed by the crests and helms of England, Ireland, Wales, 923:, in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the wing of 17384: 17369: 16954: 16308: 16048: 14254: 14048: 13163: 12702: 12256: 12246: 11201:"The Detective Novel That Convinced a Generation Richard III Wasn't Evil" 9869: 8269: 2370: 2326: 2262: 2258: 2182: 2054: 1979:

of the Society's Looking for Richard Project with the archaeology run by

1718: 1693: 1661:

Richard's reputation as a promoter of legal fairness persisted, however.

1644: 1631: 1523: 1075: 1047: 916: 877:

refused Edward entry. He gained entry to York by using the same claim as

773: 659: 597: 585: 545:

on 30 December 1460, Richard and George were sent by their mother to the

459: 15855: 15372: 15341: 14788:

False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence (1449–1478)

14605: 14031: 13994: 13858:

Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society

8404: 506:, who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of 17837: 17663: 17636: 17562: 17359: 17349: 17339: 16926: 16788: 15816:"The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of 'the Holy Princess'" 15134: 15040:

The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction

14503: 14422: 14262: 13010: 12372: 12325: 12242: 11553: 11378:"Richard III: Laurence Olivier's melodramatic baddie is seriously limp" 11231:"The many versions of Richard III: from Shakespeare to Game of Thrones" 10944: 5819: 2509: 1844: 1746: 1700: 1463: 1264: 1210: 1129: 870: 866: 427: 407:, recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the 300:

from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the

94: 17412: 15586:. Translated by Riley, Henry T. London: George Bell & Sons. 1908. 14726: 14582:

Griffin, Alice V. (1966). "Shakespeare through the Camera's Eye: IV".

14458:

The Wars of the Roses: Peace and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century England

13472: 2165:

The ledger stone memorial from Leicester Cathedral now resides in the

17602: 17374: 17344: 16931: 16906: 15087: 14008: 11123:"Richard III: The people who want everyone to like the infamous king" 8054:, p. 216, n.6, quoting Tellers' Roll, Mich. 5 Edw. IV (no. 36), m. 2. 7408: 2242: 2080:

gave a mouth-swab sample to the research team on 24 August 2012. His

2050: 2027: 1950: 1697: 1600: 1511: 1496: 1455: 1309: 842: 822: 651: 419: 328: 17510: 17032: 15725: 15382:

The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

14597: 13145:"Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University" 12592: 9926:"Richard III died in battle after losing helmet, new research shows" 1502:

In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the

1475: 498:', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in 426:, and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the 363:

of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old

17612: 17364: 17305: 16911: 16736: 16499: 16364: 15086: 14718: 13484: 13167: 13148: 12956: 12855: 12827: 12791: 12761: 12710: 12591:. King Richard III Visitor Centre. 29 December 2014. Archived from 12285: 12129: 11860: 9957: 9904: 8212: 2011: 1542: 1059: 1016: 834: 726:

The requisite papal dispensation was obtained dated 22 April 1472.

503: 368: 364: 336: 107: 15090:; Gonzalez Fortes, Gloria; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; 10531: 647:, in both of which the 18-year-old Richard played a crucial role. 17282: 17188: 11775: 11620:"Hunt for the grave of a medieval king: first check the car park" 11571: 9978: 9578: 2479: 2257:– loyalty binds me). The plinth also carries his coat of arms in 1717:

Richard was not without his defenders, the first of whom was Sir

1420: 1358:, since replaced by his stone tomb (as illustrated further below) 1301: 1179: 1175: 838: 553:. They participated in the coronation of their eldest brother as 248: 14431:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 158–165. 13939:

London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500

13363: 13124:

Viking, Saxon and Medieval jewellery reproductions from Danegeld

12669:"Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced" 11757:

Strange, Audrey (September 1975). "The Grey Friars, Leicester".

1530:

in 1154. The last legitimate male Plantagenet, Richard's nephew

1058:

On the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, his 12-year-old son,

17074: 17022: 16746: 16741: 16448: 16156:. Revised by Hammond, Peter W. Stroud, England: History Press. 15774:. Vol. 2. London: G. G. & J. Robinson and J. Edwards. 15746:

Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms

15555:

Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation

14482: 13250: 13217: 12817: 12815: 12813: 11003:

Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third

9614: 9602: 9377: 8986: 8509: 8045: 2486: 2410: 1792: 1743:

Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third

1450:, prior to being hastily and discreetly buried in the choir of 1305: 957: 949: 919:

to them at Doncaster. Richard may have led the vanguard at the

895: 846: 605: 576: 15961:

Richard III: From Contemporary Chronicles, Letters and Records

11519: 11517: 4829:) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. 2302:. After his wife's death, Richard commenced negotiations with 2129:, a purported descendant of Richard's great-great-grandfather 1721:, a descendant of one of the king's supporters, who completed 510:

from birth), and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife,

359:

in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named

16994: 16303:. New Series. Vol. 12. Exeter: William Pollard & Co. 15349:

Myers, A. R. (1968). "Richard III and Historical Tradition".

14216:. Vol. 1. The Birth of Britain. New York: Bantam Books. 12870: 12788:"York Minster says Richard III should be buried in Leicester" 10469: 10467: 10465: 10353: 9117: 8069: 2497: 1689:, referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders. 1401: 1389:

18th-century illustration of the death of Richard III at the

1277: 845:

by Warwick's only Parliament on 26 November. They resided in

502:

during the second half of the fifteenth century, between the

400: 16384: 15288:. Vol. 4, Cumberland. London: T. Cadell & W. Davies 12979:"Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king" 12810: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9364:, pp. 269–270, quoting a letter of instruction sent to 8057: 1677:

Richard was a practising Catholic, as shown by his personal

37:"Richard of Gloucester" redirects here. For other uses, see 16778: 14342:

Memoirs of Anne, Duchess of Brittany, Twice Queen of France

13644: 12927: 11514: 11502: 10689:, p. 426. The comparison is with Barabas in Marlowe's 10567: 10491: 10234: 9984: 9823: 9821: 9407: 9331: 9283: 9247: 2413: 2290:. After the death of his son, Richard appointed his nephew 1479: 973: 894:

Imaginary depiction of the East Gate (since demolished) in

768:

in Wales. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian

16672: 13282: 12852:"Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review" 12615:"Richard III: Facial reconstruction shows king's features" 12297: 11680:"Historic search for King Richard III begins in Leicester" 11324: 11019:

Postscript to my Historic Doubts, written in February 1793

10462: 10290: 10288: 9770: 9189: 9165: 9153: 1082:. At first convivial, Richard had Earl Rivers, his nephew 967: 654:). In 2014, after the discovery of Richard's remains, the 16357:

King Richard III Visitor Center - An Incredible Discovery

14809:(revised illustrated ed.). Stroud, England: Tempus. 13634: 13632: 13460: 13258:"Richard III: Give king tomb, not slab, says online poll" 13164:"A tomb fit for a king has been designed for Richard III" 12368:"Canadian family holds genetic key to Richard III puzzle" 11857:"Richard III dig: 'Strong evidence' bones belong to king" 11060: 11036: 10971: 10615: 10555: 10519: 10479: 10099: 9996: 9782: 9650: 9626: 9463: 9461: 9448: 9446: 8851: 8779: 1526:

dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of

1166:(1483) showing Richard with a sword in his right hand, a 1038:. The castle held out until 24 August 1482, when Richard 16297:"The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England" 12489: 12487: 12095:"Richard III: DNA confirms twisted bones belong to king" 11423: 10959: 10873: 10253:

Maureen Jurkowski; Carrie L. Smith; David Crook (1998).

9858:

is 'shaved', which might mean 'chopped off' or 'sliced'"

9818: 9794: 9566: 9383: 9355: 8827: 8156: 8108: 2237:

Richard's cathedral tomb was designed by the architects

1331: 1094:. Rivers had appointed Richard as executor of his will. 403:

with a contingent of French troops, and marched through

16018:

Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes

15834:

Wood, Charles T. (1975). "The Deposition of Edward V".

15490:"Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales" 14053:

The history of the life and reigne of Richard the Third

13399: 12846: 12844: 12824:"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?" 11024: 10909: 10841: 10817: 10793: 10708: 10696: 10680: 10632: 10630: 10591: 10543: 10507: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10312: 10300: 10285: 10273: 10047: 10045: 9806: 9686: 9662: 9590: 9431: 9419: 9395: 9307: 9081: 9069: 9003: 9001: 8455: 8021: 2441:

Dei Gratia Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae

2082:

mitochondrial DNA, passed down the direct maternal line

15182:"Richard III and the Origins of the Court of Requests" 13629: 13574: 13532: 13496: 13387: 12904:"English Debate What To Do With Richard III's Remains" 11143: 11048: 10943:. Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from 10805: 10399: 10121:. Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from 10087: 9698: 9554: 9530: 9458: 9443: 9295: 9259: 9230:"The history of Crosby Place | British History Online" 9059: 9057: 9055: 9042: 9040: 9013: 8611: 8512:, "Edward IV: October 1472, Second Roll", items 20–24. 8467: 8443: 8431: 8349: 8144: 1935:, who also played the lead role. Also notable are the 1419:, states that a Welshman struck the death blow with a 1312:, near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November. His widow, 15705:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 15228:

The Unpopular King: The Life and Times of Richard III

14960:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13411: 13375: 13006:"When Was a Catholic Monarch Last Buried in England?" 12557:"Richard III: Leicester wins the battle of the bones" 12484: 11179: 11167: 11097:

Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance

11072: 10897: 10829: 10781: 10149: 9506: 9343: 9177: 9141: 9129: 8962: 8928: 8926: 8815: 8385: 8315: 8313: 8120: 8096: 2353:. Richard continued her annuity when he became king. 2278:, who was born between 1474 and 1476. He was created 1448:

Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke

1292:

to escape in disguise, but was either turned in by a

776:. In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of 16392: 16376: 16093:(reprint ed.). Stroud, England: History Press. 15391:

Winter King: Henry VII and The Dawn of Tudor England

14687:

Hampton, W. E. (1975). "Sir Thomas Montgomery, KG".

13699:

The Last Days of Richard III and the fate of his DNA

13586: 13520: 12912:(Radio programme, with transcript). Washington, DC. 12841: 12376:. Don Mills, Ontario: Postmedia News. Archived from 11155: 10885: 10751: 10627: 10603: 10579: 10336: 10161: 10137: 10042: 9901:"Richard III dig: Grim clues to the death of a king" 9845: 9758: 9734: 9722: 9710: 9518: 9494: 8998: 8911: 8791: 8539: 8527: 8361: 8337: 8300: 8298: 8086: 8084: 8033: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7952: 7935:

Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley

2313:

Richard had two acknowledged illegitimate children,

1474:

According to another tradition, Richard consulted a

1272:

should return from exile, take the throne and marry

665: 592:

Richard spent several years during his childhood at

16259:

The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents

15108:"Identification of the remains of King Richard III" 15032:"Josephine Tey and Others: The Case of Richard III" 14534: 13544: 13490: 13339: 13315: 13186: 12301:"Identification of the remains of King Richard III" 11312: 10437: 9542: 9319: 9271: 9105: 9102:, "Parishes: Newton-Regny – Ponsonby", pp. 142–150. 9052: 9037: 8974: 8950: 8938: 8899: 8887: 8875: 8803: 8767: 8743: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8647: 8623: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8479: 8373: 8132: 5847:

Duke of Lancaster, Prince of Wales, King of England

2447:, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland). 2394: 15963:(rev. ed.). Stroud, England: Fonthill Media. 15521: 15488: 14918: 14825: 14655: 14511: 14350: 13961: 13810:The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh 13770:and the Cultural Capital of Shakespeare on Film". 13598: 13508: 13448: 13017: 11618: 11366: 9833: 9674: 8923: 8839: 8755: 8671: 8659: 8515: 8491: 8413:Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past 8325: 8310: 8278:Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past 8235: 7976: 7964: 7940: 1522:Richard's death at Bosworth marked the end of the 898:and the Visit of King Richard III, painted in 1885 30:"Richard III" redirects here. For other uses, see 14577:. Worthing, England: Littlehampton Book Services. 14273:(1977). "Richard III: 'Foul Hunch-Back'd Toad'". 13899:(revised ed.). Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 13431:"Haute, William (d.1462), of Bishopsbourne, Kent" 13155: 12780: 12750: 12707:"Richard III's DNA throws up infidelity surprise" 12464:"Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III" 12237: 11460: 10921: 10502:De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium 9025: 8635: 8563: 8551: 8295: 8081: 8000: 1963:Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England 1643:(1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the 1342:Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England 1252: 1050:of Berwick changed hands between the two realms. 418:Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of 18192: 16403:"Information about the discovery of Richard III" 15464:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. 14880:(3rd ed.). Stroud, England: History Press. 13878:The Lost Prince: The Survival of Richard of York 12758:"Richard III: Leicester welcomes king's remains" 8209:"Richard III: Team rebuilds 'most famous spine'" 2253:, incised with Richard's name, dates and motto ( 2197:and Roman Catholic Primate of England, Cardinal 1943:, set in a fictional 1930s fascist England, and 15262:Lulofs, Maaike (1974). "King Edward in Exile". 13743:——; Johnson, D.; Johnson, W. & 11799: 11797: 11732:"Greyfriars Project – Update, Friday 31 August" 11706:"Hunt for Richard III's remains under car park" 10218:. Richard III Society of Canada. Archived from 10216:"The Statutes of King Richard III's Parliament" 1981:University of Leicester Archaeological Services 1328:, who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485. 18331:British royalty and nobility with disabilities 15165:. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. 14736:Richard III and his early historians 1483–1535 14121: 13607:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family" 13552:"Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected" 12894: 12126:"Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king" 11574:, pp. 38–52, 71–81, including back cover. 11372: 10537: 10240: 9934:. London. Press Association. 16 September 2014 7911:Specifically, in the Vinter's Hall, Thameside. 1726:located lost archival material, including the 1284:, enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer 600:, Yorkshire, under the tutelage of his cousin 18336:Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 17526: 17428: 16658: 16053:The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered 14752: 11849: 11330: 8262: 4802: 2534: 2049:British historian John Ashdown-Hill had used 1783:Cultural depictions of Richard III of England 1708:, who also wrote the entry on Richard in the 1106:, then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. 16377:"King Richard III Visitor Centre, Leicester" 16276:——; Visser-Fuchs, Livia (1997). 15772:The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford 15610:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 15532:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 15499:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 15274: 15209:The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III 15199: 14929:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 14836:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 14666:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 14361:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 14352:"Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham" 13972:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13766:Aune, M. G. (2006). "Star Power: Al Pacino, 13723: 13693: 13659: 13266:. Local World. 14 March 2013. Archived from 13059: 11794: 11559: 11292:"New and Noteworthy: The Sunne in Splendour" 10986: 10485: 10179: 10105: 9990: 9099: 2457:For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold. 2201:, as Richard III professed Catholicism. The 1205:. On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside 1124:; her five daughters; and her youngest son, 18231:English military personnel killed in action 17225:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 15748:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 12695: 12120: 12118: 10500:, pp. 150–151, quoting from Mancini's 10071:. London. 12 September 2012. Archived from 9954:"King Richard III killed by blows to skull" 1546:Late 16th-century portrait, (oil on panel, 588:, North Yorkshire, where Richard was raised 580:The ruins of the twelfth-century castle at 327:in 1461 after the accession of his brother 17533: 17519: 17435: 17421: 17402:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 16665: 16651: 16420: 16393:"The Richard III Society, American Branch" 16257:——; Hammond, Peter W. (1984). 15959:——; Hammond, Peter W. (2013). 15925:. Horstead, England: Imprimis Imprimatur. 15566:. Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion, Wales: Y Lolfa. 15384:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. 15230:. Vol. 1. London: Ward & Downey. 14703:(1962). "The Legislation of Richard III". 14452: 13800: 13751:. Horstead, England: Imprimis Imprimatur. 12247:"Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'" 11831:"Greyfriars Project – Update, 7 September" 11523: 10823: 10636: 10612:, p. 200 quoting York records, pp. 220–222 9776: 9114:, p. 278, citing Phillipe de Commynes 8857: 8785: 4809: 4795: 2541: 2527: 1923:One film adaptation of Shakespeare's play 1737:Significant among Richard's defenders was 942: 627:Richard and Edward were forced to flee to 331:. This was during the period known as the 54: 15794: 15143: 15133: 14920:"Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings" 14653: 14631: 14214:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 14208: 14170: 13913: 13558:. London. 3 December 2012. Archived from 13478: 13288: 13223: 12554: 12342: 12324: 11916:"Burying Richard III: The hunch paid off" 11881: 11149: 11120: 10359: 9827: 8461: 7994: 2374:Skinner's Lane and Upper Thames Street. 1867:literature. Particularly influential was 1647:edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed". 885: 719:depiction of Richard and Anne Neville in 522:were placed in the custody of their aunt 486:, the eleventh of the twelve children of 16438:) is being considered for deletion. See 16070:Hammond, Peter W.; Sutton, Anne (1985). 16055:. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. 15978:Drewett, Richard; Redhead, Mark (1984). 15813: 15678: 15672:Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses 15557:(paperback ed.). London: Constable. 15443:Richard III and the Princes in the Tower 15323: 15245:Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen 15179: 15064:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 14615:A Short History of the Wars of the Roses 14612: 14435: 14411: 14381: 14336: 13381: 13084: 13082: 12115: 11429: 11121:Hogenboom, Melissa (15 September 2012). 10965: 10915: 10903: 10733:To Prove a Villain: The Real Richard III 10421:. Richard III Society, American Branch. 10256:Lay Taxes in England and Wales 1188–1688 10155: 9584: 9389: 9087: 9075: 8051: 2467:As Duke of Gloucester, Richard used the 2160: 2144: 2016: 1989: 1786: 1649: 1541: 1437: 1384: 1345: 1155: 1147: 889: 711: 699:Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick 669: 575: 557:on 28 June 1461, when Richard was named 18246:English pretenders to the French throne 17763:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 17758:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 17442: 16113:Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation 16091:Richard III and the Murder in the Tower 16072:Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field 15762: 15697: 15683:. Vol. 1. London: Fonthill Media. 15529:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 15519: 15496:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 15486: 15459: 15437: 15328:: Tonypandy in the Twentieth Century". 15242: 15160: 15056: 14957:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14926:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14833:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14699: 14686: 14663:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14581: 14535:——; Curteis, Alice (1984). 14358:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14299: 14144: 13969:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 13959: 13894: 13875: 13845: 13666: 13650: 13580: 13538: 13526: 13405: 13393: 13369: 13357: 13333: 13192: 13161: 12738:. Agence France-Presse. 2 December 2014 12635: 12365: 12150: 12089: 11882:Warzynski, Peter A. (3 February 2013). 11780:. Imprimis Imprimatur. pp. 25–27. 11756: 11508: 11285: 11228: 11030: 11014: 10998: 10847: 10799: 10726: 10714: 10702: 10686: 10609: 10597: 10573: 10549: 10513: 10497: 10405: 10347: 10330: 10318: 10306: 10294: 10279: 10213: 10093: 10051: 10019: 10007: 9812: 9752: 9740: 9704: 9692: 9668: 9656: 9632: 9620: 9608: 9596: 9425: 9413: 9337: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9265: 9253: 9195: 9183: 9171: 9159: 9147: 9019: 8992: 8968: 8833: 8821: 8617: 8473: 8437: 8391: 8379: 8162: 8150: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8075: 8063: 8039: 8027: 7982: 7958: 7946: 4162:Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine 2329:that Richard "had no interest in sex". 2249:. It sits on a low plinth made of dark 1956: 1092:Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland 968:The North, and the Council in the North 478:Richard was born on 2 October 1452, at 197: 1472; died 1485) 14: 18193: 17683:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 16635:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 15740: 15552: 15415: 15304: 15261: 14949: 14916: 14894: 14733: 14639:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 14537:The Royal Bastards of Medieval England 14348: 14269: 14238: 14085: 14038: 13963:"Stanley, Thomas, first earl of Derby" 13933: 13638: 13502: 13062:"Our Tomb for Richard III is Revealed" 12953:"Richard III reburial court bid fails" 12821: 12701: 12527:"What the Bones Can and Can't Tell Us" 11712:. Agence France-Presse. 27 August 2012 11318: 11197: 11161: 11090: 10835: 10811: 10787: 10757: 10456: 10443: 10259:. PRO Publications. pp. 119–120. 10119:"Legends about the Battle of Bosworth" 9898: 9867: 9644: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9452: 9380:, "Richard III: January 1484", item 5. 9277: 9007: 8797: 8677: 8449: 8233: 8015: 7928: 1949:, a 1996 documentary film directed by 1569:During Richard's reign, the historian 1064:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 389:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 296:(2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was 39:Richard of Gloucester (disambiguation) 17778:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 17753:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 17693:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 17688:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 17678:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 17540: 17514: 17416: 16646: 15723: 15669: 15580: 15379: 15348: 15225: 15029: 15015:(new ed.). London: John Murray. 15013:Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle 15010: 14875: 14856: 14823: 14804: 14782: 14572: 14553: 14460:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14130:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14015: 13992: 13604: 13592: 13514: 13466: 13454: 13417: 13224:Warzynski, Peter A. (14 March 2013). 13079: 13041:from the original on 16 November 2018 13023: 12798:from the original on 10 November 2018 12457: 12053: 11649: 11616: 11185: 11173: 11066: 11054: 11042: 10637:Mackintosh, Eliza (4 February 2013). 10621: 10561: 10525: 9880:from the original on 24 November 2018 9680: 9512: 9437: 9349: 9031: 8980: 8917: 8773: 8641: 8629: 8605: 8593: 8545: 8533: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8304: 8138: 7778: 7759: 7757: 7723: 7721: 7716: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7626: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7500: 7493: 7466: 7464: 7437: 7435: 7406: 7399: 7397: 7375: 7368: 7355: 7353: 7344: 7333: 7249: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7149: 7143: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7063: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6814: 6812: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6753: 6751: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6702: 6700: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6603: 6597: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6555: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6458: 6451: 6449: 6428: 6426: 6419: 6417: 6394: 6387: 6385: 6376: 6374: 6349: 6347: 6318: 6307: 6292: 6222: 6210: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5961: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5840: 5829: 5818: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5761: 5752: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5608: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5395: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5263: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5187: 5172: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5142: 5044: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4676: 4674: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4624: 4622: 4604: 4602: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4293: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4205: 4171: 4160: 4158: 4151: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4079: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4013: 3987: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3887: 3880: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3820: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3657: 3625: 3618:until created Duke of Edinburgh, 1726 3599: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3539: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3495: 3488: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3371: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3307: 3291: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3163: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3128: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3007: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2863: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2747: 2721: 2697: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2658: 2656: 2645: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2605: 2589: 2578: 2319:William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 2133:. This could be the result of covert 2066: 1847:is also known to have written a play 1821:(first known performance in 1580) by 1723:The history of King Richard the Third 1468:archaeological investigations in 2012 1427:implies a leading Welsh Lancastrian, 1332:Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field 929:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 827:John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu 751: 746: 602:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 345:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 17932:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 16367:– via Official website of the 15999:Richard III and the North of England 15833: 15655:. Gloucester, England: Alan Sutton. 15647: 15624: 15598: 15561: 15388: 14984: 14790:. Gloucester, England: Alan Sutton. 14514:Parliament Rolls of Medieval England 14275:Development of Shakespeare's Imagery 14047: 13765: 13605:Velde, François R. (5 August 2013). 13345: 13321: 13289:Warzynski, Peter A. (18 July 2013). 13205:from the original on 6 December 2018 13174:from the original on 23 October 2018 13162:Hubball, Louise (13 February 2013). 13100:from the original on 6 December 2018 13060:Withstandley, Kate (27 March 2015). 12883: [2013] EWHC B13 (Admin) 12067:. La Défense, France. Archived from 11652:"Philippa Langley: Hero or Villain?" 11650:Earle, Laurence (10 February 2013). 11631:from the original on 10 January 2022 11481:"Tragedy of Richard III, The (1983)" 11466: 11410:Sir Ian McKellen: Official Home Page 11078: 10927: 10891: 10879: 10585: 10473: 10387:from the original on 4 December 2018 10167: 10143: 9851: 9839: 9800: 9788: 9764: 9728: 9716: 9572: 9524: 9500: 9401: 9361: 9325: 9135: 9123: 9111: 9063: 9046: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8872:, p. 22, citing 'The Arrivall'. 8869: 8845: 8809: 8761: 8749: 8737: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8665: 8653: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8521: 8497: 8485: 8331: 8319: 8250:from the original on 10 January 2022 8090: 7970: 7840: 3920:2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 3771:1st Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 2140: 2127:Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort 1654:A statue of Richard III now outside 1280:and the Marches. Henry, in exile in 1002: 992:John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln 865:, 36 ships and 1,200 men. They left 790:William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings 537:When their father and elder brother 237: 230: 18221:15th-century English Navy personnel 17927:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 17813:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 17673:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 16223:Richard III: England's Black Legend 14176:Richard the Third up to Shakespeare 13851:"King Richard's Grave in Leicester" 13066:van Heyningen and Haward Architects 12822:Watson, Greig (13 September 2013). 12768:from the original on 11 August 2018 12555:Warzynski, Peter A. (23 May 2014). 12151:Fricker, Martin (5 February 2013). 11942: 11267:. New York: Cahners. 1 January 1989 11093:"Richard III and the Will to Power" 10651:from the original on 29 August 2018 10214:Woodger, Douglas (September 1997). 10020:Schürer, Kevin (12 November 2015). 8405:"Northern Properties and Influence" 7507:Duke of Gloucester, King of England 3959:Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh 3811:Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1755:Richard III: His Life and Character 1126:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 1122:Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset 811: 737:George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford 524:Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham 442:on the site previously occupied by 374:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 24: 17907:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 17877:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 17773:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 16593:Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers 16299:. In H. W. Forsyth Harwood (ed.). 15906:. Stroud, England: History Press. 15872: 15393:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 15365:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x 15038:& Lawrence A. Kreiser (eds.). 14859:Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III 14041:The Regal Armorie of Great Britain 13880:. Stroud, England: History Press. 13773:Quarterly Review of Film and Video 12940: [2014] EWHC 1662 (QB) 11478: 11342: 7834:Richard III Experience at Monk Bar 5437:Duke of Lancaster, King of England 2428:Coat of arms as Duke of Gloucester 2345:, sixth wife of King Henry VIII. 2227:television series, read a poem by 1805:Richard III is the protagonist of 1143: 1072:Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers 819:Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers 25: 18347: 17882:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 17798:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 17743:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 17486:Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh 16620:John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford 16610:John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford 16442:to help reach a consensus. › 16418:National Portrait Gallery, London 16350: 15307:Ben Jonson, Renaissance Dramatist 14706:American Journal of Legal History 14277:(2nd ed.). London: Methuen. 14128:The Life and Times of Richard III 13617:from the original on 14 June 2018 13491:Given-Wilson & Curteis (1984) 12435:. 4 February 2013. Archived from 12366:Boswell, Randy (27 August 2012). 11541:from the original on 2 April 2018 11091:Hebron, Michael (15 March 2016). 10425:from the original on 8 April 2018 9899:Watson, Greig (4 February 2013). 8234:Duffin, Claire (17 August 2014). 2563:Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh 2455:Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold, 1623:protagonist. Rous himself in his 1548:National Portrait Gallery, London 1374:(made Earl of Derby in October), 1053: 925:Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter 770:John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford 666:Marriage and family relationships 236:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke ( 27:King of England from 1483 to 1485 18241:English people with disabilities 18236:English people of French descent 18175: 18174: 17937:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 17887:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 17872:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 17856: 17748:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 17703:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 17698:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 17662: 17651: 17635: 17625: 17615: 17605: 17595: 16578:John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 16563:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 16553:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 15445:. Stroud, England: Alan Sutton. 15002: 14760:(new ed.). London: Sphere. 14556:Richard III: A Medieval Kingship 14428:Dictionary of National Biography 13837: 13423: 13351: 13327: 13137: 13112: 13053: 12999: 12971: 12945: 12888: 12724: 12661: 12607: 12581: 12548: 12519: 12451: 12421: 12392: 12359: 12291: 12231: 12202: 12173: 12144: 12083: 12047: 12018: 11989: 11960: 11936: 11908: 11875: 11823: 11769: 11750: 11724: 11698: 11672: 11643: 11610: 11577: 11472: 11435: 11398: 11336: 11279: 11251: 11222: 11191: 11114: 11084: 10933: 10853: 10763: 10727:Hammond, Peter (November 2003). 10720: 10663: 10449: 10411: 10365: 10246: 10207: 10195:from the original on 6 July 2018 10173: 10111: 10057: 10013: 9946: 9918: 9892: 9861: 9746: 9638: 9479:from the original on 1 June 2018 9222: 9201: 7905: 7896: 7767: 7746: 7730:Prince of Wales, King of England 7453: 7391: 6740: 6708: 6689: 6438: 5402:Prince of Wales, King of England 4840: 3719:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 2421: 2403: 2395:Titles, styles, honours and arms 2292:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 1711:Dictionary of National Biography 829:. On 2 October they sailed from 569:. Edward appointed him the sole 283: 18311:People of the Wars of the Roses 18158:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 17897:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 17803:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 16702:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 14900:Richard III: A study in service 14558:. London: Collins & Brown. 13193:Britten, Nick (13 March 2013). 11229:Dugdale, John (26 March 2018). 8863: 8409:Richard III: Rumour and Reality 8397: 8274:Richard III: Rumour and Reality 8227: 8201: 8168: 7887: 7869: 7855: 7846: 7823:King Richard III Visitor Centre 7734: 7683: 7511: 7424: 7417: 6336: 6329: 5851: 5445: 5406: 4909: 4850:Family tree of English monarchs 3731:Prince George William Frederick 2515: 2167:King Richard III Visitor Centre 2059:Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter 1828:The True Tragedy of Richard III 1798:The True Tragedy of Richard III 1625:History of the Kings of England 1462:, his body was thrown into the 1354:to Richard III in the choir of 1170:in his left, a white boar (his 833:in two ships; Edward landed at 804:and Middleham in Yorkshire and 194: 18118:Issue of Edward III of England 17867:Anne Neville, Queen of England 17828:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 17823:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 16699:Monarchs of England until 1603 16315:. New York: Ballantine Books. 15997:England, Barbara, ed. (1986). 15904:Richard III: The Maligned King 15309:. Edinburgh University Press. 14902:. Cambridge University Press. 14518:. Woodbridge, England: Boydell 14440:. Cambridge University Press. 14344:. London: W. & F. G. Cash. 11198:Polsky, Sara (24 March 2015). 10419:"Back to Basics for Newcomers" 4816:English royal families in the 2504:, "Loyalty binds me"; and his 2306:to marry John's pious sister, 2274:Richard and Anne had one son, 2074:mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J 1985:dissolution of the monasteries 1460:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1253:Buckingham's rebellion of 1483 312:. His defeat and death at the 13: 1: 18281:Lord high admirals of England 18216:15th-century English monarchs 18092:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 17917:William Neville, Earl of Kent 17902:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 17843:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 17788:George Stanley, Baron Strange 17783:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 17733:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 17728:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 17723:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 17708:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 16536:William Neville, Earl of Kent 16427: 16414:Portraits of King Richard III 16242:"Richard III: His Parliament" 16135:Richard III: The Great Debate 15889:. Project Gutenberg Australia 15799:. Stroud, England: Amberley. 15795:Wilkinson, Josephine (2008). 15247:. Stroud, England: Amberley. 14311:T. C. (Thomas Curson) Hansard 14242:The English Historical Review 14095:. London: John Russel Smith. 13728:. Stroud, England: Amberley. 13669:Kings of England and Scotland 13299:. Local World. Archived from 13234:. Local World. Archived from 13090:"Richard III Tomb and Burial" 12565:. Local World. Archived from 12400:"Results of the DNA Analysis" 11947:"Looking for Richard Project" 11892:. Local World. Archived from 11617:Sabur, Rozina (22 May 2015). 11406:"Ian McKellen is Richard III" 11259:"Book Review: Crown of Roses" 10693:of a couple of years earlier. 7917: 7413:Duke of York, King of England 6463:Duke of York, Prince of Wales 4105:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 2772: 2381:, who was first mentioned in 2300:Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk 2221:, who later portrayed him in 1832: 1776: 1537: 1040:recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed 760:, including the lordships of 680:, 1483) of Richard, his wife 473: 89:26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485 61: 60:Earliest surviving portrait, 17992:Siege of the Tower of London 17892:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 17713:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 16115:. London: Bloomsbury Press. 15797:Richard the Young King to Be 15546:UK public library membership 15513:UK public library membership 14978:UK public library membership 14943:UK public library membership 14850:UK public library membership 14680:UK public library membership 14375:UK public library membership 13986:UK public library membership 13960:Bennett, Michael J. (2008). 13726:The Mythology of Richard III 13481:, pp. 228–229, 235–254. 13435:History of Parliament Online 13029:"Richard by Carol Ann Duffy" 12531:The Discovery of Richard III 12404:The Discovery of Richard III 12214:The Discovery of Richard III 12185:The Discovery of Richard III 12064:International Herald Tribune 12030:The Discovery of Richard III 12001:The Discovery of Richard III 11972:The Discovery of Richard III 10538:Cheetham & Fraser (1972) 10377:The Discovery of Richard III 10241:Cheetham & Fraser (1972) 8180:The Discovery of Richard III 7922: 4732: 4685:and therefore not hereditary 4630: 4610: 4586: 4304:Princess Alice of Battenberg 4144:(2nd creation) extinct, 1900 3481:(4th creation) extinct, 1660 2894:(2nd creation) extinct, 1447 2690:(1st creation) extinct, 1397 2308:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 1910:(1980), the first volume in 1380:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 1322:Francis II, Duke of Brittany 1036:English invasion of Scotland 796:. Other positions followed: 794:Lord High Admiral of England 432:an archaeological excavation 32:Richard III (disambiguation) 7: 18296:Lords Warden of the Marches 18261:High sheriffs of Cumberland 18052:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 17738:John Neville, Baron Neville 17718:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 17309:British monarchs after the 16334:. Oxford University Press. 16280:. Stroud, England: Sutton. 16154:The Betrayal of Richard III 16020:. New York: HarperCollins. 15982:. Stroud, England: Sutton. 15944:. Stroud, England: Sutton. 15679:Scofield, Cora L. (2016) . 15324:Mitchell, Deborah (1997). " 15163:The Battlefields of Britain 14861:. Stroud, England: Tempus. 14738:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13993:Booth, Peter W. N. (1997). 13747:(2014). A.J. Carson (ed.). 13742: 13324:, p. 29, n. 2. "1476". 12255:(Radio programme). London. 10859:Sutton & Visser-Fuchs. 9868:Thomas, Jeffrey L. (2009). 9186:, p. 96citing Mancini. 7934: 7816: 4099:Prince Alfred Ernest Albert 3897:Duke of Kent and Strathearn 3577:Marquess of the Isle of Ely 2157:(loyalty binds me) at right 1674:were many good acts made." 1442:Richard III's grave in 2013 1152:Silver groat of Richard III 788:. In November, he replaced 674:Contemporary illumination ( 438:with the assistance of the 339:. In 1472, Richard married 136:, Northamptonshire, England 10: 18352: 18291:Lords Protector of England 17818:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 16137:. New York: W. W. Norton. 16089:Hancock, Peter A. (2011). 16043:Greyfriars Research Team; 15421:The Murders of Richard III 14827:"George, duke of Clarence" 14152:. New Haven, Connecticut: 14092:Remains Concerning Britain 14039:Brunet, Alexander (1889). 13814:Cambridge University Press 11572:Ashdown-Hill et al. (2014) 11562:, pp. 11–29, 240–248. 11560:Langley & Jones (2013) 10777:Folger Shakespeare Library 10676:Folger Shakespeare Library 10486:Langley & Jones (2013) 9979:Ashdown-Hill et al. (2014) 9378:Given-Wilson et al. (2005) 9100:Lysons & Lysons (1816) 8510:Given-Wilson et al. (2005) 2245:fossil stone, quarried in 1960: 1900:The Murders of Richard III 1780: 1734:(later King of Portugal). 1667:Remains Concerning Britain 1404:champion, killing Henry's 1335: 1256: 1134:John Morton, Bishop of Ely 798:High Sheriff of Cumberland 462:descendants of his sister 211: 36: 29: 18301:Monarchs killed in action 18256:High sheriffs of Cornwall 18168: 18105: 17959: 17851: 17646: 17583: 17576: 17548: 17450: 17397: 17320: 17304: 17300: 17237: 17220: 17216: 16693: 16689: 16631: 16624: 16616: 16606: 16597: 16589: 16584: 16574: 16567: 16559: 16549: 16540: 16532: 16527: 16517: 16504: 16496: 16491: 16456: 16385:"The Richard III Society" 16330:Wood, Charles T. (1991). 16261:. New York: St Martin's. 16225:. London: Penguin Books. 15942:Richard III: A Sourcebook 15848:10.1017/S036215290001134X 15814:Williams, Barrie (1983). 15724:Steer, Christian (2014). 15670:Rowse, Alfred L. (1966). 15330:Literature/Film Quarterly 15226:Legge, Alfred O. (1885). 15180:Kleineke, Hannes (2007). 15030:Kelly, R. Gordon (2000). 14952:"Richard III (1452–1485)" 14349:Davies, C. S. L. (2011). 13914:Barnfield, Marie (2007). 13786:10.1080/10509200690897617 13660:General and cited sources 13014:. Retrieved 10 July 2023. 12210:"Female-Line Family Tree" 12161:. Glasgow: Trinity Mirror 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7632: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7570: 7566: 7552: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7498: 7491: 7404: 7373: 7366: 7342: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7147: 7145: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6887: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6456: 6392: 6316: 6305: 6303: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6051: 6035: 6033: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5955: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5883: 5838: 5827: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5757: 5750: 5738: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5500: 5498: 5487: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5285: 5283: 5267: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4839:=Killed in action; 4694: 4692: 4564: 4562: 4542: 4540: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4462: 4460: 4433: 4418: 4416: 4388: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4346: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3909: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3561: 3559: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3510: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3327:Princess Elizabeth Stuart 3319: 3317: 3315: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3264: 3262: 3225: 3223: 3186: 3184: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3085: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3036: 2961: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2901: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2830: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2788: 2786: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2679: 2677: 2625: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2548: Family tree of the 2341:; they were ancestors to 2282:on 15 February 1478, and 2195:Archbishop of Westminster 1931:directed and produced by 1485: 1191:Bishop Robert Stillington 1028:Alexander, Duke of Albany 528:Cardinal Thomas Bourchier 488:Richard, 3rd Duke of York 279: 269: 259: 247: 204: 176: 153: 149:, Leicestershire, England 140: 127: 123: 113: 103: 93: 85: 71: 53: 48: 18306:People from Fotheringhay 16440:templates for discussion 16313:The Princes in the Tower 16221:Seward, Desmond (1997). 16206:. London: Eyre Methuen. 16178:. London: Smith, Elder. 16016:Fields, Bertram (1998). 15980:The Trial of Richard III 15902:Carson, Annette (2009). 15633:. London: Eyre Methuen. 15553:Potter, Jeremy (1994) . 15423:. New York: Avon Books. 15120:. Article number: 5631. 14985:—— (1864) . 14876:—— (2009) . 14805:—— (2001) . 14617:. London: I. B. Tauris. 14613:Grummitt, David (2013). 14389:. London: Elliot Stock. 13945:(published 6 May 2004). 13895:—— (2013) . 13372:, pp. 349–350, 563. 11591:. London. Archived from 10861:The Hours of Richard III 10824:Bacon & Lumby (1885) 9874:Castles of Wales Website 9587:, pp. 17–18, 43–44. 8995:, pp. 132–133, 154. 4072:(UK, 1st creation), 1866 3913:Prince William Frederick 2269: 2239:van Heyningen and Haward 1391:Battle of Bosworth Field 1364:Battle of Bosworth Field 1338:Battle of Bosworth Field 1207:Old St. Paul's Cathedral 1195:Bishop of Bath and Wells 1009:Warden of the West March 532:Archbishop of Canterbury 391:. Then, in August 1485, 380:", disappeared from the 314:Battle of Bosworth Field 144:22 August 1485 (aged 32) 18316:Retrospective diagnosis 18251:English Roman Catholics 18133:Bonville–Courtenay feud 16458:Richard III of England 16407:University of Leicester 15940:Dockray, Keith (1997). 15921:—— (2015). 15631:English Monarchs series 15625:—— (1981). 15608:English Monarchs series 15520:—— (2008). 15487:—— (2004). 15460:—— (2000). 15211:. London: John Murray. 15011:Jones, Michael (2014). 14950:—— (2013). 14917:—— (2004). 14857:—— (2006). 14824:—— (2004). 14734:Hanham, Alison (1975). 14654:—— (2008). 14436:—— (1898). 14387:A History of Cumberland 14338:Costello, Louisa Stuart 14309:. Vol. 2. London: 14001:University of Leicester 13943:Oxford University Press 13876:—— (2007). 13864:: 21–24. Archived from 13724:—— (2015). 13667:Andrews, Allen (2000). 12673:University of Leicester 12589:"News: January Opening" 12535:University of Leicester 12433:University of Leicester 12408:University of Leicester 12218:University of Leicester 12189:University of Leicester 12034:University of Leicester 12005:University of Leicester 11976:University of Leicester 11924:. London. 28 March 2015 11835:University of Leicester 11809:University of Leicester 11736:University of Leicester 11684:University of Leicester 10381:University of Leicester 8184:University of Leicester 7864:Cal. Milanese Papers, I 7829:Ricardian (Richard III) 2462: 2205:was represented by the 2149:Tomb of Richard III in 2103:A museum to Richard III 1969:University of Leicester 1967:On 24 August 2012, the 1795:of the anonymous play, 1532:Edward, Earl of Warwick 1366:. Richard rode a white 999:punishing lawbreakers. 943:1475 invasion of France 539:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 448:University of Leicester 222:Edward, Prince of Wales 18201:Richard III of England 18082:Buckingham's rebellion 18062:Readeption of Henry VI 16445:Richard III of England 16295:Watson, G. W. (1896). 16001:. University of Hull. 15538:10.1093/ref:odnb/95580 15505:10.1093/ref:odnb/38659 15380:Paget, Gerald (1977). 15298:British History Online 15161:Kinross, John (1979). 15102:; Hofreiter, Michael; 14966:10.1093/ref:odnb/23500 14935:10.1093/ref:odnb/12588 14842:10.1093/ref:odnb/10542 14754:Harrod-Eagles, Cynthia 14672:10.1093/ref:odnb/95581 14575:The Howards of Norfolk 14528:British History Online 14367:10.1093/ref:odnb/26204 13978:10.1093/ref:odnb/26279 13671:. Marshall Cavendish. 12885: (15 August 2013). 11489:British Film Institute 11353:British Film Institute 11210:. New York: Condé Nast 10373:"Who Was Richard III?" 10185:"Richard III and Bail" 8078:, pp. 36–37, 240. 4638:2nd Duke of Gloucester 4600:Later King Charles III 4328:1st Duke of Gloucester 3601:Prince Frederick Louis 3020:Later King Richard III 2460: 2170: 2158: 2022: 2021:Skeleton as discovered 1999: 1973:Leicester City Council 1895:The Sunne in Splendour 1863:set the trend for pro- 1802: 1658: 1551: 1443: 1393: 1359: 1259:Buckingham's rebellion 1187: 1153: 1113:Holinshed's Chronicles 899: 886:1471 military campaign 825:by Warwick's brother, 723: 685: 684:, and their son Edward 589: 318:Middle Ages in England 316:marked the end of the 18326:Younger sons of dukes 18276:Knights of the Garter 17768:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 17553:Red Rose of Lancaster 17461:Humphrey of Lancaster 16244:. Richard III Society 16074:. London: Constable. 15564:A Life of Guto'r Glyn 15462:The Wars of the Roses 15389:Penn, Thomas (2013). 15305:McEvoy, Sean (2008). 15243:Licence, Amy (2013). 15113:Nature Communications 14585:Shakespeare Quarterly 14539:. London: Routledge. 14210:Churchill, Winston S. 14154:Yale University Press 14055:. London: W. Wilson. 14043:. London: Henry Kent. 13008:(13 September 2022). 12914:National Public Radio 12305:Nature Communications 12057:(24 September 2012). 11443:"Looking for Richard" 10476:, pp. xxii–xxiv. 9234:british-history.ac.uk 8419:. CPR 1467–77, p. 260 8066:, pp. 34–44, 74. 7761:Richard of Shrewsbury 7468:Edward of Westminster 6424:Duchess of Buckingham 6048:Richard of Conisburgh 4774:Dukedom of Gloucester 4772:Heir-apparent to the 4739:styled Earl of Ulster 4594:2nd Duke of Edinburgh 4444:1st Duke of Edinburgh 3742:Later King George III 3479:Dukedom of Gloucester 3282:King James VI & I 3057:Dukedom of Gloucester 2892:Dukedom of Gloucester 2852:Humphrey of Lancaster 2688:Dukedom of Gloucester 2476:Royal Arms of England 2452: 2367:Battle of Stoke Field 2296:Lieutenant of Ireland 2211:Duchess of Gloucester 2164: 2148: 2131:Edward III of England 2118:facial reconstruction 2051:genealogical research 2020: 1993: 1918:Cynthia Harrod-Eagles 1790: 1732:Manuel, Duke of Viseu 1653: 1580:William Collingbourne 1545: 1441: 1388: 1349: 1257:Further information: 1159: 1151: 1032:James III of Scotland 893: 821:, escaped capture at 715: 690:Edward of Westminster 673: 579: 571:Commissioner of Array 541:, were killed at the 466:. He was reburied in 349:Edward of Westminster 162:Greyfriars, Leicester 18143:Neville–Neville feud 18128:Princes in the Tower 17279:William III & II 16844:Henry the Young King 16794:Edward the Confessor 16762:Æthelred the Unready 16626:Lord High Constable 16471:House of Plantagenet 16468:Cadet branch of the 16172:Markham, Clements R. 16152:Lamb, V. B. (2015). 16131:Kendall, Paul Murray 15674:. London: Macmillan. 15562:Rees, E. A. (2008). 14573:Grant, Neil (1972). 14383:Ferguson, Richard S. 14172:Churchill, George B. 13806:Lumby, Joseph Lawson 13562:on 19 September 2018 12647:University of Dundee 11944:Langley, Philippa J. 11447:Cannes Film Festival 11374:Von Tunzelmann, Alex 11345:"Richard III (1955)" 11331:Harrod-Eagles (1981) 10222:on 27 September 2014 10183:(16 December 2008). 10075:on 12 September 2012 9870:"Sir Rhys ap Thomas" 9791:, pp. 218, 222. 5425:Philippa of Clarence 5174:Blanche of Lancaster 4681:(4th creation) is a 4679:Dukedom of Edinburgh 4665:Dukedom of Edinburgh 4555:(4th creation), 2023 4401:(3rd creation), 1947 4286:(2nd creation), 1928 4280:(UK, 2nd creation), 4142:Dukedom of Edinburgh 3764:Prince William Henry 3414:(4th creation), 1659 3243:Mary, Queen of Scots 2974:(3rd creation), 1461 2823:(2nd creation), 1414 2763:1st Earl of Somerset 2638:(1st creation), 1385 2469:Royal Arms of France 2219:Benedict Cumberbatch 2203:British royal family 2176:Plantagenet Alliance 2114:University of Dundee 1957:Discovery of remains 1870:The Daughter of Time 1630:Polydore Vergil and 1584:St. Paul's Cathedral 1517:Courts of Piepowders 1243:Cambridge University 1203:Philippe de Commines 1184:Edward the Confessor 990:and made his nephew 988:Council of the North 909:Sir James Harrington 879:Henry of Bolingbroke 786:Constable of England 694:John Paston's letter 563:Knight of the Garter 434:was commissioned by 384:around August 1483. 378:Princes in the Tower 357:invasion of Scotland 323:Richard was created 18271:Knights of the Bath 18226:Dukes of Gloucester 17922:Sir Richard Herbert 17455:Thomas of Woodstock 17444:Dukes of Gloucester 17227:Union of the Crowns 16600:Lord High Constable 16278:Richard III's Books 15126:2014NatCo...5.5631K 14991:. London: Longman. 14972:on 9 February 2019. 14633:Griffiths, Ralph A. 14484:Given-Wilson, Chris 14418:"Richard III" 14122:Cheetham, Anthony; 13935:Barron, Caroline M. 13871:on 4 February 2012. 13768:Looking for Richard 13653:, pp. 132–133. 13556:The Daily Telegraph 13469:, pp. 156–158. 13199:The Daily Telegraph 13120:"Film and Heritage" 13094:Leicester Cathedral 12942: (23 May 2014). 12794:. 7 February 2013. 12705:(2 December 2014). 12461:(4 February 2013). 12317:2014NatCo...5.5631K 12245:(4 February 2013). 12093:(4 February 2013). 11896:on 19 November 2014 11863:. 12 September 2012 11625:The Daily Telegraph 11589:The Daily Telegraph 11525:Billington, Michael 11511:, pp. 385–387. 11289:(2 February 1990). 11069:, pp. 200–202. 11045:, pp. 199–200. 10987:Ashdown-Hill (2013) 10941:"Elizabeth of York" 10882:, pp. 345–346. 10644:The Washington Post 10624:, pp. 247–249. 10576:, pp. 395–396. 10564:, pp. 238–239. 10540:, pp. 175–176. 10528:, pp. 237–238. 10362:, pp. 360–361. 10181:Higginbotham, Susan 10106:Ashdown-Hill (2015) 10069:The Daily Telegraph 9991:Ashdown-Hill (2013) 9960:. 17 September 2014 9803:, pp. 223–224. 9575:, pp. 105–119. 9416:, pp. 487–489. 9340:, pp. 215–216. 9292:, pp. 209–210. 9256:, pp. 212–213. 9198:, pp. 162–163. 9174:, pp. 252–254. 9162:, pp. 207–210. 8243:The Daily Telegraph 7401:Elizabeth Woodville 7370:Catherine Woodville 5831:Catherine of Valois 5230:Thomas of Woodstock 5144:Edward of Woodstock 4669:merged in the Crown 4068:(2nd creation) and 3785:merged in the Crown 3585:Viscount Launceston 3204:James V of Scotland 3061:merged in the Crown 2660:Thomas of Woodstock 2551:Dukes of Gloucester 2445:by the Grace of God 2379:Richard Plantagenet 2304:John II of Portugal 2276:Edward of Middleham 2187:Bishop of Leicester 2151:Leicester Cathedral 2108:On 5 February 2013 2099:Leicester Cathedral 1946:Looking for Richard 1913:The Morland Dynasty 1813:William Shakespeare 1681:, surviving in the 1656:Leicester Cathedral 1609:Richard III Society 1510:(a device by which 1409:Sir William Brandon 1376:Sir William Stanley 1356:Leicester Cathedral 1314:Catherine Woodville 1104:Crosby Hall, London 1086:and his associate, 1044:Kingdom of Scotland 859:Hanseatic merchants 543:Battle of Wakefield 480:Fotheringhay Castle 468:Leicester Cathedral 440:Richard III Society 424:English Reformation 302:Plantagenet dynasty 169:Leicester Cathedral 134:Fotheringhay Castle 18286:Lords of Glamorgan 18138:Percy–Neville feud 18017:St Albans (Second) 17912:Sir Thomas Neville 17558:White Rose of York 17311:Acts of Union 1707 17274:James II & VII 16967:Kenneth I MacAlpin 16752:Edgar the Peaceful 16585:Political offices 16569:Lord High Admiral 16200:Scarisbrick, J. J. 15699:Shipley, Joseph T. 15135:10.1038/ncomms6631 14701:Hanbury, Harold G. 14255:10.1093/ehr/cei244 14249:(488): 1014–1029. 14019:The Georgia Review 13695:Ashdown-Hill, John 12902:(20 August 2013). 12683:. 11 February 2014 12595:on 4 February 2015 12470:The New York Times 12439:on 6 February 2013 12326:10.1038/ncomms6631 12286:King et al. (2014) 12239:Ashdown-Hill, John 12181:"Lines of Descent" 12026:"Injuries to Body" 11837:. 7 September 2012 11811:. 5 September 2012 11298:The New York Times 10863:(1996) pp. 41–44 9404:, pp. 96–104. 8417:University of York 8282:University of York 7439:George Plantagenet 7380:Duke of Buckingham 5869:Duke of Gloucester 5754:Elizabeth Mortimer 5233:Duke of Gloucester 5206:Katherine Swynford 5148:"The Black Prince" 4646:2nd Baron Culloden 4642:2nd Earl of Ulster 4428:Queen Elizabeth II 4336:1st Baron Culloden 4332:1st Earl of Ulster 4271:Duke of Gloucester 3616:Duke of Gloucester 3549:Duke of Gloucester 3448:Duke of Gloucester 3411:Duke of Gloucester 3016:Duke of Gloucester 2971:Duke of Gloucester 2859:Duke of Gloucester 2820:Duke of Gloucester 2667:Duke of Gloucester 2635:Duke of Gloucester 2557:Dukes of Edinburgh 2493:, on each point a 2388:Desiderata Curiosa 2315:John of Gloucester 2215:Countess of Wessex 2171: 2159: 2110:Caroline Wilkinson 2023: 2000: 1803: 1791:Cover of the 1594 1759:The Unpopular King 1659: 1556:Croyland Chronicle 1552: 1444: 1394: 1360: 1188: 1154: 1030:, brother of King 962:Cardinal Bourchier 915:, who brought 600 900: 855:Louis XI of France 764:in Yorkshire, and 752:Estates and titles 747:Reign of Edward IV 724: 706:Croyland Chronicle 686: 656:osteoarchaeologist 590: 567:Knight of the Bath 559:Duke of Gloucester 526:, and possibly of 452:radiocarbon dating 444:Grey Friars Priory 325:Duke of Gloucester 227:John of Gloucester 18188: 18187: 17967:St Albans (First) 17955: 17954: 17833:Margaret Beaufort 17542:Wars of the Roses 17508: 17507: 17410: 17409: 17393: 17392: 17296: 17295: 17212: 17211: 17207: 17206: 16757:Edward the Martyr 16641: 16640: 16632:Succeeded by 16607:Succeeded by 16575:Succeeded by 16550:Succeeded by 16543:Lord High Admiral 16528:Military offices 16518:Succeeded by 16341:978-0-195-06951-8 16322:978-0-345-39178-0 16287:978-0-750-91406-2 16268:978-0-312-16979-4 16232:978-0-140-26634-4 16163:978-0-750-96299-5 16122:978-1-620-40509-3 16100:978-0-752-45797-0 16081:978-0-094-66160-8 16062:978-1-118-78314-6 16027:978-0-060-39269-7 16008:978-0-859-58031-1 15989:978-0-862-99198-2 15970:978-1-781-55313-8 15951:978-0-750-91479-6 15932:978-0-957-68404-1 15913:978-0-752-45208-1 15806:978-1-84868-083-8 15755:978-0-11-700454-2 15716:978-0-8018-3004-4 15640:978-0-413-29530-9 15617:978-0-520-02781-7 15544:(Subscription or 15511:(Subscription or 15452:978-0-862-99660-4 15430:978-0-060-59719-1 15417:Peters, Elizabeth 15400:978-1-439-19156-9 15316:978-0-7486-2302-0 15218:978-1-84854-893-0 15201:Langley, Philippa 15100:Ekserdjian, David 15071:978-0-393-00785-5 15062:Richard the Third 15049:978-0-87972-815-1 14976:(Subscription or 14941:(Subscription or 14909:978-0-521-33428-0 14848:(Subscription or 14797:978-0-904-38744-5 14784:Hicks, Michael A. 14767:978-0-751-50382-1 14745:978-0-19-822434-1 14678:(Subscription or 14565:978-1-85585-100-9 14492:Phillips, Seymour 14373:(Subscription or 14185:978-0-874-71773-0 14102:978-0-802-02457-2 13984:(Subscription or 13952:978-0-19-925777-5 13906:978-1-4456-1591-2 13758:978-0-9576840-2-7 13735:978-1-4456-4467-7 13708:978-0-7524-9205-6 13296:Leicester Mercury 13263:Leicester Mercury 13231:Leicester Mercury 13027:(26 March 2015). 12764:. 22 March 2018. 12671:(Press release). 12649:. 5 February 2013 12645:(Press release). 12623:. 5 February 2013 12562:Leicester Mercury 12500:Leicester Mercury 12380:on 31 August 2012 12132:. 4 February 2013 11889:Leicester Mercury 11682:(Press release). 11479:Brooke, Michael. 11343:Brooke, Michael. 11264:Publishers Weekly 11128:BBC News Magazine 10266:978-1-873162-64-4 10189:History Refreshed 10010:, pp. 21–22. 9777:Gillingham (1981) 9659:, pp. 29–30. 9635:, pp. 25–26. 9440:, pp. 96–97. 9138:, pp. 44–47. 8858:Gillingham (1981) 8836:, pp. 93–99. 8786:Gillingham (1981) 8358:, pp. 81–82. 8165:, pp. 87–89. 8117:, pp. 16–17. 8030:, pp. 41–42. 7841:Explanatory notes 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7718:Elizabeth of York 7335:Margaret Beaufort 6780:Humphrey Stafford 6723:Margaret Beaufort 6704:Richard Woodville 6309:Margaret of Anjou 6039:Edward of Norwich 5221:Edmund of Langley 5192:Duke of Lancaster 5165:Lionel of Antwerp 4886:Duke of Lancaster 4883:Henry of Grosmont 4818:Wars of the Roses 4786: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4728:Alexander Windsor 4618:Duke of Edinburgh 4552:Duke of Edinburgh 4398:Duke of Edinburgh 4110:Duke of Edinburgh 4065:Duke of Edinburgh 3813:unused, 1805–1816 3606:Prince of Wales, 3573:Duke of Edinburgh 3423:Sophia of Hanover 3089:Elizabeth of York 2991:Margaret Beaufort 2653:Duke of Lancaster 2355:John Ashdown-Hill 2351:Edward of Warwick 2280:Earl of Salisbury 2153:, with his motto 2141:Reburial and tomb 2053:in 2004 to trace 1996:Greyfriars Church 1937:1995 film version 1887:Sharon Kay Penman 1849:Richard Crookback 1818:Richardus Tertius 1592:Richard Ratcliffe 1504:Court of Requests 1452:Greyfriars Church 1215:Westminster Abbey 1182:, France and St. 1070:'s brother, with 1003:War with Scotland 978:Lord of the North 851:Louis de Gruthuse 512:Margaret of Anjou 496:Wars of the Roses 458:with that of two 456:mitochondrial DNA 333:Wars of the Roses 291: 290: 16:(Redirected from 18343: 18178: 18177: 18012:Mortimer's Cross 17942:Margaret of York 17860: 17666: 17655: 17639: 17629: 17619: 17609: 17599: 17581: 17580: 17535: 17528: 17521: 17512: 17511: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17414: 17413: 17302: 17301: 17262:Richard Cromwell 17252:The Protectorate 17242:James I & VI 17218: 17217: 16799:Harold Godwinson 16719:Edward the Elder 16712:Alfred the Great 16696: 16695: 16691: 16690: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16644: 16643: 16617:Preceded by 16590:Preceded by 16560:Preceded by 16533:Preceded by 16497:Preceded by 16487: 16480: 16454: 16453: 16424: 16410: 16396: 16388: 16380: 16372: 16369:British monarchy 16345: 16326: 16304: 16291: 16272: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16236: 16217: 16195: 16167: 16148: 16126: 16104: 16085: 16066: 16039: 16012: 15993: 15974: 15955: 15936: 15917: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15867: 15830: 15820: 15810: 15791: 15759: 15737: 15720: 15694: 15675: 15666: 15644: 15621: 15600:Ross, Charles D. 15595: 15577: 15558: 15549: 15541: 15525: 15516: 15508: 15492: 15483: 15456: 15434: 15412: 15385: 15376: 15359:(178): 181–202. 15345: 15320: 15301: 15295: 15293: 15271: 15258: 15239: 15222: 15196: 15186: 15176: 15157: 15147: 15137: 15083: 15058:Kendall, Paul M. 15053: 15026: 15007: 15006: 15000: 14981: 14973: 14968:. Archived from 14946: 14938: 14922: 14913: 14896:Horrox, Rosemary 14891: 14872: 14853: 14845: 14829: 14820: 14801: 14779: 14749: 14730: 14696: 14683: 14675: 14659: 14650: 14628: 14609: 14578: 14569: 14550: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14517: 14508:Horrox, Rosemary 14500:Martin, Geoffrey 14479: 14454:Gillingham, John 14449: 14432: 14420: 14406: 14378: 14370: 14354: 14345: 14333: 14330:Internet Archive 14327: 14325: 14301:Cobbett, William 14296: 14271:Clemen, Wolfgang 14266: 14235: 14205: 14167: 14141: 14118: 14115:Internet Archive 14082: 14044: 14035: 14012: 13989: 13981: 13965: 13956: 13930: 13920: 13910: 13891: 13872: 13870: 13855: 13842: 13841: 13835: 13797: 13762: 13739: 13720: 13690: 13654: 13648: 13642: 13636: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13479:Wilkinson (2008) 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13409: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13373: 13367: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13343: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13286: 13280: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13270:on 29 March 2014 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13238:on 28 March 2014 13221: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13159: 13153: 13152: 13151:. 16 March 2015. 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13086: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13025:Duffy, Carol Ann 13021: 13015: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12858:. 16 August 2013 12848: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12819: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12681:Leverhulme Trust 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12639: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12507:on 21 April 2013 12503:. 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Theatre Blog. 11521: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11485:BFI Screenonline 11476: 11470: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11380:. Reel History. 11376:(1 April 2015). 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11349:BFI Screenonline 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11294: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11203: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11150:Churchill (1976) 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11012: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 3.2/155–161 10771:Henry VI, Part 3 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10684: 10678: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10634: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10460: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10369: 10363: 10360:Churchill (1956) 10357: 10351: 10345: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10032: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9865: 9859: 9849: 9843: 9837: 9831: 9828:Griffiths (1993) 9825: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9484: 9465: 9456: 9450: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8462:Barnfield (2007) 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8308: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 7998: 7995:Griffiths (2008) 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7912: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7873: 7867: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7776: 7771: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7687: 7686: 1485–1509 7685: 7679: 7534: 7529: 7520: 7515: 7514: 1483–1485 7513: 7489: 7484: 7475: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7446: 7442:Duke of Clarence 7433: 7428: 7427: 1471–1483 7426: 7421: 7420: 1461–1470 7419: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7364: 7351: 7340: 6843: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6810: 6805: 6796: 6792: 6774: 6769: 6760: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6733:Duke of Somerset 6717: 6712: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6682:Duke of Somerset 6481: 6476: 6467: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6415: 6410: 6401: 6383: 6372: 6367: 6358: 6354:Duke of Somerset 6345: 6340: 6339: 1470–1471 6338: 6333: 6332: 1422–1461 6331: 6314: 6301: 6297:Duke of Somerset 6055:Anne de Mortimer 5860: 5855: 5854: 1413–1422 5853: 5836: 5825: 5469: 5449: 5448: 1399–1413 5447: 5441: 5410: 5409: 1377–1399 5408: 5168:Duke of Clarence 4913: 4912: 1327–1377 4911: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4837: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4775: 4736: 4734: 4680: 4666: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4554: 4445: 4400: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4285: 4279: 4274:(5th creation), 4273: 4143: 4112:, Earl of Ulster 4111: 4067: 3960: 3921: 3812: 3783: 3772: 3739: 3721: 3617: 3610: 3591: 3583:(1st creation), 3575:(1st creation), 3550: 3480: 3449: 3413: 3058: 3017: 2973: 2893: 2873:Duke of Somerset 2860: 2822: 2777: 2774: 2689: 2668: 2637: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2489:of three points 2425: 2407: 2224:The Hollow Crown 2071: 2063:Second World War 1977:Philippa Langley 1933:Laurence Olivier 1904:Elizabeth Peters 1891:historical novel 1837: 1834: 1751:Clements Markham 1562:, the report of 1350:Former memorial 1316:, later married 1160:Detail from the 921:Battle of Barnet 913:Sir William Parr 812:Exile and return 758:northern England 741:Mary of Burgundy 637:Charles the Bold 594:Middleham Castle 561:and made both a 551:Battle of Towton 484:Northamptonshire 436:Philippa Langley 287: 239: 232: 215: 198: 196: 66: 63: 58: 46: 45: 21: 18351: 18350: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18321:Royal reburials 18191: 18190: 18189: 18184: 18164: 18101: 18077:Siege of London 17951: 17947:Richard of York 17855: 17847: 17808:Andrew Trollope 17793:William Stanley 17661: 17657: 17656: 17650: 17642: 17572: 17544: 17539: 17509: 17504: 17446: 17441: 17411: 17406: 17389: 17316: 17292: 17257:Oliver Cromwell 17233: 17208: 17203: 17050:Constantine III 16959: 16784:Harold Harefoot 16774:Edmund Ironside 16685: 16680: and 16671: 16637: 16628: 16622: 16612: 16603: 16595: 16580: 16571: 16565: 16555: 16546: 16538: 16523: 16514: 16511:Lord of Ireland 16509: 16507:King of England 16502: 16481: 16475: 16474: 16466: 16459: 16443: 16401: 16391: 16383: 16375: 16363: 16353: 16348: 16342: 16329: 16323: 16307: 16301:The Genealogist 16294: 16288: 16275: 16269: 16256: 16247: 16245: 16239: 16233: 16220: 16214: 16198: 16170: 16164: 16151: 16145: 16129: 16123: 16109:Horspool, David 16107: 16101: 16088: 16082: 16069: 16063: 16042: 16028: 16015: 16009: 15996: 15990: 15977: 15971: 15958: 15952: 15939: 15933: 15920: 15914: 15901: 15892: 15890: 15881:Bowen, Marjorie 15879: 15875: 15873:Further reading 15870: 15818: 15807: 15764:Walpole, Horace 15756: 15742:Wagner, Anthony 15717: 15691: 15663: 15641: 15618: 15574: 15543: 15510: 15472: 15453: 15431: 15401: 15317: 15291: 15289: 15285:Magna Britannia 15255: 15219: 15184: 15173: 15072: 15050: 15023: 15001: 14975: 14940: 14910: 14888: 14869: 14847: 14817: 14798: 14768: 14746: 14677: 14647: 14625: 14598:10.2307/2867913 14566: 14547: 14521: 14519: 14510:, eds. (2005). 14468: 14413:Gairdner, James 14372: 14323: 14321: 14285: 14224: 14186: 14164: 14138: 14124:Fraser, Antonia 14103: 14087:Camden, William 14063: 13983: 13953: 13918: 13907: 13888: 13868: 13853: 13836: 13824: 13759: 13736: 13709: 13679: 13662: 13657: 13649: 13645: 13637: 13630: 13620: 13618: 13603: 13599: 13591: 13587: 13579: 13575: 13565: 13563: 13550: 13549: 13545: 13537: 13533: 13525: 13521: 13513: 13509: 13501: 13497: 13489: 13485: 13477: 13473: 13465: 13461: 13453: 13449: 13439: 13437: 13429: 13428: 13424: 13416: 13412: 13404: 13400: 13392: 13388: 13382:Williams (1983) 13380: 13376: 13368: 13364: 13356: 13352: 13344: 13340: 13332: 13328: 13320: 13316: 13306: 13304: 13303:on 21 July 2013 13287: 13283: 13273: 13271: 13256: 13255: 13251: 13241: 13239: 13222: 13218: 13208: 13206: 13191: 13187: 13177: 13175: 13160: 13156: 13143: 13142: 13138: 13128: 13126: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13103: 13101: 13088: 13087: 13080: 13070: 13068: 13058: 13054: 13044: 13042: 13022: 13018: 13004: 13000: 12990: 12988: 12987:. 26 March 2015 12984:BBC News Online 12977: 12976: 12972: 12962: 12960: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12918: 12916: 12909:Morning Edition 12900:Montagne, Renée 12893: 12889: 12876: 12875: 12871: 12861: 12859: 12850: 12849: 12842: 12832: 12830: 12820: 12811: 12801: 12799: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12771: 12769: 12756: 12755: 12751: 12741: 12739: 12730: 12729: 12725: 12715: 12713: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12684: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12626: 12624: 12620:BBC News Online 12613: 12612: 12608: 12598: 12596: 12587: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12570: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12508: 12493: 12492: 12485: 12475: 12473: 12456: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12427: 12426: 12422: 12412: 12410: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12364: 12360: 12296: 12292: 12284: 12275: 12261: 12259: 12236: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12179: 12178: 12174: 12164: 12162: 12149: 12145: 12135: 12133: 12124: 12123: 12116: 12106: 12104: 12088: 12084: 12074: 12072: 12071:on 19 July 2018 12052: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11980: 11978: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11951: 11949: 11941: 11937: 11927: 11925: 11914: 11913: 11909: 11899: 11897: 11880: 11876: 11866: 11864: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11814: 11812: 11803: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11774: 11770: 11755: 11751: 11741: 11739: 11730: 11729: 11725: 11715: 11713: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11663: 11661: 11657:The Independent 11648: 11644: 11634: 11632: 11615: 11611: 11598: 11596: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11527:(21 May 2016). 11522: 11515: 11507: 11503: 11493: 11491: 11477: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11430:Mitchell (1997) 11428: 11424: 11414: 11412: 11404: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11387: 11371: 11367: 11357: 11355: 11341: 11337: 11329: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11287:Johnson, George 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11257: 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11204:. Page-Turner. 11196: 11192: 11184: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11160: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11103: 11101:British Library 11089: 11085: 11081:, p. liii. 11077: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11057:, p. viii. 11053: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11013: 11009: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10972: 10966:Williams (1983) 10964: 10960: 10950: 10948: 10947:on 8 April 2018 10939: 10938: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10916:Gairdner (1898) 10914: 10910: 10904:Gairdner (1896) 10902: 10898: 10890: 10886: 10878: 10874: 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10768: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10739:on 14 July 2006 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10701: 10697: 10685: 10681: 10668: 10664: 10654: 10652: 10635: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10548: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10480: 10472: 10463: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10438: 10428: 10426: 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9499: 9495: 9482: 9480: 9473:College of Arms 9467: 9466: 9459: 9451: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9390:Grummitt (2013) 9388: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9360: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9134: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9088:Ferguson (1890) 9086: 9082: 9076:Scofield (2016) 9074: 9070: 9062: 9053: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9006: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8580: 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7451: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7362: 7361: 7360:Duke of Bedford 7359: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7337: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816:Richard Neville 6801: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6745: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730:Edmund Beaufort 6713: 6706: 6694: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460:Richard of York 6443: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430:Richard Neville 6423: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6389:Eleanor Neville 6381: 6380: 6378:William Neville 6363: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351:Edmund Beaufort 6343: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6325:King of England 6324: 6312: 6311: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6041: 5868: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5822: 5477: 5475:Thomas Beaufort 5467: 5466: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5232: 5223: 5191: 5167: 5151:Prince of Wales 5150: 5146: 4908: 4906: 4905:King of England 4904: 4885: 4846: 4833: 4830: 4815: 4773: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4678: 4667:(3rd creation) 4664: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4599: 4598:Prince of Wales 4597: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4550: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4396: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4297: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4164: 4155: 4141: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4081:King Edward VII 4063: 3980: 3958: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3882:King William IV 3810: 3781: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3717: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3571: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3501: 3492: 3478: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3409: 3338: 3329: 3284: 3245: 3206: 3167: 3165:King Henry VIII 3158: 3091: 3082: 3059:(3rd creation) 3056: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009:Richard of York 3002: 2993: 2969: 2891: 2882: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2818: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2687: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2633: 2582: 2580:King Edward III 2568:Earls of Ulster 2561: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2518: 2506:personal device 2502:Loyaulte me lie 2465: 2459: 2456: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2397: 2377:The mysterious 2284:Prince of Wales 2272: 2255:Loyaulte me lie 2251:Kilkenny marble 2247:North Yorkshire 2232:Carol Ann Duffy 2199:Vincent Nichols 2155:Loyaulte me lie 2143: 2057:descendants of 1965: 1959: 1835: 1785: 1779: 1588:William Catesby 1564:Dominic Mancini 1540: 1488: 1413:Polydore Vergil 1406:standard bearer 1400:, a well-known 1398:Sir John Cheyne 1344: 1336:Main articles: 1334: 1326:Anne of Beaujeu 1261: 1255: 1247:College of Arms 1239:Queens' College 1168:globus cruciger 1146: 1144:King of England 1100:Tower of London 1080:Stony Stratford 1068:Queen Elizabeth 1056: 1005: 970: 945: 888: 837:and Richard at 814: 754: 749: 668: 476: 413:Market Bosworth 395:and his uncle, 382:Tower of London 298:King of England 264:Richard of York 243: 209: 208: 200: 192: 188: 185: 172: 171: 166: 164: 158: 145: 132: 81: 73:King of England 67: 64: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18349: 18339: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18182: 18169: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18162: 18161: 18160: 18155: 18153:Battle of Deal 18148:Perkin Warbeck 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18123:Titulus Regius 18120: 18115: 18109: 18107: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18087:Bosworth Field 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18057:Losecoat Field 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17982:Ludford Bridge 17979: 17974: 17972:Loveday (1458) 17969: 17963: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17863: 17861: 17849: 17848: 17846: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 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17144: 17139: 17134: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17013:Constantine II 17010: 17005: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16962: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16941: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16840: 16835: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16805:Edgar Ætheling 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16700: 16694: 16687: 16686: 16670: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16647: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16630: 16623: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16605: 16596: 16591: 16587: 16586: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16573: 16566: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16551: 16548: 16539: 16534: 16530: 16529: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16516: 16503: 16498: 16494: 16493: 16492:Regnal titles 16489: 16488: 16486:22 August 1485 16479:2 October 1452 16467: 16460: 16457: 16452: 16451: 16425: 16411: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16381: 16373: 16360: 16359: 16352: 16351:External links 16349: 16347: 16346: 16340: 16327: 16321: 16305: 16292: 16286: 16273: 16267: 16254: 16240:Sutton, Anne. 16237: 16231: 16218: 16213:978-0413368003 16212: 16196: 16168: 16162: 16149: 16144:978-0393003109 16143: 16127: 16121: 16105: 16099: 16086: 16080: 16067: 16061: 16040: 16026: 16013: 16007: 15994: 15988: 15975: 15969: 15956: 15950: 15937: 15931: 15918: 15912: 15899: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15868: 15831: 15829:(80): 138–145. 15811: 15805: 15792: 15760: 15754: 15738: 15721: 15715: 15695: 15690:978-1781554753 15689: 15676: 15667: 15662:978-0904387438 15661: 15645: 15639: 15622: 15616: 15596: 15578: 15573:978-0862439712 15572: 15559: 15550: 15517: 15484: 15471:978-0333658222 15470: 15457: 15451: 15439:Pollard, A. J. 15435: 15429: 15413: 15399: 15386: 15377: 15346: 15336:(2): 133–145. 15321: 15315: 15302: 15280:Lysons, Samuel 15276:Lysons, Daniel 15272: 15259: 15254:978-1445611532 15253: 15240: 15223: 15217: 15205:Jones, Michael 15197: 15177: 15172:978-0882544830 15171: 15158: 15104:Schürer, Kevin 15096:Forster, Peter 15092:Balding, David 15084: 15070: 15054: 15048: 15027: 15022:978-1848549081 15021: 15008: 14982: 14947: 14914: 14908: 14892: 14887:978-0752425894 14886: 14873: 14868:978-0752436630 14867: 14854: 14821: 14816:978-0752423029 14815: 14802: 14796: 14780: 14766: 14750: 14744: 14731: 14719:10.2307/844148 14697: 14684: 14657:"Lancastrians" 14651: 14646:978-0708312186 14645: 14629: 14624:978-1848858756 14623: 14610: 14592:(4): 383–387. 14579: 14570: 14564: 14551: 14546:978-0415028264 14545: 14532: 14480: 14467:978-0297776307 14466: 14450: 14433: 14408: 14407: 14379: 14346: 14334: 14297: 14283: 14267: 14236: 14222: 14206: 14184: 14168: 14163:978-0300078831 14162: 14146:Chrimes, S. B. 14142: 14137:978-1566490382 14136: 14119: 14101: 14083: 14061: 14045: 14036: 14026:(3): 367–392. 14013: 13999:(PhD thesis). 13990: 13957: 13951: 13931: 13911: 13905: 13892: 13887:978-0750943369 13886: 13873: 13847:Baldwin, David 13843: 13823:978-0801430671 13822: 13802:Bacon, Francis 13798: 13780:(4): 353–367. 13763: 13757: 13740: 13734: 13721: 13707: 13691: 13678:978-1854357236 13677: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13651:Kendall (1956) 13643: 13641:, p. 202. 13628: 13597: 13585: 13581:Kendall (1956) 13573: 13543: 13539:Andrews (2000) 13531: 13527:Baldwin (2007) 13519: 13507: 13505:, p. 420. 13495: 13493:, p. 161. 13483: 13471: 13459: 13447: 13422: 13420:, p. 190. 13410: 13408:, p. 387. 13406:Kendall (1956) 13398: 13394:Baldwin (2013) 13386: 13374: 13370:Kendall (1956) 13362: 13358:Pollard (2004) 13350: 13338: 13334:Pollard (2004) 13326: 13314: 13281: 13249: 13216: 13185: 13154: 13136: 13111: 13078: 13052: 13016: 12998: 12970: 12944: 12926: 12887: 12869: 12840: 12809: 12779: 12749: 12723: 12694: 12677:Wellcome Trust 12660: 12634: 12606: 12580: 12569:on 24 May 2014 12547: 12518: 12483: 12459:Burns, John F. 12450: 12420: 12391: 12358: 12290: 12273: 12230: 12201: 12172: 12143: 12114: 12082: 12055:Burns, John F. 12046: 12017: 11988: 11959: 11935: 11907: 11874: 11848: 11822: 11793: 11787:978-0957684027 11786: 11768: 11749: 11723: 11697: 11671: 11642: 11609: 11576: 11564: 11552: 11513: 11509:Griffin (1966) 11501: 11471: 11459: 11434: 11422: 11397: 11365: 11335: 11323: 11311: 11278: 11250: 11221: 11190: 11188:, p. 134. 11178: 11166: 11154: 11142: 11113: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11047: 11035: 11033:, p. 216. 11031:Pollard (1991) 11023: 11021:, pp. 220–251. 11015:Walpole (1798) 11007: 11005:, pp. 103–184. 10999:Walpole (1798) 10991: 10970: 10968:, p. 139. 10958: 10932: 10920: 10908: 10896: 10894:, p. 365. 10884: 10872: 10852: 10850:, p. 217. 10848:Baldwin (2013) 10840: 10828: 10816: 10814:, p. 293. 10804: 10802:, p. 127. 10800:Shipley (1984) 10792: 10780: 10762: 10750: 10719: 10717:, p. 420. 10715:Kendall (1956) 10707: 10705:, p. 419. 10703:Kendall (1956) 10695: 10687:Kendall (1956) 10679: 10662: 10626: 10614: 10610:Pollard (1991) 10602: 10600:, p. 537. 10598:Kendall (1956) 10590: 10588:, p. 548. 10578: 10574:Kendall (1956) 10566: 10554: 10550:Kendall (1956) 10542: 10530: 10518: 10514:Kendall (1956) 10506: 10498:Kendall (1956) 10490: 10478: 10461: 10459:, p. 121. 10448: 10436: 10410: 10406:Chrimes (1999) 10398: 10364: 10352: 10348:Hanbury (1962) 10335: 10333:, p. 343. 10331:Kendall (1956) 10323: 10321:, p. 109. 10319:Hanbury (1962) 10311: 10309:, p. 341. 10307:Kendall (1956) 10299: 10297:, p. 340. 10295:Kendall (1956) 10284: 10282:, p. 106. 10280:Hanbury (1962) 10272: 10265: 10245: 10233: 10206: 10172: 10170:, p. 188. 10160: 10148: 10146:, p. 181. 10136: 10110: 10098: 10094:Baldwin (1986) 10086: 10056: 10052:Baldwin (1986) 10041: 10012: 10008:Baldwin (1986) 9995: 9983: 9971: 9945: 9917: 9891: 9860: 9844: 9832: 9817: 9815:, p. 368. 9813:Kendall (1956) 9805: 9793: 9781: 9779:, p. 244. 9769: 9767:, p. 186. 9757: 9753:Bennett (2008) 9745: 9741:Bennett (2008) 9733: 9731:, p. 222. 9721: 9709: 9705:Chrimes (1999) 9697: 9695:, p. 367. 9693:Kendall (1956) 9685: 9673: 9671:, p. 365. 9669:Kendall (1956) 9661: 9657:Chrimes (1999) 9649: 9637: 9633:Chrimes (1999) 9625: 9623:, p. 25, n. 5. 9621:Chrimes (1999) 9613: 9611:, p. 26, n. 2. 9609:Chrimes (1999) 9601: 9599:, p. 274. 9597:Kendall (1956) 9589: 9577: 9565: 9563:, p. 153. 9553: 9541: 9539:, p. 132. 9529: 9527:, p. 111. 9517: 9515:, p. 211. 9505: 9503:, p. 105. 9493: 9457: 9455:, p. 130. 9442: 9430: 9428:, p. 290. 9426:Kendall (1956) 9418: 9414:Kendall (1956) 9406: 9394: 9392:, p. 116. 9382: 9370: 9354: 9352:, p. 117. 9342: 9338:Kendall (1956) 9330: 9318: 9316:, p. 101. 9314:Baldwin (2013) 9306: 9302:Chrimes (1999) 9294: 9290:Kendall (1956) 9282: 9270: 9266:Baldwin (2013) 9258: 9254:Kendall (1956) 9246: 9221: 9200: 9196:Kendall (1956) 9188: 9184:Baldwin (2013) 9176: 9172:Kendall (1956) 9164: 9160:Kendall (1956) 9152: 9148:Baldwin (2013) 9140: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9090:, p. 238. 9080: 9078:, p. 534. 9068: 9066:, p. 183. 9051: 9049:, p. 182. 9036: 9024: 9022:, p. 156. 9020:Kendall (1956) 9012: 8997: 8993:Kendall (1956) 8985: 8973: 8969:Hampton (1975) 8961: 8959:, p. 233. 8949: 8947:, p. 230. 8937: 8922: 8920:, p. 116. 8910: 8908:, p. 223. 8898: 8896:, p. 206. 8886: 8884:, p. 172. 8874: 8862: 8860:, p. 206. 8850: 8838: 8834:Kendall (1956) 8826: 8822:Kinross (1979) 8814: 8812:, p. 164. 8802: 8790: 8788:, p. 191. 8778: 8766: 8754: 8752:, p. 163. 8742: 8740:, p. 161. 8730: 8728:, p. 160. 8718: 8716:, p. 159. 8706: 8704:, p. 153. 8694: 8692:, p. 155. 8682: 8670: 8658: 8656:, p. 152. 8646: 8634: 8622: 8620:, p. 125. 8618:Kendall (1956) 8610: 8598: 8586: 8584:, p. 136. 8574: 8562: 8550: 8548:, p. 146. 8538: 8536:, p. 132. 8526: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8488:, p. 190. 8478: 8476:, p. 431. 8474:Cobbett (1807) 8466: 8454: 8442: 8440:, p. 128. 8438:Kendall (1956) 8430: 8396: 8392:Baldwin (2013) 8384: 8380:Kendall (1956) 8372: 8370:, p. 470. 8360: 8348: 8336: 8324: 8309: 8294: 8261: 8226: 8200: 8167: 8163:Kendall (1956) 8155: 8153:, p. 522. 8151:Kendall (1956) 8143: 8131: 8127:Kendall (1956) 8119: 8115:Kendall (1956) 8107: 8103:Licence (2013) 8095: 8080: 8076:Baldwin (2013) 8068: 8064:Kendall (1956) 8056: 8044: 8040:Kendall (1956) 8032: 8028:Kendall (1956) 8020: 7999: 7987: 7983:Pollard (2008) 7975: 7963: 7959:Pollard (2000) 7951: 7947:Baldwin (2013) 7939: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7904: 7895: 7886: 7878:Barnard Castle 7868: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7826: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7758: 7756: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7532:Bosworth Field 7499: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7465: 7463: 7436: 7434: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7377:Henry Stafford 7374: 7372: 7367: 7365: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7341: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6813: 6811: 6784: 6782: 6777: 6775: 6752: 6750: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6701: 6699: 6679:Henry Beaufort 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6457: 6455: 6453:Cecily Neville 6450: 6448: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6373: 6348: 6346: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 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5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783:Roger Mortimer 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5478:Duke of Exeter 5472: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 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4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4295:King George VI 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283:Baron Culloden 4277:Earl of Ulster 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4096: 4094: 4090:Princess Alice 4087: 4085: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4070:Earl of Ulster 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3978:Queen Victoria 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3910: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3581:Earl of Eltham 3567: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3541:Prince William 3538: 3536: 3532:King George II 3528: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3336:King Charles I 3333: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3156:Margaret Tudor 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3080:King Henry VII 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3006: 3004: 3000:King Edward IV 2997: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2880:Cecily Neville 2877: 2875: 2864: 2862: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2657: 2655: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2572: 2571: 2570:(UK creation) 2546: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2437:Lord Protector 2427: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2343:Catherine Parr 2339:Sir John Fogge 2333:Wydeville, to 2271: 2268: 2142: 2139: 1961:Main article: 1958: 1955: 1883:Crown of Roses 1857:'s 1929 novel 1855:Marjorie Bowen 1781:Main article: 1778: 1775: 1739:Horace Walpole 1728:Titulus Regius 1706:James Gairdner 1683:Lambeth Palace 1663:William Camden 1539: 1536: 1487: 1484: 1429:Rhys ap Thomas 1333: 1330: 1286:Pierre Landais 1254: 1251: 1235:King's College 1220:Titulus Regius 1199:Eleanor Butler 1172:heraldic badge 1145: 1142: 1088:Thomas Vaughan 1055: 1054:Lord Protector 1052: 1004: 1001: 969: 966: 944: 941: 887: 884: 873:. The town of 813: 810: 802:Sheriff Hutton 753: 750: 748: 745: 721:Cardiff Castle 667: 664: 610:Francis Lovell 555:King Edward IV 492:Cecily Neville 475: 472: 409:Leicestershire 376:, called the " 361:Lord Protector 343:, daughter of 289: 288: 281: 277: 276: 274:Cecily Neville 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 245: 244: 242: 241: 234: 224: 218: 216: 202: 201: 190: 186: 181: 180: 178: 174: 173: 167: 160: 159: 157:25 August 1485 155: 151: 150: 147:Bosworth Field 142: 138: 137: 131:2 October 1452 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 75: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18348: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18266:House of York 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18181: 18173: 18172: 18167: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18150: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18113:Act of Accord 18111: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18037:Hedgeley Moor 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17854: 17850: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17660: 17654: 17649: 17645: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17618: 17614: 17611: 17608: 17604: 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17575: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17550: 17547: 17543: 17536: 17531: 17529: 17524: 17522: 17517: 17516: 17513: 17500: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17477: 17474: 17471: 17468: 17465: 17462: 17459: 17456: 17453: 17452: 17449: 17445: 17438: 17433: 17431: 17426: 17424: 17419: 17418: 17415: 17403: 17400: 17399: 17396: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17322: 17319: 17313: 17312: 17307: 17306: 17303: 17299: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17239: 17236: 17230: 17228: 17223: 17222: 17219: 17215: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17154: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17132: 17128: 17126: 17125:Alexander III 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17040: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17003: 16999: 16997: 16996: 16992: 16990: 16989: 16985: 16983: 16982: 16981:Constantine I 16978: 16976: 16975: 16971: 16969: 16968: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16950: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16833: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16716: 16714: 16713: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16692: 16688: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16668: 16663: 16661: 16656: 16654: 16649: 16648: 16645: 16636: 16627: 16621: 16615: 16611: 16602: 16601: 16594: 16588: 16583: 16579: 16570: 16564: 16558: 16554: 16545: 16544: 16537: 16531: 16526: 16522: 16513: 16512: 16508: 16501: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16478: 16473: 16472: 16465: 16464: 16463:House of York 16455: 16450: 16446: 16441: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16423: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16400: 16394: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16365:"Richard III" 16362: 16361: 16358: 16355: 16354: 16343: 16337: 16333: 16328: 16324: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16293: 16289: 16283: 16279: 16274: 16270: 16264: 16260: 16255: 16243: 16238: 16234: 16228: 16224: 16219: 16215: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16155: 16150: 16146: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16096: 16092: 16087: 16083: 16077: 16073: 16068: 16064: 16058: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16045:Kennedy, Maev 16041: 16037: 16033: 16029: 16023: 16019: 16014: 16010: 16004: 16000: 15995: 15991: 15985: 15981: 15976: 15972: 15966: 15962: 15957: 15953: 15947: 15943: 15938: 15934: 15928: 15924: 15919: 15915: 15909: 15905: 15900: 15888: 15887: 15882: 15878: 15877: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15823:The Ricardian 15817: 15812: 15808: 15802: 15798: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15781: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15730:The Ricardian 15727: 15722: 15718: 15712: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15686: 15682: 15677: 15673: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15654: 15653:The Rous Roll 15650: 15646: 15642: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15623: 15619: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15579: 15575: 15569: 15565: 15560: 15556: 15551: 15547: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15530: 15524: 15518: 15514: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15497: 15491: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15467: 15463: 15458: 15454: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15402: 15396: 15392: 15387: 15383: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15353: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15322: 15318: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15299: 15287: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15264:The Ricardian 15260: 15256: 15250: 15246: 15241: 15237: 15233: 15229: 15224: 15220: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15189:The Ricardian 15183: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15164: 15159: 15155: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15114: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15088:King, Turi E. 15085: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15036:Ray B. Browne 15033: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15014: 15009: 15005: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14989: 14983: 14979: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14944: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14927: 14921: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14883: 14879: 14874: 14870: 14864: 14860: 14855: 14851: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14834: 14828: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14808: 14803: 14799: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14737: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14713:(2): 95–113. 14712: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14689:The Ricardian 14685: 14681: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14648: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14620: 14616: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14580: 14576: 14571: 14567: 14561: 14557: 14552: 14548: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14529: 14516: 14515: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14368: 14364: 14360: 14359: 14353: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14307: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14284:0-416-85740-X 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14062:0-9043-8726-7 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14020: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13991: 13987: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13923:The Ricardian 13917: 13912: 13908: 13902: 13898: 13893: 13889: 13883: 13879: 13874: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13760: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13745:Langley, P.J. 13741: 13737: 13731: 13727: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13670: 13665: 13664: 13652: 13647: 13640: 13639:Brunet (1889) 13635: 13633: 13616: 13612: 13611:Heraldica.org 13608: 13601: 13595:, p. 15. 13594: 13589: 13582: 13577: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13547: 13541:, p. 90. 13540: 13535: 13528: 13523: 13516: 13511: 13504: 13503:Barron (2004) 13499: 13492: 13487: 13480: 13475: 13468: 13463: 13456: 13451: 13436: 13432: 13426: 13419: 13414: 13407: 13402: 13396:, p. 42. 13395: 13390: 13383: 13378: 13371: 13366: 13359: 13354: 13348:, p. 33. 13347: 13342: 13335: 13330: 13323: 13318: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13285: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13253: 13237: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13220: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13158: 13150: 13146: 13140: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13083: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13040: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12986: 12985: 12980: 12974: 12959:. 23 May 2014 12958: 12954: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12930: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12896:Greene, David 12891: 12884: 12879: 12873: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12845: 12829: 12825: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12551: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12490: 12488: 12472: 12471: 12465: 12460: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12395: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12294: 12287: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12269: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12234: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12205: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12119: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12092: 12091:Kennedy, Maev 12086: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12056: 12050: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11992: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11948: 11945: 11939: 11923: 11922: 11921:The Economist 11917: 11911: 11895: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11878: 11862: 11858: 11852: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11772: 11764: 11760: 11759:The Ricardian 11753: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11646: 11630: 11626: 11621: 11613: 11606: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11518: 11510: 11505: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11468: 11463: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11431: 11426: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11327: 11320: 11319:Peters (2004) 11315: 11300: 11299: 11293: 11288: 11282: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11225: 11209: 11208: 11202: 11194: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11163: 11162:McEvoy (2008) 11158: 11151: 11146: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11117: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11063: 11056: 11051: 11044: 11039: 11032: 11027: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10967: 10962: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10929: 10924: 10918:, p. xi. 10917: 10912: 10905: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10881: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10838:, p. 23. 10837: 10836:Potter (1994) 10832: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10812:Camden (1870) 10808: 10801: 10796: 10790:, p. 51. 10789: 10788:Clemen (1977) 10784: 10778: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10758:Potter (1994) 10754: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10692: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10666: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10631: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10587: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10515: 10510: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10458: 10457:Hanham (1975) 10455:John Rous in 10452: 10445: 10444:Hanham (1975) 10440: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10407: 10402: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10361: 10356: 10349: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10308: 10303: 10296: 10291: 10289: 10281: 10276: 10268: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10096:, p. 24. 10095: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10038: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9993:, p. 94. 9992: 9987: 9980: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9830:, p. 43. 9829: 9824: 9822: 9814: 9809: 9802: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9778: 9773: 9766: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9742: 9737: 9730: 9725: 9718: 9713: 9707:, p. 55. 9706: 9701: 9694: 9689: 9682: 9677: 9670: 9665: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9645:Davies (2011) 9641: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9610: 9605: 9598: 9593: 9586: 9581: 9574: 9569: 9562: 9561:Horrox (1989) 9557: 9550: 9549:Davies (2011) 9545: 9538: 9537:Horrox (1989) 9533: 9526: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9453:Wagner (1967) 9449: 9447: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9398: 9391: 9386: 9379: 9374: 9367: 9366:Lord Mountjoy 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9328:, p. 63. 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9304:, p. 20. 9303: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9278:Horrox (2004) 9274: 9268:, p. 99. 9267: 9262: 9255: 9250: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9192: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9156: 9150:, p. 95. 9149: 9144: 9137: 9132: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9089: 9084: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9048: 9043: 9041: 9033: 9028: 9021: 9016: 9010:, p. 64. 9009: 9008:Hanham (1975) 9004: 9002: 8994: 8989: 8983:, p. 57. 8982: 8977: 8971:, p. 10. 8970: 8965: 8958: 8953: 8946: 8941: 8935:, p. 34. 8934: 8929: 8927: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8854: 8848:, p. 22. 8847: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8824:, p. 89. 8823: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8800:, p. 41. 8799: 8798:Horrox (1989) 8794: 8787: 8782: 8776:, p. 98. 8775: 8770: 8764:, p. 20. 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8679: 8678:Lulofs (1974) 8674: 8668:, p. 19. 8667: 8662: 8655: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8632:, p. 75. 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8608:, p. 82. 8607: 8602: 8596:, p. 74. 8595: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8559: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8524:, p. 31. 8523: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8500:, p. 30. 8499: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8464:, p. 85. 8463: 8458: 8451: 8450:Clarke (2005) 8446: 8439: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8394:, p. 58. 8393: 8388: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8334:, p. 27. 8333: 8328: 8322:, p. 21. 8321: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8238: 8230: 8215:. 29 May 2014 8214: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8141:, p. 45. 8140: 8135: 8129:, p. 68. 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8105:, p. 63. 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8048: 8042:, p. 40. 8041: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8016:Horrox (2013) 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7996: 7991: 7984: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7961:, p. 15. 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7781: 7775: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7728: 7727: 7719: 7688: 7673: 7672: 7659: 7656: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7568: 7564: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7516: 7505: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7469: 7461: 7456: 7440: 7429: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7394: 7378: 7371: 7358: 7347: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7321: 7319: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7299: 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2743: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2647:John of Gaunt 2644: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2620: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:William Haute 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:heir apparent 2285: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229:poet laureate 2226: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2078:Michael Ibsen 2075: 2069: 2065:, Joy Ibsen ( 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57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 17622: 17493:Prince Henry 17484: 17473:Henry Stuart 17466: 17401: 17380:Elizabeth II 17308: 17224: 17151: 17129: 17120:Alexander II 17037: 17000: 16993: 16986: 16979: 16972: 16965: 16947: 16936: 16916: 16859: 16842: 16830: 16803: 16766: 16724: 16717: 16710: 16625: 16598: 16568: 16541: 16505: 16483: 16476: 16469: 16461: 16433: 16405:– via 16331: 16312: 16309:Weir, Alison 16300: 16277: 16258: 16246:. Retrieved 16222: 16203: 16175: 16153: 16134: 16112: 16090: 16071: 16052: 16049:Foxhall, Lin 16017: 15998: 15979: 15960: 15941: 15922: 15903: 15891:. Retrieved 15885: 15839: 15835: 15826: 15822: 15796: 15771: 15745: 15733: 15729: 15702: 15680: 15671: 15652: 15626: 15603: 15581: 15563: 15554: 15527: 15494: 15461: 15442: 15420: 15390: 15381: 15356: 15350: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15306: 15296:– via 15290:. Retrieved 15284: 15267: 15263: 15244: 15227: 15208: 15192: 15188: 15162: 15117: 15111: 15061: 15039: 15012: 14987: 14970:the original 14955: 14924: 14899: 14877: 14858: 14831: 14806: 14787: 14758:The Founding 14757: 14735: 14710: 14704: 14692: 14688: 14661: 14636: 14614: 14589: 14583: 14574: 14555: 14536: 14526:– via 14520:. Retrieved 14513: 14496:Ormrod, Mark 14457: 14437: 14426: 14386: 14356: 14341: 14328:– via 14322:. Retrieved 14305: 14274: 14246: 14240: 14223:0-304-341010 14213: 14175: 14149: 14127: 14113:– via 14091: 14052: 14049:Buck, George 14040: 14023: 14017: 13995: 13967: 13938: 13926: 13922: 13896: 13877: 13866:the original 13861: 13857: 13809: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13748: 13725: 13698: 13668: 13646: 13619:. Retrieved 13610: 13600: 13593:Grant (1972) 13588: 13576: 13564:. Retrieved 13560:the original 13555: 13546: 13534: 13522: 13515:Steer (2014) 13510: 13498: 13486: 13474: 13467:Hicks (2009) 13462: 13455:Paget (1977) 13450: 13438:. Retrieved 13434: 13425: 13418:Rowse (1966) 13413: 13401: 13389: 13377: 13365: 13353: 13341: 13329: 13317: 13305:. Retrieved 13301:the original 13294: 13284: 13272:. Retrieved 13268:the original 13261: 13252: 13240:. Retrieved 13236:the original 13229: 13219: 13207:. Retrieved 13198: 13188: 13176:. Retrieved 13157: 13139: 13127:. Retrieved 13123: 13114: 13102:. Retrieved 13069:. Retrieved 13055: 13043:. 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The actor 2191:Justin Welby 2180: 2172: 2154: 2135:illegitimacy 2123: 2116:conducted a 2107: 2086: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2024: 2009: 2001: 1966: 1944: 1941:Ian McKellen 1929:1955 version 1924: 1922: 1911: 1908:The Founding 1907: 1899: 1893: 1882: 1868: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1840:True Tragedy 1839: 1826: 1823:Thomas Legge 1816: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1766:Charles Ross 1763: 1758: 1754: 1742: 1736: 1722: 1716: 1709: 1691: 1687:Saint Ninian 1676: 1666: 1660: 1640: 1629: 1624: 1613: 1606: 1597: 1576: 1568: 1559: 1558:, Commines' 1555: 1553: 1521: 1501: 1489: 1473: 1445: 1417:Jean Molinet 1395: 1361: 1352:ledger stone 1318:Jasper Tudor 1290: 1262: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1189: 1162: 1119: 1111: 1096: 1084:Richard Grey 1057: 1025: 1014: 1006: 981: 977: 971: 946: 937:Earl Marshal 907:, including 901: 815: 755: 733: 725: 703: 687: 682:Anne Neville 676: 649: 635:had married 626: 618: 614:Anne Neville 591: 536: 516:Lancastrians 477: 417: 399:, landed in 397:Jasper Tudor 386: 341:Anne Neville 322: 306:cadet branch 293: 292: 210: 183:Anne Neville 43: 18211:1485 deaths 18206:1452 births 18097:Stoke Field 18022:Ferrybridge 17997:Northampton 17977:Blore Heath 17623:Richard III 17577:Key figures 17568:Family tree 17495:(1928–1974) 17488:(1764–1834) 17481:(1689–1700) 17475:(1659–1660) 17469:(1461–1483) 17467:Richard III 17463:(1414–1447) 17457:(1385–1397) 17385:Charles III 17370:Edward VIII 17100:Alexander I 17080:Malcolm III 17055:Kenneth III 16955:Elizabeth I 16917:Richard III 16428:‹ The 16248:11 December 15842:: 247–286. 15768:Berry, Mary 15627:Richard III 15326:Richard III 15292:20 November 15270:(44): 9–11. 14878:Richard III 14807:Richard III 14695:(51): 9–14. 14504:Curry, Anne 14488:Brand, Paul 14423:Lee, Sidney 13897:Richard III 13346:Ross (1981) 13322:Ross (1981) 13071:10 December 13045:10 November 12833:11 December 12311:(1): 5631. 12257:BBC Radio 4 11997:"Osteology" 11742:1 September 11494:11 December 11467:Aune (2006) 11390:24 December 11304:24 November 11271:10 December 11243:10 December 11079:Ross (1981) 10928:Buck (1647) 10892:Hume (1864) 10880:Hume (1864) 10671:Richard III 10586:Buck (1647) 10474:Ross (1981) 10168:Ross (1981) 10144:Ross (1981) 10037:22:53–23:33 9852:Rees (2008) 9840:Penn (2013) 9801:Ross (1981) 9789:Ross (1981) 9765:Ross (1981) 9729:Ross (1981) 9717:Ross (1981) 9573:Ross (1981) 9525:Ross (1981) 9501:Ross (1981) 9402:Ross (1981) 9362:Wood (1975) 9326:Rous (1980) 9136:Ross (1981) 9124:Ross (1981) 9112:Ross (1974) 9064:Ross (1981) 9047:Ross (1981) 8957:Ross (1974) 8945:Ross (1974) 8933:Ross (1981) 8906:Ross (1974) 8894:Ross (1974) 8882:Ross (1974) 8870:Ross (1981) 8846:Ross (1981) 8810:Ross (1974) 8762:Ross (1981) 8750:Ross (1974) 8738:Ross (1974) 8726:Ross (1974) 8714:Ross (1974) 8702:Ross (1974) 8690:Ross (1974) 8666:Ross (1981) 8654:Ross (1974) 8582:Ross (1974) 8570:Ross (1981) 8558:Ross (1981) 8522:Ross (1981) 8498:Ross (1981) 8486:Ross (1974) 8423:7 September 8332:Ross (1974) 8320:Ross (1981) 8254:24 November 8091:Ross (1974) 7971:Ross (1974) 7825:, Leicester 7737: 1483 7678:Lancastrian 7503:Richard III 7474:Lancastrian 7449:Lancastrian 7387:Lancastrian 7363:Lancastrian 7350:Lancastrian 7339:Lancastrian 6828:Lancastrian 6820:"Kingmaker" 6795:Lancastrian 6759:Lancastrian 6755:Henry Percy 6736:Lancastrian 6685:Lancastrian 6400:Lancastrian 6396:Henry Percy 6357:Lancastrian 6344:Lancastrian 6313:Lancastrian 6300:Lancastrian 5859:Lancastrian 5835:Lancastrian 5824:Lancastrian 5746:Henry Percy 5468:Lancastrian 5440:Lancastrian 4735: 1974 4633: 1944 4613: 1964 4589: 1948 2776: 1379 2480:differenced 2371:George Buck 2327:A. 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In 2012, 393:Henry Tudor 294:Richard III 104:Predecessor 99:6 July 1483 65: 1520 49:Richard III 18:Richard III 18195:Categories 18072:Tewkesbury 17838:Owen Tudor 17563:Tudor rose 17360:Edward VII 17350:William IV 17340:George III 17269:Charles II 17164:Robert III 17110:Malcolm IV 17085:Donald III 17060:Malcolm II 17045:Kenneth II 16927:Henry VIII 16887:Richard II 16882:Edward III 16816:William II 16789:Harthacnut 16629:1471–1483 16604:1469–1470 16572:1471–1483 16547:1462–1470 16515:1483–1485 16204:Henry VIII 15893:3 December 15649:Rous, John 15548:required.) 15523:"Yorkists" 15515:required.) 14980:required.) 14945:required.) 14852:required.) 14682:required.) 14522:7 December 14377:required.) 14324:5 December 14071:1126494788 13988:required.) 13566:3 December 13209:6 December 13201:. London. 13166:. London: 13104:6 December 13037:. London. 13011:The Pillar 12955:. London: 12919:6 December 12854:. London: 12826:. London: 12802:5 December 12790:. London: 12772:5 December 12760:. 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London: 8189:5 February 7918:References 7882:Pontefract 7487:Tewkesbury 6747:Tewkesbury 5820:Owen Tudor 5398:Richard II 4901:Edward III 3499:Queen Anne 2566:, and the 2510:white boar 2032:perimortem 1916:series by 1873:(1951) by 1845:Ben Jonson 1777:In culture 1747:the Terror 1701:David Hume 1538:Reputation 1464:River Soar 1265:conspiracy 1211:Ralph Shaa 1130:Jane Shore 871:Holderness 778:Gloucester 645:Tewkesbury 514:, and the 474:Early life 428:River Soar 95:Coronation 18007:Wakefield 17648:Lancaster 17633:Henry VII 17603:Edward IV 17375:George VI 17345:George IV 17335:George II 17247:Charles I 17229:from 1603 17179:James III 17159:Robert II 17115:William I 17090:Duncan II 17018:Malcolm I 17008:Donald II 16932:Edward VI 16922:Henry VII 16907:Edward IV 16877:Edward II 16867:Henry III 16850:Richard I 16811:William I 16732:Æthelstan 16521:Henry VII 15883:(2014) . 15864:151769515 15604:Edward IV 15592:38603586M 15419:(2004) . 15409:25011793M 15236:24188544M 15060:(1956) . 14997:165459692 14232:14989146M 14174:(1976) . 14150:Henry VII 14089:(1870) . 14009:2381/9677 13832:20438086M 13808:(1885) . 13794:145021928 13717:26180251M 13697:(2013) . 13687:18869907M 13621:20 August 13129:7 October 12384:30 August 12335:2041-1723 11690:25 August 9469:"History" 7923:Citations 7671:Henry VII 7409:Edward IV 6479:Wakefield 6445:Wakefield 5748:"Hotspur" 4848:See also 4845:=Executed 4827:Aquitaine 4440:1921–2021 4431:1926–2022 4324:1900–1974 4307:1885–1969 4298:1895–1952 4165:1863–1950 4156:1865–1936 4102:1844–1900 4093:1843–1878 4084:1841–1910 3981:1819–1901 3916:1776–1834 3907:1776–1857 3894:1767–1820 3885:1765–1837 3767:1743–1805 3734:1738–1820 3604:1707–1751 3544:1689–1700 3535:1683–1760 3502:1665–1714 3493:1660–1727 3444:1640–1660 3435:1633–1701 3426:1630–1714 3339:1600–1649 3330:1596–1662 3285:1566–1625 3246:1542–1587 3207:1512–1542 3168:1491–1547 3159:1489–1541 3092:1466–1503 3083:1457–1509 3012:1452–1485 3003:1442–1483 2994:1443–1509 2883:1415–1495 2870:1404–1444 2855:1390–1447 2761:1373–1410 2752:1367–1413 2663:1355–1397 2650:1340–1399 2583:1312–1377 2474:with the 2472:quartered 2243:Swaledale 2094:roundworm 2028:scoliosis 1951:Al Pacino 1939:starring 1889:, in her 1865:Ricardian 1811:, one of 1770:Ricardian 1698:historian 1601:John Stow 1571:John Rous 1512:Edward IV 1497:Wakefield 1456:Leicester 1433:Henry VII 1310:Salisbury 1274:Elizabeth 1163:Rous Roll 1138:Katherine 1042:from the 954:Picquigny 861:, 20,000 843:attainted 823:Doncaster 677:Rous Roll 652:scoliosis 582:Middleham 470:in 2015. 420:Leicester 351:, son of 329:Edward IV 280:Signature 118:Henry VII 114:Successor 18180:Category 18106:See also 17987:Sandwich 17613:Edward V 17593:Henry VI 17585:Monarchs 17365:George V 17355:Victoria 17330:George I 17199:James VI 17184:James IV 17174:James II 17147:David II 17142:Robert I 17131:Margaret 17065:Duncan I 16974:Donald I 16912:Edward V 16902:Henry VI 16892:Henry IV 16872:Edward I 16838:Henry II 16737:Edmund I 16726:Ælfweard 16684:monarchs 16678:Scottish 16500:Edward V 16430:template 16311:(1995). 16202:(1968). 16192:6982482M 16174:(1906). 16133:(1992). 16111:(2015). 16051:(2015). 16036:7276841M 15856:27830988 15836:Traditio 15788:6570405M 15766:(1798). 15744:(1967). 15736:: 63–73. 15701:(1984). 15651:(1980). 15602:(1974). 15480:6794297M 15441:(1991). 15373:24407008 15342:43796785 15282:(1816). 15207:(2013). 15195:: 22–32. 15154:25463651 15106:(2014). 15080:7450809M 14898:(1989). 14786:(1980). 14776:7517496M 14756:(1981). 14635:(1993). 14606:24407008 14476:3870696M 14456:(1981). 14446:7193498M 14415:(1896). 14403:6930115M 14385:(1890). 14340:(1855). 14303:(1807). 14293:4281207M 14212:(1956). 14202:4599416M 14148:(1999). 14126:(1972). 14111:11717457 14079:7187118M 14051:(1647). 14032:41398238 13937:(2004). 13929:: 83–98. 13849:(1986). 13615:Archived 13242:24 April 13203:Archived 13178:24 April 13172:Archived 13168:BBC News 13149:BBC News 13098:Archived 13039:Archived 12991:12 April 12957:BBC News 12856:BBC News 12828:BBC News 12796:Archived 12792:BBC News 12766:Archived 12762:BBC News 12736:ABC News 12711:BBC News 12687:16 March 12627:12 April 12353:25463651 12268:BBC News 12130:BBC News 12103:. London 11861:BBC News 11710:ABC News 11660:. London 11635:24 April 11629:Archived 11599:24 April 11539:Archived 11386:. London 11239:. London 11131:. 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Richard III of England

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