374:. They are considered displaced when used with kinlike individuals: intimate friends of kin or kin of intimate friends. When using kinship terms, age is critical. Speakers must estimate the age of an addressee to determine his or her generation and choose an appropriate kinship term. Kinship terms commonly used as honorific pronominals are summarized in the table below.
329:
Status-the status of the speaker relative to an addressee or referent. Status may be determined by relative age (elders have higher status), rank (king>royalty>monks>government and military>professionals>white collar>blue collar), or non-intimacy (strangers are treated as at least
599:
Status terms denote referents in terms of occupation or status. While some status terms are used as first, second, or third person pronouns, others are restricted to second and third person only. Many pronominal status terms are preceded by titles. Status terms may also be used as titles before
160:
of Khmer and Khmero-Indic words, appropriate for addressing the monarchy. At the same time, a clerical vocabulary emerged, much smaller but similar in function and origin to the royal vocabulary. The clerical vocabulary, also composed mainly of borrowings from Khmer, enabled the common people to
365:
Kinship terms are used pronominally to elevate or demonstrate solidarity with an addressee. To address a listener as kin is, in effect, to confer the listener with the same status as the aforementioned kin. Generally, kinship terms contain both literal and displaced meanings. Kinship terms are
837:
when addressing friends or acquaintances. Given names are sometimes truncated to convey mild informality. Nicknames, like given names, are used most often in second person. They generally do not take titles. Nicknames are a friendly, affectionate way to show intimacy between interlocuters.
314:
Secondary distinctions are distinctions of gender that depend on the presence or absence of other semantic features like status, intimacy, or non-restraint: male orientation, female orientation, neutral
124:
vocabulary used to talk to or about monks arose, very similar to the raja-sap. With the development of royal and clerical vocabularies, means for honorific speech increased significantly. The
831:. In addition, most individuals have a nickname. As pronominals, given names are used most frequently in second person form. Given names are often preceded by the courtesy title
136:, resulting in an entirely new set of pronominal forms. Kinship terms continued to be used as honorifics, and a new type of honorific emerged as well, polite particles.
156:. When the need for honorific registers arose, the Thai people turned again to Khmer. Borrowing heavily from Khmer, the Thai constructed a royal vocabulary, a large
128:
period, from 1782 to the present, saw even greater expansion of the raja-sap as it became the formal, or polite, way to address all peoples or topics. Specifically,
874:
Polite particles are not used in conjunction with honorific registers or in written language. Commonly used polite particles are summarized in the table below.
120:. Soon after its creation, the use of royal vocabulary was extended to address all members of the royal family as well as aristocrats. At the same time, a
161:
communicate with and about monks. Lexical items from standard Thai, royal vocabulary, and clerical vocabulary are shown side by side in the table below:
152:. Khmer and Khmero-Indic words were originally borrowed into Thai by an educated, Thai upper class, specifically kings and monks, in order to discuss
41:
that encode a wide variety of social relationships between interlocutors or between interlocutors and referents. Honorific phenomena in
106:
1314:
1185:
116:) emerged. The Raja-sap, an honorific register, was created as a way for commoners and aristocrats alike to talk to and about the
1357:
1525:
1415:
88:(1351 to 1767 CE), a new form of honorific speech evolved. While kinship terms continued to be used, a royal
72:, a period which lasted from 1238 to 1420 CE During the Sukhothai period, honorifics appeared in the form of
1535:
1128:, pronounced in a rising tone). Today, this word is used informally to courteously address nearly anyone.
1125:
1102:
1050:
1037:
998:
974:
950:
926:
902:
803:
788:
773:
758:
743:
728:
713:
698:
683:
668:
653:
638:
623:
579:
568:
557:
546:
535:
524:
513:
502:
491:
480:
469:
458:
447:
436:
425:
414:
403:
392:
286:
are the most numerous and complex of pronominal forms in Thai. Personal pronouns may make the following
46:
854:
to show respect to the addressee. Honorific particles may exhibit the following semantic distinctions:
1167:
Khanittanan, Wilaiwan. "An aspect of the origins and development of linguistic politeness in Thai".
591:(คุณ) before any kinship term. Kinship terms are commonly followed by personal names or nicknames.
1350:
1066:
30:
17:
1304:. Ed. Richard J. Watts, Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich. Berlin: Moutun de Gruyter, 1992. 325-336.
1530:
1171:. Ed. Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2005. 315-335.
1452:
833:
275:, often using kinship or status terms instead, particularly for social equals or superiors.
311:
Primary distinctions are distinctions of gender that are inherent to pronouns: male, female
117:
54:
864:
Social mood: a continuum ranging from formal at one end to extremely intimate at the other
8:
1466:
1385:
1343:
1318:
73:
1494:
1480:
1459:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1378:
1115:
1065:
rank, respectively. Today they are used as titles for married female recipients of the
1055:
306:
300:
294:
1487:
1473:
1436:
1429:
1422:
867:
272:
85:
69:
1443:
1110:
601:
283:
1106:
77:
1519:
1251:
144:
The roots of Thai honorific registers lie in Khmer and Khmero-Indic (Pali or
97:
42:
129:
1269:
Cooke, Joseph R. "Pronominal
Reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese."
828:
367:
820:
587:
Speakers may demonstrate additional respect by adding the polite title
347:
89:
50:
1225:
1366:
847:
371:
287:
1302:
Politeness in
Language: Studies in its History, Theory, and Practice
153:
149:
145:
93:
38:
111:
1069:. Those of the rank Dame Grand Commander and above use the title
824:
157:
133:
125:
1252:"WALS Online - Feature 45A: Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns"
1211:
Terms indicating rank, title or class from early
Siamese sources
1061:
851:
333:
Intimacy - the kind and degree of close, day-by-day association
121:
1335:
148:
words borrowed first into Khmer, then from Khmer into Thai)
81:
34:
76:. The Sukhothai period also saw the introduction of many
1271:
University of
California Publications in Linguistics 52
303:: first person, second person, third person, ambivalent
509:'aunt/uncle (father's younger brother/sister/cousin)'
498:'aunt/uncle (mother's younger brother/sister/cousin)'
600:
given names. A few status terms frequently used as
1113:, should not be confused with the noble title of
1517:
1053:) were originally titles for wives of nobles of
1169:Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness
846:Honorific particles are added to the end of an
132:from honorific registers replaced native Thai
1351:
1199:(digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4–5
1179:
1177:
1145:Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction
819:In Thai, a person's full name consists of a
1023:
1358:
1344:
1186:"Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society"
1120:
1097:
1082:
1045:
1032:
993:
969:
945:
921:
897:
798:
783:
768:
753:
738:
723:
708:
693:
678:
663:
648:
633:
618:
366:considered literal in cases of blood kin,
1174:
60:
1088:
870:: affirmative, imperative, interrogative
476:'uncle (mother/father's older brother)'
323:Speaker-addressee-referent relationship
266:
1300:Kummer, Manfred. "Politeness in Thai".
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1230:Internet resource for the Thai language
1183:
778:'Mister/Madame Rector' (of university)
14:
1518:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
841:
487:'aunt (mother/father's older sister)'
139:
1339:
1294:
1077:. Unmarried recipients use the title
964:affirmative/imperative/interrogative
940:affirmative/imperative/interrogative
916:affirmative/imperative/interrogative
1276:
1258:
1232:. thai-language.com. October 9, 2013
1137:
793:'Mister/Madame Minister' (of state)
278:
1150:
1018:
24:
688:'bus fare collector' (pocketbook)
604:are presented in the table below:
25:
1547:
861:Status: superior, equal, inferior
763:'Mister/Madame Director General'
84:loanwords to Thai. Later, in the
553:'grandmother (mother's mother)'
542:'grandfather (mother's father)'
531:'grandmother (father's mother)'
520:'grandfather (father's father)'
360:
218:/pʰráʔ tɕʰōn.náʔ.nīː/ (พระชนนี)
808:'Mister/Madame Prime Minister'
804:/tʰâːnnāː.jókrát.tʰàʔ.mōn.trīː/
594:
1365:
1307:
1244:
1218:
13:
1:
1131:
858:Gender: male, female, neutral
297:: singular, plural, ambiguous
1184:Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983).
1083:§ Khun (courtesy title)
1081:, which is the same word as
774:/tʰâːnʔàʔ.tʰíʔ.kāːnbɔ̄ː.dīː/
703:'pedicab driver' (tricycle)
7:
1193:Journal of the Siam Society
748:'Mister/Madame Ambassador'
733:'motorized pedicab driver'
112:
27:Honorific phenomena in Thai
10:
1552:
1291:. London: Routledge, 2002.
1289:Thai: An Essential Grammar
1147:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.
575:'great great grandparent'
443:'grandchild/niece/nephew'
1373:
1121:
1098:
1046:
1033:
994:
970:
946:
922:
898:
799:
784:
769:
754:
739:
724:
709:
694:
679:
664:
649:
634:
619:
465:'great great grandchild'
421:'younger brother/sister'
101:
1067:Order of Chula Chom Klao
1024:Thanphuying and khunying
814:
789:/tʰâːnrát.tʰàʔ.mōn.trīː/
759:/tʰâːnʔàʔ.tʰíʔ.bɔ̄ː.dīː/
718:'taxi driver' (taxicab)
988:affirmative/imperative
410:'older brother/sister'
341:Secondary distinctions
320:Age: absolute, relative
190:/pʰráʔ hàt/ (พระหัตถ์)
1315:"Thai words for 'you'"
1109:pronounced with a mid
61:Historical development
1526:Honorifics by country
1089:Khun (courtesy title)
326:Primary distinctions
267:Honorific pronominals
215:/jōːm mɛ̂ː/ (โยมแม่)
892:Illocutionary force
886:Status of addressee
628:'teacher/professor'
564:'great grandparent'
173:Clerical vocabulary
1536:Culture of Thailand
1073:, while others use
868:Illocutionary force
842:Honorific particles
454:'great grandchild'
260:/bān.tʰōm/ (บรรทม)
257:/tɕām wát/ (จำวัด)
232:/tʰàʔ.wǎːj/ (ถวาย)
229:/tʰàʔ.wǎːj/ (ถวาย)
140:Honorific registers
45:include honorific
1513:
1512:
1143:Foley, William.
1016:
1015:
812:
811:
585:
584:
284:Personal pronouns
279:Personal pronouns
273:pronoun avoidance
264:
263:
201:/kùʔ.tìʔ/ (กุฎิ)
176:Royal vocabulary
110:
86:Ayutthaya Kingdom
70:Sukhothai Kingdom
68:date back to the
16:(Redirected from
1543:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:on 17 April 2016
1317:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1274:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1148:
1141:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1019:Honorific titles
1000:
997:
996:
976:
973:
972:
952:
949:
948:
928:
925:
924:
904:
901:
900:
877:
876:
805:
802:
801:
800:ท่านนายกรัฐมนตรี
790:
787:
786:
775:
772:
771:
760:
757:
756:
745:
742:
741:
730:
727:
726:
715:
712:
711:
700:
697:
696:
685:
682:
681:
670:
667:
666:
655:
652:
651:
640:
637:
636:
625:
622:
621:
607:
606:
581:
570:
559:
548:
537:
526:
515:
504:
493:
482:
471:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
394:
377:
376:
164:
163:
118:king of Thailand
115:
105:
103:
53:, and honorific
21:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:Table 1 :
1202:
1200:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1091:
1026:
1021:
1006:equal/superior
982:equal/superior
958:equal/superior
934:equal/superior
910:equal/superior
844:
817:
669:/pʰáʔ.jāː.bāːn/
597:
363:
281:
269:
142:
66:Thai honorifics
63:
37:or grammatical
33:are a class of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1306:
1293:
1287:Smyth, David.
1275:
1257:
1243:
1217:
1173:
1149:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1107:courtesy title
1090:
1087:
1038:/tʰâːnpʰûːjǐŋ/
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:interrogative
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
872:
871:
865:
862:
859:
843:
840:
823:followed by a
816:
813:
810:
809:
806:
795:
794:
791:
780:
779:
776:
765:
764:
761:
750:
749:
746:
735:
734:
731:
720:
719:
716:
705:
704:
701:
690:
689:
686:
675:
674:
671:
660:
659:
656:
645:
644:
641:
630:
629:
626:
615:
614:
613:English gloss
611:
596:
593:
583:
582:
576:
572:
571:
565:
561:
560:
554:
550:
549:
543:
539:
538:
532:
528:
527:
521:
517:
516:
510:
506:
505:
499:
495:
494:
488:
484:
483:
477:
473:
472:
466:
462:
461:
455:
451:
450:
444:
440:
439:
433:
429:
428:
422:
418:
417:
411:
407:
406:
400:
396:
395:
389:
385:
384:
381:
380:English gloss
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
350:
345:
339:
338:
337:
334:
331:
321:
318:
317:
316:
312:
304:
298:
290:distinctions:
280:
277:
271:Thai exhibits
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:/nɔ̄ːn/ (นอน)
252:
248:
247:
246:/tràt/ (ตรัส)
244:
243:/pʰûːt/ (พูด)
241:
240:/pʰûːt/ (พูด)
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:/bâːn/ (บ้าน)
196:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
171:
170:Standard Thai
168:
167:English gloss
141:
138:
62:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Thai language
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1273:(1968): 1-68.
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1231:
1227:
1226:"Royal Words"
1221:
1214:
1212:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1043:
1030:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
875:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
855:
853:
849:
839:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
807:
797:
796:
792:
782:
781:
777:
770:ท่านอธิการบดี
767:
766:
762:
752:
751:
747:
737:
736:
732:
722:
721:
717:
707:
706:
702:
692:
691:
687:
677:
676:
672:
662:
661:
657:
647:
646:
642:
632:
631:
627:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
605:
603:
592:
590:
577:
574:
573:
566:
563:
562:
555:
552:
551:
544:
541:
540:
533:
530:
529:
522:
519:
518:
511:
508:
507:
500:
497:
496:
489:
486:
485:
478:
475:
474:
467:
464:
463:
456:
453:
452:
445:
442:
441:
434:
431:
430:
423:
420:
419:
412:
409:
408:
401:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
378:
375:
373:
369:
361:Kinship terms
352:Assertiveness
351:
349:
346:
343:
342:
340:
336:Non-restraint
335:
332:
328:
327:
325:
324:
322:
319:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
291:
289:
285:
276:
274:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
212:/mɛ̂ː/ (แม่)
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
187:/mɯ̄ː/ (มือ)
186:
184:/mɯ̄ː/ (มือ)
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
131:
130:lexical items
127:
123:
119:
114:
108:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:kinship terms
71:
67:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1503:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1270:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1192:
1168:
1144:
1139:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1027:
889:Social mood
873:
845:
832:
818:
785:ท่านรัฐมนตรี
744:/tʰâːntʰûːt/
598:
595:Status terms
588:
586:
364:
282:
270:
226:/hâj/ (ให้)
204:/wāŋ/ (วัง)
143:
65:
64:
49:, honorific
29:
1071:thanphuying
1034:ท่านผู้หญิง
1029:Thanphuying
951:/tɕâːwkʰǎː/
829:family name
714:/tʰɛ́k.sîː/
624:/ʔāː.tɕāːn/
602:pronominals
368:affinal kin
315:orientation
251:'to sleep'
237:'to speak'
51:pronominals
1520:Categories
1453:Indonesian
1367:Honorifics
1132:References
1056:chaophraya
903:/kʰɔ̌ːráp/
821:given name
755:ท่านอธิบดี
699:/sǎːmlɔ́ː/
684:/kràʔ.pǎw/
643:'teacher'
348:Politeness
223:'to give'
92:known as "
90:vocabulary
31:Honorifics
1236:4 October
1051:/kʰūnjǐŋ/
848:utterance
729:/túk.túk/
658:'doctor'
399:'mother'
388:'father'
372:teknonymy
344:Deference
209:'mother'
150:loanwords
102:ราชาศัพท์
55:particles
47:registers
39:morphemes
1467:Japanese
1416:Filipino
1386:Canadian
1325:22 April
1203:March 7,
1075:khunying
1042:khunying
725:ตุ๊กตุ๊ก
673:'nurse'
432:'child'
288:semantic
195:'house'
154:Buddhism
146:Sanskrit
134:pronouns
122:clerical
113:Rachasap
94:raja-sap
18:Khunying
1495:Russian
1481:Sinhala
1460:Italian
1409:English
1400:Hokkien
1393:Chinese
1379:Burmese
1085:below.
1047:คุณหญิง
1009:common
1003:female
985:common
979:female
961:formal
955:female
937:common
927:/kʰráp/
913:formal
883:Gender
825:surname
740:ท่านทูต
710:แท็กซี่
680:กระเป๋า
639:/kʰrūː/
620:อาจารย์
580:/tʰîat/
569:/tʰûat/
426:/nɔ́ːŋ/
393:/pʰɔ̂ː/
330:equals)
181:'hand'
158:lexicon
126:Bangkok
109::
1488:Slavic
1474:Korean
1437:Indian
1430:German
1423:French
1126:/kʰǔn/
1103:/kʰūn/
1062:phraya
1040:) and
999:/kʰáʔ/
975:/kʰâʔ/
947:เจ้าขา
852:clause
695:สามล้อ
665:พยาบาล
654:/mɔ̌ː/
578:เทียด
558:/jāːj/
470:/lɯ̂ː/
459:/lěːn/
448:/lǎːn/
437:/lûːk/
415:/pʰîː/
404:/mɛ̂ː/
370:, and
307:Gender
301:Person
295:Number
1444:Tamil
1189:(PDF)
1105:), a
931:male
907:male
899:ขอรับ
880:Thai
815:Names
610:Thai
547:/tāː/
536:/jâː/
525:/pùː/
514:/ʔāː/
503:/náː/
492:/pâː/
481:/lūŋ/
468:ลื่อ
457:เหลน
446:หลาน
424:น้อง
383:Thai
78:Khmer
35:words
1504:Thai
1327:2010
1238:2013
1205:2013
1197:71.0
1116:khun
1111:tone
1094:Khun
1079:khun
1059:and
923:ครับ
834:khun
589:khun
567:ทวด
556:ยาย
534:ย่า
523:ปู่
501:น้า
490:ป้า
479:ลุง
435:ลูก
413:พี่
402:แม่
391:พ่อ
107:RTGS
98:Thai
82:Pali
80:and
43:Thai
1122:ขุน
1099:คุณ
971:ค่ะ
850:or
827:or
650:หมอ
635:ครู
545:ตา
512:อา
96:" (
1522::
1278:^
1260:^
1228:.
1207:.
1195:.
1191:.
1176:^
1152:^
995:คะ
104:;
100::
57:.
1359:e
1352:t
1345:v
1329:.
1254:.
1240:.
1213:.
1119:(
1096:(
1044:(
1031:(
20:)
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