509:
67:
568:
280:) as its domestic/foreign intelligence agency with Assadullah Sarwari serving as its first director. Sarwari was known for torturing anyone who disagreed with the PDPA. AGSA operations eventually led to an anti-PDPA insurgency. AGSA additionally had a secret code between members Meera Jan, Fazil Qadir and the head of AGSA’s investigation committee which was intercepted by Rahmatullah Omid, used for killing anyone who the
438:
KhAD personnel and major decisions are not made without their input. In some instances, KHAD agents accompanied KGB Kaskad (Cascade) operators on anti-mujahideen infiltration ops. KhAD personnel were also authorised to use any strategies necessary to ensure they did not disclose their identities as officers of the agency, as a former KhAD advisor stated that
Pakistanis did not want to capture KhAD
871:. A sociologist, when asked about these killings, mentioned that the chaos that was occurring in Karachi was easily manipulated by groups for their own motives. The sociologist strongly believed that these killings were planned to spread more fear in the city, which could be the intention of KHAD and the motive behind the murders, although it is unknown if KHAD was behind these murders.
1137:
in the 1980s. Hesam was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment. He was the head of the military intelligence service (KhAD-e-Nezamy) and deputy minister of the
Ministry of State Security (WAD). Jalalzoy was the head of the unit investigations and interrogations within the military intelligence of the KhAD. He was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment.
847:
vehicle. Upon realization that these murders were being committed by a group, newspapers across the nation began to report the victim's story and referred to these men as "the
Hathora Group" owing to their method of using hammers to murder their victims. Police didn’t know who these men were and what
437:
in
Afghanistan, KhAD was expanded with Moscow's assistance, which includes sophisticated torture equipment. Najibullah took the opportunity of his post to rise within the PDPA before Major-General Ghulam Faruq Yaqubi took over KHAD duties in November 1985. Soviet advisors were known to work alongside
1136:
On 14 October 2005, the
District Court in the Hague convicted two high-ranking KhAD officers who sought asylum in the Netherlands in the 1990s. Hesamuddin Hesam and Habibullah Jalalzoy were found guilty of complicity to torture and violations of the laws and customs of war, committed in Afghanistan
741:
and KHAD deployed hundreds of young girls of Afghan, Central Asian, and
Russian origin to corrupt Pakistani society. This influx initially targeted the major urban centers such as Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Multan, and Quetta. These groups of prostitutes strategically selected affluent
798:
during the early 1980s resulting in hundreds of civilian casualties. By the late 1980s, the US State
Department blamed WAD for the perpetration of terrorist bombings in Pakistani cities. Between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, Afghanistan security agencies supported the terrorist organization
1143:
On 25 June 2007, the
District Court in the Hague acquitted another senior KhAD officer. General Abdullah Faqirzada was one of the deputy heads of the KhAD-e-Nezamy from 1980 until 1987. Although the court held it plausible that Faqirzada was closely involved with the human rights abuses in the
634:”, where they’d have to prove their loyalty by spying on their family members, arresting friends, partners and subjecting them to torture. Over time, the tasks seasoned recruits were asked to perform would only become more intense, being ordered to infiltrate the ranks of the
1092:
KHAD also operated eight detention centers in the capital, which were located at KHAD headquarters, at the
Ministry of the Interior headquarters, and at a location known as the Central Interrogation Office. The most notorious of the Communist-run detention centers was
638:. On their first assignment, the recruits were transferred to KhAD/WAD sections actively engaged in tracking down “subversive elements”. Only those who proved their worth were promoted or transferred to sections with more administrative or technical activities.
1112:
On 29 February 2000, when The
Netherlands had no diplomatic mission in Afghanistan, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a disputed report on the involvement of the KhAD on human rights abuses, partly based on secret sources, allegedly biased political
641:
Potential applicants may have been prompted to join KhAD as the role of officer provided material benefits, such as a salary ten times higher than that of a government official. KhAD officers were additionally exempt from conscription and had free access to
405:
Aziz Ahmed Akbari was called in to take over from Sarwari when he took refuge in the Soviet Embassy. After two months, Assadullah Amin was appointed by his uncle to lead KAM. KAM did not last long after the Soviets officially entered Afghanistan in 1979.
835:
were becoming alarmed by an increased number of killings. While the murders took place in different areas of the city, an investigation found these murders were done in the same manner; a single blow to the head with a hathora (the word for "hammer" in
477:
in 1987, using a remote-controlled car bomb and wounding two of his bodyguards. Other operations included the kidnapping of one of Massoud’s five brothers in Peshawar, as well as sending KhAD assassination teams (paid in the equivalent of thousands of
2793:
1125:. Some of its conclusions were already published in the Dutch press before the official publication of the full report. This report, quoted frequently in the cases of Afghan asylum seekers to support the exclusion ground of article 1F of the
2602:
2413:
762:
and KhAD agents were able to penetrate deep inside Pakistan and carry out attacks on mujahideen sanctuaries and guerrilla bases. There was strong circumstantial evidence implicating Moscow-Kabul in the August 1988 assassination of
453:
The agency's manpower increased from 1,200 to nearly 70,000 personnel. KHAD was able to turn some mujahideen groups to work with the PDPA by providing incentives such as small arms or money in return for their loyalty by attending
1022:
recruited from tribal and anti-government militias who agreed to work with them, are finally supported by the agency. KhAD also had its own special forces units, attached to each province which included between 250-300 personnel.
261:: استخبارات), Intelligence or the Intelligence Report Directorate. However, observers have stated it was incompetent with Afghan leaders since it was ineffective as they preferred to use their personal connections instead.
678:, how to recruit potential officers, organisation and how to identify covert meetings and networks. KhAD officers, starting from first lieutenant to lieutenant colonel, were given mandatory training at the KGB School at
1464:
529:). It was reported that WAD was placed in charge of controlling the Kabul Garrison. Its budget and size were expanded. However WAD would still often be referred to as KhAD by the US government and the
2727:
Gerechtshof 's-Gravenhage, parketnummer 09/751005-04, rolnummer 22-006132-05, and Gerechtshof 's-Gravenhage, parketnummers 09-751004-04 en 09-750006-05, rolnummer 22-006131-05, 29 January 2007.
914:
Directorate for Counter Rebellion: Two Sub-Directorates covering 16 provinces each. Known to have three military battalions based in Kabul to assist with arrests and other investigative work.
758:
According to a report by the US Defense Department, approximately 90% of the estimated 777 acts of international terrorism committed worldwide in 1987 took place in Pakistan. By 1988,
1519:
595:
Before KhAD approached potential candidates for the agency’s officer base, they extensively screened the candidate beforehand, as well as secretly probed their entire family. Only
690:
included interrogation and criminal investigation techniques. High-ranking KhAD officers, starting from the rank of colonel and upwards, received additional mandatory training in
446:
in 1987, a base consisting of 200 soldiers immediately fell whereas 16 KhAD operatives continued to fight to their deaths for six hours. In the aftermath, two leaders committed
848:
motives they had to do commit these murders. For a while, these cases of murders stopped and then finally resumed around some time in mid-1986. For nearly 2 years, the city of
650:. If a KhAD officer was killed in action, their family would also receive financial compensation and benefits from the government. One former officer, believed to have used a
1129:
in the national refugee policy of the Netherlands, was also published in an English translation on 26 April 2001. In 2008, another report on this matter was published by the
2044:
2496:
2794:"WHAT WE LEFT UNFINISHED gets a timely US release giving context to the long political struggles of Afghanistan via the story of the rise and fall of Afghan Film studio"
473:
from KGB files. KhAD’s infiltration of various mujahideen groups did help to contribute to some of the infighting. KhAD operatives additionally attempted to assassinate
2465:
2268:
1077:
continued to publish detailed reports of KhAD's use of torture and of inhumane conditions in the country's prisons and jails. In 1989, the Special Rapporteur of the
2518:
843:
None of the victims of the Hathora group survived apart from one person, who described the murderers as men in “white suits and black masks” who drove a white
746:
and KHAD agents, with high-ranking government officials and Pakistan army officers being their primary targets. This led to the emergence of a "galemjum (
2329:
2693:
1684:
2885:
1293:
1041:
Directorate-General for the Interior: Successor of Civilian KHAD activities on monitoring anti-government activities in and out of Afghanistan.
804:
2870:
1126:
782:
Afghanistan's KHAD was one of four secret service agencies accused of perpetrating terrorist bombings in multiple Pakistani cities including
2875:
1140:
On 29 January 2007, the Dutch appeal court upheld the sentences. The judgements were confirmed by the Dutch Supreme Court on 10 July 2008.
750:) culture" in Pakistani society, which attracted professionals, the local commercial class, and frustrated youth in various urban centers.
599:
members who were extremely loyal and belonged to pro-government families qualified for admission as officers. Women were also employed as
1582:
1258:
1209:
596:
419:
269:
2344:
1614:
1408:
1089:, one of many prisons for those arrested by the agency, and found out that the hygienic conditions in these prisons somewhat improved.
466:
213:
literally "State Intelligence Agency", also known as "State Information Services" or "Committee of State Security"), also known by the
840:). Upon investigation of the victims and their backgrounds, it was found that they were all street urchins or beggars on the streets.
1078:
852:
was terrorised by the horrors of such group, with civilians fearing they would enter their homes and be killed by the Hathora group.
2284:
1976:
1841:
1830:
1705:
Hyman, Anthony (1982). "Afghan intelligentsia 1978-81: For four traumatic years all independent thinkers have been under attack".
2488:
1902:
402:'s direction. Several AGSA officials were either placed under surveillance or were arrested. KAM had a total of 7000 employees.
670:
Kaskad operators were responsible for training KhAD personnel. KhAD officers had to go through a mandatory training course in
2457:
1799:
1772:
1651:
494:
1070:
of prisoners without trial were also common. By 1989 KhAD had arrested nearly 150,000 people (although many were released).
2391:
Ghost wars : the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001
351:
316:
501:, meant that the powers of individual KhAD officers were reduced and they would have to consult with local police forces,
153:
2768:
2832:
868:
730:
658:
fighters, also recounts “living like a king” due to having access to any form of weaponry and vehicles upon arrival to
237:
1155:, it was stated that members of KhAD were not only at risk of reprisals from those who held positions of power in the
2851:
2646:
2599:
2522:
2399:
1502:
303:
706:, the higher-ranking officers would receive training on management and policy issues, as well as financial affairs.
742:
areas in these cities and operated within a well-organized structure. Many of these prostitutes had connections to
147:
1323:
1156:
1148:
for the specific crimes the charge was based upon. On 16 July 2009, the Dutch appeal court upheld the acquittal.
859:
newspapers alluded that the Hathora group was actually made up of members of the Soviet intelligence agency, the
1885:"Refworld | Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978–1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD"
1063:
2361:
2118:
1987:
1413:
715:
1465:"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 4: The evolution of the PDPA and its relations with the Soviet Union"
1381:”, the character “Majed” is a KhAD intelligence officer. KhAD is also mentioned in the Russian mini series “
347:
2571:
1122:
1073:
It was especially active and aggressive in the urban centers, especially in Kabul. Organizations such as
530:
2143:
1853:
430:, alongside Dr. Baha who worked on establishing the structure that would later be referred to as KHAD.
284:
deemed an enemy. The killings would take place at night. The code was used via telephone and was in the
1144:
military branch of the KhAD, it concluded there was no evidence for his individual involvement nor his
549:
288:, with the transcript reading “How’s the weather like? Are we going to shoot, are we going to kill?”.
505:, and the provincial and district offices of the attorney general if they wanted to make any arrest.
2064:
1963:
548:
In 1989, WAD-led forces, more specifically the Special Guard and the 904th Battalion, fought in the
426:. The group was known as “the activists” and was active until March 1980, being initially headed by
2614:
2218:
2168:
1398:
808:
611:
600:
534:
422:
who took over intelligence responsibilities from KAM in December 1979, with most of them being pro-
587:
all recruited ex-KhAD officers and agents to act as their moles operating behind enemy territory.
576:
561:
2705:
2285:
https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf
1977:
https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf
1842:
https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf
1831:
https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf
944:
Military KhAD: Embedded in the Ministry of Defense to prevent infiltration by mujahideen groups.
2880:
2615:"Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978-1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD"
2243:
2219:"Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978-1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD"
2193:
2169:"Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978-1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD"
1145:
947:
Police KhAD: Embedded in the Ministry of Interior to prevent infiltration by mujahideen groups.
2436:
1789:
1762:
1641:
1592:
1159:, but also the families of those who were affected by human rights abuses committed by KhAD.
1950:
1074:
768:
737:
against Pakistan in an attempt to morally destabilize society. As part of this strategy, the
734:
434:
20:
2757:
Gerechtshof 's-Gravenhage, parketnummer 09/750001-06, rolnummer 22-004581-07, 16 July 2009.
1329:
1094:
776:
686:, and other KGB training facilities. Unlike the mandatory training in Kabul, the course in
225:
8:
2049:
1403:
1377:
1313:
1272:
1245:
764:
498:
474:
427:
229:
2027:
1722:
1372:
1196:
675:
643:
626:” and after the training was completed, recruits went through a trial period known as “
487:
443:
2092:
1906:
2847:
2828:
2673:
2642:
2595:
2405:
2395:
2355:
1858:
1795:
1768:
1726:
1647:
1608:
1527:
1498:
1019:
580:
483:
221:
2658:
2825:
Terrorism in the Cold War: State Support in the West, Middle East and Latin America
2441:
1942:
1938:
1714:
1587:
1333:
864:
828:
635:
470:
285:
258:
651:
553:
533:. In 1987 KhAD was behind many terrorist attacks on Pakistani soil including the
508:
399:
265:
66:
34:
1884:
1819:
1570:
1226:
863:, and KHAD, who were striking back due to the Pakistani government backing the
604:
439:
2065:"Note on the Structure and Operation of the KhAD/WAD in Afghanistan 1978-1992"
2002:
1718:
414:
KHAD was created on 10 January 1980 and was officially announced by President
2864:
2844:
Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century
1903:"Russian Guerilla SOF: KASKAD - Putin's Foreign Legion of Hybrid Warfighters"
1685:"Afghanistan Intelligence War > Air University (AU) > Wild Blue Yonder"
1531:
1038:
Directorate-General for Military Security: Successor of Military KHAD forces.
556:
attempted a coup, which was suppressed by the WAD-led Afghan National Guard (
415:
355:
233:
206:
42:
2409:
1571:
Note on the Structure and Operation of the KhAD/WAD in Afghanistan 1978–1992
1031:
The WAD was known to have the following organizational structures in place:
1319:
1106:
1051:
908:
Directorate for Operative Activities for Internal Control of KhAD Personnel
812:
772:
747:
726:
647:
538:
309:
1988:
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1078.pdf
1939:"Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience"
1035:
Directorate-General for Security: Ensure WAD's internal/external security.
465:
to fund and assist Murtaza Bhutto for his involvement in the hijacking of
450:
and one agent was killed which led to 13 operatives finally surrendering.
2389:
884:
KhAD was known to have the following organizational structures in place:
800:
567:
469:
and with Baluchistan and Sind dissidents, according to files obtained by
172:
923:
Directorate for the Protection of the Government and its Representatives
442:
operatives alive. During an attack on army bases in Keran Valley led by
2592:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
1133:. In this report, some conclusions of the Dutch report were contested.
1114:
1102:
1059:
856:
795:
703:
699:
683:
679:
655:
423:
383:
371:
709:
2718:
Rechtbank 's-Gravenhage, parketnummer 09/751005-04, Oktober 14, 2005.
1351:
1340:
1067:
1014:
Military and Police KhAD within the respective ministries' structures
783:
2737:
2330:"Prime Minister Mohammad Khan Junejo warned today Pakistan would..."
2823:
Hänni, Adrian; Riegler, Thomas; Gasztold, Przemyslaw, eds. (2020).
2545:
1098:
816:
767:, as the Soviets perceived that Zia wanted to adversely affect the
687:
542:
2639:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
1660:
2748:
Rechtbank 's-Gravenhage, parketnummer 09/750001-06, 25 June 2007.
2045:"Spies, Lies and the Distortion of History - The Washington Post"
1621:
1262:
1118:
1055:
902:
Directorate of Intelligence and Afghan Diplomatic Missions Abroad
849:
832:
791:
615:
584:
447:
299:
292:
214:
2093:"TERRORISM REVIEW FOR 13 JANUARY 1987 | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)"
990:
Counter-Rebellion: 2 Sub-Directorates covering 16 Provinces each
364:
Commander Nowruz (Commander of the 7th Division’s 55th Regiment)
2572:"The Afghan Air Force: New Planes, Old Problems, Little Impact"
932:
Directorate for Activities Linked to Infiltration of Mujaheddin
844:
787:
771:. WAD/KhAD has also been suspected behind the assassination of
691:
479:
377:
202:
1355:
1344:
1213:
1152:
1130:
1105:
of executed prisoners have been uncovered dating back to the
917:
Directorate for Surveillance of Foreign and National Suspects
695:
671:
659:
455:
281:
168:
2594:
By Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin. Basic Books, 2005.
1316:, President Of The Republic Of Afghanistan from 1987 to 1992
1097:, where 27,000 political prisoners are thought to have been
295:
members in 1978 and the executions of the following people:
2569:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
975:
Operative activities for internal control of KhAD personnel
837:
807:
from Karachi to Kabul in 1981. Notable attacks include the
1459:
1457:
521:
On 9 January 1986, KhAD was changed with its name to WAD (
2676:
2661:
2318:"International Herald Tribune". December 1987. p. 3.
1162:
860:
759:
743:
738:
462:
334:
Major Sayd Zamanudeen (242nd Parachute Battalion officer)
2694:"Afghanistan: niemand kon zich onttrekken aan beulswerk"
1733:
1488:
1486:
1454:
1520:"WHO KILLED PAKISTAN'S ZIA THE FEARS AND THE THEORIES"
654:—a weapon used to target aircraft—on human targets of
2692:
on 29 November 1999, p. 3, article by Ruut Verhoeven
2489:"F.B.I. Allowed to Investigate Crash That Killed Zia"
2437:"Afghan Spy Agency Wages Terror Campaign in Pakistan"
920:
Directorate of the Press and Educational Institutions
603:
and officers, although they were underrepresented in
2822:
1666:
1627:
1483:
1062:" to dispose of political prisoners, and widespread
993:
Protection of the government and its representatives
253:
Afghanistan had an intelligence agency known as the
1371:" was based around a KhAD operative hunting down a
1054:abuses in the mid-1980s. These included the use of
710:
Psychological Warfare and State-Sponsored Terrorism
1854:"Moscow's Man in Kabul Crucial to Soviet Pullouts"
331:Major Shir Jan (242nd Parachute Battalion officer)
291:AGSA was additionally involved in the hangings of
2345:"Costs & Benefits of Afghan War for Pakistan"
950:Air Force and Air Defense Command KhAD Department
822:
361:General Mohammed Younus (11th Division Commander)
2862:
1151:In a June 2005 report that was published by the
926:Directorate of Propaganda and Counter-Propaganda
805:hijacked a Pakistan International Airlines plane
694:. Unlike other techniques taught to officers in
278:Afghan Agency for Safeguarding National Interest
1497:. C. Hurst & Co. London. pp. 98, 266.
1432:Some other sources mention that KAM stands for
999:Activities linked to infiltration of Mujaheddin
819:which ended up killing over 30 people in 1987.
390:In September 1979, AGSA was replaced with KAM (
2350:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021.
929:Directorate of Telecommunications and Decoding
2570:Directorate of Intelligence, CIA (May 1986).
2521:. Start.umd.edu. 1 March 2008. Archived from
2519:"START | Terrorist Organization Profile"
2296:"The Herald". September 1992. pp. 23–28.
1791:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
1764:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
1643:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
1127:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
966:Surveillance of foreign and national suspects
753:
50:
2119:"What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?"
911:Directorate for Economy and Anti Corruption
1409:Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326
467:Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326
56:
2841:
1748:
1492:
1079:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
893:Directorate of Administration and Finance
720:
2769:"Film Review: 'What We Left Unfinished'"
2028:"Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War"
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1517:
566:
545:which ended up killing over 30 people.
516:
507:
420:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
302:Hidayatullah (Head of Operations of the
2546:"Hathora Group: Karachi's first terror"
2543:
2434:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1436:or Worker's Intelligence Institute and
274:Da Afghanistan da Gato da Saatane Adara
2863:
2766:
2455:
2307:"Asia Week". July 1985. pp. 9–11.
2116:
1936:
1700:
1698:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1613:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1469:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1163:Directors of KHAD and its predecessors
1121:and the Pakistani intelligence agency
1045:
1018:While not part of the KHAD structure,
618:received intensive training known as “
2087:
2085:
2039:
2037:
1997:
1995:
1866:
1808:
1788:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
1787:
1761:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
1760:
1704:
1640:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
1639:
1575:
1545:
1362:
941:Directorate of Analysis and Reporting
2871:Defunct Afghan intelligence agencies
2641:by Robert D. Kaplan. Vintage, 2001.
2544:Paracha, Nadeem F. (26 April 2015).
2486:
2456:Kaplan, Robert D. (23 August 1989).
2387:
1913:
938:Directorate for Agents and Informers
811:and an attempted car bombing on the
552:. In March 1990, Lieutenant-General
537:and an attempted car bombing on the
210:
46:
29:Khadamat-e Aetla'at-e Dawlati (KhAD)
2876:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
2468:from the original on 9 January 2011
2416:from the original on 11 August 2021
2144:"Local Military Roundtable Display"
1695:
1672:
575:During the civil war in the 1990s,
409:
248:
38:
13:
2886:Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations
2706:"ICD - Jalalzoy - Asser Institute"
2499:from the original on 15 March 2010
2381:
2342:
2082:
2034:
1992:
1667:Hänni, Riegler & Gasztold 2020
1628:Hänni, Riegler & Gasztold 2020
1518:Weymouth, Lally (28 August 1988).
984:Press and Educational institutions
869:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
418:, with 1,200 personnel inside the
238:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
2897:
2248:tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk
2198:tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk
1440:or Workers' Security Institution.
1367:The unreleased 1991 Afghan film "
1350:Habibulla Jalalzoy, Convicted of
1307:
978:Propaganda and counter-propaganda
382:Lieutenant General Mohammed Musa
319:of the 242nd Parachute Battalion)
2458:"How Zia's Death Helped the U.S"
2378:New York: Free Press, 2006, p.97
1937:Oliker, Olga (13 October 2011).
1339:Heshamuddin Hesam, Convicted of
896:Directorate of Cadre / Personnel
348:Afghan Air Force and Air Defense
65:
16:Afghan state intelligence agency
2816:
2786:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2736:More information in English at
2730:
2721:
2712:
2698:
2682:
2667:
2652:
2632:
2607:
2585:
2563:
2537:
2511:
2480:
2449:
2435:Brumley, Bryan (2 April 1988).
2428:
2368:
2336:
2322:
2311:
2300:
2289:
2278:
2269:"Baltic Defence College - Home"
2261:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2161:
2136:
2110:
2057:
2020:
1981:
1970:
1895:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1781:
1754:
1426:
1314:Dr Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai
1157:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
905:Directorate of Post and Parcels
887:
458:and other pro-PDPA activities.
58:Riyāsat-e Umūmī Amniyat-e Millī
2827:. New York, USA: I.B. Tauris.
2674:In pictures: Afghan mass grave
1633:
1511:
1434:Kargari Astekhbarati Muassessa
1064:arbitrary arrest and detention
996:Telecommunication and Decoding
823:The Hathora Murders of Karachi
590:
220:, was the agency in charge of
1:
2767:Harvey, Dennis (3 May 2019).
2487:Pear, Robert (25 June 1989).
2117:Fleiss, Alex (5 April 2022).
1447:
1414:KHAD-KGB campaign in Pakistan
963:Cadre / Personnel Directorate
954:
716:KHAD-KGB campaign in Pakistan
674:where they were taught about
560:), General Khushal Peroz and
367:General Sayd Abdul Ghani Khan
198:Khadamat-e Aetla'at-e Dawlati
71:KhAD emblem from 1980 to 1987
1905:. 4 May 2016. Archived from
1375:. In the Russian war movie “
1058:, the use of predetermined "
899:Directorate of Interrogation
874:
512:WAD emblem from 1987 to 1992
370:General Mohammed Safar Khan
52:Da Millī Amniyat Loy Riyāsat
7:
2394:. New York: Penguin Press.
2376:The Osama bin Laden I Know,
1493:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
1438:Kargarano Amniyati Mu’asasa
1392:
981:Economy and Anti-Corruption
779:alongside his son in 1989.
665:
523:Wazarat-e Amaniat-e Dowlati
495:National Reconciliation Act
435:Soviet troops were deployed
396:National Security Committee
350:commander who received his
125:; 32 years ago
87:; 44 years ago
10:
2902:
2738:"The Hague Justice Portal"
960:Administration and Finance
713:
527:Ministry of State Security
243:
18:
2360:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1719:10.1080/03064228208533353
1495:War, Politics and Society
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1241:
1208:
1206:
1184:
1050:KHAD was also accused of
754:State-Sponsored Terrorism
392:Komite-ye Amniyat-e Melli
346:Commander Mohammed Musa (
186:
178:
163:
137:
119:
99:
81:
76:
64:
33:
2007:mackenzieproductions.com
1689:www.airuniversity.af.edu
1419:
1399:1987 Karachi Car bombing
1066:. Secret trials and the
1002:Agents and Informer Unit
935:Directorate of Logistics
461:They've worked with the
264:After the events of the
2842:Landsford, Tom (2017).
2659:Kabul's prison of death
1471:(in Pashto). 3 May 2018
879:
571:A black 1987 KHAD patch
562:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar
497:, enacted by President
57:
1958:Cite journal requires
1185:Political affiliation
1146:command responsibility
1026:
1011:Rural District Offices
1005:Analysis and Reporting
721:Prostitution Spy Rings
572:
513:
340:Captain Mohammed Karim
51:
2148:oefoif.forumotion.net
1117:from the side of the
1075:Amnesty International
1008:City District Offices
735:psychological warfare
610:Once recruited, KhAD
570:
517:Post-KhAD (1986-2001)
511:
47:ریاست عمومی امنیت ملی
39:د ملي امنیت لوی ریاست
21:KHAD (disambiguation)
2388:Coll, Steve (2004).
2244:"Tribunal decisions"
2194:"Tribunal decisions"
1330:Abdul Jabar Qahraman
1095:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
777:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
322:Major Mohammed Anwar
315:Major Khaleelullah (
230:counter-intelligence
226:foreign intelligence
190:$ 160 million (1986)
138:Superseding agencies
19:For other uses, see
2688:in daily newspaper
2050:The Washington Post
1707:Index on Censorship
1404:Ojhri Camp disaster
1378:Leaving Afghanistan
1332:, defacto ruler of
1273:Ghulam Faruq Yaqubi
1246:Mohammad Najibullah
1046:Human rights abuses
809:Karachi Car bombing
550:Battle of Jalalabad
535:Karachi Car bombing
499:Mohammad Najibullah
475:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
428:Mohammad Najibullah
376:General Ahmad Shah
352:Chief of Army Staff
304:Ministry of Defense
211:خدمات اطلاعات دولتی
167:Shashdarak Centre,
106:Istikhbarat (–1978)
30:
2664:, 27 February 2006
2493:The New York Times
2462:The New York Times
2123:Rebellion Research
1862:. 19 October 1986.
1363:In popular culture
1197:Assadullah Sarwari
676:military logistics
573:
514:
488:Ahmad Shah Massoud
444:Ahmad Shah Massoud
272:established AGSA (
100:Preceding agencies
28:
2846:. USA: ABC-CLIO.
2374:Peter L. Bergen,
2332:28 February 1987.
1859:Los Angeles Times
1801:978-1-7283-8701-7
1774:978-1-7283-8701-7
1653:978-1-7283-8701-7
1336:from 1992 to 1993
1324:Truth and Justice
1322:, Founder of the
1305:
1304:
1253:21 November 1985
865:Afghan mujahideen
803:, the group that
725:In mid-1985, the
636:Afghan mujahideen
581:Northern Alliance
484:Panjshir Province
354:diploma from the
222:internal security
194:
193:
85:January 1980
2893:
2857:
2838:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2442:Associated Press
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1943:Rand Corporation
1934:
1911:
1910:
1909:on 4 March 2021.
1899:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:on 28 March 2021
1591:. Archived from
1588:Associated Press
1579:
1573:
1568:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1441:
1430:
1385:” and the film “
1277:6 December 1985
1250:11 January 1980
1167:
1166:
972:Post and Parcels
829:Pakistani police
471:Vasili Mitrokhin
410:KhAD (1980-1986)
337:Major Abdul Baqi
286:Russian language
249:Pre-KhAD (-1979)
212:
133:
131:
126:
109:AGSA (1978–1979)
95:
93:
88:
69:
60:
54:
48:
40:
31:
27:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2835:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2800:. 5 August 2021
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2590:
2586:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1794:. AuthorHouse.
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:. AuthorHouse.
1759:
1755:
1747:
1734:
1703:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:. AuthorHouse.
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1583:"Archived copy"
1581:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1524:Washington Post
1516:
1512:
1505:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1395:
1383:Caravan Hunters
1365:
1310:
1231:September 1979
1204:September 1979
1165:
1048:
1029:
957:
890:
882:
877:
831:in the city of
825:
756:
723:
718:
712:
668:
652:ZSU-23-4 Shilka
593:
554:Shahnawaz Tanai
519:
486:to assassinate
412:
400:Hafizullah Amin
389:
266:Saur Revolution
251:
246:
159:
144:WAD (1987–1992)
129:
127:
124:
123:April 1992
115:
112:KAM (1979–1979)
91:
89:
86:
77:Agency overview
72:
55:
49:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2839:
2834:978-0755600236
2833:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2785:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2697:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2631:
2606:
2584:
2562:
2536:
2525:on 6 June 2010
2510:
2479:
2448:
2427:
2400:
2380:
2367:
2335:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2185:
2160:
2135:
2109:
2081:
2056:
2033:
2019:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1960:|journal=
1912:
1894:
1865:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1807:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1753:
1751:, p. 433.
1749:Landsford 2017
1732:
1694:
1671:
1669:, p. 129.
1659:
1652:
1632:
1620:
1574:
1544:
1510:
1503:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1373:Narcotics ring
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1337:
1327:
1326:Eurasian Party
1317:
1309:
1308:Notable people
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:28 April 1992
1299:
1298:16 April 1992
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:16 April 1992
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:December 1979
1232:
1229:
1227:Asadullah Amin
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
876:
873:
824:
821:
769:Geneva process
755:
752:
722:
719:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
667:
664:
605:senior officer
592:
589:
518:
515:
440:Special Forces
411:
408:
387:
386:
380:
374:
368:
365:
362:
359:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:Chief of Staff
313:
307:
250:
247:
245:
242:
236:of the former
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
165:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:(2021–present)
151:
145:
141:
139:
135:
134:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
110:
107:
103:
101:
97:
96:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Secret police
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2853:9781598847598
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2679:, 5 July 2007
2678:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2647:1-4000-3025-0
2644:
2640:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:0-465-00311-7
2597:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:1-59420-007-6
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2346:
2343:Hilali, A Z.
2339:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1820:Article title
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1630:, p. 49.
1629:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1504:9780878407583
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Osman Sultani
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:Organization
1172:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:visited both
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
969:Interrogation
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
885:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
846:
841:
839:
834:
830:
827:Around 1985,
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
751:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:Hezb-i-Islami
569:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Babrak Karmal
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
381:
379:
375:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:United States
353:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
297:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
241:
239:
235:
234:secret police
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
208:
204:
200:
199:
189:
187:Annual budget
185:
182:90,000 (1990)
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
140:
136:
122:
118:
111:
108:
105:
104:
102:
98:
84:
80:
75:
68:
63:
59:
53:
44:
36:
32:
26:
22:
2843:
2824:
2817:Bibliography
2802:. Retrieved
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2700:
2689:
2684:
2669:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:
2609:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2390:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2338:
2324:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2112:
2102:10 September
2100:. Retrieved
2096:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2048:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1983:
1972:
1951:cite journal
1907:the original
1897:
1888:
1857:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1756:
1710:
1706:
1688:
1662:
1642:
1635:
1623:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1586:
1577:
1535:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1494:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1320:Haneef Atmar
1182:Left office
1179:Took office
1150:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1111:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1052:human rights
1049:
1030:
1017:
888:Headquarters
883:
867:against the
854:
842:
826:
813:US Consulate
781:
757:
727:Soviet Union
724:
669:
640:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
594:
574:
558:Gard-e-Milli
557:
547:
539:US Consulate
526:
522:
520:
502:
492:
460:
452:
432:
413:
404:
395:
391:
388:
343:Major Inayat
328:Major Seyair
325:Major Jilani
290:
277:
273:
263:
254:
252:
217:
197:
196:
195:
164:Headquarters
25:
2579:CIA Library
2555:5 September
2097:www.cia.gov
2012:2 September
1201:April 1978
1103:mass graves
1101:. Recently
1060:show trials
801:al-Zulfiqar
773:Palestinian
648:prostitutes
591:Recruitment
456:loya jirgas
424:Parchamites
255:Istikhbarat
173:Afghanistan
150:(2002–2021)
2865:Categories
2153:21 January
1713:(2): 8–9.
1599:12 October
1448:References
1115:sycophants
1087:Shashdarak
955:Provincial
796:Rawalpindi
765:Zia ul-Haq
748:prostitute
704:Uzbekistan
700:Balashikha
684:Uzbekistan
680:Balashikha
656:Mujahideen
624:Parwareshi
2804:30 August
2798:Moviejawn
1727:143952115
1532:0190-8286
1352:warcrimes
1341:warcrimes
1176:Director
1068:execution
987:Logistics
875:Structure
857:Pakistani
784:Islamabad
775:jihadist
733:launched
646:and even
632:Azmayeshi
620:Parawachi
493:The 1986
384:Nuristani
372:Nuristani
179:Employees
120:Dissolved
2624:29 March
2619:Refworld
2550:DAWN.COM
2497:Archived
2466:Archived
2414:Archived
2410:52814066
2356:cite web
2253:29 March
2228:29 March
2223:Refworld
2203:24 March
2178:29 March
2173:Refworld
2128:24 March
2069:Refworld
2003:"KhAD 4"
1889:Refworld
1609:cite web
1393:See also
1387:Afganets
1099:murdered
1020:militias
817:Peshawar
688:Tashkent
666:Training
628:Azmajchi
616:officers
583:and the
543:Peshawar
398:) under
232:and the
2773:Variety
2529:21 June
1537:12 July
1475:28 July
1358:in 2005
1354:at the
1347:in 2005
1343:at the
1334:Helmand
1263:Parcham
1119:Taliban
1083:Sedarat
1056:torture
850:Karachi
833:Karachi
799:called
792:Karachi
662:.
644:alcohol
607:ranks.
585:Taliban
482:) into
480:dollars
448:suicide
378:Gardezi
300:Colonel
293:Parcham
259:Persian
244:History
215:acronym
130:1992-04
128: (
92:1980-01
90: (
2850:
2831:
2778:29 May
2649:p. 115
2645:
2603:p. 408
2598:
2503:24 May
2472:24 May
2420:1 July
2408:
2398:
2074:12 May
1798:
1771:
1725:
1650:
1530:
1501:
1107:Soviet
845:Suzuki
794:, and
788:Lahore
692:Moscow
630:” or “
622:” or “
579:, the
503:shuras
433:After
268:, the
203:Pashto
82:Formed
35:Pashto
2690:Trouw
2575:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
1723:S2CID
1420:Notes
1369:Agent
1356:Hague
1345:Hague
1242:KhAD
1214:Khalq
1193:AGSA
1153:UNCHR
1131:UNHCR
1109:era.
855:Some
731:Kabul
696:Kabul
672:Kabul
660:Kabul
310:Major
282:Khalq
169:Kabul
2848:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2806:2023
2780:2021
2643:ISBN
2626:2024
2596:ISBN
2557:2023
2531:2010
2505:2010
2474:2010
2422:2021
2406:OCLC
2396:ISBN
2362:link
2255:2024
2230:2024
2205:2024
2180:2024
2155:2024
2130:2024
2104:2023
2076:2024
2014:2024
1964:help
1796:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1615:link
1601:2021
1539:2023
1528:ISSN
1499:ISBN
1477:2023
1285:WAD
1259:PDPA
1223:KAM
1210:PDPA
1170:No.
1085:and
880:KhAD
838:Urdu
729:and
702:and
614:and
612:NCOs
601:NCOs
597:PDPA
312:Arif
270:PDPA
218:KhAD
207:Dari
43:Dari
2677:BBC
2662:BBC
1715:doi
1389:.”
1123:ISI
1027:WAD
861:KGB
815:in
760:KGB
744:KGB
739:KGB
541:in
531:CIA
525:or
463:KGB
394:or
276:or
154:GDI
148:NDS
2867::
2796:.
2771:.
2617:.
2577:.
2548:.
2495:.
2491:.
2464:.
2460:.
2439:.
2412:.
2404:.
2358:}}
2354:{{
2246:.
2221:.
2196:.
2171:.
2146:.
2121:.
2095:.
2084:^
2067:.
2047:.
2036:^
2005:.
1994:^
1955::
1953:}}
1949:{{
1941:.
1915:^
1887:.
1868:^
1856:.
1810:^
1735:^
1721:.
1711:11
1709:.
1697:^
1687:.
1674:^
1611:}}
1607:{{
1585:.
1547:^
1526:.
1522:.
1485:^
1467:.
1456:^
1290:5
1269:4
1261:–
1239:3
1220:2
1212:–
1190:1
790:,
786:,
698:,
682:,
564:.
490:.
240:.
228:,
224:,
209::
171:,
45::
37::
2856:.
2837:.
2808:.
2782:.
2708:.
2628:.
2581:.
2559:.
2533:.
2507:.
2476:.
2445:.
2424:.
2364:)
2274:.
2257:.
2232:.
2207:.
2182:.
2157:.
2132:.
2106:.
2078:.
2053:.
2030:.
2016:.
1966:)
1962:(
1945:.
1891:.
1804:.
1777:.
1729:.
1717::
1691:.
1656:.
1617:)
1603:.
1541:.
1507:.
1479:.
358:)
306:)
257:(
205:/
201:(
132:)
94:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)