Khalid ibn al-Walid

3629: 3410:

Ubayda to Khalid's place, reassigned his troops to the remaining Muslim commanders and subordinated Khalid under the command of one of Abu Ubayda's lieutenants; a later order deployed the bulk of Khalid's former troops to Iraq. Varied causes for Khalid's dismissal from the supreme command are cited by the early Islamic sources. Among them were his independent decision-making and minimal coordination with the leadership in Medina; older allegations of moral misconduct, including his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and subsequent marriage to Malik's widow; accusations of generous distribution of booty to members of the tribal nobility to the detriment of eligible early Muslim converts; personal animosity between Khalid and Umar; and Umar's uneasiness over Khalid's heroic reputation among the Muslims, which he feared could develop into a personality cult.

3014: 2866:

the early Muslims' ambitions, nor did the Quraysh maintain trading interests in the region dating to the pre-Islamic period as they had in Syria. According to Shaban, it is unclear if Khalid requested or received Abu Bakr's sanction to raid Iraq or ignored objections by the caliph. Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. Shaban holds that the tribesmen who remained in Khalid's army were motivated by the prospect of war booty, particularly amid an economic crisis in Arabia which had arisen in the aftermath of the Ridda campaigns.

3451:(called Emesa by the Byzantines) and besieged the city probably in the winter of 636–637. The siege held amid a number of sorties by the Byzantine defenders and the city capitulated in the spring. Per the surrender terms, taxes were imposed on the inhabitants in return for guarantees of protection for their property, churches, water mills and the city walls. A quarter of the church of St. John was reserved for Muslim use, and abandoned houses and gardens were confiscated and distributed by Abu Ubayda or Khalid among the Muslim troops and their families. Owing to its proximity to the desert steppe, Homs was viewed as a favorable place of settlement for Arab tribesmen and became the first city in Syria to acquire a large Muslim population. 2676: 2533:('alms tax') over his clan of the Tamim, the Yarbu, but stopped forwarding this tax to Medina after Muhammad's death. Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. The latter faced divisions within his army regarding this campaign, with the Ansar initially staying behind, citing instructions by Abu Bakr not to campaign further until receiving a direct order by the caliph. Khalid claimed such an order was his prerogative as the commander appointed by the caliph, but he did not force the Ansar to participate and continued his march with troops from the Muhajirun and the Bedouin defectors from Buzakha and its aftermath; the Ansar ultimately rejoined Khalid after internal deliberations. 3175: 3350: 2303: 3510:. Umar consequently ordered that Abu Ubayda publicly interrogate and relieve Khalid from his post regardless of the interrogation's outcome, as well as to put Qinnasrin under Abu Ubayda's direct administration. Following his interrogation in Homs, Khalid issued successive farewell speeches to the troops in Qinnasrin and Homs before being summoned by Umar to Medina. Sayf's account notes that Umar sent notice to the Muslim garrisons in Syria and Iraq that Khalid was dismissed not as a result of improprieties but because the troops had become "captivated by illusions on account of him " and he feared they would disproportionately place their trust in him rather than God. 55: 2647:

Musaylima. The treaty was further consecrated by Khalid's marriage to Mujja'a's daughter. According to Lecker, Mujja'a's ruse may have been invented by the Islamic tradition "in order to protect Khalid's policy because the negotiated treaty ... caused the Muslims great losses". Khalid was allotted an orchard and a field in each village included in the treaty with the Hanifa, while the villages excluded from the treaty were subject to punitive measures. Among these villages were Musaylima's hometown al-Haddar and Mar'at, whose inhabitants were expelled or enslaved and the villages resettled with tribesmen from clans of the Tamim.

1639: 3607: 3274: 2177: 3558: 2873:, the subjugation of Arab tribes may have been Khalid's primary goal in Iraq and clashes with Persian troops were the inevitable, if incidental, result of the tribes' alignment with the Sasanian Empire. In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. Madelung asserts Abu Bakr relied on the Qurayshite aristocracy during the Ridda wars and 2139:; the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid and Amr embraced Islam and relocated to Medina following the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, apparently after the Quraysh dropped demands for the extradition of newer Muslim converts to Mecca. Following his conversion, Khalid "began to devote all his considerable military talents to the support of the new Muslim state", according to the historian 2568: 3244:(d. 940), the Damascenes led by Mansur, having become weary of the siege and convinced of the besiegers' determination, approached Khalid at Bab Sharqi with an offer to open the gate in return for assurances of safety. Khalid accepted and ordered the drafting of a capitulation agreement. Although several versions of Khalid's treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources, they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the 3115:(d. 987) and Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi hold that Abu Bakr appointed Khalid supreme commander as part of his reassignment from Iraq to Syria, citing the general's military talents and record. A single account in al-Baladhuri instead attributes Khalid's appointment to a consensus among the commanders already in Syria, though Athamina asserts "it is inconceivable that a man like would agree" to such a decision voluntarily. Upon his accession, Umar may have confirmed Khalid as supreme commander. 3431:

considered "a worthy replacement for Khālid's incomparable talents". Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb,

1685: 3439:. These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. Khalid's initial force of 500–800 men had swelled to as high as 10,000 as a result of tribesmen joining his army's ranks from the Iraqi front or Arabia and as high as 30,000–40,000 factoring in their families. Athamina concludes Umar dismissed Khalid and recalled his troops from Syria as an overture to the Kalb and their allies. 3039:

near Suwa and operations which resulted in the submission of Palmyra; otherwise, they diverge in tracing Khalid's itinerary. Based on these accounts, Donner summarizes three possible routes taken by Khalid to the vicinity of Damascus: two via Palmyra from the north and the one via Dumat al-Jandal from the south. Kennedy notes the sources are "equally certain" in their advocacy of their respective itineraries and there is "simply no knowing which version is correct".

3373:

Muslim archers, their momentum was halted and their left flank exposed. Khalid and his cavalries used the opportunity to pierce the Byzantines' left flank, taking advantage of the gap between the Byzantine infantry and cavalry. Khalid enveloped the opposing heavy cavalry on either side, but intentionally left an opening from which the Byzantines could only escape northward, far from their infantry. According to the 9th-century Byzantine historian

2594:, the agricultural eastern borderlands of Najd. Musaylima had laid claims to prophet-hood before Muhammad's emigration from Mecca, and his entreaties for Muhammad to mutually recognize his divine revelation were rejected by Muhammad. After Muhammad died, support for Musaylima surged in the Yamama, whose strategic value lay not only with its abundance of wheat fields and date palms, but also its location connecting Medina to the regions of 1727:(lesser pilgrimage to Mecca) and the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to intercept him upon hearing of his departure. Khalid was at the head of the cavalry and Muhammad avoided confronting him by taking an unconventional and difficult alternate route, ultimately reaching Hudaybiyya at the edge of Mecca. Upon realizing Muhammad's change of course, Khalid withdrew to Mecca. A truce between the Muslims and the Quraysh was reached in the 3514:

the early Muslims. In the account of Ibn Asakir, Umar declared at a council of the Muslim army at Jabiya in 638 that Khalid was dismissed for lavishing war spoils on war heroes, tribal nobles and poets instead of reserving the sums for needy Muslims. No attending commanders voiced opposition, except for a Makhzumite who accused Umar of violating the military mandate given to Khalid by Muhammad. According to the Muslim jurist

3075:('Islamic conquests') literature in general. Kennedy writes that the desert march "has been enshrined in history and legend. Arab sources marvelled at his endurance; modern scholars have seen him as a master of strategy." He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". The historian 3095:, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, though the last may have not deployed to Syria until after Umar's succession to the caliphate in the summer of 634, following Abu Bakr's death. According to Donner, the traditional sources' dating of the first Muslim armies' deployment to Syria was behind by several months. It most likely occurred in the autumn of 633, which better conforms with the anonymous 3225:, a high-ranking city official. The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. On the other hand, al-Baladhuri holds that Khalid entered peacefully from Bab Sharqi while Abu Ubayda entered from the west by force. Modern research questions Abu Ubayda's arrival in Syria by the time of the siege. Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist 2639:

of the forts in a ruse to boost their leverage with Khalid; he relayed to Khalid that the Hanifa still counted numerous warriors determined to continue the fight against the Muslims. This assessment, along with the exhaustion of his own troops, compelled Khalid to accept Mujja'a's counsel for a ceasefire with the Hanifa, despite Abu Bakr's directives to pursue retreating Hanifites and execute Hanifite

3385:

Gil's view, Khalid's withdrawal before the army of Heraclius, the evacuation of Damascus and the counter-movement on the Yarmouk tributaries "are evidence of his excellent organising ability and his skill at manoeuvring on the battlefield". The Byzantine rout marked the destruction of their last effective army in Syria, immediately securing earlier Muslim gains in Palestine and

3571:

Muslims could never feel entirely comfortable". While recognizing his military achievements, the early Islamic sources present a mixed assessment of Khalid due to his early confrontation with Muhammad at Uhud, his reputation for brutal or disproportionate actions against Arab tribesmen during the Ridda wars and his military fame which disturbed the pious early converts.

3369:

archers posted in the Muslims' camp near Dayr Ayyub, where they could be most effective against an incoming Byzantine force. The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat.

3691:. Following Abd al-Rahman's death in 666, allegedly as a result of poisoning ordered by Mu'awiya, Muhajir's son Khalid attempted to take revenge for his uncle's slaying and was arrested, but Mu'awiya later released him after Khalid paid the blood money. Abd al-Rahman's son Khalid was a commander of a naval campaign against the Byzantines in 668 or 669. 2992:. Khalid left Ayn al-Tamr for Dumat al-Jandal where the combined Muslim forces bested the defenders in a pitched battle. Afterward, Khalid executed the town's Kindite leader Ukaydir, who had defected from Medina following Muhammad's death, while the Kalbite chief Wadi'a was spared after the intercession of his Tamimite allies in the Muslims' camp. 3083:

polemical motives. Lynch holds that the story of the march, which "would have excited and entertained" Muslim audiences, was created out of "fragments of social memory" by inhabitants who attributed the conquests of their towns or areas to Khalid as a means "to earn a certain degree of prestige through association" with the "famous general".

2841:, an oasis town west of the Euphrates and about 90 kilometers (56 mi) south of Anbar. Khalid encountered stiff resistance there by the tribesmen of the Namir, compelling him to besiege the town's fortress. The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. 3005:

al-As as the latter had been previously tasked during the Ridda wars with suppressing Wadi'a, who had barricaded himself in Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, dismissing Khalid's role in Iraq entirely, asserts that Khalid had definitively captured Dumat al-Jandal in the 631 campaign and from there crossed the desert to engage in the Syrian conquest.

2266:(d. 1449), Khalid misunderstood the tribesmen's acceptance of the faith as a rejection or denigration of Islam due to his unfamiliarity with the Jadhima's accent and consequently attacked them. In both versions Muhammad declared himself innocent of Khalid's action but did not discharge or punish him. According to the historian 1716:

Muslims' rear defensive lines. In the ensuing rout, several dozen Muslims were killed. The narratives of the battle describe Khalid riding through the field, slaying the Muslims with his lance. Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad.

2691:(lower Mesopotamia). He reorganized his army, possibly because the bulk of the Muhajirun may have withdrawn to Medina. According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the 3104:, which dates the first clash between the Muslim armies and the Byzantines to February 634. By the time Khalid had left Iraq, the Muslim armies in Syria had already fought a number of skirmishes with local Byzantine garrisons and dominated the southern Syrian countryside, but did not control any urban centers. 3466:

led by a certain Minas in the outskirts of Qinnasrin. There, Khalid spared the inhabitants following their appeal and claim that they were Arabs forcibly conscripted by the Byzantines. He followed up by besieging the walled town of Qinnasrin, which capitulated in August/September 638. He and Iyad ibn

3384:

Jandora credits the Muslim victory at Yarmouk to the cohesion and "superior leadership" of the Muslim army, particularly the "ingenuity" of Khalid, in comparison to the widespread discord in the Byzantine army's ranks and the conventional tactics of Theodorus, which Khalid "correctly anticipated". In

2936:

All early Islamic accounts agree that Khalid was ordered by Abu Bakr to leave Iraq for Syria to support Muslim forces already present there. Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. Khalid likely began his march

2552:

discounts Sayf's version, asserting that Umar and other Muslims would not have protested Khalid's execution of Malik if the latter had left Islam, while Watt considers accounts about the Tamim during the Ridda in general to be "obscure ... partly because the enemies of Khālid b. al-Walīd have twisted

2481:, refused the assignment. His forces were drawn from the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Throughout the campaign, Khalid demonstrated considerable operational independence and did not stringently abide by the caliph's directives. In the words of Shaban, "he simply defeated whoever was there to be defeated". 3960:

in Medina to build his house, which was completed before Muhammad's death. It was a small plot, a result of his relatively late conversion (most available plots had already been granted to earlier converts), but after complaining of the size, Khalid was permitted by Muhammad to build higher than the

3574:

According to the historian Richard Blackburn, despite attempts in the early sources to discredit Khalid, his reputation has developed as "Islam's most formidable warrior" during the eras of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and the conquest of Syria. Kennedy notes that "his reputation as a great general has lasted

3513:

Khalid's sacking did not elicit public backlash, possibly due to existing awareness in the Muslim polity of Umar's enmity toward Khalid, which prepared the public for his dismissal, or because of existing hostility toward the Makhzum in general as a result of their earlier opposition to Muhammad and

3029:

The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira

2865:

Athamina doubts the Islamic traditional narrative that Abu Bakr directed Khalid to launch a campaign in Iraq, citing Abu Bakr's disinterest in Iraq at a time when the Muslim state's energies were focused principally on the conquest of Syria. Unlike Syria, Iraq had not been the focus of Muhammad's or

2638:

Khalid assigned a Hanifite taken captive early in the campaign, Mujja'a ibn al-Murara, to assess the strength, morale and intentions of the Hanifa in their Yamama fortresses in the aftermath of Musaylima's slaying. Mujja'a had the women and children of the tribe dress and pose as men at the openings

2634:

In the fourth assault against the Hanifa, the Muhajirun under Khalid and the Ansar under Thabit killed a lieutenant of Musaylima, who subsequently fled with part of his army. The Muslims pursued the Hanifa to a large enclosed garden which Musaylima used to stage a last stand against the Muslims. The

1715:

valley west of Uhud until being checked by Muslim archers south of the valley at Mount Ruma. The Muslims gained the early advantage in the fight, but after most of the Muslim archers abandoned their positions to join the raiding of the Meccans' camp, Khalid charged against the resulting break in the

3409:

Khalid was retained as supreme commander of the Muslim forces in Syria between six months and two years from the start of Umar's caliphate, depending on the source. Modern historians mostly agree that Umar's dismissal of Khalid probably occurred in the aftermath of Yarmouk. The caliph appointed Abu

3368:

Khalid split his cavalry into two main groups, each positioned behind the Muslims' right and left infantry wings to protect his forces from a potential envelopment by the Byzantine heavy cavalry. He stationed an elite squadron of 200–300 horsemen to support the center of his defensive line and left

2718:

river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. The details of the campaign's itinerary are inconsistent in the early Muslim sources, though Donner asserts that "the general course of Khalid's progress in the first part of his campaigning in Iraq can be quite clearly traced". The 9th-century histories

2536:

According to the most common account in the Muslim traditional sources, Khalid's army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu in 632. The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith and were escorted to Khalid's camp. Khalid had them all executed over the objection of an

3548:

related about Khalid include Muhammad's urgings to Muslims not to harm Khalid and prophecies that Khalid would be dealt injustices despite his tremendous contributions to Islam. In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en

2940:

The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. According to Donner, Khalid undertook two further principal operations before embarking on his march to Syria, which have often been conflated by the sources with events that occurred during

2655:

The traditional sources place the final suppression of the Arab tribes of the Ridda wars before March 633, though Caetani insists the campaigns must have continued into 634. The tribes in Bahrayn may have resisted the Muslims until the middle of 634. A number of the early Islamic sources ascribe a

3038:

Excluding the above-mentioned operations in Dumat al-Jandal and the upper Euphrates valley, the traditional accounts agree on only two events of Khalid's route to Syria after the departure from al-Hira: the desert march between Quraqir and Suwa, and a subsequent raid against the Bahra tribe at or

3004:

calls their assessment "logical" and writes that "it seems impossible that Khālid could have made such a detour which would have taken him so far out of his way while delaying the accomplishment of his mission ". Vaglieri surmises that the oasis was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm or possibly Amr ibn

2813:

tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state. After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. He received

3570:

calls him "the most famous of all Arab Muslim generals", and Humphreys describes him as "perhaps the most famous and brilliant Arab general of the Riddah wars and the early conquests". In Kennedy's assessment, Khalid was "a brilliant, ruthless military commander, but one with whom the more pious

3421:

viewed Umar's enmity with Khalid as a contributing cause of Khalid's dismissal. Shaban acknowledges the enmity but asserts it had no bearing on the caliph's decision. De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including

3372:

The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate. As a result, the Byzantines were left vulnerable to attack by

3313:

writes the Byzantines "probably enjoyed numerical superiority" with 15,000–20,000 or more troops, and John Walter Jandora holds there was likely "near parity in numbers" between the two sides with the Muslims at 36,000 men (including 10,000 from Khalid's army) and the Byzantines at about 40,000.

3146:

region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim

2797:

Christians with blood ties to the nomadic tribes on the city's western desert fringes, barricaded in their scattered fortified palaces. In the meantime, the other part of Khalid's army harried the villages in al-Hira's orbit, many of which were captured or capitulated on tributary terms with the

2261:

illicitly. In the version of Ibn Ishaq, Khalid had persuaded the Jadhima tribesmen to disarm and embrace Islam, which he followed up by executing a number of the tribesmen in revenge for the Jadhima's slaying of his uncle Fakih ibn al-Mughira dating to before Khalid's conversion to Islam. In the

3694:

There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. His male line of descent ended toward the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 or shortly after when all forty of his male descendants died in a plague in Syria, according to the 11th-century

3217:(d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western 3034:

to traverse this distance with their horses and camels, Khalid had some twenty of his camels increase their typical water intake and sealed their mouths to prevent the camels from eating and consequently spoiling the water in their stomachs; each day of the march, he had a number of the camels

2663:

The Muslim war efforts, in which Khalid played a vital part, secured Medina's dominance over the strong tribes of Arabia, which sought to diminish Islamic authority in the peninsula, and restored the nascent Muslim state's prestige. According to Lecker, Khalid and the other Qurayshite generals

3380:

The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. Khalid sent a force to pursue and prevent them from regrouping. He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the

3082:

The historian Ryan J. Lynch deems Khalid's desert march to be a literary construct by the authors of the Islamic tradition to form a narrative linking the Muslim conquests of Iraq and Syria and presenting the conquests as "a well-calculated, singular affair" in line with the authors' alleged

3051:

before reaching the Damascus area. In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. The second Palmyra–Damascus

3430:

Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. Athamina holds that "with all his military limitations", Abu Ubayda would not have been

2646:

Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. Abu Bakr ratified the treaty, though he remained opposed to Khalid's concessions and warned that the Hanifa would remain eternally faithful to

2626:

holds that the armies of Khalid and Musaylima respectively stood at 4,500 and 4,000. Kister dismisses the much larger figures cited by most of the early Muslim sources as exaggerations. Khalid's first three assaults against Musaylima at the plain of Aqraba were beaten back. The strength of

2438:, the opposing tribes who had established ties with Medina regarded their religious and fiscal obligations as being a personal contract with Muhammad; their attempts to negotiate different terms after his death were rejected by Abu Bakr, who proceeded to launch the campaigns against them. 3876:

contends that Usama's expedition was a much smaller force than had been originally planned by the Islamic prophet Muhammad and doubts its ranks comprised most of the Ansar, Muhajirun, and the Bedouin tribesmen of the Mecca and Medina areas; rather, it probably consisted mainly of poorer,

3030:

departure. This phase entailed Khalid and his men—numbering between 500 and 800 strong—marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until reaching a source of water at a place called Suwa. As his men did not possess sufficient

2548:, Malik had also been cooperating with the prophetess Sajah, his kinswoman from the Yarbu, but after they were defeated by rival clans from the Tamim, left her cause and retreated to his camp at al-Butah. There, he was encountered with his small party by the Muslims. The modern historian 3471:. Khalid made Qinnasrin his headquarters, settling there with his wife. Khalid was appointed Abu Ubayda's deputy governor in Qinnasrin in 638. The campaigns against Homs and Qinnasrin resulted in the conquest of northwestern Syria and prompted Heraclius to abandon his headquarters at 2166:

and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. Khalid took command of the army following the deaths of the appointed commanders and, with considerable difficulty, oversaw a safe withdrawal of the Muslims. Muhammad rewarded Khalid by bestowing on him the honorary title

2798:

Muslims. The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. The annual sum to be paid by al-Hira amounted to 60,000 or 90,000 silver

6896:

Journey to the Sublime Porte: The Arabic Memoir of a Sharifian Agent's Diplomatic Mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the Era of Suleyman the Magnificent; the Relevant Text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawā'id al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa

3565:

Khalid is credited by the early sources for being the most effective commander of the conquests, including after his dismissal from the supreme command. He is considered "one of the tactical geniuses of the early Islamic period" by Donner. The historian

3877:

brigand-types among the Muslims who depended on booty from raids for sustenance. Lecker holds that Khalid was deployed against the tribes in Najd before the return of Usama's army, while Watt notes Khalid was sent with a large army after Usama's return.

3035:

slaughtered so his men could drink the water stored in the camels' stomachs. The utilization of the camels as water storage and the locating of the water source at Suwa were the result of advice given to Khalid by his guide, Rafi ibn Amr of the Tayy.

3341:

and bested the Byzantines in a skirmish outside Jabiya on 23 July 636. Jandora asserts that the Byzantines' Christian Arab and Armenian auxiliaries deserted or defected, but that the Byzantine force remained "formidable", consisting of a vanguard of

3381:

Byzantines. The Muslims then assaulted the Byzantines' camps on 20 August and massacred most of the Byzantine troops, or induced panic in Byzantine ranks, causing thousands to die in the Yarmouk's ravines in an attempt to make a westward retreat.

809:

was known as the 'lord of Mecca' and the date of his death was used by the Quraysh as the start of their calendar. The historian Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban describes Khalid as "a man of considerable standing" within his clan and Mecca in general.

3052:

itinerary is a relatively direct route between al-Hira and Palmyra via Ayn al-Tamr. The stretch of desert between Ayn al-Tamr and Palmyra is long enough to corroborate a six-day march and contains scarce watering points, though there are no

2656:

role for Khalid on the Bahrayn front after his victory over the Hanifa. Shoufani deems this improbable, while allowing the possibility that Khalid had earlier sent detachments from his army to reinforce the main Muslim commander in Bahrayn,

2914:

was already underway—as opposed to before as held by the traditional Islamic sources—while the latter mentions Khalid as the conqueror of Syria only. Crone views the traditional reports as part of a general theme in the largely Iraq-based,

2621:

After his victories against the Bedouin of Najd, Khalid headed to the Yamama with warnings of the Hanifa's military prowess and instructions by Abu Bakr to act severely toward the tribe should he be victorious. The 12th-century historian

2493:, which took place at the eponymous well in Asad territory where the tribes were encamped. The Tayy defected to the Muslims before Khalid's troops arrived to Buzakha, the result of mediation between the two sides by the Tayy chief 3718:

notes the claim contradicted the consensus of Arabic historians and genealogists that Khalid's line of descent terminated in the early Islamic period. A female line of descent may have survived and was claimed by the 15th-century

2999:

and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. The historian

3785:) attempted to link his own military achievements with those of Khalid by having an inscription honoring himself carved on Khalid's mausoleum in Homs in 1266. During his 17th-century visit to the mausoleum, the Muslim scholar 2627:

Musaylima's warriors, the superiority of their swords and the fickleness of the Bedouin contingents in Khalid's ranks were all reasons cited by the Muslims for their initial failures. Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite

2285:

Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, was ordered by Khalid to sign the capitulation treaty with Muhammad in Medina. In June 631 Khalid was sent by Muhammad at the head of 480 men to invite the mixed Christian and polytheistic

3426:

have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda.

2409:

Most tribes in Arabia, except those inhabiting the environs of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if discontinued their allegiance to the nascent Muslim state after Muhammad's death or had never established formal relations with Medina.

2509:, which had awaited the results of the conflict before giving its allegiance to either side. Uyayna was captured and brought to Medina. As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. 3042:

In the first Palmyra–Damascus itinerary, Khalid marches upwards along the Euphrates—passing through places he had previously reduced—to Jabal al-Bishri and from there successively moves southwestwards through Palmyra,

2614:, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. Ikrima was repelled by Musaylima's forces and thereafter instructed by Abu Bakr to quell rebellions in Oman and 3186:

The remnants of the Byzantine forces from Ajnadayn and Fahl retreated north to Damascus, where the Byzantine commanders called for imperial reinforcements. Khalid advanced, possibly besting a Byzantine unit at the

732:

during the Ridda Wars—and being responsible for moral and fiscal misconduct in the Levant. Khalid's military fame disturbed some of the pious early Muslims, most notably Umar, who feared it could develop into a

3961:

other houses in Medina. Khalid declared his house a charitable endowment, prohibiting his descendants from selling or passing ownership of it. In the 12th century, Kamal al-Din Muhammad al-Shahrazuri, the head

3252:). Imperial properties were confiscated by the Muslims. The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. 2635:

enclosure was stormed by the Muslims, Musaylima was slain and most of the Hanifites were killed or wounded. The enclosure became known as the 'garden of death' for the high casualties suffered by both sides.

2750:

From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. The clashes occurred at

3308:

and Armenian auxiliaries led by a certain Georgius (called Jaraja by the Arabs). The sizes of the forces are disputed by modern historians; Donner holds the Byzantines outnumbered the Muslims four to one,

2504:

section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. His tribe, the Asad, subsequently submitted to Khalid, followed by the hitherto neutral

2927:

calls it "too one-sided ... The fact that Khālid is a major hero in the historical traditions of Iraq certainly suggests ties there that can have come only from his early participation in its conquest".

2202:('the Bedouin emigrants'). He led one of the two main pushes into the city and in the subsequent fighting with the Quraysh, three of his men were killed while twelve Qurayshites were slain, according to 7784:

Lecker, Michael (2019). "The Houses of Khālid ibn al-Walīd and ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs Near the Prophet's Mosque". In Peleg-Barkat, Orit; Ashkenazi, Jacob; Leibner, Uzi; Aviam, Mordechai; Talgam, Rina (eds.).

3724: 681:(636), the Rashidun army conquered most of the Levant. Khalid was subsequently demoted and removed from the army's high command by Umar. Khalid continued service as the key lieutenant of his successor 3549:

masse. Athamina considers these all to be "no more than latter-day expressions of sympathy on the part of subsequent generations for the heroic character of Khalid as portrayed by Islamic tradition".

3763:

noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. Muslim tradition since then has placed Khalid's tomb in the city. The building was altered by the first Ayyubid sultan

3393:

and ultimately the rest of Syria to the north. In Jandora's assessment, Yarmouk was one of "the most important battles of World History", ultimately leading to Muslim victories which expanded the

3056:

that can be interpreted as Quraqir or Suwa. In the Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus route, such placenames exist, namely the sites of Qulban Qurajir, associated with 'Quraqir', along the eastern edge of

2833:

on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. Afterward, he plundered the surrounding market villages frequented by tribesmen from the Bakr and

2188:). Khalid led an expedition against the city in 630, and may have led another expedition in 633 or 634, though modern historians have cast doubt about the latter campaign or Khalid's role in it. 2845:

capitulated and Khalid captured the town of Sandawda to the north. By this stage, Khalid had subjugated the western areas of the lower Euphrates and the nomadic tribes, including the Namir,

2553:

the stories to blacken him". In the view of the modern historian Ella Landau-Tasseron, "the truth behind Malik's career and death will remain buried under a heap of conflicting traditions".

2406:

claims that Khalid was a partisan of Abu Bakr, opposed Ali's candidacy, and declared that Abu Bakr was "not a man about whom one needs enquire, and his character needs not be sounded out".

2941:

the march. One of the operations was against Dumat al-Jandal and the other against the Namir and Taghlib tribes present along the western banks of the upper Euphrates valley as far as the

3091:

Most traditional accounts have the first Muslim armies deploy to Syria from Medina at the beginning of 13 AH (early spring 634). The commanders of the Muslim armies were Amr ibn al-As,

8257:

Zein, Ibrahim; El-Wakil, Ahmed (2020). "Khālid b. al-Wālid's Treaty with the People of Damascus: Identifying the Source Document through Shared and Competing Historical Memories".

6864:

Athamina, Khalil (1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria".

2541:. When news of Khalid's actions reached Medina, Umar, who had become Abu Bakr's chief aide, pressed for Khalid to be punished or relieved of command, but Abu Bakr pardoned him. 2537:

Ansarite, who had been among the captors of the tribesmen and argued for the captives' inviolability due to their testaments as Muslims. Afterward, Khalid married Malik's widow

3506:

According to Sayf ibn Umar, later in 638 Khalid was rumored to have lavishly distributed war spoils from his northern Syrian campaigns, including a sum to the Kindite nobleman

801:(Ethiopia), and developed a reputation among the Quraysh for their intellect, nobility and wealth. Their prominence was owed to the leadership of Khalid's paternal grandfather 661:

valley in Iraq. He was reassigned by Abu Bakr to command the Muslim armies in Syria and he led his men there on an unconventional march across a long, waterless stretch of the

630:

with the purpose of suppressing or subjugating Arab tribes who were opposed to the nascent Muslim state; this campaign culminated in Khalid's victory over Arab rebel leaders

2390:, while another group, backed by new converts among the Qurayshite aristocracy, rallied behind Abu Bakr. The latter, with the key intervention of the prominent Muhajirun, 716:

He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the

3587:

view him as a war criminal for his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and immediate marriage of his widow, in contravention of the traditional Islamic bereavement period.

3064:, which is identified with Suwa 150 kilometers (93 mi) east of Damascus. The span between the two sites is arid and corresponds with the six-day march narrative. 1760: 2422:'). Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature, while 2386:), the mostly Qurayshite natives of Mecca who emigrated with Muhammad to Medina. One group advocated for a companion closer in kinship to Muhammad, namely his cousin 2294:

to embrace Islam. The tribe converted and Khalid instructed them in the Qur'an and Islamic laws before returning to Muhammad in Medina with a Balharith delegation.

3377:, the Byzantine infantry mutinied under Vahan, possibly in light of Theodore's failure to counter the attack on the cavalry. The infantry was subsequently routed. 8311: 3259:(d. 823) and Ibn Ishaq agree that Damascus surrendered in August/September 635, they provide varying timelines of the siege ranging from four to fourteen months. 2919:-era (post-750) sources to diminish the early Muslims' focus on Syria in favor of Iraq. Crone's assessment is considered a "radical critique of the sources" by 2623: 1845: 813:

Khalid's mother was al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, commonly known as Lubaba al-Sughra ('Lubaba the Younger', to distinguish her from her elder half-sister

2270:, the traditional account about the Jadhima incident "is hardly more than a circumstantial denigration of Khālid, and yields little solid historical fact". 8414: 7453:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIII: The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt: The Middle Years of ʿUmar's Caliphate, A.D. 636–642/A.H. 15–21

3147:

armies encountered token resistance during their siege. Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims.

2937:

to Syria in early April 634. He left small Muslim garrisons in the conquered cities of Iraq under the overall military command of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha.

8384: 3851:

against the tribes of Arabia opposed to the Muslim state. In the mid-to-late 9th century, the first reports began to circulate in Islamic histories that

3154:, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims and the Byzantines retreated toward 3898:

devotes the most attention to it, recording six versions of the text. The earliest Christian accounts of the treaty were recorded by the Syriac author

1840: 4001:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes] From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

3628: 2067: 3836:('the Sword of God') varies in the Islamic sources. Historians of the 8th and early 9th centuries indicate the title was awarded to Khalid by Caliph 3728: 3518:(d. 742), before his death in 639, Abu Ubayda appointed Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm as his successors, but Umar confirmed only Iyad as governor of the 2258: 1830: 1810: 3872:, to attack Byzantine Syria, despite threats to the Muslim towns of the Hejaz by nomadic tribes which had discarded Muslim authority. The historian 2664:"gained precious experience in mobilizing large multi-tribal armies over long distances" and "benefited from the close acquaintance of the Kuraysh 8419: 3130:

day of that year, i.e. 24 April 634, a rare precise date cited by most traditional sources, which Donner deems to be likely correct. There, Khalid

7959: 3711: 2953:. It is unclear which engagement occurred first, though both were Muslim efforts to bring the mostly nomadic Arab tribes of north Arabia and the 3454:

Information about the subsequent conquests in northern Syria is scant and partly contradictory. Khalid was dispatched by Abu Ubayda to conquer

2884:

argues it is unlikely Khalid played any role on the Iraqi front, citing seeming contradictions by contemporary, non-Arabic sources, namely the

2473:, he dispatched Khalid against the rebel tribes in Najd. Khalid was Abu Bakr's third nominee to lead the campaign after his first two choices, 2366:), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. Opinion was split among the 1753: 3191:

plain before besieging the city. Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at

7679:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIX: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and their Successors: al-Ṭabarī's Supplement to his History

3119: 2768: 1536: 1524: 1264: 8404: 3325:, close to where the Ruqqad meets the Yarmouk. The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the 2707:, Tayy, Tamim, Asad and Ghatafan tribes. The commanders of the tribal contingents appointed by Khalid were Adi ibn Hatim of the Tayy and 2703:

holds that the Muhajirun and the Ansar still formed the core of his army, along with a large proportion of nomadic Arabs likely from the

562: 8341: 1850: 1805: 1681:

in 624. About twenty-five of Khalid's paternal cousins, including Abu Jahl, and numerous other kinsmen were slain in that engagement.

2150:

in modern-day Jordan ordered by Muhammad in September 629. The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the

1746: 314: 2822:

tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. None of these tribes, all of which were branches of the

3789:

agreed that Khalid was buried there but also noted an alternative Islamic tradition that the grave belonged to Mu'awiya's grandson

3138:

agricultural belt around Damascus. Afterward, Khalid and the commanders of the earlier Muslim armies, except for Amr, assembled at

2162:

in July. The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander

8346: 6998: 697:, all in 637–638. These engagements collectively precipitated the retreat of imperial Byzantine troops from Syria under Emperor 3806: 3735:, who ruled a principality in Anatolia until its annexation by the Ottomans, fabricated his dynasty's descent from Khalid. The 2402:

and acceded. Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. A report preserved in a work by the 13th-century scholar

2582:

Following a series of setbacks in her conflict with rival Tamim factions, Sajah joined the strongest opponent of the Muslims:

2080: 665:, boosting his reputation as a military strategist. As a result of decisive victories led by Khalid against the Byzantines at 8355: 8015: 7948: 7895: 7874: 7853: 7793: 7774: 7687: 7666: 7580: 7559: 7535: 7461: 7440: 7400: 7376: 7255: 7231: 7145: 6929: 4009: 2711:

of the Tamim. He arrived at the southern Iraqi frontier with about 1,000 warriors in the late spring or early summer of 633.

576:

clan, which ardently opposed Muhammad, Khalid played an instrumental role in defeating Muhammad and his followers during the

584:

in the presence of Muhammad, who inducted him as an official military commander among the Muslims and gave him the title of

8394: 7594: 1770: 8100: 7635: 3293:. He was prompted by the approach of a large Byzantine army dispatched by Heraclius, consisting of imperial troops led by 3213:

Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based

2960:

In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign,

1711:, "Khalid adopted the sound tactics" of going around the mountain and bypassing the Muslim flank. He advanced through the 8214: 3659:('father of Sulayman'). Khalid was married to Asma, a daughter of Anas ibn Mudrik, a prominent chieftain and poet of the 3237: 2743:. Donner accepts the town's conquest by Utba "somewhat later than 634" is the more likely scenario, though the historian 8235: 8191: 8117: 7980: 7934: 7760: 7652: 7521: 7362: 7217: 7173: 7088: 7019: 6972: 2318:. The itinerary of his campaign is indicated by dashed, red arrows. The territory of the early Muslim state, comprising 8409: 1699:

The following year Khalid commanded the right flank of the cavalry in the Meccan army which confronted Muhammad at the

3699:. As a result, his family's properties, including his residence and several other houses in Medina, were inherited by 2489:

Khalid's initial focus was the suppression of Tulayha's following. In late 632, he confronted Tulayha's forces at the

8424: 8330: 8086: 8036: 7830: 7624: 7485: 7392:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35

7331: 7307: 7279: 7124: 6905: 1520: 17: 3079:

calls the march "a feat which has no parallel" and a testament to "Khalid's qualities as an outstanding commander".

7613:(1993) . "Makhzūm". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J.; Levi-Provençal, E.; Gibb, H. A. R.; Heffening, W. (eds.). 7196: 2281:. Khalid gained its surrender and imposed a heavy penalty on the inhabitants of the town, one of whose chiefs, the 2045: 8162: 7067: 3321:

tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. Khalid consequently withdrew, taking up position north of the

7909: 7345: 6943: 3107:

Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria. Accounts cited by al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari,

2785:

was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. After besting the city's Persian cavalry under the commander

2163: 8174: 7496: 6955: 2214:

later that year. In that confrontation, the Muslims, boosted by the influx of Qurayshite converts, defeated the

2196:, after which most of the Quraysh converted to Islam. In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic contingent called 8321: 8046:

Sirriya, Elizabeth (1979). "Ziyārāt of Syria in a "Riḥla" of 'Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī (1050/1641–1143/1731)".

7697:

Lecker, Michael (1989). "The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription".

3389:

and paving the way for the recapture of Damascus in December, this time by Abu Ubayda, and the conquest of the

3013: 2235: 2010: 3329:

and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. For over a month, the Muslims held the strategic high ground between

2497:. The latter had been assigned by Medina as its tax collector over his tribe and its traditional Asad rivals. 2430:

hold the tribes were opposed to the tax obligations to Medina rather than Islam as a religion. In the view of

7735: 2911: 2618:(central southern Arabia) while Shurahbil was to remain in the Yamama in expectation of Khalid's large army. 2411: 1967: 566: 375: 7156: 2739:(d. 923) considers attribution of the victory to Khalid as erroneous and that Ubulla was conquered later by 2779:, a predominantly Arab market town and the Sasanian administrative center for the middle Euphrates valley. 3915:

The Muslim forces entered similar agreements with nearly all the cities they besieged in Syria, including

3150:

Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the

2877:

and speculates that the caliph dispatched Khalid to Iraq to allot the Makhzum an interest in that region.

2469:; both leaders claimed to be prophets. After Abu Bakr quashed the threat to Medina by the Ghatafan at the 724:, but also accuses him of illicitly executing Arab tribesmen who had accepted Islam—namely members of the 7803:

Lynch, Ryan J. (2013). "Linking Information, Creating a Legend: The Desert March of Khālid b. al-Walīd".

7247:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XII: The Battle of al-Qādisīyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine

3811: 3294: 1788: 8278: 7866:

Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran

3679:, serving as the latter's deputy governor of the Homs–Qinnasrin–Jazira district. Another son of Khalid, 3756: 3672: 3613: 3596: 3131: 2740: 2100: 1980: 1885: 1382: 793:

aristocracy. The Makhzum are credited for introducing Meccan commerce to foreign markets, particularly

380: 349: 147: 7925: 7751: 7643: 7512: 7353: 7274:. Translated by Ethel Broido (Revised ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 7204: 7071: 7041: 7002: 3683:, was a supporter of Ali, who reigned as caliph in 656–661, and died fighting Mu'awiya's army at the 2095: 1897: 1260: 1073: 832:

became a wife of Muhammad. Through his maternal relations Khalid became highly familiarized with the

8170: 7431:

Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.).

6951: 6939: 6915: 3664: 3612:

Since at least the 12th century, Khalid's tomb has been purported to be located in the present-day

3487: 3374: 2924: 2744: 2395: 2020: 1990: 1407: 1232: 886: 802: 682: 471: 54: 610:, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. He also led the 8139: 8081:. Translated by Huda Khattab. Herndon, Virginia: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. 7551:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

7435:. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320. 7063: 3903: 3786: 3668: 3495: 3241: 2968:'s faltering siege of the oasis town. Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the 2806: 2257:, about 80 kilometers (50 mi) south of Mecca, but the Islamic traditional sources hold that 2087: 2015: 1054: 746: 674: 404: 2802:, which Khalid forwarded to Medina, marking the first tribute the Caliphate received from Iraq. 2615: 8399: 7137:

The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict

3899: 3688: 3507: 3285:

In the spring of 636, Khalid withdrew his forces from Damascus to the old Ghassanid capital at

3233: 2874: 2794: 2694: 2343: 1985: 1677:

in 622, the Makhzum under Abu Jahl commanded the war against him until they were routed at the

829: 721: 720:. Islamic tradition credits Khalid for his battlefield tactics and effective leadership of the 512: 8222: 7967: 3999: 3707:. They remained in the possession of Ayyub's descendants until at least the late 9th century. 8389: 8379: 8096: 7841: 7786:

Between Sea and Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks: Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich

7682:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 7456:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 7395:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 7289: 7250:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 6924:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3704: 3001: 2838: 2500:

Khalid bested the Asad–Ghatafan forces in battle. When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the

2478: 2414:

describes Abu Bakr's efforts to establish or reestablish Islamic rule over the tribes as the

2263: 2239: 2060: 2030: 1935: 1795: 1704: 1240: 1029: 814: 806: 690: 422: 361: 7292:(1975). "The Role of the Camel and the Horse in the Early Arab Conquests". In Parry, V. J.; 3952:

Following his conversion to Islam, Khalid was granted a plot of land by the Islamic prophet

3522:

and appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan governor over the rest of Syria, namely the districts of

3490:, which capitulated in 637 or 638. According to al-Tabari, he was one of the witnesses of a 3174: 2675: 7386: 7302:. London: Oxford University Press, School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 32–43. 4025: 3386: 3092: 2996: 2920: 2599: 2538: 2075: 2050: 1728: 1224: 686: 678: 452: 416: 264: 8: 8374: 3957: 3736: 3515: 3491: 3305: 3298: 3199:

immediately north of Damascus repulsed relief troops dispatched by the Byzantine emperor

3018: 2900: 2724: 2603: 2474: 2470: 2391: 2302: 2274: 2155: 2147: 2105: 1835: 1800: 1374: 734: 8143: 2747:

argues "Khālid at least may have led a raid there although actually reduced the area".

2606:

with an army to reinforce the Muslim governor in the Yamama, Musaylima's tribal kinsman

8063: 7929: 7755: 7722: 7714: 7570: 7516: 7419: 7317: 6881: 3856: 3680: 3567: 3273: 3151: 2727:

hold Khalid's first major battle in Iraq was his victory over the Sasanian garrison at

2657: 2518: 2403: 2267: 2000: 1945: 1930: 1415: 790: 666: 607: 476: 392: 355: 277: 174: 136: 8078:

Madīnan Society at the Time of the Prophet, Volume II: The Jihād against the Mushrikūn

3557: 2880:

The extent of Khalid's role in the conquest of Iraq is disputed by modern historians.

8351: 8326: 8316: 8290: 8245: 8201: 8149: 8127: 8082: 8067: 8032: 8011: 8004: 7990: 7944: 7905: 7891: 7870: 7849: 7826: 7789: 7770: 7726: 7683: 7662: 7620: 7590: 7576: 7555: 7531: 7481: 7457: 7436: 7396: 7372: 7327: 7303: 7275: 7251: 7241: 7227: 7183: 7141: 7120: 7098: 7051: 7029: 6982: 6925: 6901: 4005: 3940: 3755:

period in Syria (1182–1260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported

3676: 3268: 3222: 3179: 3112: 2961: 2885: 2688: 2611: 2607: 2571:

Map of the Yamama region, shaded in red. The region was conquered by Khalid from the

2490: 2441:

Of the six main conflict zones in Arabia during the Ridda wars, two were centered in

2423: 2419: 2193: 2040: 1865: 1825: 1815: 729: 639: 615: 410: 300: 283: 116: 3067:

The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval

1707:, rather than launching a frontal assault against the Muslim lines on the slopes of 8266: 8055: 7917: 7816: 7743: 7706: 7504: 6873: 3790: 3700: 3684: 3100: 2772: 2764: 2752: 2640: 2562: 2549: 2522: 2211: 2159: 2005: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1875: 1870: 1820: 1738: 1614: 643: 619: 337: 331: 319: 306: 289: 60: 2805:

During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from

8076: 8026: 7913: 7885: 7864: 7820: 7739: 7677: 7614: 7549: 7545: 7500: 7475: 7451: 7390: 7321: 7297: 7269: 7245: 7135: 7114: 7045: 6919: 6894: 3752: 3463: 3423: 3418: 3346:

and a rear guard of infantrymen when they approached the Muslim defensive lines.

3310: 3301:

and frontier troops, including Christian Arab light cavalry led by the Ghassanid

3096: 2857:

and most of the Ijl, as well as the settled Arab tribesmen, which resided there.

2756: 2680: 2628: 2278: 2181: 2151: 2140: 2055: 1995: 1975: 1960: 1910: 1890: 1880: 1658:(Abu Jahl), Khalid's first cousin, organized the boycott of Muhammad's clan, the 1646:, where Khalid and his horsemen routed a Muslim force led by the Islamic prophet 694: 658: 654: 650: 503: 428: 386: 367: 325: 3166:, though it is unclear if Amr or Khalid held overall command in the engagement. 2687:

With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in

2683:

Iraq (lower Mesopotamia), based on the general outlines of the Islamic tradition

1654:

The Makhzum were strongly opposed to Muhammad, and the clan's preeminent leader

8230: 8226: 8186: 8178: 8112: 8108: 7975: 7971: 7921: 7747: 7647: 7639: 7508: 7357: 7349: 7212: 7200: 7168: 7164: 7110: 7083: 7079: 7014: 7010: 6994: 6967: 6959: 3966: 3873: 3869: 3794: 3740: 3644: 3527: 3480: 3338: 3188: 3163: 2965: 2881: 2782: 2595: 2035: 2025: 1925: 1700: 1678: 1655: 1643: 1216: 702: 670: 577: 538:

and spent the remainder of his career in service to Muhammad and the first two

398: 343: 258: 8059: 7710: 7619:(Reprint ed.). Leiden, New York and Koln: E. J. Brill. pp. 171–172. 7572:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

3886:

Most of the Muslim accounts are traced to the prominent 8th-century jurist of

3606: 8368: 8294: 8282: 8249: 8218: 8205: 8182: 8166: 8131: 8104: 7994: 7963: 7887:

Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet

7610: 7208: 7187: 7160: 7102: 7075: 7055: 7033: 7006: 6986: 6963: 6947: 3887: 3732: 3715: 3531: 3322: 3290: 3278: 3226: 3218: 3196: 3155: 3108: 2954: 2826:

confederation, joined Khalid when he operated outside of their tribal areas.

2545: 2494: 2435: 2431: 2347: 2282: 2136: 662: 190: 7699:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

6877: 2763:

immediately north of Ubulla), Madhar (a town several days north of Ubulla),

59:

Recreation of the "Khalid ibn al-Walid" Arabic calligraphy inscribed in the

8153: 7471: 7341: 7293: 3891: 3714:

claimed descent from Muhajir ibn Khalid, though the 13th-century historian

3580: 3523: 3414: 3390: 3159: 3044: 2946: 2942: 2850: 2830: 2810: 2720: 2708: 2427: 2334:

After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions,

2250: 2176: 843: 794: 782: 725: 573: 489: 8270: 7846:

Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod

7616:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 5 L–Moriscos

3660: 3584: 3330: 3061: 3057: 3022: 2910:). The former only records Arab armies being sent to conquer Iraq as the 2870: 2842: 2789:

in minor clashes, Khalid and part of his army entered the unwalled city.

2700: 2587: 2572: 2501: 2287: 2207: 1659: 774: 8006:

Islamic History: A New Interpretation, Volume 1, A.D. 600–750 (A.H. 132)

7842:"Seeing the Light: Enacting the Divine at Three Medieval Syrian Shrines" 7423: 2135:) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite 1638: 7410:

Jandora, John W. (1985). "The Battle of the Yarmūk: A Reconstruction".

6885: 3936: 3895: 3855:

awarded the title to Khalid for his role against the Byzantines at the

3848: 3760: 3650: 3576: 3343: 3214: 3192: 2973: 2854: 2815: 2462: 2415: 2315: 2227: 2206:, the 8th-century biographer of Muhammad. Khalid commanded the Bedouin 2118: 1857: 1712: 1708: 1688: 1275: 818: 762: 758: 717: 554: 295: 216: 7718: 3868:

Abu Bakr had previously dispatched the bulk of the Muslim army, under

3134:

celebrating Easter before he or his subordinate commanders raided the

2556: 8048:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7265: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 3932: 3575:

through the generations and streets are named after him all over the

3519: 3455: 3394: 3256: 3200: 3076: 3031: 3025:. The 'desert march' portion of the itineraries are indicated in red. 2989: 2985: 2977: 2969: 2834: 2823: 2736: 2715: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2517:

After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain

2506: 2446: 2367: 2311: 2203: 798: 778: 766: 698: 635: 627: 229: 6699: 5321: 5319: 4127: 4125: 5937: 5291: 5289: 3953: 3916: 3852: 3837: 3743:, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. 3696: 3476: 3468: 3398: 3354: 3349: 3302: 3249: 3162:. The Muslims pursued them and scored another major victory at the 3142:

southeast of Damascus. The trading center of Bosra, along with the

3123: 3048: 2981: 2819: 2776: 2454: 2335: 2327: 2254: 2246: 2219: 1647: 1283: 770: 546: 539: 527: 168: 6800: 6569: 4656: 3969:

in Syria, purchased and converted Khalid's house in Medina into a

3675:, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the 3634:

The purported tomb of Khalid within the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque

1719:

In 628 Muhammad and his followers headed for Mecca to perform the

7050:. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. 6921:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XI: The Challenge to the Empires

6776: 6225: 5912: 5910: 5544: 5542: 5316: 4747: 4745: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4122: 3775: 3764: 3326: 3053: 2950: 2916: 2846: 2829:

Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking

2786: 2704: 2567: 2528: 2458: 2399: 2231: 2223: 1734: 833: 786: 631: 611: 535: 531: 162: 6841: 6533: 5414: 5286: 3422:

Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. Muir, Becker, Stratos and

6658: 6449: 4757: 3928: 3920: 3545: 3472: 3459: 3432: 3318: 3286: 3143: 3135: 3127: 2889: 2799: 2760: 2728: 2525:. Malik had been appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the 2339: 2323: 2291: 2215: 2192:

In December 629 or January 630, Khalid took part in Muhammad's

1674: 1670: 706: 558: 542: 128: 7433:

Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century

6624: 6622: 5907: 5539: 5469: 5467: 5306: 5304: 5151: 4742: 4710: 8281:(1965). "K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd b. al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī". In 6288: 6108: 6106: 6079: 5871: 5744: 5742: 5574: 5572: 4376: 4374: 4247: 3972: 3807:

7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon

3436: 3334: 3245: 3139: 3070: 3017:

A map showing three general itineraries of Khalid's march to

2732: 2714:

The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the

2466: 2319: 1722: 1684: 754: 750: 581: 523: 112: 6521: 6509: 6485: 6413: 6364: 6362: 6276: 6264: 6252: 5927: 5925: 5895: 5883: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5635: 5596: 5392: 5390: 5377: 5375: 5373: 4817: 4473: 4471: 7595:"The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama" 6670: 6619: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6557: 6242: 6240: 6215: 6213: 6200: 6198: 6173: 6171: 6169: 5464: 5301: 5262: 5073: 4970: 4688: 4686: 4608: 4458: 4456: 3962: 3924: 3720: 3617: 3498:

guaranteeing the safety of the city's people and property.

3448: 3447:

Abu Ubayda and Khalid proceeded from Damascus northward to

3021:

from Iraq around April 634, as summarized by the historian

2790: 2450: 2442: 2307: 2277:, he dispatched Khalid to capture the oasis market town of 2222:-based traditional rivals of the Quraysh—and their nomadic 757:(western Arabia). Al-Walid is identified by the historians 710: 623: 550: 212: 132: 7822:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

6831: 6829: 6827: 6545: 6332: 6103: 5949: 5739: 5608: 5569: 5510: 5479: 5127: 5038: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4793: 4732: 4730: 4673: 4671: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4371: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4071: 4069: 526:

military commander. He initially headed campaigns against

6723: 6711: 6607: 6401: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6303: 6130: 6118: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5922: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5759: 5757: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5625: 5623: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5431: 5429: 5387: 5370: 5274: 5163: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5028: 5026: 4999: 4958: 4522: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4468: 3467:

Ghanm then launched the first Muslim raid into Byzantine

3178:

Muslim and Byzantine troop movements in Syria before the

2387: 6812: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6747: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6646: 6590: 6497: 6473: 6461: 6237: 6210: 6195: 6183: 6166: 6046: 6044: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5659: 5647: 5348: 5346: 5228: 5226: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 4683: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4453: 4410: 4349: 4347: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4235: 4088: 4086: 4084: 622:

in 630. After Muhammad's death, Khalid was appointed to

8289:. Cornell: Cornell University Press. pp. 235–236. 6824: 6788: 5559: 5557: 5238: 4982: 4946: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4877: 4841: 4805: 4727: 4698: 4668: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4434: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4066: 3221:

gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by

3126:

after his army's trek across the desert. He arrived on

7805:

Lights: The MESSA Journal of the University of Chicago

6634: 6437: 6425: 6374: 6344: 6315: 6300: 6142: 6056: 6029: 6002: 5990: 5854: 5827: 5781: 5769: 5754: 5727: 5700: 5683: 5671: 5620: 5584: 5522: 5491: 5441: 5426: 5110: 5023: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4495: 4483: 4359: 4334: 4332: 4225: 4223: 4110: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3894:, and among the Muslim historians, the Damascus-based 3479:

in Anatolia and ultimately to the imperial capital of

3353:

Illustration of the Battle of Yarmouk by an anonymous

2544:

According to the account of the 8th-century historian

701:. Umar then dismissed Khalid from the governorship of 6759: 6682: 6154: 6091: 6041: 5961: 5402: 5358: 5343: 5331: 5250: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5085: 5050: 5011: 4583: 4571: 4534: 4344: 4283: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4081: 2306:

Map of Khalid's campaigns against the Arab tribes of

222:

Supreme commander of Muslim armies in Syria (634–636)

6735: 5554: 4913: 4894: 4865: 4853: 4829: 4637: 4620: 4398: 4386: 4300: 4271: 4259: 4208: 4137: 3970: 3831: 3654: 3642: 3068: 2692: 2598:

and Oman in eastern Arabia. Abu Bakr had dispatched

2526: 2445:(the central Arabian plateau): the rebellion of the 2197: 2168: 1768: 1720: 585: 517: 89: 5139: 4934: 4781: 4769: 4546: 4329: 4220: 4098: 4043: 3774:) and again in the 13th century. The Mamluk sultan 3008: 2557:

Elimination of Musaylima and conquest of the Yamama

8310: 8003: 7890:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4422: 4196: 4179: 3830:The time and place that Khalid gained the epithet 3641:Khalid's eldest son was named Sulayman, hence his 3590: 3229:substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. 3195:(the East Gate). A sixth contingent positioned at 1642:Map showing troop placements and maneuvers of the 7047:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1 3997: 2512: 2226:allies. Khalid was then appointed to destroy the 821:tribe. Lubaba al-Sughra converted to Islam about 769:(d. 859) as the "derider" of the Islamic prophet 553:. Khalid played the leading command roles in the 8366: 8325:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3991: 7675: 7633: 6664: 4751: 4721: 4131: 3442: 2650: 7299:War, Technology and Society in the Middle East 3458:(called Chalcis by the Byzantines) and nearby 2814:similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the 2775:. The last two places were in the vicinity of 2521:headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day 2297: 1735:Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad 649:Khalid subsequently moved against the largely 519:Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī 500:Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi 7848:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 88–108. 3158:('Fahl' in Arabic), a major city east of the 2735:) and the nearby village of Khurayba, though 2631:to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. 1754: 8256: 7862: 5943: 5916: 5901: 5889: 5079: 3793:. The current mosque dates to 1908 when the 1703:north of Medina. According to the historian 572:As a horseman of the Quraysh's aristocratic 39: 8415:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant 8277: 8028:Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia 7316: 7097:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1105–1106. 6914: 6705: 6628: 6563: 5295: 4380: 2759:(a canal connecting the Euphrates with the 2371: 2351: 591: 225:Field commander in northern Syria (636–638) 8236:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8192:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8118:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7981:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7935:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7761:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7653:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7522:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7363:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7218:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7089:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7062: 7020:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6973:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6676: 3977:('charitable house' or 'hospice') for men. 3281:, in the vicinity of the Battle of Yarmouk 2699:('companions' of Muhammad). The historian 2346:had caused discord among the Muslims. The 1761: 1747: 740: 53: 8200:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 109–111. 8010:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7957: 7943:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 782–783. 7825:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7769:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 692–695. 7661:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 267–269. 7530:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 289–292. 7480:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7477:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests 7430: 7385: 7371:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–140. 7240: 7226:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 124–125. 7194: 7182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 277–291. 7154: 7119:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7028:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 928–929. 6892: 6818: 6806: 6729: 6584: 6407: 6395: 6368: 5931: 5877: 5821: 5325: 4462: 3725:Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi 3710:The family of the 12th-century Arab poet 2667:with tribal politics throughout Arabia". 1633: 8126:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 624–626. 8095: 8031:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 8024: 7904: 7815: 7449: 7326:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 7040: 6938: 6863: 6782: 6601: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6419: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6231: 6219: 6204: 6189: 6177: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5602: 5280: 5268: 5244: 4993: 4976: 4952: 4763: 4704: 4692: 4677: 4662: 4614: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4489: 4477: 4447: 4173: 3556: 3537:Khalid died in Medina or Homs in 21 AH ( 3348: 3272: 3173: 3012: 2674: 2566: 2301: 2175: 1683: 1637: 1628: 842:Genealogical tree of Khalid's clan, the 8420:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia 8347:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 8045: 7788:. Jerusalem: Ostracon. pp. 67–73. 7609: 7568: 7544: 7409: 6847: 6835: 6794: 6640: 6613: 6455: 6383: 6326: 6309: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6085: 6073: 6035: 6023: 5996: 5865: 5848: 5796: 5763: 5721: 5694: 5458: 5133: 5121: 5032: 4577: 4353: 4294: 4092: 3703:, a great-grandson of Khalid's brother 580:in 625. In 627 or 629, he converted to 14: 8385:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 8367: 8001: 7883: 7839: 7783: 7733: 7696: 7589: 7109: 6770: 6753: 6652: 6443: 6431: 6353: 6338: 6011: 5955: 5836: 5775: 5748: 5733: 5709: 5677: 5629: 5614: 5590: 5578: 5533: 5516: 5504: 5485: 5473: 5435: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5381: 5364: 5352: 5337: 5256: 5232: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5104: 5067: 5044: 5017: 5005: 4964: 4940: 4928: 4907: 4888: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4736: 4650: 4631: 4602: 4540: 4392: 4265: 4253: 4214: 4156: 4116: 3579:". Khalid is considered a war hero by 3501: 3317:The Byzantine army set up camp at the 2342:(leader of the Muslim community). The 2330:and their environs, is shaded in green 8074: 7869:. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. 7802: 7599:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 7494: 7470: 7340: 6993: 6981:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1358. 6717: 6693: 6097: 6050: 5984: 5563: 5310: 4416: 4404: 4365: 4338: 4323: 4277: 4241: 4104: 4075: 4060: 3232:In the versions of the Syriac author 2860: 2818:tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the 2314:, both in central Arabia, during the 1742: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1373: 1357: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1163: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1024: 958: 898: 896: 894: 885: 883: 881: 879: 877: 875: 873: 871: 869: 867: 865: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 853: 749:, an arbitrator of local disputes in 728:during the lifetime of Muhammad, and 8244:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 539. 8212: 8160: 8138: 7989:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 223. 7554:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 7450:Juynboll, Gautier H.A., ed. (1989). 7288: 7133: 6741: 5145: 4775: 4565: 4428: 4229: 4202: 4190: 3746: 3667:became a reputable commander in the 3486:Khalid may have participated in the 3262: 3169: 3086: 2767:(likely the ancient trade center of 2679:Map detailing Khalid's campaigns in 2670: 2610:. According to the modern historian 2484: 2234:, one of the goddesses worshiped in 8350:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7676:Landau-Tasseron, Ella, ed. (1998). 7264: 5548: 3797:authorities rebuilt the structure. 2731:(the ancient Apologos, near modern 2245:Khalid was afterward dispatched to 507: 24: 8405:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate 8322:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 8302: 7323:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives 2964:, to reinforce the lead commander 705:around 638. Khalid died in either 563:initial campaigns in Sasanian Iraq 508:خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي 74:خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي 25: 8436: 2931: 2088:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia 614:under the Muslim army during the 7271:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 3946: 3909: 3880: 3627: 3605: 3413:The modern historians De Goeje, 3009:Itineraries and the desert march 2210:in the Muslims' vanguard at the 7863:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). 7844:. In Roxburgh, David J. (ed.). 7575:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. 6857: 3862: 3842: 3824: 3780: 3769: 3591:Family and claimants of descent 3561:Expansion of Rashidun Caliphate 3255:Although the accounts cited by 3205: 8344:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 8287:Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam 7634:Landau-Tasseron, Ella (1991). 4018: 3520:Homs–Qinnasrin–Jazira district 3132:attacked a group of Ghassanids 2586:, the leader of the sedentary 2513:Execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra 2242:area between Mecca and Ta'if. 522:; died 642) was a 7th-century 27:Arab Muslim general (died 642) 13: 1: 3984: 3538: 3358: 3118:Khalid reached the meadow of 2904: 2893: 2129: 2122: 1695:) where the battle took place 1663: 828:and her paternal half-sister 822: 493:(a clan of the Quraysh tribe) 233: 107: 8213:Watt, W. Montgomery (1971). 8161:Watt, W. Montgomery (1960). 3759:. The 12th-century traveler 3443:Operations in northern Syria 3401:mountains and Central Asia. 2791:Al-Hira's Arab tribal nobles 2651:Conclusion of the Ridda wars 2236:pre-Islamic Arabian religion 2158:following its defeat by the 7: 8395:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid 8148:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8025:Shoufani, Elias S. (1973). 7840:Mulder, Stephennie (2014). 7116:The Early Islamic Conquests 6900:. Beirut: Orient-Institut. 6893:Blackburn, Richard (2005). 3971: 3939:in Egypt and the cities of 3847:) for his successes in the 3832: 3812:List of battles of Muhammad 3800: 3655: 3643: 3492:letter of assurance by Umar 3404: 3069: 2693: 2527: 2298:Commander in the Ridda wars 2198: 2169: 2146:Khalid participated in the 1968:Conquest of Byzantine Syria 1898:Conquest of Sasanian Persia 1721: 586: 567:conquest of Byzantine Syria 518: 90: 10: 8441: 8259:Journal of Islamic Studies 8075:Umari, Akram Diya (1991). 7195:Elisséeff, Nikita (1986). 7155:Elisséeff, Nikita (1965). 5551:, pp. 47–48, note 50. 4665:, pp. 79–80, 117–118. 3998:Spencer C. Tucker (2009). 3902:and the Melkite patriarch 3614:Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque 3597:Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque 3594: 3266: 2839:moving against Ayn al-Tamr 2741:Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini 2560: 836:(nomadic Arab) lifestyle. 805:. Khalid's paternal uncle 350:Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal 148:Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque 8410:Companions of the Prophet 8309:Kaegi, Walter E. (1991). 8285:; Kramers, J. H. (eds.). 8060:10.1017/s0035869x00135543 7884:Powers, David S. (2009). 7711:10.1017/S0041977X00023041 7495:Kaegi, Walter E. (2002). 6916:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 4004:. ABC-CLIO. p. 403. 3757:tomb and mosque of Khalid 3552: 2461:and the rebellion of the 1785: 1581: 1579: 1482: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1450: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1280: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 956: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 485: 461: 449:Asma bint Anas ibn Mudrik 442: 320:Battle of Dhat al-Salasil 246: 204: 196: 184: 155: 142: 122: 103: 82: 73: 67: 52: 41: 40: 34: 8425:People of the Ridda Wars 7734:Lecker, Michael (2004). 7412:Journal of Asian History 6785:, pp. 155, 157–158. 5944:Zein & El-Wakil 2020 5917:Zein & El-Wakil 2020 5902:Zein & El-Wakil 2020 5890:Zein & El-Wakil 2020 5423:, p. 310, note 155. 3956:immediately east of the 3817: 3464:routed a Byzantine force 2957:under Medina's control. 2925:Khalid Yahya Blankinship 2912:Muslim conquest of Syria 2745:Khalid Yahya Blankinship 2539:Umm Tamim bint al-Minhal 2396:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 1789:Campaigns under Muhammad 803:al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah 785:, a leading clan of the 683:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 616:Muslim conquest of Mecca 557:against rebel tribes in 376:Muslim conquest of Syria 71: 8340:Lynch, Ryan J. (2018). 7960:"Banuʾl-Ḥārith b. Kaʿb" 6878:10.1163/157005894X00191 6850:, p. 121, note 28. 6809:, p. 76, note 197. 6708:, p. 90, note 498. 6587:, p. 75, note 195. 6234:, p. 260, note 38. 5328:, p. 72, note 124. 5160:, p. 300, note 68. 4030:Encyclopedia Britannica 3965:(Islamic judge) of the 3904:Eutychius of Alexandria 3787:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 3673:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 3496:Sophronius of Jerusalem 3242:Eutychius of Alexandria 2949:mountains northeast of 2837:confederations, before 2807:al-Muthanna ibn Haritha 747:al-Walid ibn al-Mughira 741:Ancestry and early life 326:Battle of Nahr al-Mar'a 315:Early campaigns in Iraq 8002:Shaban, M. A. (1971). 7958:Schleifer, J. (1971). 7569:Kennedy, Hugh (2007). 6542:, p. 61, note 10. 6458:, p. 92, note 52. 5946:, pp. 25, 27, 30. 4826:, pp. 7–9, 28–29. 4766:, p. 50, note 60. 4256:, p. 27, note 25. 3900:Dionysius of Tel Mahre 3689:First Muslim Civil War 3562: 3365: 3337:) and their camp near 3282: 3234:Dionysius of Tel Mahre 3183: 3026: 2875:early Muslim conquests 2684: 2579: 2471:Battle of Dhu al-Qassa 2412:Islamic historiography 2331: 2189: 2173:('the Sword of God'). 1696: 1651: 1634:Opposition to Muhammad 722:early Muslim conquests 646:in 633, respectively. 7387:Humphreys, R. Stephen 7134:Elad, Amikam (2016). 6088:, pp. 15–16, 19. 5313:, p. 29, note 5. 4026:"Khālid ibn al-Walīd" 3705:al-Walid ibn al-Walid 3560: 3352: 3276: 3177: 3016: 3002:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 2970:Byzantine-confederate 2678: 2570: 2479:Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba 2305: 2275:Muhammad was at Tabuk 2264:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 2259:he attacked the tribe 2179: 1806:Demolition of al-Uzza 1705:Donald Routledge Hill 1687: 1641: 1629:Early military career 781:. He belonged to the 228:Military governor of 197:Years of service 143:Possible burial place 8342:"Khalid b. al-Walid" 7042:De Slane, Mac Guckin 6999:"Khālid b. al-Walīd" 6665:Landau-Tasseron 1998 6297:, pp. 265, 267. 5476:, pp. 121, 126. 5298:, p. 1, note 2. 5047:, pp. 174, 177. 4802:, pp. 7, 13–17. 4752:Landau-Tasseron 1991 4722:Landau-Tasseron 1991 4132:Landau-Tasseron 1998 3731:, the leader of the 3671:and a close aide of 3093:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan 2997:Michael Jan de Goeje 2921:R. Stephen Humphreys 2793:, many of whom were 2624:Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi 2602:and Khalid's cousin 2600:Shurahbil ibn Hasana 2273:Later in 630, while 2154:army's retreat from 1729:Treaty of Hudaybiyya 1671:emigrated from Mecca 745:Khalid's father was 565:in 633–634, and the 534:. He later became a 453:Layla bint al-Minhal 381:Battle of Marj Rahit 362:Siege of Ayn al-Tamr 265:Battle of the Trench 8271:10.1093/jis/etaa029 8140:Watt, W. Montgomery 7318:Hillenbrand, Carole 7064:Della Vida, G. Levi 6720:, pp. 139–140. 6530:, pp. 269–270. 6518:, pp. 268–269. 6494:, pp. 107–108. 6422:, pp. 105–106. 6341:, pp. 149–150. 6285:, pp. 266–267. 6273:, pp. 265–267. 6261:, pp. 262–263. 5958:, pp. 131–132. 5880:, pp. 279–280. 5751:, pp. 129–130. 5644:, pp. 255–256. 5617:, pp. 125–126. 5605:, pp. 257–258. 5581:, pp. 124–125. 5519:, pp. 120–122. 5488:, pp. 121–122. 5399:, pp. 186–187. 5384:, pp. 185–186. 5271:, pp. 254–255. 5172:, pp. 181–182. 5136:, pp. 104–105. 5008:, pp. 178–179. 4979:, pp. 253–254. 4967:, pp. 173–174. 4617:, pp. 110–111. 4419:, pp. 172–173. 4244:, pp. 109–110. 4134:, pp. 202–203. 4078:, pp. 137–138. 3669:Arab–Byzantine wars 3508:al-Ash'ath ibn Qays 3502:Dismissal and death 3306:Jabala ibn al-Ayham 3299:Theodore Trithyrius 3277:The ravines of the 2901:Khuzistan Chronicle 2725:Khalifa ibn Khayyat 2475:Zayd ibn al-Khattab 2418:(wars against the ' 2392:Umar ibn al-Khattab 2344:issue of succession 2148:expedition to Mu'ta 2076:Conquest of Bahnasa 2068:Campaigns in Africa 1777:Khalid ibn al-Walid 695:Battle of Qinnasrin 677:(634–635), and the 618:in 629–630 and the 429:Battle of Qinnasrin 211:Field commander in 36:Khalid ibn al-Walid 8317:Kazhdan, Alexander 8279:Zetterstéen, K. V. 8175:Lévi-Provençal, E. 8145:Muhammad at Medina 8101:"Dūmat al-Djandal" 7636:"Mālik b. Nuwayra" 7242:Friedmann, Yohanan 6956:Lévi-Provençal, E. 6115:, pp. 16, 19. 3687:in 657 during the 3568:Carole Hillenbrand 3563: 3488:siege of Jerusalem 3366: 3283: 3184: 3152:Battle of Ajnadayn 3027: 2945:tributary and the 2861:Modern assessments 2685: 2658:al-Ala al-Hadhrami 2580: 2400:overrode the Ansar 2332: 2268:W. Montgomery Watt 2190: 2180:The oasis town of 1846:2nd Dumatul Jandal 1697: 1652: 789:tribe and Mecca's 777:(chapters) of the 393:Battle of Ajnadayn 344:Capture of al-Hira 175:Rashidun Caliphate 137:Rashidun Caliphate 8357:978-0-19-866277-8 8017:978-0-521-08137-5 7950:978-90-04-11211-7 7897:978-0-8122-4178-5 7876:978-1-84511-645-3 7855:978-90-04-26402-1 7817:Madelung, Wilferd 7795:978-965-92534-2-5 7776:978-90-04-13974-9 7689:978-0-7914-2819-1 7668:978-90-04-08112-3 7582:978-0-306-81585-0 7561:978-0-582-40525-7 7537:978-90-04-12756-2 7463:978-0-88706-876-8 7442:978-2-916716-45-9 7402:978-0-7914-0154-5 7378:978-90-04-08112-3 7257:978-0-7914-0733-2 7233:978-90-04-07819-2 7147:978-90-04-22989-1 7140:. Leiden: Brill. 6931:978-0-7914-0851-3 6756:, pp. 68–70. 6655:, pp. 92–93. 6616:, pp. 75–76. 6554:, pp. 60–61. 6139:, pp. 19–20. 6127:, pp. 17–18. 6026:, pp. 13–14. 5919:, pp. 33–34. 5851:, pp. 79–80. 5283:, pp. 45–46. 5080:Pourshariati 2008 4891:, pp. 46–47. 4850:, pp. 23–25. 4814:, pp. 22–23. 4739:, pp. 44–45. 4531:, pp. 72–73. 4519:, pp. 77–78. 4480:, pp. 48–53. 4368:, pp. 71–72. 4119:, pp. 23–24. 4011:978-1-85109-672-5 3941:Upper Mesopotamia 3747:Mausoleum in Homs 3723:religious leader 3677:Umayyad Caliphate 3663:tribe. Their son 3269:Battle of Yarmouk 3263:Battle of Yarmouk 3236:(d. 845) and the 3223:Mansur ibn Sarjun 3180:battle of Yarmouk 3170:Siege of Damascus 3087:Conquest of Syria 2962:al-Walid ibn Uqba 2783:Al-Hira's capture 2671:Campaigns in Iraq 2612:Meir Jacob Kister 2608:Thumama ibn Uthal 2519:Malik ibn Nuwayra 2491:Battle of Buzakha 2485:Battle of Buzakha 2424:Julius Wellhausen 2199:muhajirat al-arab 2114: 2113: 1669:. After Muhammad 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 817:) of the nomadic 773:mentioned in the 730:Malik ibn Nuwayra 657:garrisons of the 640:Battle of Buzakha 530:on behalf of the 516: 497: 496: 411:Battle of Yarmouk 405:Siege of Damascus 301:Battle of Buzakha 284:Conquest of Mecca 18:Khalid bin Waleed 16:(Redirected from 8432: 8361: 8336: 8314: 8298: 8274: 8253: 8209: 8157: 8135: 8092: 8071: 8042: 8021: 8009: 7998: 7954: 7930:Heinrichs, W. P. 7901: 7880: 7859: 7836: 7812: 7799: 7780: 7756:Heinrichs, W. P. 7730: 7693: 7672: 7630: 7606: 7586: 7565: 7541: 7517:Heinrichs, W. P. 7491: 7472:Kaegi, Walter E. 7467: 7446: 7427: 7406: 7382: 7337: 7313: 7285: 7261: 7237: 7191: 7151: 7130: 7106: 7059: 7037: 6990: 6935: 6911: 6889: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6706:Blankinship 1993 6703: 6697: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6629:Hillenbrand 1999 6626: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6567: 6564:Zetterstéen 1965 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6313: 6307: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6054: 6048: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5800: 5794: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5724:, p. 77–78. 5719: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5439: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5299: 5296:Blankinship 1993 5293: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5108: 5102: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4734: 4725: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4675: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4381:Zetterstéen 1965 4378: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4298: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3995: 3978: 3976: 3958:Prophet's Mosque 3950: 3944: 3913: 3907: 3884: 3878: 3866: 3860: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3828: 3791:Khalid ibn Yazid 3784: 3783: 1260–1277 3782: 3773: 3772: 1171–1193 3771: 3751:Starting in the 3712:Ibn al-Qaysarani 3701:Ayyub ibn Salama 3685:Battle of Siffin 3658: 3648: 3631: 3609: 3543: 3540: 3363: 3362: 1310–1325 3360: 3209: 3207: 3101:Chronicle of 724 3074: 2909: 2906: 2898: 2895: 2698: 2641:prisoners of war 2563:Battle of Yamama 2550:Wilferd Madelung 2532: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2212:Battle of Hunayn 2201: 2194:capture of Mecca 2186:pictured in 2007 2172: 2160:Byzantine Empire 2152:Sasanian Persian 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 1886:Dawmat al-Jandal 1780: 1778: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1726: 1693:pictured in 2009 1668: 1665: 1541: 1538: 1529: 1526: 1269: 1266: 851: 850: 839: 838: 827: 824: 735:personality cult 655:Sasanian Persian 644:Battle of Yamama 620:Battle of Hunayn 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 589: 561:in 632–633, the 521: 511: 509: 338:Battle of Walaja 332:Battle of Ullays 307:Battle of Aqraba 290:Battle of Hunayn 254:Against Muslims: 238: 235: 186: 126:642 (aged c. 50) 109: 93: 77: 75: 61:Masjid an-Nabawi 57: 47: 46: 45: 43: 32: 31: 21: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8339: 8333: 8308: 8305: 8303:Further reading 8097:Vaglieri, L. V. 8089: 8039: 8018: 7951: 7922:Bosworth, C. E. 7906:Robinson, C. F. 7898: 7877: 7856: 7833: 7796: 7777: 7748:Bosworth, C. E. 7690: 7669: 7640:Bosworth, C. E. 7627: 7583: 7562: 7538: 7509:Bosworth, C. E. 7488: 7464: 7443: 7403: 7379: 7350:Bosworth, C. E. 7334: 7310: 7282: 7258: 7234: 7201:Bosworth, C. E. 7148: 7127: 7111:Donner, Fred M. 7084:Bosworth, C. E. 7015:Bosworth, C. E. 6940:Bosworth, C. E. 6932: 6908: 6860: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6683: 6679:, p. 1106. 6677:Della Vida 1978 6675: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6591: 6583: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6316: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6057: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5904:, pp. 2–3. 5900: 5896: 5892:, pp. 6–7. 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5803: 5795: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5442: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5103: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4914: 4906: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695:, p. 1358. 4691: 4684: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4638: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4301: 4293: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4163: 4155: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3951: 3947: 3914: 3910: 3885: 3881: 3867: 3863: 3857:Battle of Mu'ta 3841: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3803: 3779: 3768: 3749: 3729:Kizil Ahmed Bey 3639: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3555: 3541: 3504: 3445: 3424:Philip K. Hitti 3419:Andreas Stratos 3407: 3361: 3311:Walter E. Kaegi 3271: 3265: 3204: 3172: 3089: 3011: 2995:The historians 2947:Jabal al-Bishri 2934: 2907: 2896: 2863: 2753:Dhat al-Salasil 2673: 2653: 2629:Thabit ibn Qays 2565: 2559: 2515: 2487: 2404:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2300: 2279:Dumat al-Jandal 2247:invite to Islam 2182:Dumat al-Jandal 2141:Hugh N. Kennedy 2132: 2125: 2115: 2110: 2091: 2071: 1971: 1901: 1861: 1792: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1737: 1666: 1662:of Quraysh, in 1636: 1631: 1539: 1527: 1377:(d. 634 or 636) 1267: 1253:Khalid (d. 642) 825: 815:Lubaba al-Kubra 743: 653:tribes and the 642:in 632 and the 608:Battle of Mu'ta 603: 600: 597: 594: 492: 481: 457: 438: 423:Siege of Aleppo 368:Battle of Firaz 278:Battle of Mu'ta 242: 236: 180: 151: 127: 111: 99: 78: 72: 63: 48: 38: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8337: 8331: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8283:Gibb, H. A. R. 8275: 8265:(3): 295–328. 8254: 8215:"Al-Ḥudaybiya" 8210: 8171:Kramers, J. H. 8167:Gibb, H. A. R. 8158: 8136: 8093: 8087: 8072: 8054:(2): 109–122. 8043: 8037: 8022: 8016: 7999: 7955: 7949: 7926:van Donzel, E. 7914:Bearman, P. J. 7902: 7896: 7881: 7875: 7860: 7854: 7837: 7831: 7813: 7800: 7794: 7781: 7775: 7752:van Donzel, E. 7740:Bearman, P. J. 7731: 7694: 7688: 7673: 7667: 7644:van Donzel, E. 7631: 7625: 7611:Lammens, Henri 7607: 7587: 7581: 7566: 7560: 7542: 7536: 7513:van Donzel, E. 7501:Bearman, P. J. 7492: 7486: 7468: 7462: 7447: 7441: 7428: 7407: 7401: 7389:, ed. (1990). 7383: 7377: 7354:van Donzel, E. 7338: 7332: 7314: 7308: 7286: 7280: 7262: 7256: 7244:, ed. (1992). 7238: 7232: 7205:van Donzel, E. 7192: 7152: 7146: 7131: 7125: 7107: 7072:van Donzel, E. 7060: 7038: 7003:van Donzel, E. 6991: 6952:Kramers, J. H. 6948:Gibb, H. A. R. 6936: 6930: 6918:, ed. (1993). 6912: 6906: 6890: 6872:(2): 253–272. 6859: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6838:, p. 116. 6823: 6819:Blackburn 2005 6811: 6807:Blackburn 2005 6799: 6797:, p. 172. 6787: 6775: 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 289. 6734: 6732:, p. 265. 6730:Jankowiak 2013 6722: 6710: 6698: 6696:, p. 139. 6681: 6669: 6667:, p. 291. 6657: 6645: 6633: 6631:, p. 230. 6618: 6606: 6604:, p. 270. 6589: 6585:Blackburn 2005 6568: 6566:, p. 236. 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6506:, p. 108. 6496: 6484: 6482:, p. 107. 6472: 6470:, p. 106. 6460: 6448: 6446:, p. 151. 6436: 6434:, p. 150. 6424: 6412: 6410:, p. 180. 6408:Friedmann 1992 6400: 6398:, p. 124. 6396:Elisséeff 1986 6388: 6373: 6371:, p. 178. 6369:Friedmann 1992 6358: 6356:, p. 149. 6343: 6331: 6314: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6249:, p. 262. 6236: 6224: 6222:, p. 260. 6209: 6207:, p. 269. 6194: 6192:, p. 259. 6182: 6180:, p. 261. 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6102: 6100:, p. 121. 6090: 6078: 6055: 6053:, p. 290. 6040: 6028: 6016: 6014:, p. 133. 6001: 5989: 5987:, p. 291. 5960: 5948: 5936: 5934:, p. 280. 5932:Elisséeff 1965 5921: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5878:Elisséeff 1965 5870: 5853: 5841: 5839:, p. 132. 5826: 5824:, p. 279. 5822:Elisséeff 1965 5801: 5780: 5778:, p. 130. 5768: 5753: 5738: 5736:, p. 129. 5726: 5714: 5712:, p. 124. 5699: 5682: 5680:, p. 120. 5670: 5668:, p. 257. 5658: 5656:, p. 256. 5646: 5634: 5632:, p. 111. 5619: 5607: 5595: 5593:, p. 114. 5583: 5568: 5553: 5538: 5536:, p. 123. 5521: 5509: 5507:, p. 122. 5490: 5478: 5463: 5440: 5438:, p. 121. 5425: 5413: 5411:, p. 187. 5401: 5386: 5369: 5367:, p. 189. 5357: 5355:, p. 126. 5342: 5340:, p. 125. 5330: 5326:Humphreys 1990 5315: 5300: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5259:, p. 176. 5249: 5247:, p. 254. 5237: 5235:, p. 185. 5222: 5220:, p. 184. 5210: 5208:, p. 182. 5198: 5196:, p. 181. 5186: 5184:, p. 183. 5174: 5162: 5150: 5148:, p. 111. 5138: 5126: 5124:, p. 105. 5109: 5107:, p. 180. 5084: 5082:, p. 190. 5072: 5070:, p. 179. 5049: 5037: 5035:, p. 104. 5022: 5020:, p. 178. 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 255. 4981: 4969: 4957: 4955:, p. 134. 4945: 4933: 4912: 4893: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 139. 4768: 4756: 4754:, p. 268. 4741: 4726: 4724:, p. 267. 4709: 4707:, p. 120. 4697: 4682: 4680:, p. 118. 4667: 4655: 4636: 4619: 4607: 4605:, p. 693. 4582: 4570: 4568:, p. 110. 4545: 4543:, p. 692. 4533: 4521: 4509: 4494: 4482: 4467: 4465:, p. 223. 4463:Schleifer 1971 4452: 4450:, p. 625. 4433: 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 158. 4397: 4385: 4383:, p. 235. 4370: 4358: 4343: 4328: 4326:, p. 928. 4299: 4282: 4280:, p. 121. 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4232:, p. 539. 4219: 4207: 4195: 4178: 4176:, p. 782. 4161: 4159:, p. 694. 4136: 4121: 4109: 4107:, p. 137. 4097: 4095:, p. 171. 4080: 4065: 4063:, p. 138. 4042: 4017: 4010: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3967:Zengid dynasty 3945: 3908: 3879: 3874:Elias Shoufani 3870:Usama ibn Zayd 3861: 3845: 632–634 3822: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3748: 3745: 3633: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3611: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595:Main article: 3592: 3589: 3554: 3551: 3503: 3500: 3481:Constantinople 3444: 3441: 3406: 3403: 3267:Main article: 3264: 3261: 3208: 575–641 3189:Marj al-Suffar 3171: 3168: 3164:Battle of Fahl 3088: 3085: 3010: 3007: 2966:Iyad ibn Ghanm 2933: 2932:March to Syria 2930: 2882:Patricia Crone 2862: 2859: 2672: 2669: 2652: 2649: 2558: 2555: 2514: 2511: 2486: 2483: 2299: 2296: 2117:In the year 6 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021:Maraj-al-Debaj 2018: 2013: 2011:Marj Al-Saffar 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841:Dumatul Jandal 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1701:Battle of Uhud 1679:Battle of Badr 1667: 616–618 1656:Amr ibn Hisham 1644:Battle of Uhud 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1528: 691–706 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1268: 630–633 1258: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1217:Amr (Abu Jahl) 1213: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 960: 959: 957: 955: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 892: 890: 889: 884: 882: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 847: 846: 742: 739: 703:Jund Qinnasrin 687:sieges of Homs 673:(634 or 635), 651:Christian Arab 606:). During the 578:Battle of Uhud 495: 494: 487: 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 465: 463: 459: 458: 456: 455: 450: 446: 444: 440: 439: 437: 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 426: 420: 417:Siege of Emesa 414: 408: 402: 399:Battle of Fahl 396: 390: 387:Siege of Bosra 384: 373: 372: 371: 365: 359: 356:Siege of Anbar 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 323: 312: 311: 310: 304: 293: 287: 281: 270: 269: 268: 262: 259:Battle of Uhud 250: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 226: 223: 220: 208: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 179: 178: 172: 166: 159: 157: 153: 152: 146: 144: 140: 139: 124: 120: 119: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 94: 91:Sword of Allah 86: 84: 80: 79: 69: 65: 64: 58: 50: 49: 42:خالد بن الوليد 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8437: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Arab generals 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8332:0-19-504652-8 8328: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8223:Ménage, V. L. 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8088:0-912463-37-6 8084: 8080: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8038:0-8020-1915-3 8034: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7968:Ménage, V. L. 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7918:Bianquis, Th. 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7832:0-521-56181-7 7828: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7744:Bianquis, Th. 7741: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7626:90-04-09791-0 7622: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7591:Kister, M. J. 7588: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7546:Kennedy, Hugh 7543: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7505:Bianquis, Th. 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7487:0-521-41172-6 7483: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7333:1-57958-210-9 7329: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7309:0-19-713581-1 7305: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7281:0-521-40437-1 7277: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7126:0-691-05327-8 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907:3-89913-441-9 6903: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6821:, p. 76. 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6783:De Slane 1842 6779: 6773:, p. 71. 6772: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6643:, p. 81. 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6602:Athamina 1994 6598: 6596: 6594: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6552:Madelung 1997 6548: 6541: 6540:Madelung 1997 6536: 6529: 6528:Athamina 1994 6524: 6517: 6516:Athamina 1994 6512: 6505: 6504:Juynboll 1989 6500: 6493: 6492:Juynboll 1989 6488: 6481: 6480:Juynboll 1989 6476: 6469: 6468:Juynboll 1989 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6420:Juynboll 1989 6416: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6386:, p. 87. 6385: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6340: 6335: 6329:, p. 86. 6328: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6312:, p. 85. 6311: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6295:Athamina 1994 6291: 6284: 6283:Athamina 1994 6279: 6272: 6271:Athamina 1994 6267: 6260: 6259:Athamina 1994 6255: 6248: 6247:Athamina 1994 6243: 6241: 6233: 6232:Athamina 1994 6228: 6221: 6220:Athamina 1994 6216: 6214: 6206: 6205:Athamina 1994 6201: 6199: 6191: 6190:Athamina 1994 6186: 6179: 6178:Athamina 1994 6174: 6172: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6151:, p. 20. 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6076:, p. 19. 6075: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6038:, p. 10. 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6006: 5999:, p. 14. 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5868:, p. 80. 5867: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5799:, p. 79. 5798: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5772: 5766:, p. 78. 5765: 5760: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5697:, p. 77. 5696: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5666:Athamina 1994 5662: 5655: 5654:Athamina 1994 5650: 5643: 5642:Athamina 1994 5638: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5603:Athamina 1994 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5566:, p. 29. 5565: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5461:, p. 75. 5460: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281:Madelung 1997 5277: 5270: 5269:Athamina 1994 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5245:Athamina 1994 5241: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4994:Athamina 1994 4990: 4988: 4986: 4978: 4977:Athamina 1994 4973: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4953:Shoufani 1973 4949: 4942: 4937: 4931:, p. 48. 4930: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4910:, p. 47. 4909: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4874:, p. 33. 4873: 4868: 4862:, p. 29. 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4838:, p. 23. 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4764:Madelung 1997 4760: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705:Shoufani 1973 4701: 4694: 4693:Bosworth 1960 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678:Shoufani 1973 4674: 4672: 4664: 4663:Shoufani 1973 4659: 4653:, p. 24. 4652: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4634:, p. 44. 4633: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615:Shoufani 1973 4611: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4580:, p. 55. 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4529:Shoufani 1973 4525: 4518: 4517:Shoufani 1973 4513: 4507:, p. 59. 4506: 4505:Shoufani 1973 4501: 4499: 4492:, p. 31. 4491: 4490:Madelung 1997 4486: 4479: 4478:Shoufani 1973 4474: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4448:Vaglieri 1965 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4431:, p. 70. 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4395:, p. 80. 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4356:, p. 71. 4355: 4350: 4348: 4341:, p. 72. 4340: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4297:, p. 76. 4296: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4268:, p. 27. 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4217:, p. 23. 4216: 4211: 4205:, p. 39. 4204: 4199: 4193:, p. 37. 4192: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4174:Robinson 2000 4170: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3935:, as well as 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3777: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733:Isfendiyarids 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3716:Ibn Khallikan 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665:Abd al-Rahman 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3630: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3583:, while many 3582: 3581:Sunni Muslims 3578: 3572: 3569: 3559: 3550: 3547: 3544:). Purported 3542: 642 CE 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3494:to Patriarch 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3370: 3357:illustrator ( 3356: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3344:heavy cavalry 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323:Yarmouk River 3320: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3279:Yarmouk River 3275: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:Henri Lammens 3224: 3220: 3219:Bab al-Jabiya 3216: 3211: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2955:Syrian steppe 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2902: 2891: 2888:chronicle of 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869:According to 2867: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Nahr al-Mar'a 2754: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590:tribe in the 2589: 2585: 2578: 2575:tribe led by 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546:Sayf ibn Umar 2542: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2523:Qassim region 2520: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2495:Adi ibn Hatim 2492: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465:tribe led by 2464: 2460: 2457:tribes under 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436:Bernard Lewis 2433: 2432:Leone Caetani 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2369: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2262:narrative of 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137:Amr ibn al-As 2120: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Banu Jadhimah 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811:Banu Jadhimah 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1619: 1616: 1588: 1586: 1552: 1550: 1522: 1489: 1487: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1408:Abd al-Rahman 1384: 1383:Abd al-Rahman 1376: 1372: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1277: 1262: 1242: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1135: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1056: 1031: 1023: 1020: 1010: 1008: 996: 994: 978: 976: 964: 962: 961: 954: 932: 930: 902: 900: 893: 891: 888: 852: 849: 848: 845: 841: 840: 837: 835: 831: 820: 816: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765:(d. 837) and 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 738: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:Syrian Desert 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 588: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 514: 505: 501: 491: 488: 484: 478: 475: 473: 472:Abd al-Rahman 470: 467: 466: 464: 460: 454: 451: 448: 447: 445: 441: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 249: 245: 231: 227: 224: 221: 218: 214: 210: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 191:Rashidun army 189: 183: 176: 173: 171:(627/629–632) 170: 167: 165:(625–627/629) 164: 161: 160: 158: 154: 150:(Homs, Syria) 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 118: 114: 106: 102: 95: 92: 88: 87: 85: 83:Other name(s) 81: 70: 66: 62: 56: 51: 33: 30: 19: 8390:Banu Makhzum 8380:Arab Muslims 8345: 8320: 8286: 8262: 8258: 8241: 8234: 8197: 8190: 8144: 8123: 8116: 8077: 8051: 8047: 8027: 8005: 7986: 7979: 7940: 7933: 7886: 7865: 7845: 7821: 7808: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7759: 7705:(1): 24–37. 7702: 7698: 7678: 7658: 7651: 7615: 7602: 7598: 7571: 7550: 7527: 7520: 7476: 7452: 7432: 7415: 7411: 7391: 7368: 7361: 7322: 7298: 7270: 7246: 7223: 7216: 7179: 7172: 7136: 7115: 7094: 7087: 7046: 7025: 7018: 6978: 6971: 6920: 6895: 6869: 6865: 6858:Bibliography 6848:Sirriya 1979 6843: 6836:Sirriya 1979 6814: 6802: 6795:Lammens 1993 6790: 6778: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6641:Kennedy 2007 6636: 6614:Kennedy 2007 6609: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6456:Kennedy 2007 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6384:Kennedy 2007 6334: 6327:Kennedy 2007 6310:Kennedy 2007 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6227: 6185: 6163:, p. 8. 6161:Jandora 1985 6156: 6149:Jandora 1985 6144: 6137:Jandora 1985 6132: 6125:Jandora 1985 6120: 6113:Jandora 1985 6093: 6086:Jandora 1985 6081: 6074:Jandora 1985 6036:Jandora 1985 6031: 6024:Jandora 1985 6019: 5997:Jandora 1985 5992: 5951: 5939: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5866:Kennedy 2007 5849:Kennedy 2007 5844: 5797:Kennedy 2007 5771: 5764:Kennedy 2007 5729: 5722:Kennedy 2007 5717: 5695:Kennedy 2007 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5512: 5481: 5459:Kennedy 2007 5416: 5404: 5360: 5333: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5134:Kennedy 2007 5129: 5122:Kennedy 2007 5075: 5040: 5033:Kennedy 2007 5013: 5001: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4943:, p. 4. 4936: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4790:, p. 7. 4783: 4771: 4759: 4700: 4658: 4610: 4578:Kennedy 2004 4573: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4485: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4361: 4354:Kennedy 2007 4295:Kennedy 2007 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4210: 4198: 4112: 4100: 4093:Lammens 1993 4033:. Retrieved 4029: 4020: 4000: 3993: 3948: 3911: 3882: 3864: 3826: 3750: 3739:tribe under 3709: 3693: 3656:Abu Sulayman 3640: 3585:Shia Muslims 3573: 3564: 3536: 3512: 3505: 3485: 3453: 3446: 3429: 3415:William Muir 3412: 3408: 3397:between the 3391:Beqaa Valley 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3316: 3284: 3254: 3231: 3212: 3185: 3160:Jordan River 3149: 3117: 3106: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3066: 3045:al-Qaryatayn 3041: 3037: 3028: 2994: 2972:tribes, the 2959: 2939: 2935: 2879: 2868: 2864: 2828: 2804: 2781: 2749: 2721:al-Baladhuri 2713: 2709:Asim ibn Amr 2686: 2665: 2662: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2620: 2581: 2543: 2535: 2516: 2499: 2488: 2440: 2428:C. H. Becker 2408: 2333: 2272: 2251:Banu Jadhima 2244: 2191: 2185: 2145: 2116: 2086: 2085: 2066: 2065: 1991:Al-Uqab Pass 1986:al-Qaryatayn 1966: 1965: 1896: 1895: 1856: 1855: 1787: 1775: 1718: 1698: 1692: 1653: 844:Banu Makhzum 812: 783:Banu Makhzum 775:Meccan suras 744: 726:Banu Jadhima 715: 648: 601:Sword of God 574:Banu Makhzum 571: 569:in 634–638. 499: 498: 490:Banu Makhzum 401:(634 or 635) 286:(629 or 630) 273:For Muslims: 272: 253: 247:Battles/wars 96:Abu Sulayman 29: 8240:Volume III: 8231:Schacht, J. 8227:Pellat, Ch. 8187:Pellat, Ch. 8179:Schacht, J. 8113:Schacht, J. 8109:Pellat, Ch. 7985:Volume III: 7976:Schacht, J. 7972:Pellat, Ch. 7811:(2): 28–41. 7765:Volume XII: 7648:Pellat, Ch. 7418:(1): 8–21. 7358:Pellat, Ch. 7294:Yapp, M. E. 7290:Hill, D. R. 7213:Pellat, Ch. 7197:"Kinnasrīn" 7169:Schacht, J. 7165:Pellat, Ch. 7080:Pellat, Ch. 7011:Pellat, Ch. 6968:Pellat, Ch. 6960:Schacht, J. 6771:Lecker 2019 6754:Lecker 2019 6653:Mulder 2014 6444:Donner 1981 6432:Donner 1981 6354:Donner 1981 6339:Donner 1981 6012:Donner 1981 5956:Donner 1981 5837:Donner 1981 5776:Donner 1981 5749:Donner 1981 5734:Donner 1981 5710:Donner 1981 5678:Donner 1981 5630:Donner 1981 5615:Donner 1981 5591:Donner 1981 5579:Donner 1981 5534:Donner 1981 5517:Donner 1981 5505:Donner 1981 5486:Donner 1981 5474:Donner 1981 5436:Donner 1981 5421:Donner 1981 5409:Donner 1981 5397:Donner 1981 5382:Donner 1981 5365:Donner 1981 5353:Donner 1981 5338:Donner 1981 5257:Donner 1981 5233:Donner 1981 5218:Donner 1981 5206:Donner 1981 5194:Donner 1981 5182:Donner 1981 5170:Donner 1981 5158:Donner 1981 5105:Donner 1981 5068:Donner 1981 5045:Donner 1981 5018:Donner 1981 5006:Donner 1981 4965:Donner 1981 4941:Kister 2002 4929:Kister 2002 4908:Kister 2002 4889:Kister 2002 4872:Kister 2002 4860:Kister 2002 4848:Kister 2002 4836:Kister 2002 4824:Kister 2002 4812:Kister 2002 4800:Kister 2002 4788:Kister 2002 4737:Kister 2002 4651:Shaban 1971 4632:Kister 2002 4603:Lecker 2004 4541:Lecker 2004 4393:Powers 2009 4266:Lecker 1989 4254:Lecker 1989 4215:Shaban 1971 4157:Lecker 2004 4117:Shaban 1971 3387:Transjordan 3058:Wadi Sirhan 3023:Fred Donner 2871:Fred Donner 2843:Ayn al-Tamr 2701:Fred Donner 2588:Banu Hanifa 2573:Banu Hanifa 2208:Banu Sulaym 2128:) or 8 AH ( 2096:Iron Bridge 2031:Marj ar-Rum 1936:Ayn al-Tamr 1796:Hudaybiyyah 1660:Banu Hashim 791:pre-Islamic 68:Native name 8375:642 deaths 8369:Categories 8163:"Abū Bakr" 8122:Volume II: 7767:Supplement 7736:"Al-Ridda" 7657:Volume VI: 7526:Volume XI: 7367:Volume VI: 7266:Gil, Moshe 7178:Volume II: 7093:Volume IV: 7068:"Khathʿam" 7024:Volume IV: 6897:al-Rūmīyah 6718:Hinds 1991 6694:Hinds 1991 6098:Kaegi 1995 6051:Kaegi 2002 5985:Kaegi 2002 5564:Lynch 2013 5311:Lynch 2013 4417:Umari 1991 4405:Umari 1991 4366:Kaegi 1995 4339:Kaegi 1995 4324:Crone 1978 4278:Umari 1991 4242:Umari 1991 4105:Hinds 1991 4076:Hinds 1991 4061:Hinds 1991 3985:References 3937:Alexandria 3896:Ibn Asakir 3849:Ridda wars 3833:Sayf Allah 3761:Ibn Jubayr 3695:historian 3651:paedonymic 3577:Arab world 3375:Theophanes 3339:Dayr Ayyub 3240:patriarch 3215:Ibn Asakir 3193:Bab Sharqi 3120:Marj Rahit 3109:Ibn A'tham 3054:placenames 3032:waterskins 2974:Ghassanids 2908: 680 2899:) and the 2897: 661 2769:Vologesias 2561:See also: 2416:Ridda wars 2316:Ridda wars 2170:Sayf Allah 2133: 629 2126: 627 2106:Germanicia 1981:Marj Rahit 1858:Ridda Wars 1731:in March. 1713:Wadi Qanat 1709:Mount Uhud 1689:Mount Uhud 1540: 669 1276:Umm Salama 1261:Al-Muhajir 1074:Abu Umayya 1041:Abu Rabi'a 887:Al-Mughira 826: 622 819:Banu Hilal 763:Ibn Durayd 761:(d. 833), 759:Ibn Hisham 718:Arab world 587:Sayf Allah 555:Ridda Wars 296:Ridda wars 237: 638 156:Allegiance 8295:609717677 8250:495469525 8219:Lewis, B. 8206:495469456 8196:Volume I: 8183:Lewis, B. 8132:495469475 8105:Lewis, B. 8068:163434595 7995:495469525 7964:Lewis, B. 7939:Volume X: 7727:163092638 7346:"Makhzūm" 7342:Hinds, M. 7268:(1997) . 7222:Volume V: 7209:Lewis, B. 7188:495469475 7161:Lewis, B. 7157:"Dimashk" 7103:758278456 7076:Lewis, B. 7056:833614603 7034:758278456 7007:Lewis, B. 6995:Crone, P. 6987:495469456 6977:Volume I: 6964:Lewis, B. 6944:"Buzākha" 6742:Elad 2016 5146:Watt 1960 4776:Watt 1956 4566:Watt 1960 4429:Watt 1956 4230:Watt 1971 4203:Hill 1975 4191:Hill 1975 3933:Jerusalem 3892:al-Awza'i 3741:Sher Shah 3727:of Homs. 3532:Palestine 3462:. Khalid 3456:Qinnasrin 3395:Caliphate 3257:al-Waqidi 3201:Heraclius 3122:north of 3113:al-Fasawi 3077:Moshe Gil 3062:Sab Biyar 2990:Banu Kalb 2978:Tanukhids 2855:Taymallat 2824:Banu Bakr 2795:Nestorian 2737:al-Tabari 2716:Euphrates 2584:Musaylima 2577:Musaylima 2507:Banu Amir 2420:apostates 2381:Emigrants 2368:Muhajirun 2338:, became 2290:tribe of 2288:Balharith 2238:, in the 2204:Ibn Ishaq 2081:Cyrenaica 2051:2nd Emesa 2046:Jerusalem 1771:Campaigns 1397:Abd Allah 1278:(d. 680s) 1243:(d. 620s) 1225:Al-Harith 799:Abyssinia 767:Ibn Habib 699:Heraclius 659:Euphrates 636:Musaylima 628:al-Yamama 513:romanized 486:Relations 443:Spouse(s) 431:(637–638) 419:(637–638) 407:(634–635) 230:Qinnasrin 219:(632–633) 177:(632–638) 8312:"Khālid" 8233:(eds.). 8189:(eds.). 8142:(1956). 8115:(eds.). 8099:(1965). 7978:(eds.). 7932:(eds.). 7908:(2000). 7819:(1997). 7758:(eds.). 7659:Mahk–Mid 7650:(eds.). 7593:(2002). 7548:(2004). 7519:(eds.). 7497:"Yarmūk" 7474:(1995). 7424:41930557 7369:Mahk–Mid 7360:(eds.). 7344:(1991). 7320:(1999). 7296:(eds.). 7224:Khe–Mahi 7215:(eds.). 7171:(eds.). 7113:(1981). 7095:Iran–Kha 7086:(eds.). 7066:(1978). 7044:(1842). 7026:Iran–Kha 7017:(eds.). 6997:(1978). 6970:(eds.). 6942:(1960). 5549:Gil 1997 3954:Muhammad 3917:Tiberias 3853:Muhammad 3838:Abu Bakr 3801:See also 3697:Ibn Hazm 3661:Khath'am 3524:Damascus 3516:al-Zuhri 3477:Samosata 3469:Anatolia 3405:Demotion 3399:Pyrenees 3333:(modern 3331:Adhri'at 3303:phylarch 3250:poll tax 3124:Damascus 3049:Huwwarin 2982:Salihids 2923:, while 2886:Armenian 2809:and his 2787:Azadhbih 2681:Sasanian 2455:Ghatafan 2336:Abu Bakr 2310:and the 2255:Yalamlam 2164:Theodore 2016:Damascus 2001:Ajnadayn 1946:Muzayyah 1931:Al-Anbar 1648:Muhammad 1535:Khalid ( 1418:(d. 657) 1410:(d. 666) 1284:Muhammad 1241:Al-Walid 1235:(d. 636) 1227:(d. 639) 1219:(d. 624) 1057:(d. 622) 1055:Al-Walid 1032:(d. 598) 771:Muhammad 713:in 642. 693:and the 675:Damascus 667:Ajnadayn 612:Bedouins 547:Abu Bakr 540:Rashidun 528:Muhammad 468:Sulayman 462:Children 215:and the 205:Commands 185:Service/ 169:Muhammad 8319:(ed.). 8154:3456619 7605:: 1–56. 6886:4057449 6866:Arabica 3795:Ottoman 3776:Baybars 3765:Saladin 3753:Ayyubid 3681:Muhajir 3620:, Syria 3546:hadiths 3355:Catalan 3327:Galilee 3289:in the 3238:Melkite 3182:in 636. 2951:Palmyra 2917:Abbasid 2847:Taghlib 2811:Shayban 2800:dirhams 2777:al-Hira 2705:Muzayna 2596:Bahrayn 2459:Tulayha 2375: 2361:Helpers 2355: 2283:Kindite 2232:al-Uzza 2224:Hawazin 2101:Armenia 2041:Yarmouk 1866:Buzakha 1416:Muhajir 1402:Isma'il 834:Bedouin 830:Maymuna 787:Quraysh 753:in the 685:in the 679:Yarmouk 669:(634), 638:at the 632:Tulayha 595: 543:caliphs 532:Quraysh 515:: 477:Muhajir 200:629–638 163:Quraysh 76:‎ 44:‎ 8354: 8329: 8293: 8248: 8242:H–Iram 8229:& 8204: 8185:& 8152: 8130: 8111:& 8085: 8066: 8035: 8014: 7993: 7987:H–Iram 7974:& 7947: 7928:& 7910:"Uḥud" 7894: 7873: 7852: 7829: 7792: 7773: 7754:& 7725: 7719:617911 7717: 7686: 7665: 7646:& 7623: 7579: 7558: 7534: 7515:& 7484: 7460: 7439: 7422: 7399: 7375: 7356:& 7330: 7306: 7278: 7254: 7230: 7211:& 7186: 7167:& 7144: 7123: 7101: 7082:& 7054: 7032: 7013:& 6985: 6966:& 6928: 6904: 6884: 4035:7 July 4008: 3929:Aleppo 3921:Beisan 3553:Legacy 3528:Jordan 3473:Edessa 3460:Aleppo 3433:Judham 3319:Ruqqad 3287:Jabiya 3197:Barzeh 3144:Hauran 3136:Ghouta 3128:Easter 3097:Syriac 3060:, and 2943:Balikh 2890:Sebeos 2835:Quda'a 2773:Walaja 2771:) and 2765:Ullays 2761:Tigris 2729:Ubulla 2695:sahaba 2604:Ikrima 2592:Yamama 2529:sadaqa 2502:Fazara 2340:caliph 2324:Medina 2312:Yamama 2292:Najran 2240:Nakhla 2216:Thaqif 2061:Aleppo 2006:Yaqusa 1956:Zumail 1951:Saniyy 1941:Husayd 1921:Ullais 1916:Walaja 1906:Chains 1876:Yamama 1871:Ghamra 1851:Najran 1821:Hunayn 1801:Mu'tah 1675:Medina 1650:in 625 1547:Khalid 1521:Hisham 1515:Salama 1375:Ikrima 1248:Hisham 1233:Ayyash 1030:Hisham 807:Hisham 779:Qur'an 707:Medina 691:Aleppo 559:Arabia 536:Muslim 504:Arabic 217:Yamama 187:branch 129:Medina 117:Arabia 8315:. In 8217:. In 8165:. In 8103:. In 8064:S2CID 7962:. In 7912:. In 7738:. In 7723:S2CID 7715:JSTOR 7638:. In 7499:. In 7420:JSTOR 7348:. In 7199:. In 7159:. In 7070:. In 7001:. In 6946:. In 6882:JSTOR 3973:ribat 3888:Syria 3818:Notes 3645:kunya 3437:Lakhm 3335:Daraa 3295:Vahan 3291:Golan 3246:jizya 3156:Pella 3140:Bosra 3071:Futuh 3019:Syria 2986:Bahra 2831:Anbar 2816:Dhuhl 2733:Basra 2616:Mahra 2467:Sajah 2463:Tamim 2348:Ansar 2328:Ta'if 2320:Mecca 2220:Ta'if 2218:—the 2156:Syria 2056:Hazir 2036:Emesa 1996:Bosra 1976:Firaz 1961:Firaz 1911:River 1891:Naqra 1881:Zafar 1836:Tabuk 1826:Mecca 1816:Ta'if 1615:Ayyub 1066:Fakih 795:Yemen 755:Hejaz 751:Mecca 582:Islam 425:(637) 413:(636) 395:(634) 389:(634) 383:(634) 370:(634) 364:(633) 358:(633) 352:(633) 346:(633) 340:(633) 334:(633) 328:(633) 322:(633) 309:(633) 303:(632) 292:(630) 280:(629) 267:(627) 261:(625) 113:Mecca 8352:ISBN 8327:ISBN 8291:OCLC 8246:OCLC 8202:OCLC 8150:OCLC 8128:OCLC 8083:ISBN 8033:ISBN 8012:ISBN 7991:OCLC 7945:ISBN 7892:ISBN 7871:ISBN 7850:ISBN 7827:ISBN 7790:ISBN 7771:ISBN 7684:ISBN 7663:ISBN 7621:ISBN 7577:ISBN 7556:ISBN 7532:ISBN 7482:ISBN 7458:ISBN 7437:ISBN 7397:ISBN 7373:ISBN 7328:ISBN 7304:ISBN 7276:ISBN 7252:ISBN 7228:ISBN 7184:OCLC 7142:ISBN 7121:ISBN 7099:OCLC 7052:OCLC 7030:OCLC 6983:OCLC 6926:ISBN 6902:ISBN 4037:2024 4006:ISBN 3963:qadi 3925:Homs 3721:Sufi 3618:Homs 3530:and 3475:for 3449:Homs 3435:and 3417:and 3297:and 3047:and 2988:and 2851:Iyad 2723:and 2689:Iraq 2477:and 2453:and 2451:Tayy 2447:Asad 2443:Najd 2434:and 2426:and 2394:and 2372:lit. 2352:lit. 2326:and 2308:Najd 2249:the 2228:idol 2026:Fahl 1926:Hira 1723:umra 797:and 711:Homs 689:and 671:Fahl 634:and 626:and 624:Najd 592:lit. 551:Umar 549:and 524:Arab 213:Najd 133:Homs 123:Died 104:Born 8267:doi 8198:A–B 8124:C–G 8056:doi 8052:111 7941:T–U 7707:doi 7528:W–Z 7180:C–G 6979:A–B 6874:doi 3737:Sur 3653:') 3616:in 3210:). 2820:Ijl 2719:of 2388:Ali 2253:in 2230:of 1773:of 1673:to 1537:fl. 1525:fl. 1265:fl. 709:or 131:or 110:592 8371:: 8263:31 8261:. 8238:. 8225:; 8221:; 8194:. 8181:; 8177:; 8173:; 8169:; 8120:. 8107:; 8062:. 8050:. 7983:. 7970:; 7966:; 7937:. 7924:; 7920:; 7916:; 7807:. 7763:. 7750:; 7746:; 7742:; 7721:. 7713:. 7703:52 7701:. 7655:. 7642:; 7603:27 7601:. 7597:. 7524:. 7511:; 7507:; 7503:; 7416:19 7414:. 7365:. 7352:; 7220:. 7207:; 7203:; 7176:. 7163:; 7091:. 7078:; 7074:; 7022:. 7009:; 7005:; 6975:. 6962:; 6958:; 6954:; 6950:; 6880:. 6870:41 6868:. 6826:^ 6761:^ 6684:^ 6621:^ 6592:^ 6571:^ 6376:^ 6361:^ 6346:^ 6317:^ 6302:^ 6239:^ 6212:^ 6197:^ 6168:^ 6105:^ 6058:^ 6043:^ 6004:^ 5963:^ 5924:^ 5909:^ 5856:^ 5829:^ 5804:^ 5783:^ 5756:^ 5741:^ 5702:^ 5685:^ 5622:^ 5571:^ 5556:^ 5541:^ 5524:^ 5493:^ 5466:^ 5443:^ 5428:^ 5389:^ 5372:^ 5345:^ 5318:^ 5303:^ 5288:^ 5225:^ 5112:^ 5087:^ 5052:^ 5025:^ 4984:^ 4915:^ 4896:^ 4879:^ 4744:^ 4729:^ 4712:^ 4685:^ 4670:^ 4639:^ 4622:^ 4585:^ 4548:^ 4497:^ 4470:^ 4455:^ 4436:^ 4373:^ 4346:^ 4331:^ 4302:^ 4285:^ 4222:^ 4181:^ 4164:^ 4139:^ 4124:^ 4083:^ 4068:^ 4045:^ 4028:. 3931:, 3927:, 3923:, 3919:, 3890:, 3843:r. 3781:r. 3770:r. 3649:(' 3539:c. 3534:. 3526:, 3483:. 3364:). 3359:c. 3206:r. 3111:, 2984:, 2980:, 2976:, 2905:c. 2894:c. 2853:, 2849:, 2755:, 2660:. 2643:. 2449:, 2398:, 2322:, 2143:. 2130:c. 2123:c. 2119:AH 1664:c. 823:c. 737:. 545:: 510:, 506:: 234:c. 135:, 115:, 108:c. 8360:. 8335:. 8297:. 8273:. 8269:: 8252:. 8208:. 8156:. 8134:. 8091:. 8070:. 8058:: 8041:. 8020:. 7997:. 7953:. 7900:. 7879:. 7858:. 7835:. 7809:2 7798:. 7779:. 7729:. 7709:: 7692:. 7671:. 7629:. 7585:. 7564:. 7540:. 7490:. 7466:. 7445:. 7426:. 7405:. 7381:. 7336:. 7312:. 7284:. 7260:. 7236:. 7190:. 7150:. 7129:. 7105:. 7058:. 7036:. 6989:. 6934:. 6910:. 6888:. 6876:: 4039:. 4014:. 3943:. 3906:. 3859:. 3840:( 3778:( 3767:( 3248:( 3203:( 2903:( 2892:( 2384:' 2378:' 2370:( 2364:' 2358:' 2350:( 2184:( 2121:( 1762:e 1755:t 1748:v 1691:( 1542:) 1530:) 1523:( 1270:) 1263:( 604:' 598:' 590:( 502:( 239:) 232:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Index