688:
680:
107:
546:
123:
33:
854:
Following the stabilization of the situation, Soviet forces from the
Finnish front were redirected to other fronts, and on 27 July the Soviets indicated they would be open to a negotiated peace that allowed for an independent Finland. The Finnish parliament accepted the Soviet demands on 2 September.
505:
who were supported by an armored train. The reds withdrew from the station following multiple White attacks which captured the armored train but failed to capture the station area. Oesch reported that the withdrawal resulted in significant casualties, with 1200 Reds killed and 600–800 captured. The
874:
Oech was arrested for war crimes in 1945. In 1946, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison on involuntary manslaughter charges for having encouraged the killings of 17 Soviet prisoners of war. The sentence was later reduced to three years by the
800:. While the front had stabilized into trench warfare, Oesch's forces soon came under attack by six soviet divisions and four brigades. The attack was eventually repulsed, but caused significant casualties for both sides.
596:
and appointed Chief of the
General Staff. During the following years, he oversaw significant reforms in the Finnish armed forces, which, according to Mikko Uola, "made possible the successes of the Finnish army in the
652:, who had taken command only three days prior. According to Robert Edwards, Wallenius had "retreated to his command post and became very drunk" after losing his nerve from the intensity of the combat. The
1742:
732:
728:
724:
720:
767:
763:
886:
and other prisoners-of-war who refused to work or follow orders. Any paperwork related to such executions would not be properly filled, listing the executed as "removed" (Finnish:
631:
invasion of
Finland started the Winter War on 30 November 1939, Oesch continued as Chief of the General Staff at Finnish Supreme headquarters under the Finnish Commander-in-Chief,
908:
magazine and wrote a book on the 1944 events on the
Karelian Isthmus. According to Mikko Uola, Oesch was embittered by what he perceived as a lack of recognition for his actions.
657:
1807:
1446:
866:
After the end of the war, Oesch briefly commanded the
General Staff of the Finnish General Headquarters before taking command of an army corps later that year.
408:
during his service. Following the end of the
Continuation War, he was tried and convicted for war crimes relating to the treatment of Soviet prisoners-of-war.
1762:
667:
Following the end of the war, Oesch first returned to his previous post as the Chief of the
General Staff for a few weeks, before taking the command of
183:
1797:
1767:
898:
After Oesch was released from prison in 1948, he devoted himself to military history, researching and writing extensively on
Finnish experiences in
1802:
789:
216:
1752:
560:
Oesch married Anna
Aitanga Niskanen in 1919. The couple had two children: son Karl Christian (born 1921) and daughter Ann-Mari (born 1922).
567:. He briefly acted as an aide to the chief-of-staff of the Army High Command, before being given command of the Vyborg Regiment (Finnish:
1812:
1782:
774:. While most of the 115th and 123rd divisions eventually escaped the encirclement, the operation resulted in the capture of some 3000
1772:
1747:
1737:
1507:(3). Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies: 429–451.
641:
In early March 1940, just prior to the end of the Winter War, Oesch was given command of the Coast Group, whose sector along the
601:". Oesch also served briefly as Deputy Minister of the Interior Affairs from 3 to 14 March 1932, during the crisis caused by the
491:
660:
had established a bridgehead over the bay. Further Soviet forces arrived at the bridgehead by 10 March, but the signing of the
502:
1666:
Sotavankien ja siviili-internoitujen sodanaikainen kuolleisuus: Muonahuolto, tautisuus ja
Punaisen Ristin toimettomuus 1939–44
735:
divisions, it was initially tasked with the defense of the southernmost sector of the Finno-Soviet border on the shore of the
1682:
1476:["Things are going to hell on the Isthmus" – How General Oesch and 100.000 men saved Finland in the summer of 1944].
588:
1757:
820:
221:
824:
815:
Everything's going to hell on the Isthmus. Get yourself there on orders from the commander-in-chief, the corps are yours.
716:
225:
211:
932:
828:
759:
315:
229:
890:) In addition, in the fall of 1944, Oesch had ordered the destruction of documents relating to shot prisoners-of-war.
1604:
1564:
1541:
1435:
804:
285:
807:, which soon broke the Finnish lines. On the morning of 14 June 1944, Oesch received a call from Lieutenant General
449:
1787:
468:. He briefly returned to Finland to recruit more volunteers, before returning to Germany. In 1917, he was promoted
972:
782:
692:
366:
819:
Oesch was given the title Commander of the Isthmus Forces, with the forces under his command soon including the
754:, south of Vyborg, together with a by-land envelopment conducted by the 4th and 12th divisions, resulted in the
1671:
Mortality of POWs and civil internees in Finland, 1939–44 : food supply, sickness and Red Cross negligence
1647:
1474:""Kannaksella on asiat päin helvettiä" – Näin kenraali Oesch ja 100 000 miestä pelastivat Suomen kesällä 1944"
1792:
1599:]. Sotatieteen laitoksen julkaisuja XXV (in Finnish). Vol. 1. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.
928:
668:
310:
206:
839:, where the situation eventually stabilized around 17 July, following the fall of Vyborg and the battles of
923:
During his life, Oesch received several notable military awards. The most notable of these are the Finnish
1497:"Illegal Killing of Soviet Prisoners of War by Finns during the Finno-Soviet Continuation War of 1941-44"
844:
840:
653:
635:
461:
273:
578:
From 1924 to 1926, Oesch studied in the French military academy. During this time, he was also promoted
501:
Oesch's battalion saw action especially in the area of the Rautu railway station, which was held by the
1674:
1623:
944:
482:
He returned to Finland in February 1918 with the main forces of the Finnish Jägers to take part in the
330:
602:
1777:
530:
882:
The trial and sentence stemmed from events in November 1941, when Oesch had given an order to shoot
1464:
936:
876:
743:
320:
687:
960:
948:
679:
632:
350:
335:
592:. He briefly held command of the 1st Division from 1929 to 1930, after which he was promoted to
154:
1615:
968:
564:
510:
465:
433:
361:
256:
59:
506:
8th Jaeger Battalion lost 199 men with 160 wounded while the total White losses were 670 men.
649:
703:
Following Finno-German negotiations that had been ongoing from at least May 1941, the Finns
1732:
1727:
712:
545:
149:
8:
979:
912:
883:
661:
90:
55:
855:
As agreed during the negotiations, Finnish forces began to observe a cease-fire at 07:00
1516:
956:
771:
606:
572:
553:
396:. He held a string of high staff assignments and front commands, and at the end of the
345:
189:
1678:
1627:
1600:
1579:
1560:
1537:
1458:
1431:
940:
755:
483:
325:
251:
445:
1508:
1473:
952:
924:
848:
708:
656:
saw both sides suffer significant losses, but by the evening of March 5 the Soviet
490:. During the civil war, Oesch commanded the 8th Jaeger Battalion in the regions of
487:
405:
401:
397:
340:
305:
280:
775:
736:
696:
904:
859:
a.m. on 4 September. Soviet forces followed suite some 25 hours later, at 08:00
522:
475:
417:
1721:
1631:
779:
646:
642:
622:
593:
550:
453:
112:
533:. Later that year, he took command of the Guards Jaeger Battalion (Finnish:
1664:
1318:
899:
704:
628:
518:
514:
393:
263:
159:
1576:
Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45 (Kindle Edition)
1512:
1236:
1234:
1197:
1195:
1478:
1294:
1246:
797:
750:, parts of IV Corps followed in pursuit. A Finnish amphibious landing to
457:
421:
246:
1520:
1496:
1390:
1583:
1354:
1306:
1282:
1270:
1231:
1219:
1192:
964:
808:
793:
751:
618:
598:
356:
268:
1207:
1182:
1180:
429:
1093:
836:
831:
Corps. The Soviet offensive pushed the Finnish forces first to the
75:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1743:
Military personnel from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
1574:
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris (2016).
1117:
832:
583:
579:
529:) before taking the position of the chief of intelligence in the
425:
420:
to Christian Oesch and Anna Barbara Stegman. His parents were of
389:
128:
79:
1081:
432:
and studied in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the
1673:]. Historiallisia Tutkimuksia (in Finnish). Vol. 244.
1402:
1105:
803:
The trench warfare period ended on 9 June 1944 with the Soviet
747:
715:. As part of these preparations, Oesch's II Corps was renamed
911:
Oesch died in Helsinki on 28 March 1978 and is buried in the
495:
32:
1536:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.
664:
on 12 March saw the hostilities end at 11 a.m. on 13 March.
1444:
1396:
586:, Oesch commanded the newly created general staff academy
1378:
1330:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1573:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1252:
1240:
1225:
1201:
778:, including the commander of the Soviet 43rd Division,
1033:
1366:
1258:
563:
In the 1920s and 1930s Oesch advanced rapidly in the
404:. He received numerous awards, including the Finnish
1645:
1527:
1408:
1213:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
978:In 1960, he was given an honorary doctorate by the
612:
448:, traveling to Germany in 1915. As a member of the
1808:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
1590:
1342:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
1528:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti, eds. (2005).
1449:[Hietaniemi Cemetery – notable interred]
1719:
1622:. Studia Biographica (in Finnish). Vol. 4.
929:Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
439:
416:Karl Lennart Oesch was born on 8 August 1892 in
311:Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
1447:"Hietaniemen hautausmaa – merkittäviä vainajia"
992:
571:). While holding that command, he was promoted
1557:K. L. Oesch : Against Overwhelming Odds
1428:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40
464:, participating in combat in the region of
388:(8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of
1763:Finnish military personnel of World War II
1662:
1384:
1360:
1336:
400:commanded three Finnish army corps on the
31:
1471:
1264:
1798:Finnish people convicted of manslaughter
1768:Chiefs of Staff (Finnish Defence Forces)
686:
678:
544:
537:), a position he would hold until 1920.
428:before his birth. He attended school in
1650:[Honorary Doctors] (in Finnish)
1597:History of the Continuation War, part 1
1534:The Small Giant of the Continuation War
1425:
1075:
1063:
1051:
931:. In addition, he received the Finnish
869:
707:on 10 June 1941 in preparation for the
699:, lights a cigarette for Oesch in 1941.
1803:Finnish people convicted of war crimes
1720:
1550:
1494:
1372:
1348:
1039:
509:1918 also saw Oesch commissioned as a
1553:K. L. Oesch : ylivoimaa vastassa
1501:The Slavonic and East European Review
792:in the Olonets Isthmus between Lakes
1753:Ministers of the interior of Finland
1701:Karl Lennart Oesch: Suomen pelastaja
1613:
1430:. London: Weidenfel & Nicolson.
1027:
788:In 1942, Oesch was given command of
645:had become critical. Oesch replaced
1445:Helsingin seurakuntayhtymä (n.d.).
713:German invasion of the Soviet Union
674:
450:Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion
13:
1813:Prisoners and detainees of Finland
1693:
933:Order of the White Rose of Finland
525:of the Mountain Brigade (Finnish:
316:Order of the White Rose of Finland
232:as Commander of the Isthmus Forces
14:
1824:
1616:"Oesch, Karl Lennart (1892–1978)"
1578:(1 ed.). Osprey Publishing.
785:, and large amounts of materiel.
540:
1591:Sotatieteen laitos, ed. (1988).
613:Winter War and the Interim Peace
121:
105:
16:Finnish WWII general (1892–1978)
1773:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
1748:Finnish people of Swiss descent
1738:People from Priozersky District
1713:Itsenäisen Suomen kenraalikunta
1472:Jaakkonen, Pasi (6 July 2016).
1397:Helsingin seurakuntayhtymä n.d.
1214:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1187:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1172:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1160:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1148:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1136:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
1124:Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005
973:Order of the Cross of the Eagle
711:, the Finnish component of the
367:Order of the Cross of the Eagle
1711:Lipponen, Rauno (ed.) (1997):
1559:] (in Finnish). Gummerus.
963:; several German and Prussian
549:Lennart Oesch (left) monitors
1:
1418:
1363:, pp. 115, 126, 352–354.
893:
805:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
693:General Vladimir Kirpichnikov
517:, followed by a promotion to
440:Jaeger Movement and Civil War
411:
286:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
1783:Jägers of the Jäger Movement
1646:University of Turku (n.d.).
811:with the following message:
531:Finnish General Headquarters
379:Writings of Military History
355:Several German and Prussian
7:
1758:Finnish lieutenant generals
1530:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen
636:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
392:'s leading generals during
10:
1829:
1675:Finnish Literature Society
1624:Finnish Literature Society
945:Order of Polonia Restituta
691:Soviet division commander
658:173rd Motor Rifle Division
616:
582:. Once he had returned to
521:. He briefly acted as the
331:Order of Polonia Restituta
1663:Westerlund, Lars (2009).
918:
535:Kaartin jääkäripataljoona
473:
444:Oesch joined the Finnish
375:
298:
239:
199:
176:
168:
140:
97:
85:
65:
42:
30:
23:
1426:Edwards, Robert (2006).
985:
937:Order of the Three Stars
877:Supreme Court of Finland
847:. Oesch was awarded the
835:, and eventually to the
770:divisions following the
683:Oesch in Vyborg in 1941.
424:origin and had moved to
321:Order of the Three Stars
1788:Finnish anti-communists
1699:Seppälä, Helge (1998):
1409:University of Turku n.d
1112:Sotatieteen laitos 1988
1100:Sotatieteen laitos 1988
1088:Sotatieteen laitos 1988
961:Order of the Polar Star
351:Order of the Polar Star
1705:Tapola, Päivi (2007):
1495:Kujala, Antti (2009).
969:Order of the Dannebrog
887:
817:
700:
684:
568:
565:Finnish Defence Forces
557:
534:
526:
434:University of Helsinki
362:Order of the Dannebrog
60:Grand Duchy of Finland
1593:Jatkosodan historia 1
1551:Määttä, Vesa (2015).
1513:10.1353/see.2009.0040
949:Golden Cross of Merit
863:a.m. on 5 September.
813:
742:Following the Soviet
690:
682:
650:Kurt Martti Wallenius
605:. He was promoted to
548:
336:Golden Cross of Merit
169:Years of service
37:Lennart Oesch in 1918
1793:Finnish nationalists
1614:Uola, Mikko (2001).
1463:: CS1 maint: year (
884:political commissars
870:Trial for war crimes
719:. Consisting of the
654:Battle of Vyborg Bay
274:Battle of Vyborg Bay
155:Finnish Jäger troops
150:Imperial German Army
1327:, pp. 435–438.
1216:, pp. 243–244.
1102:, pp. 177–179.
1078:, pp. 268–271.
1066:, pp. 264–265.
1054:, pp. 262–263.
980:University of Turku
971:; and the Estonian
913:Hietaniemi cemetery
746:'s withdrawal from
662:Moscow Peace Treaty
486:on the side of the
452:, he fought on the
436:from 1911 to 1915.
91:Hietaniemi Cemetery
1707:Kenraalien kirjeet
1620:Kansallisbiografia
957:Order of the Sword
772:Battle of Porlampi
701:
685:
607:lieutenant general
603:Mäntsälä rebellion
573:lieutenant colonel
569:Viipurin Rykmentti
558:
554:military exercises
386:Karl Lennart Oesch
346:Order of the Sword
190:Lieutenant general
1684:978-952-222-094-3
1325:Nenye et al. 2016
1313:Nenye et al. 2016
1303:, pp. 29–34.
1301:Nenye et al. 2016
1289:Nenye et al. 2016
1277:Nenye et al. 2016
1253:Nenye et al. 2016
1241:Nenye et al. 2016
1226:Nenye et al. 2016
1202:Nenye et al. 2016
1042:, pp. 60–65.
941:Order of St. Olav
902:. He founded the
851:on 26 June 1944.
484:Finnish Civil War
383:
382:
326:Order of St. Olav
252:Finnish Civil War
133:
117:
1820:
1778:Continuation War
1688:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1648:"Kunniatohtorit"
1642:
1640:
1638:
1610:
1587:
1570:
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1524:
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1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:, p. 28-29.
1250:
1244:
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1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
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1115:
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1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
953:Legion of Honour
939:; the Norvegian
925:Mannerheim Cross
862:
858:
849:Mannerheim Cross
776:prisoners of war
709:Continuation War
675:Continuation War
556:in October 1938.
527:Vuoristoprikaati
478:
406:Mannerheim Cross
402:Karelian Isthmus
398:Continuation War
341:Legion of Honour
306:Mannerheim Cross
281:Continuation War
142:
131:
127:
125:
124:
115:
111:
109:
108:
72:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1694:Further reading
1691:
1685:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1634:
1607:
1567:
1544:
1485:
1483:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1385:Westerlund 2009
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:Westerlund 2009
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1337:Westerlund 2009
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:, pp. 168.
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:, pp. 340.
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
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1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
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1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
993:
988:
921:
896:
872:
860:
856:
737:Gulf of Finland
697:prisoner of war
677:
625:
617:Main articles:
615:
589:Sotakorkeakoulu
543:
442:
414:
376:Other work
371:
294:
257:Battle of Rautu
235:
195:
164:
136:
122:
120:
106:
104:
93:
74:
70:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1826:
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1565:
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1492:
1469:
1442:
1436:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 116.
1377:
1375:, p. 448.
1365:
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 354.
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1279:, p. 335.
1269:
1265:Jaakkonen 2016
1257:
1245:
1243:, p. 251.
1230:
1228:, p. 229.
1218:
1206:
1204:, p. 175.
1191:
1189:, p. 242.
1176:
1174:, p. 240.
1164:
1162:, p. 241.
1152:
1150:, p. 142.
1140:
1138:, p. 140.
1128:
1126:, p. 125.
1116:
1104:
1092:
1090:, p. 172.
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
990:
989:
987:
984:
955:; the Swedish
935:; the Latvian
920:
917:
905:Kansa Taisteli
895:
892:
871:
868:
758:of the Soviet
676:
673:
643:Bay of Viipuri
614:
611:
542:
541:Interwar years
539:
523:chief of staff
488:Finnish Whites
476:platoon leader
446:Jäger Movement
441:
438:
413:
410:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
353:
348:
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146:
144:
138:
137:
135:
134:
118:
101:
99:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
73:(aged 85)
67:
63:
62:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1825:
1814:
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1606:951-0-15327-3
1602:
1598:
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1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:9789512092611
1562:
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1554:
1549:
1545:
1543:951-0-28690-7
1539:
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1506:
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1498:
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1466:
1460:
1453:(in Finnish).
1448:
1443:
1439:
1437:0-297-84630-2
1433:
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1424:
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1410:
1405:
1399:, p. 13.
1398:
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1114:, p. 99.
1113:
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983:
981:
976:
974:
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967:; the Danish
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:; the French
950:
946:
943:; the Polish
942:
938:
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926:
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885:
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867:
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841:Tali-Ihantala
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
812:
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799:
795:
791:
790:Olonets Group
786:
784:
781:
780:Major General
777:
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734:
730:
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670:
665:
663:
659:
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647:Major General
644:
639:
637:
634:
630:
624:
623:Interim Peace
620:
610:
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604:
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595:
594:major general
591:
590:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
555:
552:
551:Estonian army
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
477:
471:
470:OberzugfĂĽhrer
467:
463:
462:Eastern Front
459:
455:
451:
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437:
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431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
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217:Olonets Group
215:
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184:OberzugfĂĽhrer
182:
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147:
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130:
119:
114:
113:German Empire
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
69:28 March 1978
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:8 August 1892
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Lennart Oesch
22:
19:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1670:
1665:
1652:. Retrieved
1635:. Retrieved
1619:
1596:
1592:
1575:
1556:
1552:
1533:
1529:
1504:
1500:
1484:. Retrieved
1482:(in Finnish)
1477:
1427:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
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1272:
1260:
1248:
1221:
1209:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1076:Edwards 2006
1071:
1064:Edwards 2006
1059:
1052:Edwards 2006
1047:
1035:
977:
965:Iron Crosses
922:
910:
903:
900:World War II
897:
881:
873:
865:
853:
818:
814:
802:
787:
783:Kirpichnikov
741:
702:
666:
640:
626:
587:
577:
562:
559:
515:Finnish Army
508:
503:Finnish Reds
500:
481:
469:
443:
415:
394:World War II
385:
384:
357:Iron Crosses
264:World War II
240:Battles/wars
160:Finnish Army
71:(1978-03-28)
18:
1733:1978 deaths
1728:1892 births
1479:Iltasanomat
1373:Kujala 2009
1349:Kujala 2009
1040:Määttä 2015
458:World War I
247:World War I
132:(1918–1945)
116:(1915–1918)
1722:Categories
1584:B01C7LYSZM
1419:References
894:Later life
845:Vyborg Bay
809:Aksel Airo
752:Lokhaniemi
619:Winter War
599:Winter War
575:in 1921.
472:(English:
412:Early life
269:Winter War
98:Allegiance
49:1892-08-08
1632:1799-4349
1028:Uola 2001
888:poistettu
756:pocketing
744:23rd Army
705:mobilized
627:When the
609:in 1936.
430:Sortavala
418:Pyhäjärvi
192:(Finland)
186:(Germany)
172:1915–1945
56:Pyhäjärvi
1521:40650407
1459:cite web
927:and the
837:VKT-line
717:IV Corps
669:II Corps
456:side of
212:IV Corps
207:II Corps
200:Commands
141:Service/
76:Helsinki
1654:23 June
1637:23 June
1486:23 June
833:VT-line
633:Marshal
584:Finland
580:colonel
513:in the
511:captain
492:Raasuli
474:Senior
460:on the
426:Finland
390:Finland
230:V Corps
129:Finland
80:Finland
1681:
1630:
1603:
1582:
1563:
1540:
1519:
1434:
919:Awards
861:
857:
798:Ladoga
748:Vyborg
629:Soviet
454:German
299:Awards
228:, and
143:branch
126:
110:
86:Buried
1669:[
1595:[
1555:[
1532:[
1517:JSTOR
1451:(PDF)
986:Notes
794:Onega
768:123rd
764:115th
519:major
496:Rautu
422:Swiss
1679:ISBN
1656:2022
1639:2022
1628:ISSN
1601:ISBN
1580:ASIN
1561:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1488:2022
1465:link
1432:ISBN
959:and
947:and
843:and
827:and
796:and
766:and
760:43rd
733:12th
731:and
729:10th
695:, a
621:and
494:and
466:Misa
177:Rank
66:Died
43:Born
1509:doi
821:III
725:8th
721:4th
638:.
498:.
479:).
222:III
1724::
1677:.
1626:.
1618:.
1515:.
1505:87
1503:.
1499:.
1461:}}
1457:{{
1233:^
1194:^
1179:^
994:^
982:.
975:.
915:.
879:.
825:IV
823:,
762:,
739:.
727:,
723:,
671:.
226:IV
224:,
78:,
58:,
1687:.
1658:.
1641:.
1609:.
1586:.
1569:.
1546:.
1523:.
1511::
1490:.
1467:)
1440:.
1411:.
1351:.
1267:.
1030:.
829:V
51:)
47:(
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