447:
243:
626:, Muhammad II capitalized on this by defeating and killing the Qarakhanid leader Uthman Khan, thus putting an end to Qarakhanid rule in Transoxiana. Muhammad II was now a towering figure in the eastern Islamic world, but like his father, was content with the limited titles of Khwarazmshah and Sultan. He now sought to the deal with the Abbasid Caliphate, who had in the past supported the Ghurids against him; he marched towards
90:
604:) was occupied with his rivals in the east (Ghurids, Qara Khitai, the Qipchaq of the northern steppes, and the Qarakhanids) for much of his reign. He initially maintained cordial relations with the Qara Khitai, who helped him fend off the 1204 invasion of Khurasan by the Ghurid ruler
363:
as the governor of the region, with the traditional title of
Khwarazmshah, thus marking the start of the third line of Khwarazmshahs. A loyal servant of the Ghaznavids, Altuntash protected the borders of Khwarazm by enlisting additional soldiers from the Turkic groups of
186:. Although the Khwarazmshahs sometimes granted sanctuary to Samanid rebels, they generally ruled a peaceful domain. During the end of the Samanids, the Khwarazmshahs extended their rule as far as the northern edges of Khurasan, ruling frontier posts such as Farawa and
138:) is not attested anywhere besides al-Biruni, which has led scholars to suggest that the name never existed. Likewise, many of the Khwarazmshahs recorded by al-Biruni are not supported by archeological evidence; however, this may be due to scribal errors.
323:(Friday sermon) in Khwarazm, thus acknowledging his suzerainty. Unable to gain military assistance or appease Mahmud through other means, Ma'mun II was forced to accept his demands, much to the dislike of the Khwarazmian nobles and military officers.
428:. In 1041, Ismail was expelled from Khwarazm by the latter, who declared himself ruler at Gurganj, thus marking the end of the Altuntash line. During this period, however, Mas'ud had already died and Ghaznavid rule in the west had crumbled.
588:
expansion into
Khurasan and destroy the Seljuk Empire. Furthermore, he also declared independence against his Qara Khitai suzerains, whose attacks he repelled. At the time of his death, his realm stretched as far as
338:
as slaves. Abu'l-Harith
Muhammad was deposed and imprisoned, while Khwarazm was incorporated into the Ghaznavid realm, thus marking the end of the Ma'munid dynasty, the last ethnically Iranian line of Khwarazmshahs.
121:
archeological findings demonstrate that al-Biruni was in reality not well-acquainted with pre-Islamic
Khwarazmian history. Coin findings show that before the advent of the Afrighids, Khwarazm was part of the
130:
seemingly took place in the early 1st-century, after they had freed themselves of
Parthian rule, and established their own local dynasty of shahs. The dynastic name of "Afrighid" (
330:
in March 1017. Ma'mun II was the brother-in-law of Mahmud, which afforded the latter a pretext to invade
Khwarazm. The Ghaznavid army defeated the local Khwarazmian forces at
416:, who was able to rule as an independent monarch as Mas'ud I was occupied with the Seljuk invasions. In 1038, Mas'ud gave the governorship of Khwarazm to his ally,
326:
This eventually resulted in a patriotic revolt, led by the commander-in-chief
Alptigin, which led to the murder of Ma'mun II and accession of his nephew
1131:
566:
was able to gain greater autonomy after the death of Sanjar and disintegration of Seljuk authority in the east. As long as he paid tribute to the
228:), thus marking the end of the first Khwarazmshah line of the Afrighids, and the inauguration of the second Khwarazmshah line of the Ma'munids.
170:). Regardless, the Islamization of the local population was much slower. In the early 10th-century, the Khwarazmshahs were made vassals of the
630:, but the extreme weather conditions during the winter and unrest amongst the Qipchaq forced him to return to Khwarazm. His son and successor
412:, Harun rebelled against Mas'ud, but was the following year assassinated at the instigation of the latter. Harun was succeeded by his brother
570:, they had little interest in meddling in his affairs, and thus he was free to focus on expanding his rule into the Qarakhanid domains.
258:
Under the Ma'munids, their capital of
Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting many prominent figures, such as the philosophers
539:) who established the Khwarazmshahs' grandeur, being determined in his pursuit of autonomy and expansion of his realm, conquering the
38:
in the early 13th-century, after which it was used infrequently. There were a total of four families who ruled as
Khwarazmshahs—the
977:
1104:
1077:
618:
He could now distance himself from the Qara Khitai, and while the latter were preoccupied by the revolt of the Mongol leader
401:
906:
263:
615:), who later died in 1206. His death led to the disintegration of his empire, and Khwarazmian conquest over much of it.
999:
924:
1156:
965:
946:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). "The
Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In
317:
enemies by extending his rule into Khwarazm. In 1014, Mahmud demanded that Ma'mun II should add his name in the
35:
687:
528:
Muhammad I was loyal to the Seljuks, attending the Seljuk court with diligence. It was his son and successor
109:(died 1050), whose reliability has been questioned. According to the latter, the Afrighids were founded by
1166:
1048:
334:, brutalized the population of Gurganj, and captured many Khwarazmians, who were taken to the capital of
957:
702:("Heir of the Khwarazmshahs") on his coins, however he died in 1806 before they could ever be issued.
466:. From henceforth Khwarazm was a Seljuk province, although the title of Khwarazmshah was unused until
982:
218:
901:
327:
214:
201:, one of the three main cities of the country. The city had risen to rival the Afrighid capital of
661:, after which it was infrequently used, such as under Shah Malik, the governor of Khwarazm under
653:
The title of Khwarazmshah was seemingly unused by the Mongol governors of Khwarazm and the later
594:
499:
213:. The Ma'munids and Afrighids eventually became rivals, with conflict soon ensuing. The Ma'munid
631:
514:
1161:
384:
548:
131:
113:
in 305, succeeding the semi-legendary line of the Siyavushids, founded by the Iranian king
672:) and Shah Malik's son, Nasir al-Din Sultan Ibrahim. The title was informally used by the
573:
The power of the Khwarazmshahs even further increased under Il-Arslan's son and successor
8:
1125:
1088:
540:
479:
369:
522:
518:
451:
441:
437:
425:
347:
Due to the difficulty to control a distant area such as Khwarazm, Mahmud installed his
187:
51:
458:
A year after Shah Malik's conquest of Khwarazm, he was expelled by the Seljuk leaders
446:
1135:
1100:
1073:
1009:
961:
947:
934:
574:
421:
154:
150:
67:
1035:
1022:
695:
642:
605:
303:
297:
1092:
1065:
951:
278:
267:
171:
127:
123:
994:
990:
919:
915:
658:
585:
413:
409:
348:
271:
210:
153:, who ruled in the early 9th-century, perhaps coinciding with the reign of the
142:
31:
1061:
1150:
1139:
1121:
1013:
986:
938:
911:
654:
590:
552:
483:
286:
237:
194:
160:
118:
43:
23:
242:
205:, most likely due to its commercial success as a trading post between the
676:
567:
544:
463:
251:
179:
114:
281:. The Ma'munids also embellished their capital with buildings such as a
513:) then made Anushtegin's son Qutb al-Din Muhammad (who became known as
417:
314:
296:) its founder. However, the Ma'munids soon fell into conflict with the
953:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
502:
as Khwarazmshah in 1097, but the latter died in the same year. Sultan
691:
662:
563:
503:
373:
360:
285:
which still survives till this day, and has an inscription crediting
275:
141:
The Afrighids and the local population were most likely adherents of
106:
98:
84:
47:
39:
16:
Historical title of the rulers of the Khwarazm region in Central Asia
396:
365:
331:
259:
247:
183:
175:
94:
54:(1097–1231). Like other contemporary Central Asian titles, such as
27:
778:
627:
619:
551:. Regardless, he nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of Sultan
459:
354:
282:
202:
198:
105:
Most of Afrighid history was recorded by the Khwarazmian scholar
62:
1072:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 915.
368:, Kujet and Chaghrat. He died of wounds in the aftermath of the
89:
673:
623:
335:
319:
300:
206:
157:
56:
797:
795:
793:
732:
730:
728:
726:
862:
680:
529:
146:
110:
1070:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III: Ātaš–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn
807:
711:
881:
879:
877:
790:
723:
394:) appointed his own son Sa'id as the new Khwarazmshah, the
838:
828:
826:
824:
822:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
747:
745:
22:
was an ancient title used regularly by the rulers of the
874:
683:
in various literary works but never officially adopted.
408:(lieutenant) of Sa'id. In 1034, in an alliance with the
193:
An uncertain part of Khwarazmian history is the rise of
1089:"Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin"
819:
757:
742:
645:, which led to the collapse of the Khwarazmian Empire.
562:) till the end of his reign. Atsiz's son and successor
517:) the new Khwarazmshah, thus marking the start of the
1097:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV: Isfahan IX–Jobbāʾi
850:
1099:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
976:
905:
1148:
686:The final official use of the title was under
50:(1017–1041), and the most prominent ones, the
900:
784:
648:
494:
474:
352:
1000:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
925:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1033:
1020:
801:
736:
1086:
1059:
1046:
974:
945:
885:
868:
856:
844:
832:
813:
772:
751:
717:
445:
342:
241:
88:
145:. The first Khwarazmshah to convert to
1149:
1040:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7
1027:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7
454:at its zenith in the late 12th-century
400:ruler of Khwarazm was Altuntash's son
493:). He was succeeded by fellow Turkic
431:
217:deposed and killed the Afrighid shah
197:, who came to rule their hometown of
1120:
1034:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984b).
1021:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984a).
593:to the west. His son and successor
13:
1127:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
1114:
1087:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008).
1060:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989).
1047:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986).
975:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978).
519:fourth and final Khwarazmshah line
66:, the title of Khwarazmshah is of
14:
1178:
482:was made its governor by Sultan
313:), who sought to pressurize his
667:
636:
610:
599:
579:
557:
534:
508:
488:
389:
378:
308:
291:
223:
165:
1:
904:& Crowe, Yolande (1965).
705:
467:
372:against the Qarakhanid ruler
178:family which ruled mainly in
641:) was unable to contain the
606:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad Ghuri
584:) was able to slow down the
231:
78:
7:
657:. It was revived under the
383:) in 1032. Although Sultan
254:in the early Islamic period
10:
1183:
958:Cambridge University Press
894:
435:
235:
101:(ruled in the 8th-century)
82:
73:
1157:Iranian words and phrases
1132:The Royal Asiatic Society
785:Bosworth & Crowe 1965
649:Aftermath and Final Usage
700:Wāriṯẖ-i Kẖwārazm-Sẖāhān
694:line (1804-1920) of the
46:(995–1017), the line of
34:until the advent of the
1008:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
933:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
679:and later dynasties of
632:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
495:
475:
455:
353:
255:
219:Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
102:
1053:Encyclopaedia Iranica
871:, pp. 1067–1068.
816:, pp. 1066–1067.
787:, pp. 1025–1027.
720:, pp. 1065–1068.
698:– who titled himself
690:– the founder of the
449:
343:The line of Altuntash
328:Abu'l-Harith Muhammad
245:
117:. However, extensive
92:
978:"K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs"
549:Manghislak peninsula
266:, the mathematician
1042:. pp. 762–764.
1029:. pp. 743–745.
847:, pp. 914–915.
804:, pp. 762–764.
739:, pp. 743–745.
480:Anushtegin Gharchai
370:Battle of Dabusiyya
126:. The start of the
1167:Rulers of Khwarazm
1049:"Anuštigin Ĝarčāī"
960:. pp. 1–202.
948:Boyle, John Andrew
537: 1127/8–1156
473:, when the Turkic
456:
452:Khwarazmian Empire
442:Khwarazmian Empire
438:Anushtegin dynasty
432:Anushtegin dynasty
264:Abu Sahl al-Masihi
256:
103:
30:starting from the
1106:978-1-934283-08-0
1079:978-0-71009-121-5
575:Ala al-Din Tekish
351:slave commander (
151:Azkajwar-Abdallah
1174:
1143:
1110:
1093:Yarshater, Ehsan
1083:
1066:Yarshater, Ehsan
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
980:
971:
942:
909:
889:
883:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
817:
811:
805:
799:
788:
782:
776:
770:
755:
749:
740:
734:
721:
715:
671:
670: 1405–1447
669:
643:Mongol invasions
640:
639: 1220–1231
638:
614:
613: 1173–1206
612:
603:
602: 1200–1220
601:
583:
582: 1172–1200
581:
561:
560: 1118–1157
559:
538:
536:
512:
511: 1094–1105
510:
498:
492:
491: 1072–1092
490:
478:
472:
469:
393:
392: 1030–1040
391:
382:
381: 1020–1034
380:
358:
312:
310:
295:
294: 1009–1017
293:
270:, the physician
227:
225:
169:
167:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1147:
1146:
1117:
1115:Further reading
1107:
1080:
995:Bosworth, C. E.
968:
897:
892:
888:, p. 1068.
884:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:, p. 1067.
831:
820:
812:
808:
800:
791:
783:
779:
775:, p. 1066.
771:
758:
754:, p. 1065.
750:
743:
735:
724:
716:
712:
708:
666:
651:
635:
609:
598:
578:
556:
543:of the eastern
533:
507:
487:
470:
444:
436:Main articles:
434:
406:khalifat al-dar
388:
377:
345:
311: 999–1030
307:
290:
268:Abu Nasr Mansur
240:
234:
222:
195:Ma'munid family
172:Samanid dynasty
164:
128:Khwarazmian era
124:Parthian Empire
87:
81:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1145:
1144:
1122:Gibb, H. A. R.
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1084:
1078:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1018:
983:van Donzel, E.
972:
966:
943:
902:Bosworth, C.E.
896:
893:
891:
890:
873:
861:
849:
837:
818:
806:
802:Bosworth 1984b
789:
777:
756:
741:
737:Bosworth 1984a
722:
709:
707:
704:
696:Khans of Khiva
659:Timurid Empire
650:
647:
545:Caspian shores
433:
430:
414:Ismail Khandan
404:, who was the
344:
341:
272:Ibn al-Khammar
236:Main article:
233:
230:
226: 967–995
168: 813–833
143:Zoroastrianism
83:Main article:
80:
77:
75:
72:
32:Late Antiquity
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1179:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
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1154:
1152:
1141:
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1133:
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1128:
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1119:
1118:
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1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:"Āl-e Maʾmūn"
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
973:
969:
967:0-521-06936-X
963:
959:
956:. Cambridge:
955:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
898:
887:
886:Bosworth 1978
882:
880:
878:
870:
869:Bosworth 1978
865:
858:
857:Bosworth 1986
853:
846:
845:Bosworth 1989
841:
834:
833:Bosworth 1978
829:
827:
825:
823:
815:
814:Bosworth 1978
810:
803:
798:
796:
794:
786:
781:
774:
773:Bosworth 1978
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
753:
752:Bosworth 1978
748:
746:
738:
733:
731:
729:
727:
719:
718:Bosworth 1978
714:
710:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
675:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
607:
596:
592:
587:
576:
571:
569:
565:
554:
550:
546:
542:
531:
526:
524:
523:Anushteginids
520:
516:
505:
501:
497:
485:
481:
477:
465:
461:
453:
448:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
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116:
112:
108:
100:
96:
91:
86:
71:
69:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
52:Anushteginids
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
24:Central Asian
21:
1162:Royal titles
1126:
1096:
1069:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1023:"Āl-e Afrīḡ"
1005:
998:
952:
930:
923:
864:
852:
840:
809:
780:
713:
699:
688:Eltuzar-Inak
685:
655:Sufi dynasty
652:
617:
591:Persian Iraq
572:
553:Ahmad Sanjar
527:
484:Malik-Shah I
457:
422:Oghuz Yabghu
410:Seljuk Turks
405:
395:
346:
325:
318:
279:al-Tha'alibi
257:
192:
140:
135:
104:
93:Coin of the
61:
55:
20:Khwarazmshah
19:
18:
991:Pellat, Ch.
920:Schacht, J.
916:Pellat, Ch.
595:Muhammad II
568:Qara Khitai
471: 1077
464:Chaghri Beg
450:Map of the
276:philologist
252:Transoxiana
211:Kievan Rus'
180:Transoxania
132:Khwarazmian
115:Kay Khosrow
42:(305–995),
1151:Categories
1130:. London:
1062:"Altuntaš"
1004:Volume IV:
929:Volume II:
907:"Sāmānids"
706:References
677:Arabshahid
624:Semirechye
515:Muhammad I
418:Shah Malik
315:Qarakhanid
274:, and the
26:region of
1140:499987512
1014:758278456
987:Lewis, B.
939:495469475
912:Lewis, B.
663:Shah Rukh
564:Il-Arslan
504:Berkyaruq
374:Ali-Tigin
361:Altuntash
298:Ghaznavid
287:Ma'mun II
238:Ma'munids
232:Ma'munids
161:al-Ma'mun
107:al-Biruni
99:Sawashfan
85:Afrighids
79:Afrighids
48:Altuntash
44:Ma'munids
40:Afrighids
1124:(1923).
1006:Iran–Kha
997:(eds.).
922:(eds.).
547:and the
541:Turkmens
397:de facto
385:Mas'ud I
332:Hazarasp
260:Avicenna
248:Khurasan
215:Ma'mun I
209:and the
184:Khurasan
95:Afrighid
70:origin.
28:Khwarazm
1095:(ed.).
1068:(ed.).
950:(ed.).
895:Sources
692:Qungrat
628:Baghdad
620:Kuchlug
521:of the
500:Ekinchi
460:Tughril
366:Qipchaq
283:minaret
246:Map of
199:Gurganj
176:Persian
155:Abbasid
74:History
68:Iranian
63:Ikhshid
36:Mongols
1138:
1103:
1076:
1012:
993:&
964:
937:
918:&
586:Ghurid
496:ghulam
476:ghulam
420:, the
355:ghulam
349:Turkic
336:Ghazni
320:khutba
304:Mahmud
301:Sultan
207:steppe
158:caliph
119:Soviet
57:Afshin
1091:. In
1064:. In
981:. In
910:. In
681:Khiva
674:Uzbek
530:Atsiz
402:Harun
147:Islam
136:ʾfryḡ
111:Afrig
97:shah
1136:OCLC
1101:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1010:OCLC
962:ISBN
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462:and
440:and
426:Jand
262:and
250:and
203:Kath
188:Nasa
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174:, a
149:was
60:and
931:C–G
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