Königsberg - Knowledge

838: 2044: 2305: 6598: 909: 1854: 2120: 1956:, thereof 68,014 in Königsberg. Between April 1947 and May 1951, according to Soviet documents, 102,407 were deported to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. How many of the deportees were from the city of Königsberg does not become apparent from Soviet records. It is estimated that 43,617 Germans were in the city in the spring of 1946. According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947. Hunger accounted for 75% of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6% and violence for 15%, according to Kossert. 1181: 619: 3041: 721: 1087: 81: 231: 1559: 2808: 1318: 6591: 74: 51: 1249: 1670: 2967: 2744: 1341:, Piotr Jan Czapski and Andrzej Morsztyn, formed an informal political committee in support of Leszczyński there in 1734. After the arrival of more Leszczyński's supporters in 1735, the city was the main center of authority and court of King Stanisław Leszczyński. After his defeat in the war, Leszczyński signed an act of renunciation of the Polish crown in the city on 26 January 1736, and then left the city for France on 27 March 1736. 1790: 2419: 3343: 1594:. Due to the isolated geographical situation after World War I the German Government supported several large infrastructure projects: 1919 Airport "Devenau" (the first civil airport in Germany), 1920 "Deutsche Ostmesse" (a new German trade fair; including new hotels and radio station), 1929 reconstruction of the railway system including the new central railway station and 1930 opening of the North station. 2509: 4650:, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by 1044:. Many Poles, including noblemen and Polish Jews, came to the city for trade. The 17th-century stock exchange included a painting depicting a townswoman buying goods from a Pole and a Dutchman, embracing the notion that the city's prosperity was based on trade with the East and West, particularly Poland and the Netherlands. 1827:

with toxic paints and chemicals, they were neither given gas-masks nor was there any ventilation in facilities where they worked, supposedly to expedite construction, while the substances evaporated in temperatures as high as 40 Celsius. As a result, there were cases of sudden illness or death during the work.

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Although formally the relationship of these lands with Poland stopped at the end of the 17th century, in practice the Polish element in Königsberg played a significant role for the next century, until the outbreak of World War II. Before the second half of the 19th century many municipal institutions

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The Jewish population of Königsberg in the 18th century was fairly low, although this changed as restrictions became relaxed over the course of the 19th century. In 1756 there were 29 families of "protected Jews" in Königsberg, which increased to 57 by 1789. The total number of Jewish inhabitants was

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because it further separated the Baltic states from the West. Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one. The names of the cities, towns, rivers, and other geographical features were changed to

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underway, the Polish consulate in Königsberg was attacked (which constituted a violation of international law), its workers arrested and sent to concentration camps where several of them died. Polish students at the local university were captured, tortured and finally executed. Other victims included

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took over, the city had about 3,200 Jews. As a result of antisemitism and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s two-thirds of the city's Jews emigrated, mostly to the US and Great Britain. Those who remained were shipped by the Germans to concentration camps in two waves; first in 1938 to various camps

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On several occasions the city got into disputes with the Prussian Dukes and sought intervention and confirmation of its rights from the Polish authorities. In 1566, the city's rights were extended and the Prussian dukes were not allowed to interfere in the city's internal affairs by the Polish Royal

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While the Prussian estates quickly allied with the duke, the Prussian peasantry would only swear allegiance to Albert in person at Königsberg, seeking the duke's support against the oppressive nobility. After convincing the rebels to lay down their arms, Albert had several of their leaders executed.

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wrote that the city retained a significant Polish community and the local population had pro-Polish sentiments, writing: "In Königsberg a Pole among Germans today still finds sympathetic hearts, hearts that nourish sympathy for him". At that time, between 25 and 30 percent of the city's population

1937:. For this act, Lasch was condemned to death, in absentia, by Hitler. At the time of the surrender, military and civilian dead in the city were estimated at 42,000, with the Red Army claiming over 90,000 prisoners. Lasch's subterranean command bunker is preserved as a museum in today's Kaliningrad. 1892:

had declared Königsberg an "invincible bastion of German spirit", the Soviets captured the city after a three-month-long siege. A temporary German breakout had allowed some of the remaining civilians to escape via train and naval evacuation from the nearby port of Pillau. Königsberg, which had been

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sought assistance from neighbouring Poland. After the elector's agents had abducted Kalckstein, he was executed in 1672. The Prussian estates' submission to Frederick William followed; in 1673 and 1674 the elector received taxes not granted by the estates and Königsberg received a garrison without

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and August Grzybowski. Duke Albert of Prussia established a press in Königsberg that issued thousands of Polish pamphlets and religious books. During the Reformation Königsberg became a place of refuge for Polish Protestant adherents, a training ground for Polish Protestant clergy and a source of

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and Wehrmacht. They were denied basic spiritual and physical needs and food, and suffered from famine and exhaustion. The conditions of the forced labour were described as "tragic", especially for Poles and Soviets, who were treated harshly by their German overseers. Ordered to paint German ships

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The "reconstruction" of the oblast, threatened by hunger in the immediate post-war years, was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing with the creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city. Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a

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In July 1934, Hitler made a speech in the city in front of 25,000 supporters. In 1933 the NSDAP alone received 54% of votes in the city. After the Nazis took power in Germany, opposition politicians were persecuted and newspapers were banned. The Otto-Braun-House was requisitioned and became the

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decided to go to war with the Kingdom of Prussia and annex the territory and city, which was then to be offered to Poland as part of a territorial exchange desired by Russia. Russia occupied and annexed Königsberg in January 1758 with no resistance, and the Prussian estates pledged allegiance to

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From 1953 to 1962, a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square. In 1973, the town hall was turned into the House of Soviets. In 1975, the trolleybus was launched again. In 1980, a concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family. In 1986, the Kreuzkirche

2882:, who was soon joined by other book printers, to publish Lutheran literature not only in German and (New) Latin, but also in Latvian, Lithuanian, Old Prussian and Polish. The expected readership were inhabitants of the duchy, religious refugees, Lutherans in Poland (including neighbouring 2492:(who first registered at the University as "Polonus") was a seven time rector of the university, while Maciej Menius was a three times rector. From 1728 there was a "Polish Seminar" at the seminary of Protestant theology, which operated until the early 1930s and had developed a number of 2190:

published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment). The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which, at the time, saw reunification with East Germany as a higher priority. However, this story was later denied by

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About 120,000 survivors remained in the ruins of the devastated city. The German civilians were held as forced labourers until 1946. Only the Lithuanians, a small minority of the pre-war population, were collectively allowed to stay. Between October 1947 and October 1948, about 100,000

2647:, who lived there virtually all his life and rarely travelled more than ten miles (16 km) away from the city. Kant entered the university of Königsberg at age 16 and was appointed to a chair in metaphysics there in 1770 at the age of 46. While working there he published his 3339: 3379:

Silvija Ozola. Churches — Building Dominances of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Urban Centres in the 17th Century // ART TEMPUS / Mg. art., Mg. paed. Zeltite Barsevska. — Daugavpils : Institute of Art, Daugavpils University, 2014. — V. 2. — P.

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and burned for several days. The historic city center, especially the original quarters Altstadt, Löbenicht, and Kneiphof were destroyed, including the cathedral, the castle, all churches of the old city, the old and the new universities, and the old shipping quarters.

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in 1773, which replaced the Province of Prussia in 1773. By 1800 the city was approximately five miles (8.0 km) in circumference and had 60,000 inhabitants, including a military garrison of 7,000, making it one of the most populous German cities of the time.

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was published by Weinrich. In 1545, Weinreich published two Old Prussian editions of the catechism, which are the oldest printed and second-oldest books in that language after the handwritten 14th-century "Elbing dictionary". The first Lithuanian-language book,

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The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier.

2584:, as it was one of the main supply centres for Polish underground movement, with about 10 companies of Königsberg smuggling arms and ammunition for Polish insurgents. There was a complex Polish resistance network built in the city, including figures such as 2322:

The Jewish community in the city had its origins in the 16th century, with the arrival of the first Jews in 1538. The first synagogue was built in 1756. A second, smaller synagogue which served Orthodox Jews was constructed later, eventually becoming the

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that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement, the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the

2604:, was opened for non-Germans, especially Lithuanians and Poles. Services for Lithuanians started in 1523, and by the mid-16th century also included ones for Poles. By 1603 it had become a solely Polish-language church as Lithuanian service was moved to 1641:

was organised, accompanied by antisemitic speeches in May 1933 at the Trommelplatz square. Street names and monuments of Jewish origin were removed, and signs such as "Jews are not welcomed in hotels" started appearing. As part of the state-wide

2901:, was also printed in Königsberg, published by Weinreich in 1547. Further Polish- and Lithuanian-language religious and non-religious prints followed. One of the first newspapers in Polish was published in Königsberg in the years 1718–1720, the 2779:. Königsberg had a magnificent Exchange (completed in 1875) with fine views of the harbour from the staircase. Along Bahnhofsstraße ("Station Street") were the offices of the famous Royal Amber Works – Samland was celebrated as the " 873:. King Casimir IV authorized the city to mint Polish coins. While Königsberg three towns initially joined the rebellion, Altstadt and Löbenicht soon rejoined the Teutonic Knights and defeated Kneiphof (Knipawa) in 1455. Grand Master 1986:

was signed. The excerpt from the initial agreement pertaining to the partition of East Prussia, including the area surrounding Königsberg, is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt "Koenigsberg" in the original document):

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grammar book in Königsberg in 1653. Königsberg was closely related to the Lithuanian culture, and had an important impact in founding the literary language and national press of Lithuania. Despite persecution and intensive

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for Scottish herring. in 1904 the export peaked at more than 322 thousand barrels. By 1900 the city's population had grown to 188,000, with a 9,000-strong military garrison. By 1914 Königsberg had a population of 246,000;

5672: 2886:) and Lithuania as well as Lutheran priests from Poland and Lithuania called in by the duke. Königsberg thus became a centre for printing German, Polish and Lithuanian books: In 1530, the first Polish translation of 1700:

which collected morning messages each day from regional or local centres to be sent in long messages to headquarters. They also had a Geheimschreibstube or cipher room where plaintext messages could be encrypted on

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were registered in the city (not counting prisoners of war), with most of them working on the outskirts; within the city were 15,000 slave labourers. All of them were denied freedom of movement, forced to wear a

1541:(Gdańsk). The completion of a canal to Pillau in 1901 increased the trade of Russian grain in Königsberg, but, like much of eastern Germany, the city's economy was generally in decline. The city was an important 3064:

and other structures. They make up the First and the Second Defensive Belt, built in 1626–1634 and 1843–1859, respectively. The 15-metre-thick First Belt was erected due to Königsberg's vulnerability during the

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claims, and actively rejected the Treaties of Wehlau and Oliva, seeing Prussia as "indisputably contained within the territory of the Polish Crown". Delegations from the city's burghers went to the Polish king,

232: 892:— which ended the Thirteen Years' War — the reduced monastic state became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland, and Königsberg became the new capital. The grand masters took over the marshal's quarters. During the 1213:. However, Frederick William succeeded in imposing his authority after arriving with 3,000 troops in October 1662 and training his artillery on the town. Refusing to request mercy, Roth went to prison in 2791:, a botanical garden, and a zoological museum. The "Physikalisch", near the Heumarkt, contained botanical and anthropological collections and prehistoric antiquities. Two large theatres built during the 527:, they built a wooden fortress, and later a stone fortress, calling it "Conigsberg", which later morphed into "Königsberg". The literal meaning of this is 'King's mountain', in apparent honour of King 2878:, the 1525 and subsequent Prussian church orders called for providing religious literature in the languages spoken by the recipients. Duke Albrecht thus called in a Danzig (Gdańsk) book printer, 5766:

Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.).

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Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.).

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Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.).

1209:, who initially promised aid, but then failed to follow through. The town's residents attacked the elector's troops while local Lutheran priests held masses for the Polish king and for the 2525:, based on estimates obtained from the records of St. Nicholas's Church, during the 1530s Lutheran Poles constituted about one quarter of the city population. This does not include Polish 2536:

From the 16th to 20th centuries, the city was a publishing center of Polish-language literature, especially religious literature. In 1545 in Königsberg a Polish catechism was printed by

2572:(e.g. courts, magistrates) employed Polish translators, and there was a course in Polish at the university. Polish books were issued as well as magazines with the last one being the 1358:

Russia. The economic growth of the following years was based on the supply of arms to the Russian army and boosted trade with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the terms of the

857:; the king agreed, and signed an act of incorporation. The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish king during the incorporation in March 1454. This marked the beginning of the 5662: 4819:"Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet–Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957" 693:. Because the initial northwestern settlement was destroyed by the Prussians during the rebellion, rebuilding occurred in the southern valley between the castle hill and the 1110:

attack in exchange for exemption from paying taxes to Prussian dukes. King Władysław IV was hosted in the city very grandly during his visits in 1635 and 1636. He appointed

1713:. Some messages were daily returns, and some were between Hitler and his generals; both were valuable to Allied intelligence. Königsberg had links over the Eastern Front. 2304: 1982:

pending the final determination of territorial borders at an anticipated peace settlement. This final determination eventually took place on 12 September 1990 when the

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was born in Königsberg; he established himself as one of the world's most influential mathematicians by the turn of the century. Noted South African baboon rescuer

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because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad's border would be at the (pre-war) Lithuanian frontier. The remaining German population was

2612:, although those were halted in 1901. The church was bombed in 1944, further damaged in 1945, and the remaining ruins were demolished after the war in 1950. The 2105:

The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population.

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The Prussian estates which swore fealty to Frederick William in Königsberg on 18 October 1663 refused the elector's requests for military funding, and Colonel

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Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.).

3015:, literally "ox blood", a champagne-burgundy cocktail mixed at the popular Blutgericht pub, which no longer exists (the pub was located in the north wing of 1114:

as the Polish governor of the duchy in 1636. Ossoliński resided in the city and completed the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.

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Prior to the Nazi era, Königsberg was home to a third of East Prussia's 13,000 Jews. Under Nazi rule, the Polish and Jewish minorities were classified as

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to Königsberg in 1457; the city's magistrate presented Erlichshausen with a barrel of beer out of compassion. In 1465, a landing force from Polish-allied

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The Cambridge History of Poland: From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696) By W. F. Reddaway, J. H. Penson, O. Halecki, R. Dyboski Cambridge 1950 Page 331

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The Cambridge History of Poland: From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696) By W. F. Reddaway, J. H. Penson, O. Halecki, R. Dyboski Cambridge 1950 Page 325

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was completed and increased Königsberg's commerce. Extensive electric tramways were in operation by 1900; and regular steamers plied the waterways to

3069:. The Second Belt was largely constructed on the place of the first one, which was in a bad condition. The new belt included twelve bastions, three 2043: 2048: 2064: 461: 5501:

Borzyszkowski, Józef (2006). ""Wybitni Polacy w Królewcu XVI-XX wiek", Sławomir Augusiewicz, Janusz Jasiński, Tadeusz Oracki, Olsztyn 2005: ".

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sent the first and largest group of Jewish deportees, comprising 465 Jewish men, women and children, from Königsberg and East Prussia to the

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Lipinski, Roman (2004). "Individualism and the Sense of Solidarity". In Lienenmann-Perrin, Christine; Vroom, H.M.; Michael Weinrich (eds.).

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The area was administered by the planning committee of the Lithuanian SSR, although it had its own Communist Party committee. In the 1950s,

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had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the

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Königsberg was one of the few Baltic ports regularly visited by more than one hundred ships annually in the latter 16th century, along with

825:. Livonian knights replaced the Prussian branch's garrison at Königsberg, allowing them to participate in the recovery of towns occupied by 2533:

who did not have centralised places of worship until the 17th century, hence records that far back for these two groups are not available.

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local Polish civilians guillotined for petty violations of German law and regulations such as buying and selling meat. Nevertheless, the

6401: 5620: 5598: 1280:. Since "Kingdom of Prussia" was increasingly used to designate all of the Hohenzollern lands, former ducal Prussia became known as the 735:, Königsberg was the residence of the marshal, one of the chief administrators of the military order. The city was also the seat of the 6423: 4102: 1803: 519:

The first mention of the present-day location in chronicles indicates it as the place of a village of fishermen and hunters. When the

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Komorowski, Manfred (2004). "Eine Bibliographie Königsberger Drucke vor 1800 – Utopie oder reelle Chance?". In Axel E. Walter (ed.).

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less than 500 in the middle of the 18th century, and around 800 by the end of it, out of a total population of almost 60,000 people.

1419: 1158: 6374: 4780: 7125: 6590: 4346: 2071:, although Kalinin was unrelated to the city, and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet Union, namely 1467: 1295:

and other illnesses from September 1709 to April 1710, losing 9,368 people, or roughly a quarter of its populace. On 13 June 1724,

4672: 2605: 1846: 1836: 1590:, however, were separated from the rest of Weimar Germany following the restoration of independent Poland and the creation of the 437: 7105: 4937: 2907:. The city remained an important Polish printing center until the early 20th century, with the last Polish book printed in 1931. 1946: 17: 7135: 4719: 4700: 3319: 3254:

The old Prussian settlement of Twangste was conquered by the Teutonic Knights in 1225 and became the German city of Königsberg.

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in 1657, however, he negotiated the release of Prussia from Polish sovereignty in return for an alliance with Poland. The 1660

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Königsberg, the capital, became one of the biggest cities and ports of Ducal Prussia, having considerable autonomy, a separate

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of 1945 placed it provisionally under Soviet administration, and it was annexed by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945. Its small

3197: 6324: 6037: 5458: 5251: 5221: 5157: 5127: 5071: 4916: 4885: 4750: 4403: 3957: 3873: 2823: 6189: 2608:. In 1880 St. Nicholas was converted to a German-language church; weekly Polish services remained only for Masurians in the 2116:

and, with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland, it was practically not visited by foreigners.

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On 9 April – one month before the end of the war in Europe – the German military commander of Königsberg, General

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destroyed the shipyard near Altstadt, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the war.

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In the Königsstraße (King Street) stood the Academy of Art with a collection of over 400 paintings. About 50 works were by

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According to Soviet documents, there were 140,114 German inhabitants in September 1945 in the region that later became the

1470:, there were 21 episodes of public unrest in the city; major demonstrations were suppressed. Königsberg became part of the 5000: 4818: 4556: 2299: 1334: 385:(founded in 1544), Königsberg developed into an important German intellectual and cultural center, being the residence of 7110: 6346: 2978:, which is still made today in some specialist restaurants in the now Russian city and elsewhere in present-day Germany. 2589: 2139:'s personal orders, despite the protests of architects, historians, local historians and ordinary residents of the city. 1873:, besieged the city that Hitler had envisaged as the home for a museum holding all the Germans had 'found in Russia'. In 893: 598:

tvinksta means a pond made by a dam), as well as several Old Prussian settlements including the fishing village and port

366:, although the city also had a profound influence upon the Lithuanian and Polish cultures. It was a publishing center of 5843: 4050:

Hauf, R (1980) The Prussian administration of the district of Königsberg, 1871–1920, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim P21

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and persecuted by the authorities. The city's Jewish population shrank from 3,200 in 1933 to 2,100 in October 1938. The

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section below). Poles, including several notable figures, were also among the staff and students of the university (see

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in 1340 and developed into an important port for the south-eastern Baltic region, trading goods throughout Prussia, the

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Michael Wieck: A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew," University of Wisconsin Press, 2003,

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in the city. Aspiring students were educated in Königsberg before continuing on to higher education elsewhere, such as

717:, which received town rights in 1327 and was located on an island of the same name in the Pregolya, south of Altstadt. 73: 1310:

to formally create the larger city Königsberg. Suburbs that subsequently were annexed to Königsberg include Sackheim,

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fled with his court from Berlin to Königsberg. The city was a centre for political resistance to Napoleon. To foster

1359: 1118: 965:) secularised the Teutonic Knights' remaining territories in Prussia in 1525 and converted to Lutheranism. By paying 3109: 2630: 2413: 2659:

which argues that virtue is acquired by the performance of duty for its own sake. In 1736, the Swiss mathematician

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Kaunas, Domas (2004). "Die Rolle Königsbergs in der Geschichte des litauischen Buches". In Axel E. Walter (ed.).

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on 24 June 1942. Almost all were murdered soon after their arrival. Additional transports from Königsberg to the

1463: 1426:, or new order for urban communities, which emphasised self-administration for Prussian towns. The East Prussian 1221: 908: 826: 6416: 5592: 4740: 854: 822: 3120: 2664: 1166: 35: 6290: 2585: 2497: 2356: 2208: 2181:

refused to accept the territory because it would add at least a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper.

1623: 358:. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy from 1701 onwards, though the capital was 2831: 1063:

in 1560, became a center of Protestant teaching. The university had a profound impact on the development of

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Königsberg was well known within Germany for its unique regional cuisine. A popular dish from the city was

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to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians,

1996: 1923: 1362:(signed 5 May 1762), Russia relinquished its claim to Königsberg and it reverted back to Prussian control. 1326: 889: 807: 3334: 3332: 3035: 2858:

was founded by Duke Albert of Prussia in 1544. The university was opposite the north and east side of the

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The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions

4627:"Zum Schicksal der Deutschen in Königsberg 1945–1948 (im Spiegel bislang unbekannter russischer Quellen)" 2887: 2147: 1911: 1697: 1682: 1655: 1387: 862: 732: 343: 5111: 4626: 2855: 2437: 2380: 1822:, if Poles, or "Ost" sign, if they were from the Soviet Union, and were watched by special units of the 1056: 897: 3329: 2119: 1579: 1330: 1225:

the estates' consent. The economic and political weakening of Königsberg strengthened the power of the

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Adreßbuch der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg., Адресная книга Кёнигсберга. (нем. яз.)(1770–1941)

4778:Калининград: От реликта России до процветающего города Прибалтики («The Independent», Великобритания). 4574:

Berger, Stefan (13 May 2010). "How to be Russian with a Difference? Kaliningrad and its German Past".

3131: 2796: 2653:(arguing that knowledge arises from the application of innate concepts to sensory experience) and his 2576:(Old Prussian Evangelical Calendar) issued between 1866 and 1931. In the 1840s, a local branch of the 1696:

In World War II both Königsberg and Berlin had large Fernschreibstellen (teleprinter offices) for the

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Contextuality in Reformed Europe: The Mission of the Church in the Transformation of European Culture

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among the Prussian middle class, the "League of Virtue" was founded in Königsberg in April 1808. The

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The number of Jewish inhabitants peaked in 1880 at about 5,000, many of whom were migrants escaping

1728: 663: 559: 4630: 2593: 1807: 1743: 1690: 1663: 1619: 1614:. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed, and the executive editor of the Social Democrat 1587: 1486: 1375: 1064: 874: 779: 678: 225: 5433: 3081:. Ten brick gates served as entrances and passages through defensive lines and were equipped with 2985: 2549: 1338: 1296: 870: 698: 6158: 6136: 3378: 3097: 3066: 2784: 2772: 2649: 1903: 1793:

Jerzy Warchałowski, last pre-war Polish Consul General in Königsberg, arrested by Germany in 1939

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newspaper, Königsberg was a stronghold of liberalism against the conservative government of King

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continued to be the official language, the city served as a vibrant center of publishing in both

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Koenigsberg/Karaliaucius/Kaliningrad region: Settlement of sovereignty will end Second World War

4141: 3387: 3045: 2939: 2859: 2613: 2324: 2309: 1934: 1874: 1840: 764: 725: 441: 5950:

Königsberg gegenüber Polen und dem Litauen der Jagiellonen zur Zeit des Mittelalters (bis 1525)

5266: 3866:

Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków

2875: 2863: 2835: 2776: 2388: 2084: 1870: 1475: 1321:

Coat of arms of Königsberg (first used as a seal from 1724; made the official armorial in 1906)

1276:

was possible because the Hohenzollerns' authority in Prussia was independent of Poland and the

1265: 1253: 1240:; Frederick William forced the city to accept Calvinist citizens and property-holders in 1668. 1134: 1103: 950: 846: 7090: 6396: 6238: 6105: 6098: 6010: 6004: 5982: 5972: 5614: 5241: 4877: 3114: 2975: 2481: 2146:

In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between

1806:

was active in the city, which served as one of the region's main transfer points for smuggled

1448: 1180: 682: 7115: 6666: 6384:

Site with 400+ side-by-side photos of 1939/2005 identical locations in Königsberg/Kaliningrad

5774: 4902: 3270: 2728: 2655: 2445: 2264: 2253: 1759: 1583: 1415: 1391: 1060: 962: 918: 849:. In 1454 the Confederation rebelled against the Teutonic Knights and asked the Polish king, 811: 647: 528: 328: 270: 6308: 6226: 4462:

Vasily Grossman, Edited & Translated by Antony Beevor and Luba Vinoradova, Pimlico, 2006

2903: 2513: 6984: 3126: 2915: 2768: 2700: 2684: 2461: 2280:

1925: 279,930, among whom were 13,330 Catholics, 4,050 Jews and approximately 6,000 others.

1866: 1383: 1206: 1154: 938: 850: 799: 736: 382: 4777: 3690:(in Polish). Vol. 22. Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. p. 52. 3016: 2898: 2819: 2489: 2132: 2124: 1865:'s advance after October 1944, particularly after word spread of the Soviet atrocities at 1455: 1261: 659: 55: 8: 7014: 6928: 6371: 5667: 5427: 4182: 3338: 3025:

or Königsberg-style tripe soup, made with the addition of bone marrow and root vegetables

2842:

in 1861. It also contained the spacious Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the

2716: 2396: 2158: 1878: 1710: 1440: 1407: 1350: 1281: 1237: 1169:

of January 1656, the elector recognised his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of Sweden. In the

1138: 1130: 997: 970: 926: 375: 362:. From the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries on, the inhabitants spoke predominantly 355: 262: 6229:

Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (1): The red-brick castles of Prussia 1230–1466

5213:

Dwie części Prus: studia z dziejów Prus Książęcych i Prus Królewskich w XVI i XVII wieku

4765: 4106: 3040: 2954:, was founded in Königsberg in 1855. The club still exists, and is now headquartered in 2178: 1111: 1086: 795: 720: 7009: 6822: 6453: 4591: 4319:

Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)".

3883: 2636: 2561: 2502: 2473: 2384: 1969: 1953: 1798: 1739: 1705:

machines. If sent by radio rather than landline they were intercepted and decrypted at

1638: 1273: 1037: 900:. The city itself opposed the Teutonic Knights' war against Poland and demanded peace. 818: 803: 756: 686: 651: 496: 5959: 5880: 5591: 5090: 5032:. Heft 1, Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Landesamtes, Berlin 1907, p. 118 + 119 4955: 4936:

Wiegrefe, Klaus (22 May 2010). Müller von Blumencron, Mathias; Mascolo, Georg (eds.).

4668: 2866:, one of the founding fathers of the university, was the first professor of theology. 2683:(1931–2012) grew up in Königsberg. The distinguished biochemist and Nobel prizewinner 2522: 2508: 2203:

Following the Christianization of the region, the vast majority of the population was

1439:

In 1819 Königsberg had a population of 63,800. It served as the capital of the united

7130: 6457: 6320: 6294: 6268: 6242: 6234: 6227: 6210: 6166: 6144: 6109: 6082: 6054: 6033: 6014: 6000: 5986: 5849: 5550: 5525: 5454: 5382: 5272: 5247: 5217: 5153: 5123: 5098: 5067: 4992: 4984: 4947: 4912: 4881: 4870: 4746: 4609: 4595: 4399: 4328: 4261: 3953: 3869: 3791: 3691: 3383: 3276: 3245: 3165: 3093: 2720: 2704: 2192: 2174: 1975: 1637:'s coming to power, Nazis confiscated Jewish shops and, as in the rest of Germany, a 1277: 1201: 1157:

of 1618–1648, the Hohenzollern court fled to Königsberg. On 1 November 1641, Elector

1079:

section below). The university was also the preferred educational institution of the

1041: 896:, Königsberg was besieged without success by Polish forces led by Grand Crown Hetman 775: 752: 618: 595: 449: 398: 324: 4911:. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. 4716: 4697: 4533: 3316: 2919: 2807: 1869:. In early 1945, Soviet forces, under the command of the Polish-born Soviet Marshal 394: 6892: 6646: 6433: 6180:

Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701".

5905: 4583: 3235: 3198:"Raze and rebuild: Kaliningrad's battle to preserve its complex post-war cityscape" 2827: 2788: 2724: 2708: 2601: 2581: 2453: 2441: 2422: 1881: 1518: 1418:

in Berlin. Königsberg officials, such as Johann Gottfried Frey, formulated much of

1292: 1193: 1170: 1098:, the first acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scotsman occurred in 1561. 974: 942: 922: 783: 771: 744: 655: 631: 492:. The city's historic centre was subsequently demolished by the Soviet government. 485: 481: 347: 320: 274: 6030:

The Death of East Prussia — War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province

1651: 1317: 6989: 6933: 6378: 6264: 5901: 5448: 5446: 5211: 5194: 5147: 4970: 4906: 4784: 4723: 4704: 4658:, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321 to 343 (p. 336). 3323: 3082: 2732: 2696: 2640: 2553: 2545: 2477: 2469: 2151: 2136: 2102:, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians. 2068: 1914:) were gathered in Königsberg by the Nazis. Up to 7,000 of them were forced on a 1819: 1591: 1575: 1558: 1269: 1197: 1174: 1095: 993: 989: 966: 524: 489: 430: 426: 363: 254: 59: 5813:

Acta Baltico-Slavica. Archeologia, Historia, Ethnographia, et Linguarum Scientia

4616:, Hans Lehndorff: East Prussian Diary, A Journal of Faith, 1945–1947 London 1963 2712: 1650:

headquarters of the SA, which used the house to imprison and torture opponents.

1578:. The Kingdom of Prussia ended with the abdication of the Hohenzollern monarch, 1248: 7029: 7024: 6974: 6838: 6363: 5789: 4651: 3365: 3096:. It was built in 1906 and destroyed by German troops sometime in January 1945 3089: 3057: 2990: 2879: 2660: 2485: 2352: 2339: 2166: 2036: 1706: 1693:. According to the census of May 1939, Königsberg had a population of 372,164. 1603: 1567: 1354: 1150: 1107: 1106:

granted the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible

1033: 878: 821:, Königsberg remained under the control of the Teutonic Knights throughout the 790:

in Königsberg from 1324 to 1330. After the Teutonic Order's victory over pagan

694: 690: 667: 639: 520: 6205:

Podbereski, Wacław (2010). "Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad".

5647:

Guyer P, "Introduction. The starry heavens and the moral law" in Guyer P (ed)

5322:

Czerniakowska, Malgorzata (1992). "Menius, Maciej". In Nowak, Zbigniew (ed.).

4587: 4183:"Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriß ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer" 3240: 3223: 1410:

forced its dissolution in December 1809, but its ideals were continued by the

1059:, founded by Duke Albert in 1544 and receiving token royal approval from King 7084: 6282: 6256: 6214: 5978: 5945: 5934: 5917: 5723: 4988: 4951: 4332: 3695: 3249: 3053: 2966: 2947: 2676: 2644: 2609: 2541: 2537: 2433: 2404:, about 9 percent of the city was Lithuanian by the end of the 19th century. 2401: 2314: 2162: 2099: 2039:

supported the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.

1778: 1732: 1723: 1686: 1669: 1471: 1080: 1017: 587: 577: 414: 410: 402: 390: 371: 332: 310: 174: 125: 112: 6659: 6163:

The Baltic World, 1772–1993: Europe's Northern Periphery in an Age of Change

4996: 4796:

Roqueplo O: La Russie et son Miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Langues'O, HAL, 2018

4648:

The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province

2663:

used the arrangement of the city's bridges and islands as the basis for the

2207:, and after the Reformation, the majority of the population belonged to the 2001: 6615: 6093: 6077: 5239: 5174: 4979: 4922: 4842: 4438:

Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P582-3

3299: 2998: 2951: 2943: 2927: 2843: 2672: 2032: 2021: 1979: 1702: 1659: 1634: 1534: 1444: 1264:

on 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, became

760: 748: 710: 477: 418: 406: 351: 196: 6832: 6514: 5547:

Andreas Osiander. Gesamtausgabe. Schriften und Briefe 1549 bis August 1551

3007: 2425:, also known as the Polish Church, in 1908. It was heavily damaged by the 2090:

Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the

1789: 1304: 709:, a new town directly east of Altstadt between the Pregolya River and the 706: 634:

in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced with a new fortress known as

599: 6735: 6046: 5811:

Zieniukowa, J (2007). "On the History of Polish Language in Königsberg".

5336: 5326:. Vol. Supplement I. Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. pp. 199–201. 5306: 5291: 4942: 4294:"Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg" 3686:

Feduszka, Jacek (2009). "Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku".

3264: 3262: 2780: 2756: 2743: 2707:

as its refugee speakers are elderly and dying out. As the capital of the

2557: 2186: 2143:

basis for social and scientific development, in particular oceanography.

2113: 1965: 1933:, surrendered the remnants of his forces, following the three-month-long 1571: 1403: 946: 930: 791: 473: 453: 367: 302: 186: 93: 50: 31: 6522: 5964:

Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen. Heft VII. Königsberg

5267:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Historii (1996).

1542: 1522: 713:, received its own rights in 1300. Medieval Königsberg's third town was 6502: 6383: 6141:

Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492–1772

5064:

Mendelssohn to Mendelsohn: Visual Case Studies of Jewish Life in Berlin

3551: 3348:На перекрёстке культур: русские в Балтийском регионе. Выпуск 7. Часть 2 3074: 3022: 3012: 3002: 2792: 2680: 2530: 2216: 1930: 1658:, was murdered there. Many who would not co-operate with the rulers of 1611: 1502: 1498: 1399: 1311: 1188:

In 1661 Frederick William informed the Prussian diet that he possessed

1162: 985: 469: 386: 339: 89: 6827: 6706: 6532: 3259: 2822:

was one of the city's most notable structures. The former seat of the

2383:

was an important center of Protestant Lithuanian culture and studies.

1857:

Refugees fleeing from Königsberg before the advancing Red Army in 1945

1742:

of 20 January 1942, Königsberg's Jews began to be deported to various

1627: 1333:

stayed in the city, and several prominent Polish officials, including

378:

and the first Lutheran catechism, both printed in Königsberg in 1547.

6953: 6916: 6817: 6619: 6566: 6561: 5613: 3981: 3224:"Vertical lands and horizontal gods: is East "East" and West "West"?" 3092:

just outside Königsberg, on the Galtgarben, the highest point on the

2760: 2526: 2457: 2212: 2013: 1763: 1678: 1233: 500: 6742: 6722: 6689: 6548: 6482: 6351: 4300:. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas 3408:

Koch, Hannsjoachim Wolfgang (1978). A history of Prussia. Longman P4

2009: 1048: 882: 7055:

were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.

7052: 6812: 6801: 6556: 6540: 6391: 6070:

Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych

5663:"Rita Miljo, Founder of South African Baboon Sanctuary, Dies at 81" 5120:

The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: The Battle for Königsberg, 1945

2935: 2668: 2600:

During the Protestant Reformation the oldest church in Königsberg,

2465: 2426: 2204: 2005: 1862: 1622:

politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the

1482:

around the city that included fifteen forts was completed in 1888.

1428: 1300: 1196:

could convene with his permission. The Königsberg burghers, led by

1133:

to Prussia on Albert Frederick's death in 1618. From this time the

841:

Act of incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, 1454

714: 702: 627: 607: 603: 571: 465: 445: 315: 182: 166: 6958: 6766: 5362:

Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture

2418: 1494: 1028:. The city acted as an intermediary in maritime trade between the 845:

In 1440, Königsberg became a founding member of the anti-Teutonic

7059: 7048: 7019: 7004: 6979: 6905: 6880: 6844: 6793: 6750: 6527: 6508: 4684: 3977: 3362:"Караляучус — Краловиц — Кёнигсберг — Калининград" 3070: 3061: 2955: 2335: 1823: 1777:. In 1939, the Germans also established a forced labour camp for 1490: 1285: 1284:(1701–1773), with Königsberg as its capital. However, Berlin and 1025: 740: 673:

The Teutonic Order used Königsberg to fortify their conquests in

654:

who paid for the erection of the first fortress there during the

583: 547: 457: 422: 417:, and others. It was the easternmost large city in Germany until 298: 294: 170: 6372:

Interactive Map with photos of Königsberg and modern Kaliningrad

6287:

A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew

3570: 2177:

offered the entire Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but

2098:

between 1947 and 1948. The annexed territory was populated with

1117:

The capable Duke Albert was succeeded by his feeble-minded son,

689:

in 1262–63, Königsberg Castle was relieved by the Master of the

30:

This article is about the city before 1945. For after 1945, see

7063: 6994: 6921: 6898: 6885: 6871: 6849: 6652: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6576: 6497: 6492: 5484: 5482: 3985: 3973: 2931: 2883: 2493: 2449: 2429:

and its ruins were demolished in 1950 by the Soviet government.

2360: 2017: 1919: 1889: 1885: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1288:

in Brandenburg were the main residences of the Prussian kings.

1226: 1067:

culture, and several important Lithuanian writers attended the

1005: 954: 674: 504: 359: 306: 5572: 5447:

Sławomir Augusiewicz; Janusz Jasiński; Tadeusz Oracki (2005).

5182:. Nashville, TN: EUSA 8th International Conference. p. 2. 4848:"Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material" 4646:, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347. Peter B. Clark ( 3317:О восстановлении послевоенного Калининграда 1946—1953 гг. 2711:

which was a multi-ethnic territory, diverse languages such as

2452:

on 28 March 1560. University of Königsberg lecturers included

2342:. This number declined subsequently so that by 1933, when the 2252:

1900: 189,483 (including the military), among whom were 8,465

370:

literature; this included the first Polish translation of the

88:

Königsberg was a port city on the south eastern corner of the

6999: 6714: 6571: 4631:

Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung Bd. 44 Nr. 3 (1995)

3294: 3292: 2616:

also hosted Polish-language services until the 18th century.

2568:("A Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all Rus"). 2343: 1755: 1626:

were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen (

1214: 1177:

confirmed Prussian independence from both Poland and Sweden.

1090:

View of the city from the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries

1001: 211:

State of the Teutonic Order, Poland, Prussia, Russia, Germany

58:

before World War I; demolished in 1968–1969 on Soviet leader

5783:

Textarten im Sprachwandel. Nach der Erfindung des Buchdrucks

5479: 4808:

Roqueplo O: La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, 2018

3513: 3511: 3509: 1716: 1562:

Aerial view of the castle and city centre in the interbellum

1232:

Königsberg long remained a center of Lutheran resistance to

374:, printed in the city in 1551, as well as the first book in 7067: 7034: 6758: 6347:

Kaliningrad Photo Gallery – Reisebilder aus Königsberg

4872:

Visions of Victory: The hopes of eight World War II leaders

3078: 2994: 2268: 2257: 2076: 1784: 1374:

in 1772, Königsberg became the capital of the newly formed

1052: 1013: 1009: 178: 5823: 5381:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 1223. 4557:"Building a Soviet City: the Transformation of Königsberg" 3656: 3654: 3652: 3289: 1906:, mostly Polish and Hungarian Jews from Seerappen, Jesau, 511:

treaty of 1990, Germany renounced all claims to the city.

6341: 5321: 3702: 3506: 2552:. Murzynowski's collections of sermons were delivered by 2109:

building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.

1666:

and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

1547: 1021: 6006:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947

5467: 5440: 5240:

Harold Ellis; Sir Roy Calne; Christopher Watson (2011).

5016:. 6th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 387 3731: 3729: 2476:

were among the first students known to be Polish, later

1773:

in Königsberg, where they imprisoned around 500 Jews as

865:

and the Kingdom of Poland. The city, known in Polish as

817:

Although the Knights suffered a crippling defeat in the

309:. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small 5624:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 662–672. 4734: 4732: 4392:

Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945

3649: 3494: 3457: 3455: 1945:

to Germany. The remaining 20,000 German residents were

1747: 4766:Социально-экономическая география Балтийского региона. 4216:

Janusz Jasinski, Historia Krolewca, 1994, page 251-252

3134:, traditional kettle drum dog of the Prussian infantry 2580:

was founded. The city played an important role in the

2391:

are also seen as important early Lithuanian scholars.

1984:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1121:. Anna, daughter of Albert Frederick, married Elector 6436:

by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League

5770:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 131-132. 5742:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 127-131. 5719:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 127-131. 5649:

The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy

5432:. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 3726: 3714: 3191: 3189: 3187: 1443:

from 1824 to 1878, when East Prussia was merged with

342:

port city, it successively became the capital of the

288: 6209:(in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 44. p. 113. 5651:. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2006 pp3-5. 5337:

Wrzesiński, Wojciech; Achremczyk, Stanisław (1993).

5307:

Wrzesiński, Wojciech; Achremczyk, Stanisław (1993).

5292:

Wrzesiński, Wojciech; Achremczyk, Stanisław (1993).

5235: 5233: 4940:[Contemporary History: Historical Ballast]. 4729: 3523: 3482: 3452: 3044:

Dohna Tower, the last to surrender after the Soviet

2566:

Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmudzka, i wszystkiej Rusi

2131:

The old city was not restored, and the ruins of the

1922:: those that survived were subsequently executed at 1574:, Imperial Germany was replaced with the democratic 4298:

Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance

2635:Königsberg was the birthplace of the mathematician 1646:Jewish academics were ejected from the university. 484:. It was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946, in honour of 6789: 6097: 6081: 4869: 4804: 4802: 4228:Janusz Jasinski, Historia Krolewca, 1994, page 249 3184: 2981:Other food and drink native to the city included: 2727:were commonly heard on the streets of Königsberg. 6612: 6104:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 6072:(in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 5966:(in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395. 5941:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 395. 5841: 5800:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 157–167, esp. p. 158. 5734:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 169–186, esp. p. 170. 5271:. Wydawn. Naukowe im. A. Mickiewicza. p. 5. 5230: 2854:Königsberg became a center of education when the 7082: 5425: 5192: 5089: 5023: 4717:Кёнигсберг-Калининград. Поиск самоидентификации. 3947: 3785: 2695:The language of government and high culture was 1735:(9 November 1938); 500 Jews soon fled the city. 1365: 613: 541: 7141:13th century in the State of the Teutonic Order 6123:Jasiński, Janusz (2005). "Polska a Królewiec". 6009:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. p. 5410: 5186: 5048:, 15th edition, vol. 10 (Leipzig 1931), p. 382 4946:(in German). Hamburg, Germany: Spiegel-Berlag. 4799: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4224: 4222: 2564:announced in Königsberg the publication of his 2505:issued his Polish-Latin lexicon at Königsberg. 2065:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 1845:In 1944, Königsberg suffered heavy damage from 1630:), Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932. 1550:flourished in the culturally pluralistic city. 1272:. The elevation of the Duchy of Prussia to the 7066:became inaccessible due to the silting of the 6192:(in German). Ostpreussen.net. 12 December 2006 6051:Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg in Preußen 5780: 5376: 5007: 4903:"2. Kaliningrad under Soviet and Russian Rule" 4656:The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II 2946:, dubbed the "father of modern bodybuilding". 2763:paintings were also to be found there. At the 2556:and in 1574 by Hieronim Malecki. The works of 1978:of 1 August 1945, the city became part of the 1888:Group, captured Königsberg in April. Although 1861:Many people fled from Königsberg ahead of the 1830: 1681:designated Königsberg as the Headquarters for 644:castrum Koningsberg, Mons Regius, Regiomontium 6687: 6417: 5810: 5641: 5549:. Vol. 9. Gütersloh: Mohn. p. 109. 5544: 5522:Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg/Pr. und Umgebung 5500: 5209: 5172: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5117: 4745:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 98. 4260:. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 207, 208. 4240: 3609: 3582: 3464: 2751:in the 19th century. It was restored in 2005. 1992:VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA 1685:(under the command of General der Artillerie 27:Historic Prussian name of Kaliningrad, Russia 6313:Mažosios Lietuvos indėlis į lietuvių kultūrą 5970: 5845:The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 5798:Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte 5768:Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte 5740:Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte 5732:Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte 5717:Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte 5545:Müller, Gerhard; Seebass, Gottfried (1994). 5395: 5341:. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych. pp. 81, 126. 5324:Słownik biograficzny Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego 5095:Historia Królewca: szkice z XIII-XX stulecia 5085: 5083: 5061: 5055: 4365: 4219: 3952:. University of Chicago Press. p. 392. 3941: 3788:Historia Królewca: szkice z XIII-XX stulecia 3443: 3166:"Калининградские руины еще немного подождут" 2667:, which led to the mathematical branches of 1899:) by the Germans, was fanatically defended. 1731:, constructed in 1896, was destroyed during 1000:. The city flourished through the export of 662:arose an initial settlement, later known as 535: 6317:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas 6307: 5869: 5746: 5710: 5708: 5513: 5354: 5203: 4738: 4389: 3950:Kant, Herder, and the birth of anthropology 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3344:Калининградский государственный университет 2012:, to the meeting point of the frontiers of 1771:sub-camp of the Stutthof concentration camp 1200:of Kneiphof, opposed "the Great Elector's" 957:of the Knights to Königsberg, Grand Master 238: 6424: 6410: 6356:, France/Germany 2004 by Max & Gilbert 6204: 5829: 5729: 5578: 5345: 5152:. Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 82. 5136: 5097:. Olsztyn: Ksiaznica Polska. p. 172. 5039: 5030:Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen 4975:"Should Kant's home once again be German?" 4602: 4521:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 4453: 4279: 4277: 4258:Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret 3966: 3888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3863: 3844: 3790:. Książnica Polska. pp. 80, 103–104. 3517: 3195: 2918:clubs which played in Königsberg included 2347:in Germany, and the second in 1942 to the 2165:created it as an oblast separate from the 1995:The Conference examined a proposal by the 1910:, Schippenbeil, and Gerdauen (subcamps of 973:, Albert became the first duke of the new 677:and as a base for campaigns against pagan 456:population was allowed to remain, but the 49: 7101:Populated places established in the 1250s 6088:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 556. 5958: 5687: 5563: 5524:. Leer: Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 304. 5372: 5370: 5080: 4567: 4188:(in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 350. 4105:Museum of the World Ocean. Archived from 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4071: 4031: 4009: 3868:(in Polish). Dąbrówno. pp. 108–109. 3755: 3753: 3666: 3312: 3310: 3239: 3164:Ryabushev, Alexander (11 November 2008). 3163: 2643:, as well as the home of the philosopher 1717:Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime 1161:persuaded the Prussian diet to accept an 666:, roughly 4.5 miles (7 km) from the 531:, who led one of the Teutonic campaigns. 6261:The Teutonic Knights: A Military History 6221: 6122: 5933: 5835: 5759: 5705: 5696: 5634:Lewis, Rick. 2005. 'Kant 200 Years On'. 5488: 5473: 5404: 4935: 4867: 4478: 4152: 3768: 3685: 3660: 3636: 3434: 3268: 3077:and two fortresses, surrounded by water 3039: 2965: 2806: 2742: 2507: 2417: 2303: 2118: 2042: 1852: 1788: 1785:Persecution of Poles during World War II 1668: 1557: 1316: 1247: 1179: 1085: 907: 836: 719: 617: 464:. The city was largely repopulated with 6092: 6076: 6053:. Three volumes, Böhlau, Cologne 1996, 5781:Grosse, Rudolf; Wellmann, Hans (1996). 5660: 5593:"Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm" 5519: 5364:Hippocrene Books New York 1987 Page 117 5315: 5296:. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych. p. 126. 5285: 5122:. Casemate Publishers. pp. 64–74. 4900: 4510:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P660 4475:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P291 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4274: 4165: 4062: 4053: 4022: 3835: 3822: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3272:Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 2540:. In 1551 the first translation of the 2436:were among the first professors of the 1582:, and the kingdom was succeeded by the 1382:After Prussia's defeat at the hands of 331:, who led a campaign against the pagan 14: 7083: 6179: 6100:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 6084:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 6067: 5795: 5450:Wybitni Polacy w Królewcu: XVI-XX wiek 5367: 5330: 5311:. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych. p. 85. 5300: 5246:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 268. 4968: 4938:"Zeitgeschichte: Historischer Ballast" 4876:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4573: 4441: 4255: 4180: 4174: 4121: 4084: 4000: 3991: 3813: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3720: 3708: 3591: 3576: 3529: 3500: 3488: 3425: 3393: 3307: 2942:events was born in Königsberg, as was 2619: 2501:Polish Protestant literature. In 1564 2369:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 2263:1905: 223,770, among whom were 10,320 2211:. A majority of its parishioners were 2135:were demolished in the late 1960s, on 1432:was organised from the city after the 1153:armies overran Brandenburg during the 1144: 767:, a landmark of the town of Kneiphof. 499:, an exclave bordered in the north by 301:name of the medieval city that is now 6479: 6405: 6392:Northeast Prussia 2000: Travel Photos 6364:Territory's history from 1815 to 1945 6281: 6255: 6157: 6135: 6027: 5999: 5879:. Tourism Kaliningrad. Archived from 5804: 5602:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. 5453:. Wydawnictwo "Littera". p. 46. 5419: 5260: 4625:Bernhard Fisch and Marina Klemeševa, 4347:"Lager für Sinti und Roma Königsberg" 3804: 3627: 3618: 3600: 3535: 3473: 3196:Artamonova, Alexandra (7 June 2018). 2824:Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights 1959: 1902:On 21 January, during the Red Army's 1837:Bombing of Königsberg in World War II 1769:In 1944–1945, the Germans operated a 1709:in England, where they were known as 1344: 1243: 869:, became the seat of the short-lived 832: 444:in 1945, when it was occupied by the 224: 5765: 5737: 5714: 5173:Furmonavicius, Darius (March 2003). 4412: 3760:Koch, Hannsjoachim Wolfgang (1978). 3759: 3411: 3221: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 2846:, and a museum of Prussian history. 2802: 2799:(municipal theatre) and the Apollo. 2687:(1899–1986) was born in Königsberg. 2517:, the second oldest Polish newspaper 2488:studied in Königsberg. For 24 years 1102:Commissioners. In 1635, Polish King 921:and his brothers pay homage for the 877:fled from the crusaders' capital at 626:During the conquest of the Prussian 5952:in Królewiec a Polska Olsztyn 1993 5216:. Wydawn. Pojezierze. p. 193. 4983:. London, England, United Kingdom. 4318: 4286: 4199:Die aufrechten Roten von Königsberg 2869: 2811:Eastern side of Königsberg Castle, 2665:Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem 2154:at the time) and the Soviet Union. 1797:In September 1939, with the German 1644:"aryanisation" of the civil service 903: 24: 5339:Królewiec a Polska: praca zbiorowa 5309:Królewiec a Polska: praca zbiorowa 5294:Królewiec a Polska: praca zbiorowa 3056:of Königsberg consist of numerous 1752:Maly Trostenets extermination camp 1553: 945:, Königsberg became predominantly 853:, to incorporate Prussia into the 495:It is now the capital of Russia's 421:. Between the wars, it was in the 80: 25: 7152: 6335: 5785:. Heidelberg: Winter. p. 65. 4841:For other issues of the frontier 4675:from the original on 19 July 2001 4644:Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos 4554: 3150: 3127:Kaliningrad (Königsberg) question 3029: 2930:, the world record holder in the 2624: 2574:Kalendarz Staropruski Ewangelicki 2349:Theresienstadt concentration camp 2300:History of the Jews in Königsberg 1513:. In 1860 the railway connecting 1451:, an administrative subdivision. 1335:Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński 1141:, governed the Duchy of Prussia. 638:. This name meant "King's Hill" ( 327:. It was named in honour of King 6596: 6589: 5911: 5895: 5675:from the original on 4 July 2022 5654: 5628: 5606: 5584: 5494: 5269:Studia historica Slavo-Germanica 5166: 4962: 4929: 4894: 4861: 4835: 4811: 4790: 4771: 4759: 4698:Кёнигсберг мог стать Балтийском. 2735:, died out in the 18th century. 2703:was widely spoken, but is now a 2560:were printed here by Seklucjan. 1474:in 1871 during the Prussian-led 1454:Led by the provincial president 1396:Frederick William III of Prussia 747:had been divided in 1243 by the 436:The city was heavily damaged by 425:of East Prussia, separated from 79: 72: 7126:Members of the Hanseatic League 4969:Berger, Stefan (31 July 2010). 4710: 4691: 4661: 4636: 4619: 4548: 4526: 4513: 4500: 4487: 4465: 4432: 4383: 4339: 4312: 4249: 4231: 4210: 4192: 4134: 4044: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3857: 3679: 3544: 3402: 3019:, which was demolished in 1968) 2198: 2047:The monument to Kalinin on the 1602:In 1932 the local paramilitary 1597: 1478:. A sophisticated-for-its-time 1222:Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein 1129:, who was granted the right of 894:Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521) 859:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 558:For a chronological guide, see 381:A university city, home of the 7121:Germany–Soviet Union relations 7106:Histories of cities in Germany 6182:Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie 6125:Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie 5661:Schudel, Matt (28 July 2012). 5503:Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie 5243:Lecture Notes: General Surgery 5066:. Peter Lang. pp. 49–50. 4484:Jukes.Stalin's Generals, p. 30 3372: 3354: 3215: 3110:List of people from Königsberg 2631:List of people from Königsberg 2414:History of Poles in Königsberg 2374: 2223:Number of inhabitants, by year 2033:President of the United States 1447:. It was also the seat of the 1211:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1190:jus supremi et absoluti domini 1030:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 937:Through the preachings of the 823:Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War 550:of the original German name). 13: 1: 7136:1255 establishments in Europe 6291:University of Wisconsin Press 5918:Galtgarben (German Knowledge) 4868:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). 4739:Milan Bufon (11 April 2014). 3300:"Калининградская архитектура" 3138: 2924:SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg 2812: 2498:Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongovius 2357:Kaiserwald concentration camp 2209:Evangelical Church of Prussia 2184:In 2010, the German magazine 2112:For foreigners, the city was 1366:Kingdom of Prussia after 1773 929:of Poland, 1525 (painting by 614:Arrival of the Teutonic Order 582:Königsberg was preceded by a 6342:Photoarchaeology of Kneiphof 5014:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 4901:Krickus, Richard J. (2002). 4390:Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022). 3143: 2849: 2787:fitted up by the astronomer 2690: 1654:, a communist member of the 1566:Following the defeat of the 1327:War of the Polish Succession 1260:By the act of coronation in 890:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 7: 5971:Christiansen, Erik (1997). 5939:Baedeker's Northern Germany 4654:, "Unnatural Deaths", in: 3121:Seven Bridges of Königsberg 3103: 2456:(theology), Maciej Menius ( 2440:, which received the royal 2215:, although there were also 1943:Germans were forcibly moved 1912:Stutthof concentration camp 1831:Destruction in World War II 1729:New Synagogue of Königsberg 1616:"Königsberger Volkszeitung" 1449:Regierungsbezirk Königsberg 1388:War of the Fourth Coalition 1184:Map of Königsberg from 1651 1096:Scottish diaspora in Poland 879:Castle Marienburg (Malbork) 863:State of the Teutonic Order 733:state of the Teutonic Order 622:A map of Königsberg in 1255 565: 344:State of the Teutonic Order 289: 36:Königsberg (disambiguation) 10: 7157: 7111:Capitals of former nations 6184:(in Polish). No. 3–4. 5926: 5842:Joseph M. Siegman (1992). 5149:W kre̢gu kultur bałtyckich 4519:Hastings, M (2005) 2nd ed 3579:, pp. 96–97, 214–215. 3033: 2961: 2834:, or palace church, where 2628: 2411: 2297: 2157:The region was added as a 1963: 1834: 1804:Polish resistance movement 1618:, Otto Wyrgatsch, and the 1360:Treaty of Saint Petersburg 575: 569: 557: 553: 29: 7043: 6967: 6944: 6869: 6862: 6782: 6680: 6605: 6587: 6472: 6441: 5426:Morfill, Richard (1883). 5193:Jerzy Oleksiński (1972). 4669:"The Potsdam Declaration" 4588:10.1080/14650040903486967 4495:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 4146:scottishherringhistory.uk 3948:Zammito, John H. (2002). 3786:Jasiński, Janusz (1994). 3322:25 September 2020 at the 3241:10.12797/RM.02.2020.08.01 3098:as the Soviets approached 3036:Königsberg fortifications 2970:Königsberg-style marzipan 2910: 2894:Simple Words of Catechism 2578:Polish Democratic Society 1813:In September 1944 69,000 1460:Königsberger Volkszeitung 1372:First Partition of Poland 1229:nobility within Prussia. 1217:until his death in 1678. 788:Chronicon terrae Prussiae 602:and the farming villages 468:and, to a lesser degree, 278: 207: 202: 192: 162: 154: 146: 141: 104: 67: 48: 7058:The kontor was moved to 6028:Clark, Peter B. (2013). 5877:"Museums of Kaliningrad" 5520:Albinus, Robert (1985). 5379:Interpretation Der Bibel 4908:The Kaliningrad Question 4321:Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum 4181:Matull, Wilhelm (1973). 3350:. КГУ. pp. 206–207. 3347: 2888:Luther's Small Catechism 2874:As a consequence of the 2838:was crowned in 1701 and 2438:University of Königsberg 2407: 2381:University of Königsberg 2148:Polish People's Republic 1808:Polish underground press 1744:Nazi concentration camps 1689:), which took in all of 1487:Prussian Eastern Railway 1480:series of fortifications 1376:province of East Prussia 1291:The city was wracked by 1057:University of Königsberg 875:Ludwig von Erlichshausen 780:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 658:. Northwest of this new 534:In Polish, it is called 6387:(in Russian and German) 6359:(in German and English) 5621:Encyclopædia Britannica 5599:Encyclopædia Britannica 5377:Krašovec, Jože (1988). 4722:6 November 2018 at the 4703:1 February 2022 at the 3228:Intercultural Relations 3132:Königsberger Paukenhund 2738: 2650:Critique of Pure Reason 2521:According to historian 2293: 2059:Königsberg was renamed 1904:East Prussian Offensive 1893:declared a "fortress" ( 1847:British bombing attacks 1766:took place until 1945. 1434:Convention of Tauroggen 1149:When Imperial and then 1135:Electors of Brandenburg 1094:With the growth of the 697:. This new settlement, 514: 440:in 1944 and during the 126:54.711472°N 20.509306°E 92:. It is today known as 7096:History of Kaliningrad 6446:Chief cities shown in 6068:Górski, Karol (1949). 5615:"Kant, Immanuel" 5505:(Review) (in Polish). 5415:. Rodopi. p. 245. 5210:Janusz Małłek (1987). 5146:Walenty Piłat (1998). 5118:Danny, Isabel (2009). 4783:27 August 2016 at the 4633:, pages 394, 395, 399. 4536:. visitkaliningrad.com 4534:"visitkaliningrad.com" 3764:. Longman. p. 56. 3269:Bradbury, Jim (2004). 3222:Haga, Mitsuru (2020). 3049: 3046:storming of Königsberg 2971: 2876:Protestant Reformation 2864:Stanislovas Rapalionis 2816: 2777:Frederick I of Prussia 2767:stood statues of King 2752: 2709:region of East Prussia 2518: 2430: 2389:Stanislovas Rapalionis 2363:, as well as camps in 2319: 2128: 2085:Korolev, Moscow Oblast 2056: 2041: 2037:British Prime Minister 2004:to the east, north of 1871:Konstantin Rokossovsky 1858: 1794: 1674: 1563: 1476:unification of Germany 1325:From 1734, during the 1322: 1257: 1254:Frederick I of Prussia 1185: 1091: 951:Protestant Reformation 934: 847:Prussian Confederation 842: 770:Königsberg joined the 728: 643: 623: 560:Timeline of Königsberg 542: 536: 266: 258: 226:[ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk] 96:and is part of Russia. 34:. For other uses, see 6647:Frankfurt an der Oder 6190:"Juden in Königsberg" 6032:. US: Andover Press. 5974:The Northern Crusades 5196:Bard ziemi mazurskiej 5062:Reade, Cyril (2007). 4523:, Pan Macmillan, P291 4497:Penguin Books. p. 91. 4394:(in Polish). Gdańsk: 4256:Gannon, Paul (2006). 3984:ca. 50,000 each, and 3552:"Kalendarz dat: 1465" 3043: 2986:Königsberger Marzipan 2969: 2862:. Lithuanian scholar 2810: 2783:". There was also an 2746: 2656:Metaphysics of Morals 2629:Further information: 2550:Stanisław Murzynowski 2511: 2446:Sigismund II Augustus 2421: 2307: 2127:with explosives, 1959 2122: 2046: 1989: 1935:siege by the Red Army 1856: 1792: 1760:Theresienstadt ghetto 1672: 1620:German People's Party 1584:Free State of Prussia 1561: 1416:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 1339:Antoni Michał Potocki 1331:Stanisław Leszczyński 1320: 1251: 1183: 1089: 1061:Sigismund II Augustus 971:Sigismund I of Poland 963:House of Hohenzollern 959:Albert of Brandenburg 919:Albert of Brandenburg 911: 871:Królewiec Voivodeship 840: 827:Władysław II Jagiełło 723: 621: 529:Ottokar II of Bohemia 350:and the provinces of 329:Ottokar II of Bohemia 6454:Free Imperial Cities 6377:29 July 2013 at the 4787:// newkaliningrad.ru 3762:A history of Prussia 3615:Christiansen, p. 247 3588:Christiansen, p. 243 3470:Christiansen, p. 222 3461:Christiansen, p. 224 3449:Christiansen, p. 205 3123:, a topology problem 2940:4 × 100 meters relay 2860:Königsberg Cathedral 2856:Albertina University 2769:Ottakar I of Bohemia 2759:masters; some early 2701:Low Prussian dialect 2614:Königsberg Cathedral 2548:came out, issued by 2462:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki 2395:published the first 1879:General Baghramyan's 1841:Battle of Königsberg 1464:Frederick William IV 1392:occupation of Berlin 1207:John II Casimir Vasa 1167:Treaty of Königsberg 988:and currency. While 977:, a fief of Poland. 953:. After summoning a 851:Casimir IV Jagiellon 800:Winrich von Kniprode 765:Königsberg Cathedral 737:Bishopric of Samland 726:Königsberg Cathedral 503:and in the south by 442:Battle of Königsberg 383:Albertina University 163:Associated with 131:54.711472; 20.509306 18:Königsberg (Prussia) 6309:Zinkevičius, Zigmas 6165:. London: Longman. 6143:. London: Longman. 5883:on 25 December 2010 5671:. Washington, D.C. 5668:The Washington Post 5581:, pp. 113–117. 5491:, pp. 123–132. 5429:Slavonic literature 5199:. Nasza Księgarnia. 5046:Der Große Brockhaus 5003:on 6 February 2021. 4958:on 14 October 2017. 4142:"Annual Statistics" 3711:, pp. 249–250. 3202:The Calvert Journal 3170:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 3115:Königsberger Klopse 3067:Polish–Swedish wars 2976:Königsberger Klopse 2950:, Germany's oldest 2830:, it contained the 2620:Culture and society 2594:Wojciech Kętrzyński 2482:Wojciech Kętrzynski 2312:, destroyed in the 1884:, now known as the 1664:concentration camps 1639:public book burning 1610:in Königsberg, the 1489:linked the city to 1441:Province of Prussia 1390:and the subsequent 1386:in 1806 during the 1282:Province of Prussia 1238:Brandenburg-Prussia 1145:Brandenburg-Prussia 1139:Brandenburg-Prussia 969:to his uncle, King 927:Sigismund I the Old 786:probably wrote his 122: / 45: 6354:Königsberg is dead 6001:Clark, Christopher 4506:Gilbert, M (1989) 4471:Gilbert, M (1989) 3938:Ciesielski, p. 166 3929:Ciesielski, p. 165 3920:Ciesielski, p. 118 3911:Ciesielski, p. 113 3902:Ciesielski, p. 110 3479:Urban, pp. 225–226 3282:-0-203-64466-2 3117:, traditional menu 3050: 3023:Königsberger Fleck 2972: 2904:Poczta Królewiecka 2817: 2753: 2637:Christian Goldbach 2562:Maciej Stryjkowski 2519: 2514:Poczta Królewiecka 2474:Stanislaw Sarnicki 2431: 2385:Abraomas Kulvietis 2320: 2129: 2123:Demolition of the 2063:in 1946 after the 2057: 1970:Kaliningrad Oblast 1960:Soviet Kaliningrad 1954:Kaliningrad Oblast 1859: 1799:invasion of Poland 1795: 1740:Wannsee Conference 1675: 1673:Königsberg in 1938 1564: 1468:revolution of 1848 1384:Napoleon Bonaparte 1345:Russian occupation 1323: 1274:Kingdom of Prussia 1258: 1244:Kingdom of Prussia 1186: 1092: 935: 843: 833:Polish sovereignty 819:Battle of Grunwald 804:Cistercian nunnery 757:Adalbert of Prague 739:, one of the four 729: 687:Prussian uprisings 624: 497:Kaliningrad Oblast 335:, a Baltic tribe. 293:) is the historic 43: 7078: 7077: 6858: 6857: 6778: 6777: 6676: 6675: 6585: 6584: 6458:Holy Roman Empire 6326:978-5-420-01621-3 6235:Osprey Publishing 6223:Turnbull, Stephen 6039:978-1-481935-75-3 5904:Bismarck towers ( 5702:Zinkevičius, p.32 5460:978-83-89775-03-0 5253:978-1-118-29379-9 5223:978-83-7002-302-7 5159:978-83-87315-15-3 5129:978-1-935149-20-0 5073:978-3-03910-531-1 4918:978-0-7425-1705-9 4887:978-0-521-85254-8 4752:978-1-4438-5936-3 4671:. 2 August 1945. 4642:Andreas Kossert, 4493:Beevor, A (2002) 4427:Historia Krolewca 4425:Janusz Jasinski, 4405:978-83-8229-411-8 4378:Historia Krolewca 4376:Janusz Jasinski, 3959:978-0-226-97859-8 3875:978-83-62552-00-9 3503:, pp. 71–72. 3094:Sambian Peninsula 3017:Königsberg Castle 2899:Martynas Mažvydas 2820:Königsberg Castle 2803:Königsberg Castle 2773:Albert of Prussia 2705:moribund language 2490:Celestyn Myślenta 2193:Mikhail Gorbachev 2175:Nikita Khrushchev 2133:Königsberg Castle 2125:Königsberg Castle 2114:completely closed 2096:forcibly expelled 1997:Soviet Government 1976:Potsdam Agreement 1875:Operation Samland 1586:. Königsberg and 1456:Theodor von Schön 1353:(1756–1763), the 1278:Holy Roman Empire 1262:Königsberg Castle 1159:Frederick William 1155:Thirty Years' War 1104:Władysław IV Vasa 961:(a member of the 939:Bishop of Samland 855:Kingdom of Poland 782:. The chronicler 776:Kingdom of Poland 753:William of Modena 724:The 14th-century 660:Königsberg Castle 646:), honoring King 450:Potsdam Agreement 399:E. T. A. Hoffmann 287: 215: 214: 56:Königsberg Castle 16:(Redirected from 7148: 6937: 6925: 6911: 6910: 6901: 6893:Kontor of Bruges 6889: 6805: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6739: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6684: 6622: 6610: 6609: 6600: 6593: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6518: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6449: 6434:Hanseatic League 6426: 6419: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6388: 6368: 6360: 6330: 6304: 6278: 6252: 6232: 6218: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6185: 6176: 6154: 6132: 6119: 6103: 6089: 6087: 6073: 6063: 6043: 6024: 5996: 5967: 5960:Bötticher, Adolf 5955: 5942: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5906:German Knowledge 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5693:Baedeker, p. 176 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5569:Gause II, p. 693 5567: 5561: 5560: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5374: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5091:Jasiński, Janusz 5087: 5078: 5077: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4999:. 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Hoffmann 2639:and the writer 2633: 2627: 2622: 2586:Kazimierz Szulc 2554:Eustachy Trepka 2523:Janusz Jasiński 2478:Florian Ceynowa 2470:Jan Kochanowski 2416: 2410: 2377: 2302: 2296: 2265:Roman Catholics 2254:Roman Catholics 2201: 2170:Russian names. 2152:satellite state 2137:Leonid Brezhnev 2100:Soviet citizens 2069:Mikhail Kalinin 2018:Polish Republic 1994: 1972: 1964:Main articles: 1962: 1843: 1835:Main articles: 1833: 1815:slave labourers 1787: 1719: 1600: 1592:Polish Corridor 1576:Weimar Republic 1556: 1554:Weimar Republic 1368: 1347: 1337:, and voivodes 1270:King in Prussia 1246: 1198:Hieronymus Roth 1192:, and that the 1175:Treaty of Oliva 1147: 914:Prussian Homage 906: 835: 798:, Grand Master 616: 580: 574: 568: 563: 556: 525:Baltic Crusades 517: 490:Mikhail Kalinin 431:Polish Corridor 325:Baltic Crusades 271:Baltic Prussian 250: 248:King's mountain 247: 244: 241: 230: 229: 221: 130: 128: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 109: 108: 100: 99: 98: 97: 86: 85: 84: 63: 60:Leonid Brezhnev 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7154: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7056: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6890: 6877: 6875: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6740: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6703: 6701: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6451: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6381: 6369: 6361: 6349: 6344: 6337: 6336:External links 6334: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6305: 6299: 6283:Wieck, Michael 6279: 6273: 6257:Urban, William 6253: 6247: 6219: 6202: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6149: 6133: 6120: 6114: 6090: 6074: 6065: 6044: 6038: 6025: 6019: 5997: 5991: 5968: 5956: 5946:Biskup, Marian 5943: 5935:Baedeker, Karl 5930: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5910: 5894: 5868: 5854: 5834: 5832:, p. 114. 5822: 5803: 5788: 5773: 5758: 5745: 5722: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5653: 5640: 5636:Philosophy Now 5627: 5605: 5583: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5537: 5530: 5512: 5493: 5478: 5476:, p. 127. 5466: 5459: 5439: 5418: 5403: 5394: 5387: 5366: 5360:Adam Zamoyski 5353: 5344: 5329: 5314: 5299: 5284: 5277: 5259: 5252: 5229: 5222: 5202: 5185: 5165: 5158: 5135: 5128: 5110: 5103: 5079: 5072: 5054: 5038: 5022: 5006: 4961: 4928: 4917: 4893: 4886: 4860: 4834: 4810: 4798: 4789: 4770: 4758: 4751: 4728: 4709: 4690: 4660: 4652:Richard Bessel 4635: 4618: 4601: 4582:(2): 345–366. 4566: 4547: 4525: 4512: 4499: 4486: 4477: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4411: 4404: 4398:. p. 57. 4382: 4380:(1994), p. 256 4364: 4338: 4311: 4285: 4273: 4266: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4218: 4209: 4191: 4173: 4164: 4151: 4133: 4120: 4083: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4030: 4021: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3874: 3856: 3843: 3834: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3796: 3767: 3749: 3740: 3738:, p. 253. 3725: 3723:, p. 252. 3713: 3701: 3678: 3665: 3663:, p. 131. 3648: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3569: 3543: 3534: 3522: 3520:, p. 113. 3505: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3431:Seward, p. 107 3424: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3371: 3366:Deutsche Welle 3364:(in Russian). 3353: 3340:Клемешев А. П. 3328: 3306: 3304:// archikld.ru 3288: 3281: 3275:. p. 75. 3258: 3214: 3183: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3090:Bismarck tower 3054:fortifications 3034:Main article: 3031: 3030:Fortifications 3028: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3005: 2991:Kopskiekelwein 2988: 2963: 2960: 2920:VfB Königsberg 2912: 2909: 2880:Hans Weinreich 2871: 2868: 2851: 2848: 2804: 2801: 2740: 2737: 2692: 2689: 2661:Leonhard Euler 2626: 2625:Notable people 2623: 2621: 2618: 2486:Julian Klaczko 2412:Main article: 2409: 2406: 2376: 2373: 2353:Czechoslovakia 2340:Russian Empire 2298:Main article: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271:and 425 Poles. 2261: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2200: 2197: 2167:Lithuanian SSR 2092:Lithuanian SSR 2049:Kalinin Square 1961: 1958: 1832: 1829: 1786: 1783: 1718: 1715: 1707:Bletchley Park 1703:Lorenz SZ40/42 1599: 1596: 1568:Central Powers 1555: 1552: 1537:, Tilsit, and 1519:St. Petersburg 1485:The extensive 1367: 1364: 1355:Russian Empire 1346: 1343: 1329:, Polish King 1252:Coronation of 1245: 1242: 1146: 1143: 1123:John Sigismund 905: 902: 898:Mikołaj Firlej 888:Following the 834: 831: 802:established a 695:Pregolya River 691:Livonian Order 668:Vistula Lagoon 615: 612: 570:Main article: 567: 564: 555: 552: 521:Teutonic Order 516: 513: 438:Allied bombing 395:Käthe Kollwitz 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 106: 102: 101: 87: 78: 77: 71: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7153: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6975:Bishop's Lynn 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 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6370: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6300:0-299-18544-3 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6274:1-85367-535-0 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6248:1-84176-557-0 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6172:0-582-00408-X 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6150:0-582-00410-1 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6127:(in Polish). 6126: 6121: 6117: 6115:0-691-00797-7 6111: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6094:Holborn, Hajo 6091: 6086: 6085: 6079: 6078:Holborn, Hajo 6075: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6059:3-412-08896-X 6056: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6020:0-674-02385-4 6016: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5992:0-14-026653-4 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979:Penguin Books 5976: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5857: 5855:1-56171-028-8 5851: 5847: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5807: 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4944: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4864: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4820: 4814: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4614:0-299-18544-3 4611: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4561:Wilson Center 4558: 4551: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323:(in Polish). 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4267:1-84354-330-3 4263: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4184: 4177: 4171:Clark, p. 584 4168: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4103:"The Past..." 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4068:Clark, p. 476 4065: 4056: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4028:Clark, p. 361 4025: 4018: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3976:ca. 170,000, 3975: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3797:83-85702-03-2 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3661:Jasiński 2005 3657: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3597:Urban, p. 254 3594: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3532:, p. 63. 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3491:, p. 54. 3490: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3158: 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2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:New Testament 2539: 2538:Jan Seklucjan 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2503:Jan Mączyński 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2402:Germanisation 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2325:New Synagogue 2317: 2316: 2315:Kristallnacht 2311: 2310:New Synagogue 2306: 2301: 2289:1945: 73,000 2288: 2286:1939: 372,164 2285: 2283:1933: 315,794 2282: 2279: 2277:1919: 260,895 2276: 2274:1910: 245,994 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2249:1890: 172,796 2248: 2246:1880: 140,909 2245: 2243:1871: 112,092 2242: 2240:1855: 83,593 2239: 2237:1840: 70,839 2236: 2234:1819: 63,869 2233: 2231:1663: 40,000 2230: 2228:1400: 10,000 2227: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:Bay of Danzig 1998: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1781:in the city. 1780: 1779:Romani people 1776: 1775:forced labour 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1733:Kristallnacht 1730: 1726: 1725: 1724:Untermenschen 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687:Albert Wodrig 1684: 1680: 1677:In 1935, the 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662:were sent to 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:Walter Schütz 1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 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During the 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424:Städteordnung 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081:Baltic German 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016:, as well as 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 978: 976: 972: 968: 967:feudal homage 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 839: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 727: 722: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 620: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Prussian word 593: 589: 585: 579: 578:Old Prussians 573: 561: 551: 549: 544: 538: 532: 530: 526: 522: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:Michael Wieck 412: 411:Hannah Arendt 408: 404: 403:David Hilbert 400: 396: 392: 391:Immanuel Kant 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 372:New Testament 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 333:Old Prussians 330: 326: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 285: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 233: 227: 219: 210: 206: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 135: 107: 103: 95: 91: 75: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7116:East Prussia 6945: 6870: 6837: 6800: 6792: 6730: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6634: 6507: 6481: 6461: 6353: 6312: 6286: 6260: 6228: 6206: 6194:. Retrieved 6181: 6162: 6159:Kirby, David 6140: 6137:Kirby, David 6128: 6124: 6099: 6083: 6069: 6050: 6047:Gause, Fritz 6029: 6005: 5973: 5963: 5949: 5938: 5913: 5897: 5885:. Retrieved 5881:the original 5871: 5859:. Retrieved 5848:. SP Books. 5844: 5837: 5825: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5797: 5791: 5782: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5716: 5698: 5689: 5677:. Retrieved 5666: 5656: 5648: 5643: 5635: 5630: 5619: 5608: 5597: 5586: 5574: 5565: 5546: 5540: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5469: 5449: 5442: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5406: 5397: 5378: 5361: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5308: 5302: 5293: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5242: 5212: 5205: 5195: 5188: 5175: 5168: 5148: 5119: 5113: 5094: 5063: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5009: 5001:the original 4980:The Guardian 4978: 4964: 4956:the original 4941: 4931: 4923:Google Books 4921:– via 4907: 4896: 4871: 4863: 4851:. Retrieved 4843:delimitation 4837: 4825:. Retrieved 4813: 4792: 4773: 4761: 4741: 4712: 4693: 4683:– via 4677:. Retrieved 4663: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4621: 4604: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4550: 4538:. Retrieved 4528: 4520: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4494: 4489: 4480: 4472: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4426: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4355:. Retrieved 4350: 4341: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4297: 4288: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4212: 4201: 4194: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4078: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4006:Koch, p. 192 4002: 3997:Koch, p. 160 3993: 3968: 3949: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3815: 3810:Clark, p. 53 3806: 3787: 3761: 3743: 3716: 3704: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3668: 3643: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3555: 3546: 3537: 3525: 3496: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3404: 3395: 3374: 3356: 3271: 3253: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3174:. Retrieved 3172:(in Russian) 3169: 3088:There was a 3087: 3051: 2980: 2973: 2952:sailing club 2944:Eugen Sandow 2928:Lilli Henoch 2914: 2902: 2892: 2873: 2853: 2844:German Reich 2832:Schloßkirche 2818: 2797:Stadttheater 2754: 2729:Old Prussian 2694: 2673:graph theory 2654: 2648: 2634: 2602:St. Nicholas 2599: 2597:was Polish. 2573: 2570: 2565: 2535: 2520: 2512: 2496:, including 2432: 2393:Daniel Klein 2378: 2359:in occupied 2351:in occupied 2333: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2202: 2199:Demographics 2185: 2183: 2172: 2159:semi-exclave 2156: 2145: 2141: 2130: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2089: 2080: 2072: 2067:of the USSR 2060: 2058: 2052: 2030: 2026: 2022:East Prussia 1991: 1990: 1980:Soviet Union 1973: 1951: 1949:in 1949–50. 1939: 1928: 1908:Heiligenbeil 1901: 1894: 1860: 1844: 1812: 1796: 1768: 1737: 1722: 1720: 1695: 1691:East Prussia 1676: 1660:Nazi Germany 1648: 1635:Adolf Hitler 1632: 1624:Reichsbanner 1615: 1601: 1598:Nazi Germany 1588:East Prussia 1565: 1484: 1459: 1453: 1445:West Prussia 1438: 1427: 1423: 1412:Turnbewegung 1411: 1381: 1369: 1348: 1324: 1290: 1259: 1231: 1219: 1189: 1187: 1148: 1116: 1100: 1093: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1046: 983: 979: 936: 912: 887: 866: 861:between the 844: 816: 794:in the 1348 787: 769: 761:patron saint 749:papal legate 730: 711:Schlossteich 672: 635: 625: 591: 588:Old Prussian 581: 543:Karaliaučius 533: 518: 494: 488:functionary 478:Soviet Union 435: 419:World War II 407:Agnes Miegel 380: 352:East Prussia 337: 314: 311:Old Prussian 267:Karaliaučius 217: 216: 197:World War II 117:20°30′33.5″E 114:54°42′41.3″N 40: 6783:Westphalian 6736:Kaliningrad 6533:Rügenwalde 6517:(Kołobrzeg) 6367:(in German) 6315:. Vilnius: 6289:. Madison: 6062:(in German) 5954:(in German) 5050:(in German) 5034:(in German) 5018:(in German) 4943:Der Spiegel 4576:Geopolitics 4353:(in German) 4206:(in German) 4202:Der Spiegel 3988:ca. 30,000. 3819:Koch, p. 57 3747:Koch, p. 46 3736:Małłek 1992 3721:Małłek 1992 3709:Małłek 1992 3633:Koch, p. 44 3624:Koch, p. 34 3606:Koch, p. 33 3577:Górski 1949 3558:(in Polish) 3541:Koch, p. 19 3530:Górski 1949 3501:Górski 1949 3489:Górski 1949 3075:spoil banks 3003:redcurrants 2836:Frederick I 2785:observatory 2781:Amber Coast 2765:King's Gate 2749:King's Gate 2675:. In 1862, 2592:. In 1876, 2558:Mikolaj Rej 2375:Lithuanians 2187:Der Spiegel 2081:Kaliningrad 2061:Kaliningrad 2053:Reichsplatz 1966:Kaliningrad 1916:death march 1867:Nemmersdorf 1698:German Army 1683:Wehrkreis I 1572:World War I 1493:(Wrocław), 1404:nationalism 1349:During the 1308:amalgamated 1266:Frederick I 1127:Brandenburg 1073:Lithuanians 1034:Netherlands 949:during the 931:Jan Matejko 829:'s troops. 792:Lithuanians 743:into which 731:Within the 703:Culm rights 701:, received 685:during the 683:Under siege 474:Belarusians 323:during the 313:settlement 303:Kaliningrad 290:Kyonigsberg 187:Lithuanians 129: / 105:Coordinates 94:Kaliningrad 32:Kaliningrad 7091:Königsberg 7085:Categories 6731:Königsberg 6667:Nordhausen 6660:Mühlhausen 6543:(Szczecin) 6503:Greifswald 6263:. London: 6237:. p. 6233:. Oxford: 6207:Znad Wilii 5981:. p. 5977:. London: 5861:2 November 5819:: 325–337. 4726:// klgd.ru 4707:// klgd.ru 4246:GRC, p. 37 3326:// klgd.ru 3139:References 3013:Ochsenblut 2997:made from 2793:Wilhelmine 2717:Lithuanian 2681:Rita Miljo 2531:Calvinists 2444:from King 2397:Lithuanian 2256:and 3,975 2217:Calvinists 2006:Braunsberg 1974:Under the 1931:Otto Lasch 1924:Palmnicken 1738:After the 1633:Following 1580:Wilhelm II 1503:Eydtkuhnen 1499:Insterburg 1400:liberalism 1370:After the 1312:Rossgarten 1202:absolutist 1163:excise tax 1131:succession 1083:nobility. 1065:Lithuanian 998:Lithuanian 986:parliament 778:, and the 648:Ottokar II 636:Conigsberg 576:See also: 523:began the 480:after the 470:Ukrainians 454:Lithuanian 387:Simon Dach 376:Lithuanian 279:Кёнигсберг 263:Lithuanian 218:Königsberg 203:Site notes 90:Baltic Sea 44:Königsberg 7015:Newcastle 6968:Factories 6954:Falsterbo 6917:Steelyard 6833:Osnabrück 6818:Groningen 6753:(Tallinn) 6709:(Wrocław) 6620:Magdeburg 6616:Brunswick 6567:Stralsund 6562:Stockholm 6535:(Darłowo) 6460:shown in 6448:smallcaps 6352:The Film 6215:1392-9712 5887:1 January 5638:. No. 49. 4989:1756-3224 4952:2195-1349 4596:143378878 4333:0137-5377 4113:1 January 4079:1840–1945 4077:Holborn, 4039:1840–1945 4037:Holborn, 4017:1648–1840 4015:Holborn, 3982:Frankfurt 3884:cite book 3830:1648–1840 3828:Holborn, 3696:1428-8982 3556:Dzieje.pl 3388:2255-9396 3346:(2004). 3250:2544-2139 3234:(8): 10. 3207:5 January 3144:Citations 3060:, forts, 3008:Bärenfang 2850:Education 2840:William I 2691:Languages 2527:Catholics 2458:astronomy 2213:Lutherans 2014:Lithuania 1764:Auschwitz 1679:Wehrmacht 1656:Reichstag 1497:(Toruń), 1305:Löbenicht 1234:Calvinism 1165:. In the 1069:Albertina 867:Królewiec 707:Löbenicht 705:in 1286. 679:Lithuania 664:Steindamm 537:Królewiec 507:. In the 501:Lithuania 476:from the 284:romanized 259:Królewiec 208:Ownership 155:Abandoned 62:'s orders 7131:Kulm law 7070:channel. 7053:Dortmund 7030:Yarmouth 6934:Novgorod 6929:Peterhof 6813:Deventer 6802:Dortmund 6745:(Kraków) 6725:(Elbląg) 6707:Breslau 6696:(Gdańsk) 6557:Stargard 6551:(Słupsk) 6541:Stettin 6523:Lüneburg 6515:Kolberg 6375:Archived 6311:(2008). 6285:(2003). 6259:(2003). 6225:(2003). 6161:(1999). 6139:(1990). 6096:(1982). 6080:(1964). 6003:(2006). 5962:(1897). 5937:(1904). 5673:Archived 5093:(1994). 4997:60623878 4781:Archived 4720:Archived 4701:Archived 4673:Archived 4540:12 March 4162:, p. 205 4131:, p. 303 4019:, p. 401 3854:, p. 352 3382: — 3320:Archived 3176:19 March 3104:See also 3073:, seven 3071:ravelins 3062:bastions 2936:shot put 2916:Football 2826:and the 2669:topology 2466:medicine 2427:Red Army 2267:, 4,415 2205:Catholic 2150:(Soviet 2051:(former 2035:and the 2008: – 1947:expelled 1863:Red Army 1820:"P" sign 1543:entrepôt 1458:and the 1429:Landwehr 1422:'s 1808 1301:Kneiphof 1297:Altstadt 1032:and the 947:Lutheran 933:, 1882). 925:to King 741:dioceses 715:Kneiphof 699:Altstadt 628:Sambians 608:Trakkeim 592:Twangste 572:Sambians 566:Sambians 466:Russians 462:expelled 446:Red Army 368:Lutheran 316:Twangste 299:Prussian 183:Russians 167:Sambians 7060:Antwerp 7049:Cologne 7020:Polotsk 7005:Herford 6990:Ipswich 6980:Bristol 6906:Antwerp 6881:Bryggen 6872:Kontore 6845:Zutphen 6828:Münster 6794:Cologne 6769:(Toruń) 6743:Cracow 6723:Elbing 6717:(Tartu) 6715:Dorpat 6528:Rostock 6509:Hamburg 6473:Wendish 6462:italics 6456:of the 6196:5 March 5927:Sources 5756:, p. 88 5752:Kirby, 4973:(ed.). 4853:2 April 4827:2 April 4685:ibiblio 4679:2 April 4448:Berlin 4327:: 173. 4304:18 July 4158:Kirby, 4127:Kirby, 4081:, p. 51 3978:Cologne 3850:Kirby, 3832:, p. 61 3676:, p. 13 3672:Kirby, 3642:Kirby, 3562:19 June 3048:in 1945 2962:Cuisine 2956:Hamburg 2757:Italian 2725:Yiddish 2713:Latvian 2494:pastors 2338:in the 2336:pogroms 2318:in 1938 2073:Kalinin 1896:Festung 1886:Samland 1824:Gestapo 1628:Giżycko 1491:Breslau 1394:, King 1286:Potsdam 1256:in 1701 1236:within 1151:Swedish 1108:Swedish 1038:England 1026:fly ash 812:Leipzig 745:Prussia 675:Samland 652:Bohemia 630:by the 604:Sakkeim 600:Lipnick 584:Sambian 554:History 548:calques 458:Germans 429:by the 427:Germany 423:exclave 356:Prussia 319:by the 286:: 275:Russian 242: 222:German: 171:Germans 147:Founded 142:History 7064:Bruges 6995:Kaunas 6985:Boston 6946:Vitten 6922:London 6909: 6899:Bruges 6886:Bergen 6850:Zwolle 6823:Kampen 6767:Thorn 6761:(Rīga) 6751:Reval 6691:Danzig 6681:Baltic 6653:Goslar 6642:Erfurt 6636:Bremen 6630:Berlin 6577:Wismar 6549:Stolp 6498:Demmin 6493:Anklam 6483:Lübeck 6323: 6297: 6271: 6245: 6213: 6169: 6147: 6112: 6057: 6036: 6017: 5989: 5852: 5679:4 July 5553: 5528: 5457: 5385: 5275: 5250: 5220: 5156: 5126: 5101: 5070: 4995: 4987: 4950: 4915: 4884: 4749: 4612: 4594: 4402: 4331: 4264: 4041:, p. 8 3986:Munich 3974:Berlin 3956: 3872: 3794: 3694: 3646:, p. 8 3399:Biskup 3386: 3279: 3248: 2938:, and 2932:discus 2911:Sports 2884:Warmia 2775:, and 2723:, and 2721:Polish 2699:. 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