350:
to complete, but only three of these had to be in residence, and the BA was not required (although those not holding a BA had to produce a certificate to prove they had not only been in residence but had actually attended lectures for at least three terms). These degrees specialized in Roman civil law rather than in
English common law, the latter being the domain of the Inns of Court, and thus they were more theoretical than practically useful. Cambridge reestablished its LLB degree in 1858 as an undergraduate course alongside the BA, and the London LLB, which had previously required a minimum of one year after the BA, become an undergraduate degree in 1866. The older nomenclature continues to be used for the BCL at Oxford today, which is a master's level program, while Cambridge moved its LLB back to being a postgraduate degree in 1922 but only renamed it as the LLM in 1982.
717:, an 1882 Harvard Law graduate, one of the main arguments for the change was uniformity. Harvard's four professional schools β theology, law, medicine, and arts and sciences β were all graduate schools, and their degrees were therefore a second degree. Two of them conferred a doctorate and the other two a baccalaureate degree. The change from LLB to JD was intended to end "this discrimination, the practice of conferring what is normally a first degree upon persons who have already their primary degree". The JD was proposed as the equivalent of the German J.U.D., to reflect the advanced study required to be an effective lawyer.
680:
to most nineteenth-century
American law schools required only satisfactory completion of high school. The degree was nevertheless somewhat controversial at the time because it was a professional training without any of the cultural or classical studies required of a degree in England, where it was necessary to gain a general BA prior to an LLB or BCL until the nineteenth century. Thus, even though the name of the English LLB degree was implemented at Harvard, the program in the United States was nonetheless intended as a first degree which, unlike the English B.A., gave practical or professional training in law.
809:
barrister and solicitor with law society membership, and, since 1889, a university degree has been a prerequisite to initiating an articling clerkship. The education in law schools in Canada was similar to that in the United States at the turn of the 20th century, but with a greater concentration on statutory drafting and interpretation, and elements of a liberal education. The bar associations in Canada were influenced by the changes at
Harvard, and were sometimes quicker to nationally implement the changes proposed in the United States, such as requiring previous college education before studying law.
380:", which he would try to memorize. Although those were the ideals, in reality the clerks were often overworked and rarely were able to study the law individually as expected. They were often employed to tedious tasks, such as making handwritten copies of documents. Finding sufficient legal texts was also a seriously debilitating issue, and there was no standardization in the books assigned to the clerk trainees because they were assigned by their mentor, whose opinion of the law may have differed greatly from his peers.
758:
graduates having previously obtained a bachelor's degree, and by the end of that decade, almost all were required to be. Student and alumni support were key in the LLB-to-JD change, and even the most prominent schools were convinced to make the change: Columbia and
Harvard in 1969, and Yale (last) in 1971. Nonetheless, the LLB at Yale retained the didactical changes of the "practitioners' courses" of 1826, and was very different from the LLB in common law countries, other than Canada.
534:
725:
Because of tradition, and concerns about less prominent universities implementing a JD program, prominent eastern law schools like those of
Harvard, Yale, and Columbia refused to implement the degree. Harvard, for example, refused to adopt the JD degree, even though it restricted admission to students with college degrees in 1909. Indeed, pressure from eastern law schools led almost every law school (except at the University of Chicago and other law schools in
1151:
2018, these include a three-year program conducted concurrently at the
University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy, as well as a four-year program with the University of Ottawa and either Michigan State University or American University in which students spend two years studying on each side of the border. Previously, New York University (NYU) Law School and Osgoode Hall Law School offered a similar program, but this has since been terminated.
741:
236:
676:
at that time still ambiguous and so the professional law degree took more time to develop. Even when some universities offered training in law, they did not offer a degree. Because in the United States there were no Inns of Court, and the
English academic degrees did not provide the necessary professional training, the models from England were inapplicable, and the degree program took some time to develop.
256:, but over time the training functions of the Inns lessened considerably and apprenticeships with individual practitioners arose as the prominent medium of preparation. However, because of the lack of standardization of study, and of objective standards for appraisal of these apprenticeships, the role of universities became subsequently important for the education of lawyers in the English-speaking world.
1143:
various concentrations such as commercial and corporate law, taxation, international law, natural resources law, real estate transactions, employment law, criminal law and
Aboriginal law. After graduation from an accredited law school, each province's or territory's law society requires completion of a bar admission course or examination and a period of supervised articling prior to independent practice.
33:
785:
university education to be part of legal training in
England and Wales, the LLB eventually became the degree usually taken before becoming a lawyer. In England and Wales the LLB is an undergraduate scholarly program and although it (assuming it is a qualifying law degree) fulfills the academic requirements for becoming a lawyer, further vocational and professional training as either a barrister (the
1201:. The JD in Hong Kong is almost identical to the LLB, and is reserved for graduates of non-law disciplines. However, the JD requires a thesis or dissertation. The JD in Hong Kong is a 2-year program, including study during the summer term, but can be extended to three years with summer vacations. The JD is considered a master's degree by universities and the Hong Kong Qualification Framework
801:") is required before becoming licensed in that jurisdiction. The qualifying law degree in most English universities is the LLB although in some, including Oxford and Cambridge, it is the BA in law. Both of these can be taken with "senior status" in two years by those already holding an undergraduate degree in another discipline. A few universities offer "exempting" degrees, usually
468:
415:
generally unprepared practitioners or legal reasoners. The establishment of formal faculties of law in United States universities did not occur until the latter part of the 18th century. With the beginning of the
American Revolution, the supply of lawyers from Britain ended. The first law degree granted by a United States university was a Bachelor of Law in 1793 by the
95:
The JD curriculum typically includes fundamental legal subjects such as constitutional law, civil procedure, criminal law, contracts, property, and torts, along with opportunities for specialization in areas like international law, corporate law, or public policy. Upon receiving a JD, graduates must pass a bar examination to be licensed to practice law. The
1531:
hiring professors with both a J.D. and Ph.D. in a field that confers Ph.D. degrees, particularly at more highly ranked schools. Professor Kenneth K. Mwenda criticized the council's statement, pointing out that it compares the J.D. only to the taught component of the Ph.D. degree in the United States, ignoring the research and dissertation components.
1044:
1920s, schools were moving away from the JD and once again granting only the LLB, with only law schools in Illinois holding out. This changed in the 1960s, by which time almost all law school entrants were graduates. The JD was reintroduced in 1962 and by 1971 had replaced the LLB, with many schools offering a JD as a replacement to their LLB alumni.
1114:, the Juris Doctor is classified as a "masters degree (extended)", with an exception having been granted to use the term "doctor" in the title (other such exceptions include Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dentistry and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine). It may not be described as a doctoral degree and holders may not use the title "doctor".
484:
liberal arts education advocated by Blackstone at Oxford and Jefferson at William and Mary. Nonetheless, there continued to be debate among educators over whether legal education should be more vocational, as at the private law schools, or through a rigorous scientific method, such as that developed by Story and
733:
college before law school), and those who met a higher academic standard in undergraduate studies, finishing a thesis in their third year of law school. Because the JD degree was no more advantageous for bar admissions or for employment, the vast majority of Marquette students preferred to seek the LLB degree.
1550:
both classify the JD granted in the United States (along with other professional doctorate degrees) as equivalent to a master's degree, while the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland states with respect to United States practice that: "The '... professional degree' is a first degree, not
1530:
Accordingly, while most law professors are required to conduct original writing and research in order to be awarded tenure, the majority have a J.D. as their highest degree and are qualified to teach and supervise LL.M. and J.S.D candidates. However, research in 2015 showed an increasing trend toward
1025:
As a study of the substantive law and its professional applications, the JD curriculum has not changed substantially since its creation. As a professional degree, JD programs typically allow practitioners. It requires at least three academic years of full-time study. While the JD is a doctoral degree
732:
After the 1930s, the LLB and the JD degrees coβexisted in some American law schools. Some law schools, especially in Illinois and the Midwest, awarded both (like Marquette University, beginning in 1926), conferring JD degrees only to those with a bachelor's degree (as opposed to two or three years of
679:
At first the degree took the form of a B.L. (such as at the College of William and Mary), but then Harvard, keen on importing legitimacy through the trappings of Oxford and Cambridge, implemented an LLB degree. The decision to award a bachelor's degree for law could be due to the fact that admittance
513:
degree requiring the previous completion of a bachelor's degree as a pre-requisite for virtually all students entering law school, it became a bachelor's degree in name only. The didactic approaches that resulted were revolutionary for university education and have slowly been implemented outside the
349:
Until the mid nineteenth century, most law degrees in England (the BCL at Oxford and Durham, and the LLB at London) were postgraduate degrees, taken after an initial degree in arts. The Cambridge degree, variously referred to as a BCL, BL or LLB, was an exception: it took six years from matriculation
247:
The nature of the JD can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practice law. The universities only taught
1599:
As not all state bars adopted the new code, and some omitted the clause permitting the use of the title, confusion over whether lawyers could ethically use the title "doctor" continued. While many state bars now allow the use of the title, some prohibit its use where there is any chance of confusing
1399:
The degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence is offered at all three law schools in Singapore, which also offer LLB degrees. It is a qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission to the legal profession in Singapore. A graduate of these programmes is a "qualified person" under Singapore's legislation
808:
Legal education in Canada has unique variations from other Commonwealth countries. Even though the legal system of Canada is mostly a transplant of the English system (Quebec excepted), the Canadian system is unique in that there are no Inns of Court, the practical training occurs in the office of a
769:
degrees as its graduate level law degrees. Similarly, Columbia refers to the LLM and the JSD as its graduate program. Yale Law School lists its LLM, MSL, JSD, and Ph.D. as constituting graduate programs. A distinction thus remains between professional and graduate law degrees at some universities in
724:
was the first to offer the JD in 1902, when it was just one of five law schools that demanded a college degree from its applicants. While approval was still pending at Harvard, the degree was introduced at many other law schools, including at the law schools at NYU, Berkeley, Michigan, and Stanford.
675:
Professional doctorates were developed in the United States in the 19th century, the first being the Doctor of Medicine in 1807, but at the time, the legal system in the United States was still in development as the educational institutions were developing, and the status of the legal profession was
371:
Initially in the United States the legal professionals were trained and imported from England. A formal apprenticeship or clerkship program was established first in New York in 1730 β at that time a seven-year clerkship was required, and in 1756 a four-year college degree was required in addition to
1604:
Board of Governors ruled that a lawyer could refer to himself as a "doctor en leyes" (doctor in laws) in a Spanish-language advertisement, reversing an earlier decision. The decision was reversed again the following month, when the board voted to only allow the use of untranslated names of degrees.
1412:
consulted in 2014 on the inclusion of "Juris Doctor" in the U.K. Framework for Higher Education Qualifications as an exception to the rule that "doctor" should only be used by doctoral degrees. It was proposed that the Juris Doctor would be an award at bachelor level, and would not confer the right
1043:
and other universities. By 1925, 80% of US law schools awarded the JD to students who had entered the program with an undergraduate degree, while granting undergraduate entrants the LLB. The change was initially rejected by the leading law schools of the time Harvard, Yale and Columbia. By the late
817:
Legal education is rooted in the history and structure of the legal system of the jurisdiction where the education is given; therefore, law degrees are vastly different from country to country, making comparisons among degrees problematic. This has proven true in the context of the various forms of
736:
As more law students entered law schools with previously awarded bachelor's degree degrees in the 1950s and 1960s, a number of law schools may have introduced the JD to encourage law students to complete their undergraduate degrees. As late as 1961, there were still 15 ABA-accredited law schools in
332:
The 1728 act was amended in 1821 to reduce the period of the required apprenticeship to three years for graduates in either law or arts from Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, as "the admission of such graduates should be facilitated, in consideration of the learning and abilities requisite for taking
94:
Originating in the United States in the late 19th century, the JD is the most common law degree in the country. The degree generally requires three years of full-time study to complete and is conferred upon students who have successfully completed coursework and practical training in legal studies.
1576:
then in force, came down against this. These were then reinforced with an ABA ethics opinion that maintained the ban on using the title in legal practice (except when dealing with countries where the use of "doctor" by lawyers was standard practice) but allowed the use of the title in academia "if
1538:
Center for Education Statistics classifies the J.D. and other professional doctorates as "doctor's degree-professional practice." It classifies the Ph.D. and other research doctorates as "doctor's degree-research/scholarship." Among legal degrees, it accords the latter status only to the Doctor of
1180:
The primary law degree in the People's Republic of China is the undergraduate Bachelor of Laws. The Juris Magister is the graduate-level professional law degree in China, which is regarded as the counterpart of a Juris Doctor. In fall 2008, the Shenzhen graduate campus of Peking University started
1150:
degrees automatically. Likewise, United States JD graduates are not automatically recognized in Canadian jurisdictions such as Ontario. To prepare graduates to practise in jurisdictions on both sides of the border, some pairs of law schools have developed joint Canadian-American JD programs. As of
1122:
The JD degree is the dominant common-law law degree in Canada, having replaced many of the nation's former LLB programs. Unlike other jurisdictions, the Canadian LLB was historically typically second-entry undergraduate degree that required the prior completion of another undergraduate degree. The
483:
started the spirit of change in legal education at Harvard, when he advocated a more "scientific study" of the law in the 19th century. At the time he was a lecturer at Harvard. Therefore, at Harvard the education was much of a trade school type of approach to legal education, contrary to the more
324:
at the University of Oxford in 1753, but the university did not establish the program for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were very philosophical and theoretical in nature. Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational
757:
Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar unanimously adopted a resolution recommending to all approved law schools that they give favorable consideration to the conferring of the JD degree as the first professional degree, in 1962 and 1963. By the 1960s, most law students were college
1142:
programs consist of three years and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses, including public law, property law, tort law, contract law, criminal law and legal research and writing. Beyond first year and other courses required for graduation, course selection is elective with
508:
The JD originated in the United States during a movement to improve training of the professions. Prior to the origination of the JD, law students began law school either with only a high school diploma, or less than the amount of undergraduate study required to earn a bachelor's degree. The LLB
345:
and found the system to be inferior to that of Europe and the United States, as Britain did not regulate the admission of barristers. Therefore, formal schools of law were called for but were not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university
6968:
Hillsberg, Richard W.; McGiffert, David E.; Herbert, Williard A.; Lansdowne, Robert J.; Hyatt, Hudson; Chandler, Kent; Pederson, Virgil L.; Bodkin, Henry G.; Marks, Edward; Wasby, Stephen L.; Kandt, William C.; Taylor, Herman E.; Berall, Frank S.; Collins, Hugh B.; Barr, J.E.; Mellor, Phillip;
784:
The English legal system is the root of the systems of other common-law countries, such as the United States. Originally, common lawyers in England were trained exclusively in the Inns of Court. Even though it took nearly 150 years since common law education began with Blackstone at Oxford for
700:
in the United States. The historian Robert Stevens wrote that "it was Langdell's goal to turn the legal profession into a university educated one β and not at the undergraduate level, but through a three-year post baccalaureate degree." This graduate level study would allow the intensive legal
458:
In the 1850s there were many proprietary schools which originated from a practitioner taking on multiple apprentices and establishing a school and which provided a practical legal education, as opposed to the one offered in the universities which offered an education in the theory, history and
414:
In time, the apprenticeship program was not considered sufficient to produce lawyers fully capable of serving their clients' needs. The apprenticeship programs often employed the trainee with menial tasks, and while they were well trained in the day-to-day operations of a law office, they were
1627:
was misrepresenting her qualifications by using the "bogus" title "Dr." based on her JD. They later amended the article to note that the use of the title by lawyers "is a (begrudgingly) accepted practice in some states and not in others", although they maintained that it was rarely used as it
478:
In part to compete with the small professional law schools, there began a great change in United States university legal education. For a short time beginning in 1826 Yale began to offer a complete "practitioners' course" which lasted two years and included practical courses, such as pleading
353:
Between the 1960s and the 1990s, law schools in England took on a more central role in the preparation of lawyers and consequently improved their coverage of advanced legal topics to become more professionally relevant. Over the same period, American law schools became more scholarly and less
1524:
WHEREAS, the acquisition of a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree requires from 84 to 90 semester hours of post baccalaureate study and the Doctor of Philosophy degree usually requires 60 semester hours of post baccalaureate study along with the writing of a dissertation, the two degrees shall be
375:
The clerkship program required much individual study and the mentoring lawyer was expected to carefully select materials for study and guide the clerk in his study of the law and ensure that it was being absorbed. The student was supposed to compile his notes of his reading of the law into a
1047:
Canadian and Australian universities have had graduate-entry law programs that are very similar to the JD programs in the United States, but typically called the LLB. Some students at these universities advocated for the renaming of the graduate-entry LLB to the JD to recognise the graduate
499:
Therefore, the modern legal education system in the United States is a combination of teaching law as a science and a practical skill, implementing elements such as clinical training, which has become an essential part of legal education in the United States and in the JD program of study.
182:(where it is titled "Doctor of Law", though still retaining the abbreviation LLD) and many other British institutions, it is a higher research doctorate, representing a substantial contribution to the field over many years β a standard of professional experience beyond that required for a
1335:. The program generally lasts three years. Two-year JD programs for applicants with legal knowledge (mainly undergraduate level law degree holders) are also offered. This curriculum is professionally oriented, but does not provide the education sufficient for a license to practice as an
2166:... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)
395:
There were some few mentors that were dedicated to the service, and because of their rarity, they became so sought-after that the first law schools evolved from the offices of some of these attorneys, who took on many clerks and began to spend more time training than practicing law.
1367:, the graduate JD exists alongside the more common undergraduate LLB. Like the LLB, it requires four years of study. The JD comprises courses in core bar subjects in 2.5 years, following which students may take elective courses; an apprenticeship; and the defence of a thesis.
362:
Initially there was much resistance to lawyers in colonial North America because of the role they had played in hierarchical England, but slowly the colonial governments started using the services of professionals trained in the Inns of Court in London, and by the end of the
227:); these were not professional degrees but rather indicated that their holders had been approved to teach at the universities. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees (bachelor's and licences) were introduced in Paris and then in the English universities.
1285:
are eligible to register with an Italian bar association, which is a prerequisite for the mandatory eighteen-month apprenticeship under a practicing attorney-at-law before taking the bar examination. Alternatively, graduates may opt for two additional years of study at the
372:
five years of clerking and an examination. Later the requirements were reduced to require only two years of college education. But a system like the Inns did not develop, and a college education was not required in England until the 19th century, so this system was unique.
5548:
1259:) to be defended before an academic commission. In a novel approach, a few universities are trialing a 3+2 model, which initially offers a bachelor's degree in law, followed by the option to undertake an additional two years to earn the Italian Juris Doctor.
713:(a method of examining students on the reasoning of the court in the cases studied). Therefore, a graduate, high-level law degree was proposed: the Juris Doctor, implementing the case and Socratic methods as its didactic approach. According to professor
367:
there was a functional bar in each state. Due to an initial distrust of a profession open only to the elite in England, as institutions for training developed in what would become the United States they emerged as quite different from those in England.
5987:β’ the Juris Doctor is not a doctoral qualification at level 8 of the FHEQ / SQCF level 12 but at level 6 of the FHEQ / SCQF level 10 on the FQHEIS (with some modules at level 7 of the FHEQ / SCQF level 11 on the FQHEIS)
354:
professionally oriented, so that in 1996 Langbein could write: "That contrast between English law schools as temples of scholarship and American law schools as training centers for the profession no longer bears the remotest relation to reality".
1378:
began conferring the JD on its graduates, renaming its LLB program into a JD to reflect the view that the "nomenclature does not accurately reflect the fact that the LLB is a professional as well as a post-baccalaureate degree." In 2009, the
1098:
Generally, universities that offer the JD also offer the LLB, although at some universities, only the graduate-entry JD is offered. The University of Melbourne, for example, has phased out its undergraduate LLB program for a graduate JD one.
1600:
the public about a lawyer's actual qualifications (e.g. if the public might believe the lawyer is a doctor of medicine). There has been discussion on whether it is permissible in some other limited instances. For example, in June 2006, the
1339:. All candidates for licensing must undertake a 12-month practical training by the Legal Training and Research Institute after passing the bar examination. Similarly to the United States, the Juris Doctor is classed as a professional degree
514:
United States, but only recently (since about 1997) and in stages. The degrees which resulted from this new approach, such as the MD and the JD, are just as different from their European counterparts as the educational approaches differ.
6107:
5972:. U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education (Report). The frameworks for higher education qualifications of U.K. degree-awarding bodies (Post consultation draft (v. 4) ed.). QAA. August 2014. pp. 34, 35. Archived from
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5985:β’ the award of a Juris Doctor is an exception to the principle that the title 'doctor' should only be used for qualifications meeting the qualification descriptor for FHEQ level 8 / SCQF level 12 on the FQHEIS in full
340:
The Inns of Court continued but became less effective, and admission to the bar still did not require any significant educational activity or examination. In 1846, Parliament examined the education and training of prospective
315:
emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades. The training of solicitors by a five-year apprenticeship was formally established by the Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1728.
5540:
1500:
or D.M.D. in the dental profession). While the J.D. is the sole degree necessary to become a professor of law or to obtain a license to practice law, it (like the M.D., D.O, D.D.S, or D.M.D.) is not a "research degree".
1135:. Notwithstanding the formal requirements, nearly all successful applicants have completed undergraduate degrees before admission to a JD program. The JD in Canada is considered to be a bachelor's degree qualification.
752:
It was only after 1962 that a new push β this time begun at less-prominent law schools β successfully led to the universal adoption of the JD as the first law degree. The turning point appears to have occurred when the
6077:
5966:
263:
first requested that lawyers be trained, students merely sat in the courts and observed, but over time the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences, which led to the institution of the
6886:
Boodell, Thomas J.; Carson, C.A.; Gates, Benton E.; Joiner, Charles W.; McAlpin, Kirk M.; Myers, Samuel P.; Sperry, Floyd B.; Armstrong, Walter P. (May 1969). "Opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics".
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subjects per the requirements of state admissions boards in Australia. JDs are considered equivalent to LLBs, and graduates must meet the same requirements to qualify, including undergoing a practical training.
1038:
An initial attempt to rename the LLB to the JD in the US in the early 20th century started with a petition at Harvard in 1902. This was rejected, but the idea took hold at the new law school established at the
454:
continued to include "cultural study", which included courses in languages, mathematics and economics. An LLB, or a Bachelor of Laws, recognized that a prior bachelor's degree was not required to earn an LLB.
3229:
3110:
6742:
4900:
5354:
9. The following qualifications currently offered by the university sector are recognised globally. These award titles will continue to be recognised under QF although they do not conform to ATS:
4078:
496:" Nonetheless, into the year 1900, most states did not require a university education (although an apprenticeship was often required) and most practitioners had not attended any law school or college.
2495:
1022:
methods). This system of curriculum has existed in the United States for over 100 years. The JD program generally requires a bachelor's degree for entry, though this requirement is sometimes waived.
6470:
5766:
4464:
1572:
In the late 1960s, the rising number of American law schools awarding JDs led to debate over whether lawyers could ethically use the title "doctor". Initial informal ethics opinions, based on the
3732:
4494:
492:
viewed law as a science and the law library as the laboratory, with the cases providing the basis for learning those 'principles or doctrines' of which law, considered as a science, consists.
6675:
805:
denominated Master in Law (MLaw), that combine the qualifying law degree with the legal practice course or the bar professional training course in a four-year, undergraduate-entry program.
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6099:
3980:
2368:
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philosophy of law. The universities assumed that the acquisition of skills would happen in practice, while the proprietary schools concentrated on the practical skills during education.
4512:
1546:
follows a similar policy, stating that a professional degree carrying the title "doctor" is not considered equivalent to a research degree, such as a Ph.D. The Dutch and Portuguese
6397:
4692:
400:
6133:
6069:
5307:
Although the award has the word 'doctor' in its title, this is a traditional usage and it is not generally regarded as equivalent to the Ph.D. degree or other doctoral awards.
3541:
1102:
An Australian Juris Doctor consists of three years of full-time study, or the equivalent. The course varies across different universities, though all are obliged to teach the
656:
6614:
6579:
5628:
3706:
3762:
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has advised that "while neither degree is likely equivalent to a Ph.D., a JD, or MD degree would be considered to be equivalent to, if not higher than, a masters degree".
1030:" as opposed to the prefix "Dr.", and that only in a professional context, when needed to alert others that they are a biased party β acting as an agent for their client.
7123:
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7158:
4371:
3391:
2536:
2147:
1977:
391:"have no manner of concern for their clerk's future welfare ... is a monstrous absurdity to suppose, that the law is to be learnt by a perpetual copying of precedents".
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1777:
3239:
2039:
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the United States which awarded both LLB and JD degrees. Thirteen of the 15 were located in the Midwest, which may indicate regional variations in the United States.
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1952:β describes differences between academic and professional doctorates; contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate, in Β§ 'Other references'.
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6557:
6001:
6376:β see esp. Mwenda's comments on pp. 87β88, in the section labeled "The Academic Rank of a JD" and the quoted material from Pappas immediately preceding it.
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settled the question in favour of allowing the use of the title in states where the code was adopted. There was some dispute over whether only the Ph.D.-level
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when the study of canon law was barred after the Reformation) and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only. As a consequence of the need for
4085:
2071:
4349:
2487:
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3587:. 85th ACSA Annual Meeting β Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference. pp. 585β591. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014.
3348:(Report). Bulletin of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Vol. Bulletin 21. Boston, MA: Merrymount Press – via Google Books.
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3289:(Report). Bulletin of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Vol. Bulletin 15. Boston, MA: Merrymount Press – via Archive.org.
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To be fully authorized to practice law in the courts of a given state in the United States, the majority of individuals holding a JD degree must pass a
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7413:
7376:
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649:
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William Roscoe Thayer; William Richards Castle; Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe; Arthur Stanwood Pier; Bernard Augustine De Voto; Theodore Morrison (1902).
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The J.D. programme is formally classified as a taught master's degree programme and it is not customary for J.D. graduates to use the title "Doctor".
4498:
4465:"Peter A. Allard School of Law | UBC Board of Governors Approves Request for LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) degree to be renamed J.D. (Juris Doctor)"
4432:
3684:
1547:
272:-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university, akin to the
6682:
6434:
5744:
1172:
offered the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence (D.Jur.) as a research degree until 2002, when the name of the program was changed to Ph.D. in law.
1131:
program, applicants must have completed a minimum of two or three years of study toward a bachelor's degree and scored well on the North American
7263:
7088:
5218:
website says at the top of the webpage that it is a 2 year program, but later on the same page and on other pages in the site, states that
7664:
5116:
3878:
2360:
333:
such degree". This was extended in 1837 to cover the newly established universities of Durham and London, and again in 1851 to include the new
7234:
2337:
1251:. The program comprises universities classes in legal theory and legal subjects, excluding practical courses, and is concluded with a thesis (
4964:
4942:
3088:
1204:
Neither the LLB nor the JD provides the education sufficient for a license to practice. Graduates of both are also required to undertake the
642:
6218:
5344:
8. Providers may continue to adopt titles traditionally used for degree and sub-degree qualifications in the mainstream education; i.e.
4634:
3830:
6621:
5192:
4319:
3654:
2802:
2465:
1807:
1375:
729:) to abandon the JD and reβadopt the LLB as the first law degree by the 1930s. By 1962, the JD degree was rarely seen outside the Midwest.
6249:
4259:
2381:
Learn about applying for registration to practice in patent matters before the USPTO, including requirements, forms, and exam information.
1071:). Beginning in the 2010s, many Australian universities now offer JD programs, including the country's best ranked universities (e.g. the
6389:
5651:"Nuovo Accesso Diretto Al Concorso In Magistratura Con La Sola Laurea β Riforma Cartabia 2022 β Art 4 Legge 17 Giugno 2022, N. 71, n. 98"
4982:
2435:
1298:
also qualifies individuals to partake in the competitive public examination, administered by the Ministry of Justice, for entry into the
7201:
5368:
4741:
3908:
7349:
6495:
5710:
3624:
3188:
6129:
5243:
5169:
5093:
6847:
1001. A lawyer holding a J.D. degree may not ethically use, either orally or in print, the title 'doctor' professionally or socially.
5409:
4033:
1558:
594:
133:" which requires applicants to hold an additional required degree in certain scientific fields alongside their Juris Doctor degrees.
5294:
5010:
4592:
3530:
6969:
Hittner, David; Turnbull, Frederick W.; Adams, Paul; Widman, Joel L.; Tollett, Kenneth S. (November 1969). "Views of our readers".
6586:
5683:
2005:
1969:
111:
6301:
5620:
5514:
3710:
442:. It has been said that the early university law schools of the early 19th century seemed to be preparing students for careers as
6602:
First-professional degrees will not be considered in themselves as Ph.D.-equivalent, even if recipients carry the title "doctor".
4696:
3770:
6646:
4811:
4229:
4199:
4132:
2393:
1936:
5570:
2238:
1837:
1833:
7111:
6037:
4102:
1220:, only one program gives access to traditional legal professions such as lawyer, magistrate or public notary, and that is the
7195:
7146:
6718:
6537:
6370:
3385:
3375:
3017:
2750:
2650:
2641:
2530:
2518:
2307:
2136:
2014:
1962:
1388:
779:
5802:
2984:
2956:
2927:
2899:
2572:
1769:
1001:
6192:
4552:
2046:
1124:
670:
525:
423:
7050:
Kathleen Maher (November 2006). "Lawyers are doctors, too: But there is no clear ethics rule on whether they may say so".
6807:
1465:
offer a JD/LLM Joint Degree Program enabling Harvard JD candidates to earn a Cambridge LLM and a Harvard JD in 3.5 years.
5173:
5097:
5014:
4667:
3942:
3469:
3412:
1190:
1127:
became the first law school to rename its law degree in 2001. As with the second-entry LLB, in order to be admitted to a
1111:
620:
17:
6271:
4871:
4495:"Dean Patrick Monahan on the growing number of Canadian law schools switching from the LL.B. to J.D. degree designation"
2676:
1569:
Since at least the 1920s, it has been contrary to custom in the United States to address holders of the JD as "doctor".
1488:
In the United States, the Juris Doctor is the degree that prepares the recipient to enter the law profession (as do the
1181:
the School of Transnational Law, which offers a United States-style education and awards a Chinese Juris Doctor degree.
5146:
5070:
5040:
4010:
3315:
1384:
91:, or other qualifying law degree depending on the requirements of the jurisdiction where the person will practice law.
6553:
6012:
1006:
As stated by Hall and Langdell, who were involved in the creation of the JD, the JD is a professional degree like the
248:
civil and canon law (used in a very few jurisdictions, such as the courts of admiralty and church courts) but not the
6166:
5271:
4516:
4169:
3800:
1557:
countries also often consider the JD granted in the United States equivalent to a bachelor's degree, even though the
252:
that applied in most jurisdictions. Professional training for practicing common law in England was undertaken at the
5941:
5718:. Annual meeting of the Research of Sociology of Law. Paris, FR: European Network on Law and Society. Archived from
1718:
Some sources have the first doctorates in theology at Paris being awarded prior to the doctorates in law at Bologna.
7224:
5908:
4992:. Academic Degree Commission of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. 27 August 2007. Archived from
4763:
3882:
1380:
1205:
786:
721:
334:
6002:"Part A: Setting and maintaining academic standards, the U.K. frameworks for higher education qualifications"
5904:
4341:
2108:
110:), and is described as a "doctor's degree β professional practice" by the United States Department of Education's
7403:
6736:"Chapter 31: H-1B cap exemption for aliens holding a master's or higher degree from a U.S. institution"
6331:
5595:
5239:
3826:
3796:
1693:
1452:
553:
419:, which was abbreviated L.B.; Harvard was the first university to use the LLB abbreviation in the United States.
4717:
4289:
3359:
Stevens, R. (1971). "Two cheers for 1870: The American law school". In Fleming, Donald; Bailyn, Bernard (eds.).
474:, United States Supreme Court Justice, lecturer of law at Harvard and proponent of the "scientific study of law"
7342:
7297:
3852:
3462:
3048:
1740:
Citations for verification of the data in this table can be found in the subsequent paragraphs of this section.
1493:
1080:
130:
5892:
Archived copies can be viewed and verified at the Sillimaniana Section of the Silliman University Main Library
4849:
6103:
6073:
5672:
For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century (Report). Justice System Reform Council. 2001.
3598:
1728:
1417:
1072:
802:
702:
689:
489:
485:
7699:
7284:
Most newspapers dispense with such formalities and on second reference call people only by their last names.
5868:
4402:
3676:
203:, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the
7630:
6681:(Report). Dublin, IE: National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. October 2006. p. 3. Archived from
5321:
5290:
5215:
5196:
5120:
4003:"Frequently Asked Questions - Board of Bar Examiners - Supreme Court - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware"
3585:
Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting β Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference
1577:
the school of graduation thinks of the JD degree as a doctor's degree". The opinion generated much debate.
1299:
1198:
615:
426:
established in 1812, included much theoretical and philosophical study, including works such as the Bible,
325:
principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure provided by apprenticeship and the
4781:
3253:
Ellis, D. (2001). "Legal education: A perspective on the last 130 years of American legal training".
2216:
688:
In the mid-19th century there was much concern about the quality of legal education in the United States.
7399:
5457:
5150:
5074:
5044:
4439:
1914:
1655:
1585:
1509:
1194:
1155:
766:
573:
416:
126:
6007:. Consultation on the U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education. Learning and Teaching Committee (Report).
4908:
3500:
1159:
387:, in 1745 in a New York newspaper that the clerkship program was severely flawed, and that most mentors
6419:
5736:
2561:
An International Prognostic Study, based on an Acquisition Model, of Degree Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.)
2276:
1628:"suggests that you're a medical doctor or a Ph.D. β and therefore conveys a false level of expertise."
1436:
599:
7078:
5309: It is a first law degree for students who are already graduates in a non-law discipline.
3286:
1990:
NCES discontinued the use of the term "first professional degree" as of its 2010β2011 data collection.
1910:
7689:
7335:
6275:
4815:
3977:"Is the Juris Doctor degree offered by the Singapore Management University (SMU) an approved degree?"
3057:
1678:
1617:." Many other newspapers reserve the title for physicians only or do not use titles at all. In 2011,
1543:
1469:
1428:
1424:
at the doctoral qualifications level, sitting above the LLM. It includes a 30,000-word dissertation.
1355:
in Japan, which is separate from the academic class of postgraduate master's degrees and doctorates.
1132:
1092:
589:
6710:
Comparing American and British legal education systems: Lessons for Commonwealth African law schools
6653:
6529:
Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems: Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools
5124:
3886:
7468:
6430:
4666:. Licensing process β lawyer. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Law Society of Upper Canada. Archived from
3592:
3111:"Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons"
2622:
2601:
2329:
1516:
1497:
1432:
1409:
1233:
754:
630:
625:
300:
96:
4968:
4934:
3822:
3092:
99:
does not allow an accredited JD degree to be issued in less than two years of law school studies.
7395:
7154:
7119:
6214:
5267:
4626:
3646:
3235:
2491:
2401:
2010:
1973:
1618:
1609:
1601:
1554:
1535:
1462:
1413:
to use the title "doctor". This was not incorporated into the final framework published in 2014.
1084:
277:
161:) and at some law schools Doctor of Law (JD), or Doctor of Jurisprudence (also abbreviated JD). "
5200:
2817:
2457:
2186:
1918:
1799:
1294:(Specialization Diploma for the Legal Profession), akin to a master's degree. Possession of the
7441:
6241:
4874:
4251:
3938:
2859:
1683:
1421:
510:
280:, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the
103:
7251:, generally do not use the honorific 'Dr.' unless the person in question has a medical degree.
4993:
3414:
3033:
2876:
2427:
129:, except from the state of Wisconsin. United States patent courts also involve a specialized "
7502:
7248:
7181:
6708:
6527:
5405:
5372:
4785:
4737:
4556:
3912:
3072:
2842:
1637:
1444:
1400:
governing entry to the legal profession, and is eligible for admission to the Singapore Bar.
1225:
1068:
1040:
1019:
794:
407:
304:
200:
88:
5719:
3612:
3203:
3007:
1146:
United States jurisdictions other than New York and Massachusetts do not recognize Canadian
7694:
7616:
7572:
7478:
7464:
7422:
7367:
6305:
6008:
5231:
5177:
5101:
4311:
3537:
2568:
1868:
1613:
notes specifically in its stylebook that "Lawyers, despite their JD degrees, aren't called
1473:
1448:
1166:
graduates in order to practice law either elsewhere in Canada or in the state of New York.
1076:
288:
273:
183:
179:
119:
5886:
Decierdo, Princess Dianne Kris S. (15 July 2009). "S.U. Law adopts Juris Doctor Program".
5397:
5286:
3453:
Perry, David (June 2012). "How did lawyers become "doctors"? From the LL.B. to the J.D.".
357:
8:
7607:
7592:
6511:
5431:
5287:"Juris Doctor (JD) β Information for entrants to be admitted in 2013β2014 and thereafter"
5018:
4845:
4604:
4433:"Addendum to AQF Second Edition January 2013: Amended Qualification Type: Masters Degree"
3766:
3736:
3199:
3195:
2461:
2431:
1649:
1440:
1248:
447:
364:
308:
212:
60:
37:
6361:
Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma; Muuka, Gerry Nkombo, eds. (2009). "The academic rank of a J.D.".
5687:
5327:. Special Administrative Region. Qualifications Framework. Government of the Hong Kong.
1872:
503:
284:, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew.
7534:
7459:
7187:
7059:
7032:
7005:
6978:
6950:
6923:
6896:
6868:
6838:
6784:
6335:
6309:
4164:
4053:
3620:
1892:
1489:
1477:
1458:
1336:
1048:
characteristics of the program and to obtain a so-called doctoral-level qualification.
1007:
745:
714:
693:
431:
384:
321:
317:
115:
107:
1014:
of analysing and teaching the law through logic and adversarial analysis (such as the
7626:
7390:
7229:
7191:
6714:
6533:
6489:
6366:
5848:
5740:
4819:
4572:
4532:
4221:
4191:
4136:
3381:
3013:
2646:
2526:
2405:
1940:
1884:
1371:
1088:
798:
6215:"Dual LLB / Juris Doctor (JD) with the Chinese University of Hong Kong - 2023 entry"
2739:"The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction"
2246:
1829:
165:" literally means "teacher of law", while the Latin for "Doctor of Jurisprudence" β
7656:
7612:
7529:
7385:
7023:"Summaries of informal opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics".
6859:"Summaries of informal opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics".
6829:"Summaries of informal opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics".
6776:
5488:
4110:
4045:
1896:
1876:
1643:
1624:
1387:
also renamed their respective LL.B programs to Juris Doctor. The newly established
1263:
1252:
1163:
377:
295:
as worthy of academic study, and included coursework in law only in the context of
3155:"A legal education renaissance: A practical approach for the twenty-first century"
2299:
2000:
7651:
7635:
7597:
7582:
7549:
7359:
6038:
The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of U.K. Degree-Awarding Bodies
5940:(Report). Singapore: Ministry of Law. Cap. 161, s. 2(2). Archived from
5833:"Ateneo de Manila Law School β Philippine Leadership Crisis and the J.D. Program"
5773:
4938:
4724:
4600:
3345:
2978:
2950:
2921:
2893:
2738:
2559:
1673:
1592:
as allowing JD-holders to be called 'doctor', while acknowledging that the older
1244:
1169:
1057:
1015:
710:
706:
697:
216:
6242:"Harvard Law School and University of Cambridge J.D./LL.M. Joint Degree Program"
6188:
4002:
7621:
7577:
7544:
7427:
6803:
5220:"normally, full-time J.D. students can complete the programme in 3 years."
1696:β describes general characteristics of the J.D. curriculum in the United States
1667:
1661:
1551:
a graduate degree, even though it incorporates the word 'doctor' in the title"
1505:
1275:
1067:
The traditional law degree in Australia is the undergraduate Bachelor of Laws (
762:
568:
145:, the professional doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English as
6780:
1926:β mentions that the J.D. is a "professional doctorate", in Β§ 'Data notes'
1374:, which developed the program later adopted by most law schools. In 2008, the
761:
Following standard modern academic practice, Harvard Law School refers to its
509:
persisted through the middle of the 20th century, which by then turned into a
114:. In Australia, South Korea, and Hong Kong, it has the academic standing of a
7683:
7083:
6363:
The Challenge of Change in Africa's Higher Education in the 21st Century
5983:
Footnote as follows will need to be added depending on decision re. the J.D.:
2670:
1913:(Report). NSF InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. Vol. 06β312. U.S.
1472:
offers a two-year graduate-entry LLB described as a "JD pathway" degree. The
403:
326:
265:
253:
240:
142:
68:
7327:
5154:
5078:
5048:
3307:
2645:. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press.
2611:
533:
422:
The first university law programs in the United States, such as that of the
7539:
4222:"The Sydney Juris Doctor (JD) β Future Students β The University of Sydney"
3792:
1888:
1103:
558:
480:
471:
268:
system. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of
207:
school in that city. This served as the model for other law schools of the
174:
71:, it is the only qualifying law degree, while other jurisdictions, such as
6914:
Hittner, David (June 1969). "The juris 'doctor' β a question of ethics?".
6647:
The American education system described and compared with the Dutch system
6158:
4965:"Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Academic Degrees (2004)"
4372:"A decade into the Melbourne Model, young graduates give their assessment"
3709:. The Law Society and the General Council of the Bar. 1999. Archived from
1519:, which accredits US law schools, has issued a Council Statement stating:
1243:
is a five-year academic program, deemed a master's-level degree under the
7602:
5871:. University of Philippines College of Law. 25 April 2008. Archived from
2358:
1364:
435:
208:
7063:
7036:
7009:
6982:
6954:
6927:
6900:
6872:
6842:
4084:. Legal Education Standards (2015β2016). 7 February 2016. Archived from
2144:
Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada
2045:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. June 2013. Archived from
1880:
1512:(S.J.D./J.S.D.), which ordinarily requires the LL.M. as a prerequisite.
303:(the two "laws" in the original Bachelor of Laws, which thus became the
6788:
5912:
4438:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. May 2014. Archived from
4057:
1688:
1508:(LL.M.), which ordinarily requires the J.D. as a prerequisite, and the
740:
443:
358:
Legal training in colonial North America and 19th-century United States
342:
292:
269:
249:
235:
154:
5989:β’ holders of the qualification are not entitled to use the title 'Dr.'
3009:
A History of the University of Cambridge:, Volume 3; Volumes 1750β1870
1274:), in keeping with standard Italian practice of awarding the title of
83:, offer both the postgraduate JD degree as well as the undergraduate
7497:
6509:
Kerr, Orin (22 October 2015). "The rise of the Ph.D. law professor".
5392:
5390:
4281:
3308:"What is the difference between the LL.B. degree and the J.D.degree?"
1525:
considered as equivalent degrees for educational employment purposes.
1229:
790:
504:
Creation of the JD and major common law approaches to legal education
312:
296:
204:
80:
72:
4049:
1011:
6072:. Programme Specifications (2019β2020). Academic Affairs (Report).
4983:"Circular authorizing Peking University to offer the international
4967:. P.R.C. National People's Congress. 28 August 2005. Archived from
3231:
Logic and Experience: The origin of modern American legal education
3154:
1427:
Joint LLB/JD courses for a small number of students are offered by
1051:
726:
281:
260:
6967:
6741:. AFM Update. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. AD06-24.
5387:
2590:
1800:"The Law School > Academic Catalog | The University of Chicago"
1749:
Juris Doctor degree qualifies one to sit for the bar examinations.
462:
446:
rather than as lawyers. At the LLB programs in the early 1900s at
186:. In the United States, the LLD is invariably an honorary degree.
5872:
3118:
Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?
1262:
Italian graduates in law are awarded the title of Doctor of Law (
1027:
548:
439:
5432:"University of Bologna | History & Development | Britannica"
3563:
Schoenfeld, M. (1963). "J.D. or LL.B. as the basic law degree".
1416:
The only JD degree currently awarded by a U.K. university is at
1290:(Specialization Schools for the Legal Profession), leading to a
399:
243:
of London served as a professional school for lawyers in England
7587:
7554:
7473:
6130:"Dual LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York"
4789:
2208:
1699:
1480:
offers a three-year so-called "LLM Law (Juris Doctor)" degree.
1455:, with two years in the UK followed by two years in Hong Kong.
467:
427:
76:
7225:"Hi, I'm Jill. Jill Biden. But please, call me Dr. Biden"
4693:"University of Toronto β Faculty of Law: Prospective Students"
32:
6996:
Yuter, S.C. (August 1971). "Revisiting the 'doctor' debate".
4282:"The Melbourne JD (Juris Doctor) : Melbourne Law School"
3495:
2072:"Regulation of the Legal Profession in South Korea: Overview"
1311:
1217:
178:(LLD). In institutions where the latter can be earned, e.g.,
150:
84:
2268:
2179:"North Carolina Board of Law Examiners (NCBLE) 919-848-4229"
102:
In the United States, the JD has the academic standing of a
6941:
Shields, William H. (June 1969). "Don't call me "doctor"".
6804:"How to address an attorney or lawyer in the United States"
5356: Juris Doctor (J.D.) at QF Level 6
3578:"LL.B. to J.D. and the professional degree in Architecture"
3421:. Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association. pp. 555β556
2359:
United States Patent and Trademark Office (27 March 2017).
1208:
course and a solicitor traineeship or barrister pupillage.
451:
4168:. Globe Campus Report. Toronto, ON, Canada. Archived from
1476:
previously offered a course similar to Southampton's. The
5686:. Yokohama National University Law School. Archived from
5621:"Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca"
5515:"Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca"
1370:
The degree was first conferred in the Philippines by the
383:
It was said by one famous attorney in the United States,
64:
6885:
5935:
Rule 5A, Legal profession (qualified persons) rules
2300:"Diploma Privilege | University of Wisconsin Law School"
2178:
1939:. San Diego County Bar Association. 1969. Archived from
406:, founder of the first law school in North America, the
3346:
Present-day Law Schools in the United States and Canada
3182:
3180:
2664:
2662:
1963:
Structure of U.S. Education: First professional degrees
1859:
Russo, Eugene (2004). "The changing length of Ph.D.s".
1224:. Legal studies have a long history in Italy, with the
696:
from 1870 to 1895, and dedicated his life to reforming
517:
230:
7183:
The Wall Street Journal Guide to Business Style and Us
5256:
Is the J.D. programme a doctoral or a master's degree?
3531:"Why the law degree is called a J.D. and not an LL.B."
1564:
5547:(in Italian). Italy. January 2013. L. 247/2012.
3189:
A Brief History of the Stanford Law School, 1893β1946
3091:. Cambridge University Faculty of Law. Archived from
2330:"Diploma Privilege | Marquette University Law School"
2269:"Bole β Official Page New York State Bar Examination"
2131:
2129:
1292:
Diploma di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali
818:
the JD which have been implemented around the world.
6620:(Report). NARIC Portugal. p. 49. Archived from
6554:"The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System"
5967:"Part A: Setting and maintaining academic standards"
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3177:
2659:
1911:
Time to degree of U.S. research doctorate recipients
1288:
Scuole di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali
172:
The JD is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or
7264:"Why doesn't the Times call Condi 'Dr. Rice'?"
6585:(Report). European Research Council. Archived from
6580:
PhD and Equivalent Doctoral Degrees: The ERC Policy
4848:School of Law. Office of Admissions. Archived from
4342:"Western Sydney University - JD Course Information"
1588:grant the title, but ethics opinions have read the
991:
118:, while in Canada, it is considered a second-entry
3494:
3363:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. p. 427.
3047:
2126:
1559:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
1228:being the main Italian center for studies of both
1162:, which both offer a one-year JD program aimed at
4252:"The ANU Juris Doctor β ANU College of Law β ANU"
3911:. Solicitors Regulation Authority. Archived from
3515:
3293:
3255:Washington University Journal of Law & Policy
2638:
1804:Graduate Announcements, The University of Chicago
1731:method, see la Piana (1994) and Stein (1981)
1548:National Academic Recognition Information Centres
1504:Research degrees in the study of law include the
1002:Law school in the United States Β§ Curriculum
812:
7681:
6384:
6382:
6132:. University College London. 14 September 2017.
6100:Study regulations for research degree programmes
5853:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5541:"Riforma dell'ordinamento professionale forense"
4577:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4559:. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007
4537:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3406:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3108:
3012:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187β190.
1052:Descriptions of the JD outside the United States
169:β literally means "teacher of legal knowledge".
63:that primarily prepares individuals to practice
6767:Crabbe, A.L. (March 1925). "Who is a doctor?".
3104:
3102:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2516:
1727:For detailed discussions of the development of
1348:
1326:
683:
463:Revolutionary approach: scientific study of law
7665:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
7049:
6189:"Double degree programme: Columbia Law School"
5346: Associate at Level 4
4497:. Osgoode Law School. May 2012. Archived from
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
1342:
1320:
1010:, intended to prepare practitioners through a
773:
709:(a method of studying landmark cases) and the
479:drafting. United States Supreme Court justice
136:
7357:
7343:
7112:"Debate over 'doctor of law' title continues"
6379:
5348: Bachelor at Level 5
4457:
3433:
3287:Training for the Public Profession of the Law
3221:
3186:
3139:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2146:. Canada: Council of Ministers of Education.
650:
6272:"Law Accelerated Programme JD Pathway (LLB)"
5350: Master at Level 6
4519:. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009
4425:
4151:
3971:
3969:
3415:"Shall the degree be J.D. instead of LL.B.?"
3380:. New Jersey: Lawbook Exchange. p. 50.
3352:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3099:
3005:
2620:
2599:
2034:
2032:
1376:University of the Philippines College of Law
986:
194:
7144:
7109:
6360:
5879:
5571:"Decreto Legislativo 5 aprile 2006, n. 160"
5371:. Hong Kong Bar Association. Archived from
5352: Doctor at Level 7
4901:"DiplΓ΄me (Juris Doctor) β FacultΓ© de droit"
4627:"Bachelor of Law degree programs in Canada"
2765:
1026:in the US, lawyers usually use the suffix "
211:, and other early universities such as the
7350:
7336:
5835:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008
4593:"Degree Requirements β First Year Courses"
3562:
2691:
2668:
2525:. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2137:"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework"
1189:The JD degree is currently offered at the
1033:
657:
643:
6011:. 18 June 2014. p. 6. Archived from
5737:"Degree Regulations of Nagoya University"
5684:"Program Introduction and Dean's Message"
4727:. Law.nyu.edu. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
3966:
3330:
3265:
3120:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3040:
2618:Verger, J. (1999). "Doctor, doctoratus".
2029:
1770:"The Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) Degree"
1443:. King's also offers a joint LLB/JD with
27:Graduate-entry professional degree in law
7222:
5885:
3227:
3152:
3064:
2006:National Center for Education Statistics
1970:National Center for Education Statistics
1929:
1852:
739:
466:
398:
234:
112:National Center for Education Statistics
31:
7147:"Bar board settles 'Dr. of Law' debate"
6940:
6913:
6153:
6151:
4157:
3575:
3534:Marquette University Law School Faculty
3358:
2874:
2628:. Vol. 3. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
2607:. Vol. 5. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
2095:
1822:
311:in law, the apprenticeship program for
219:may have been doctorates in civil law (
14:
7682:
7295:
7179:
7076:
6766:
6706:
6525:
6494:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6476:from the original on 23 September 2022
6110:from the original on 14 September 2016
5813:from the original on 27 September 2007
5551:from the original on 15 September 2018
5412:from the original on 15 September 2018
5246:from the original on 10 September 2016
4103:"Applying without a bachelor's degree"
3859:from the original on 14 September 2016
3833:from the original on 14 September 2016
3803:from the original on 14 September 2016
3528:
3455:New York State Bar Association Journal
2891:
2857:
2800:
2639:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (1992).
2617:
2596:
1903:
1840:from the original on 23 September 2008
1834:University of Washington School of Law
7331:
6995:
6748:from the original on 12 February 2017
6733:
5708:
5486:
5297:from the original on 25 February 2021
5172:. Courses and Recommended Sequences.
4945:from the original on 14 February 2017
4744:from the original on 3 September 2011
4352:from the original on 18 February 2024
4232:from the original on 20 December 2010
3677:"Graduate Programs β Yale Law School"
3529:Hylton, J. Gordon (11 January 2012).
3482:from the original on 9 September 2015
3452:
3373:
3252:
3187:Kirkwood, M. & Owens, W. (n.d.).
2736:
2642:A History of the University in Europe
2557:
2523:A History of the University in Europe
2438:from the original on 14 February 2017
2352:
2298:School, University of Wisconsin Law.
2017:from the original on 31 December 2020
1980:from the original on 14 December 2020
1858:
1420:. The 3β4 year degree is specified a
1389:De La Salle University College of Law
780:Legal education in the United Kingdom
189:
7274:from the original on 24 January 2017
7237:from the original on 22 October 2018
7161:from the original on 10 January 2017
7145:Blankenship, Gary (15 August 2006).
7126:from the original on 10 January 2017
6508:
6400:from the original on 10 January 2017
6148:
6050:from the original on 22 October 2021
4322:from the original on 27 October 2020
4031:
3377:Legal Education in the United States
3343:
3318:from the original on 28 January 2021
3284:
3070:
2948:
2675:. New York, NY: Encyclopedia Press.
2498:from the original on 9 December 2016
1451:offer joint LLB/JD degrees with the
1268:Dottore Magistrale in Giurisprudenza
671:Legal education in the United States
526:Legal education in the United States
518:Legal education in the United States
231:History of legal training in England
199:The first university in Europe, the
7223:Abcarian, Robin (2 February 2009).
6282:from the original on 30 August 2022
6221:from the original on 30 August 2022
6195:from the original on 30 August 2022
6169:from the original on 30 August 2022
6136:from the original on 30 August 2022
5747:from the original on 27 August 2016
5174:The Chinese University of Hong Kong
5170:"The Juris Doctor (J.D.) programme"
5098:The Chinese University of Hong Kong
5015:The Chinese University of Hong Kong
4881:from the original on 2 January 2014
4812:"Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program"
4401:Board, Victorian Legal Admissions.
3855:. Solicitors Regulation Authority.
3657:from the original on 27 August 2015
1623:published an article claiming that
1582:Code of Professional Responsibility
1296:Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza
1283:Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza
1241:laurea magistrale in giurisprudenza
1222:Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza
1112:Australian Qualifications Framework
621:Association of American Law Schools
24:
7298:"Michele Bachmann is not a doctor"
6801:
6302:"Law (J.D. pathway) LL.B. (Hons.)"
6239:
5767:Kobe University degree regulations
4292:from the original on 11 April 2017
4262:from the original on 19 April 2017
4202:from the original on 28 April 2017
4013:from the original on 2 August 2023
3733:"Bar Professional Training Course"
3627:from the original on 3 August 2015
3503:from the original on 17 April 2021
3228:la Piana, William P. (1994).
2679:from the original on 4 August 2017
2297:
2219:from the original on 18 April 2017
2164:Programs with a professional focus
2153:from the original on 28 April 2019
1496:in the medical profession and the
1385:Silliman University College of Law
1247:, that can be entered into with a
36:Juris Doctor diploma conferred by
25:
7711:
7323:
7204:from the original on 9 April 2023
7110:Blankenship, Gary (1 July 2006).
6806:. Protocol School of Washington.
6676:Review of Professional Doctorates
6656:from the original on 9 April 2023
6532:. Cambria Press. pp. 21β22.
6440:from the original on 26 July 2010
6425:. Legal Education Accreditation.
6365:. Cambria Press. pp. 87β88.
6342:from the original on 7 April 2022
6252:from the original on 15 June 2022
6080:from the original on 7 April 2022
5487:Russo, Maria (24 November 2010).
5334:from the original on 7 April 2022
4695:. Law.utoronto.ca. Archived from
4400:
3853:"Qualifying law degree providers"
3394:from the original on 9 April 2023
2987:from the original on 9 April 2023
2959:from the original on 9 April 2023
2930:from the original on 9 April 2023
2902:from the original on 9 April 2023
2753:from the original on 3 March 2021
2578:from the original on 3 March 2017
2539:from the original on 9 April 2023
2468:from the original on 14 June 2021
2340:from the original on 9 April 2023
2310:from the original on 9 April 2023
2096:McMahon, Kirsten (January 2008).
1917:. 2006. p. 7. Archived from
1810:from the original on 15 June 2023
1403:
488:. In the words of Dorsey Ellis, "
7308:from the original on 9 July 2018
7289:
7256:
7216:
7173:
7138:
7103:
7091:from the original on 1 July 2017
7070:
7052:American Bar Association Journal
7043:
7025:American Bar Association Journal
7016:
6998:American Bar Association Journal
6989:
6971:American Bar Association Journal
6961:
6943:American Bar Association Journal
6934:
6916:American Bar Association Journal
6907:
6889:American Bar Association Journal
6879:
6861:American Bar Association Journal
6852:
6831:American Bar Association Journal
6822:
6795:
6760:
6727:
6700:
6668:
6639:
6607:
6572:
6560:from the original on 16 May 2022
6546:
6519:
6502:
6452:
6412:
6354:
6324:
6294:
6264:
6233:
6207:
6181:
6122:
6092:
6062:
6030:
5994:
5959:
5927:
5909:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
5897:
5890:. Vol. LXXXII, no. 4.
5861:
5825:
5795:
5759:
5729:
5702:
5676:
5665:
5643:
5631:from the original on 23 May 2023
5613:
5588:
5563:
5533:
5507:
5480:
5468:from the original on 13 May 2021
5450:
5424:
5361:
5314:
5224:
5139:
5063:
5033:
5003:
4975:
4957:
4927:
4893:
4864:
4834:
4804:
4774:
4756:
4740:. Nybarexam.org. 27 April 2011.
4730:
4637:from the original on 10 May 2017
4513:"First Year Admission Standards"
4413:from the original on 9 June 2022
3909:"Exempting law degree providers"
3883:Queen Mary, University of London
3544:from the original on 27 May 2022
3344:Reed, Alfred Zantzinger (1928).
3285:Reed, Alfred Zantzinger (1921).
2875:Britain, Great (7 August 1851).
2803:"Early American legal education"
2669:Herbermann; et al. (1915).
2371:from the original on 5 June 2022
2361:"Becoming a Patent Practitioner"
2189:from the original on 10 May 2017
1780:from the original on 6 July 2022
1447:. King's College London and the
1381:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
1236:in the 12th and 13th centuries.
787:Bar Professional Training Course
722:University of Chicago Law School
532:
7404:Certificate of Higher Education
7079:"Trust me, I'm a doctor of law"
6810:from the original on 9 May 2011
5240:Chinese University of Hong Kong
4770:. Working career professionals.
4711:
4685:
4649:
4619:
4585:
4545:
4505:
4487:
4394:
4382:from the original on 7 May 2017
4364:
4334:
4304:
4274:
4244:
4214:
4184:
4125:
4095:
4071:
4025:
3995:
3957:
3927:
3901:
3871:
3845:
3827:Solicitors Regulation Authority
3823:"Period of recognised training"
3815:
3797:Solicitors Regulation Authority
3785:
3755:
3725:
3699:
3687:from the original on 1 May 2017
3669:
3639:
3605:
3556:
3419:The Harvard graduates' magazine
3367:
3246:
3081:
3026:
2999:
2971:
2942:
2914:
2885:
2868:
2858:Chitty, Joseph (15 July 1837).
2851:
2835:
2632:
2597:Verger, J. (1999). "Licentia".
2551:
2510:
2480:
2450:
2420:
2386:
2322:
2291:
2279:from the original on 9 May 2017
2261:
2231:
2201:
2171:
2089:
2064:
1743:
1734:
1721:
1712:
1694:Law school in the United States
1453:Chinese University of Hong Kong
1191:Chinese University of Hong Kong
346:degree in admission decisions.
7296:Murphy, Tim (18 August 2011).
6191:. London School of Economics.
6163:The Dickson Poon School of Law
5712:Justice system reform in Japan
5596:"Legge 30 luglio 2007, n. 111"
5071:"Juris Doctor (J.D.) overview"
5041:"Juris Doctor (J.D.) overview"
4818:College of Law. Archived from
4160:"Why change to a J.D. degree?"
3463:New York State Bar Association
3153:Sonsteng, J. (2 April 2008) .
3056:. 20 October 1858 – via
1993:
1955:
1792:
1762:
1483:
1358:
1081:Australian National University
813:Modern variants and curriculum
13:
1:
7180:Martin, Paul (15 June 2010).
6734:Aytes, Michael (2 May 2006).
6713:. Cambria Press. p. 27.
6652:(Report). NUFFIC. p. 3.
6615:Recognition of Qualifications
6043:(Report). QAA. October 2014.
5803:"Ateneo de Manila University"
4034:"American Law School Degrees"
3793:"Legal Practice Course (LPC)"
3565:Cleveland-Marshall Law Review
3074:University of London Calendar
2980:Cambridge University Calendar
2878:14 & 15 Vict. c. LXXXVIII
2737:Stein, Ralph Michael (1981).
1756:
1580:The introduction of the 1969
1574:Canons of Professional Ethics
1391:is likewise offering the JD.
1073:University of New South Wales
799:period of recognised training
335:Queen's University of Ireland
320:became the first lecturer in
6769:Peabody Journal of Education
5627:(in Italian). 22 July 2017.
5291:City University of Hong Kong
5197:City University of Hong Kong
5147:"Juris Doctor (JD) overview"
5121:City University of Hong Kong
4842:"Osgoode J.D./LL.B. Program"
4407:www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au
4312:"Monash University Handbook"
2517:GarcΓa y GarcΓa, A. (1992).
2367:. United States Government.
1394:
1199:City University of Hong Kong
1184:
1062:
828:Comparisons of J.D. variants
744:A Juris Doctor conferred by
705:had developed, known as the
684:Creation of the Juris Doctor
616:Law School Admission Council
7:
7400:Diploma of Higher Education
6707:Mwenda, Kenneth K. (2007).
6526:Mwenda, Kenneth K. (2007).
5545:Consiglio Nazionale Forense
5270:. 2016β2017. Archived from
5151:The University of Hong Kong
5075:The University of Hong Kong
5045:The University of Hong Kong
4595:. Osgoode Hall Law School.
3159:William Mitchell Law Review
2558:Noble, Keith Allen (1992).
1915:National Science Foundation
1830:"JD Program & Policies"
1656:Doctor of Juridical Science
1631:
1586:Doctor of Juridical Science
1510:Doctor of Juridical Science
1372:Ateneo de Manila Law School
1349:
1327:
1195:The University of Hong Kong
1154:Two notable exceptions are
803:integrated master's degrees
774:Major common law approaches
767:Doctor of Juridical Science
574:Doctor of Juridical Science
417:College of William and Mary
137:Etymology and abbreviations
10:
7716:
7087:(blog). (Samuel) Johnson.
6332:"LL.M. law (Juris Doctor)"
6104:Queen's University Belfast
6074:Queen's University Belfast
5653:(in Italian). 16 June 2022
5521:(in Italian). 22 July 2017
5489:"Laurea in Giurisprudenza"
4877:. Programme No 2-328-1-1.
2952:London University Calendar
2923:Durham University Calendar
2895:Oxford University Calendar
2844:1 & 2 George IV. c. 48
2398:Oxford Living Dictionaries
2040:"AQF qualification titles"
2001:The Condition of Education
1539:Juridical Science degree.
1437:London School of Economics
1418:Queen's University Belfast
1055:
999:
777:
668:
600:Continuing legal education
7644:
7563:
7522:
7515:
7487:
7449:
7440:
7412:
7375:
7366:
7212:– via Google Books.
6781:10.1080/01619562509534672
6723:– via Google Books.
6276:University of Southampton
6165:. King's College London.
4816:Michigan State University
4738:"Foreign Legal Education"
4631:Canadian-universities.net
4553:"LL.B. program admission"
4067:– via Google Books.
3597:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3402:– via Google Books.
3234:. New York & Oxford:
3109:John H. Langbein (1996).
3058:British Newspaper Archive
3034:"The Solicitors' Journal"
2801:Moline, Brian J. (2003).
2458:"Doctor of Jurisprudence"
2428:"Doctor of Jurisprudence"
1679:Admission to practice law
1640:(B.C.L., LL.B., or LL.L.)
1565:Use of the title "doctor"
1544:European Research Council
1470:University of Southampton
1429:University College London
1343:
1321:
1278:to university graduates.
1133:Law School Admission Test
1117:
1093:Western Sydney University
987:Types and characteristics
793:) or as a solicitor (the
434:, Aristotle, Adam Smith,
223:) followed by canon law (
195:Origins of the law degree
6431:American Bar Association
6334:. Postgraduate courses.
6217:. University of Exeter.
5094:"JD programme structure"
4909:UniversitΓ© de Sherbrooke
4723:11 December 2009 at the
4599:. J.D. program. Canada:
3647:"Graduate Legal Studies"
3576:Lombard, Joanna (1997).
3198:School of Law (Report).
2623:Lexikon des Mittelalters
2602:Lexikon des Mittelalters
2239:"Admission requirements"
1705:
1517:American Bar Association
1410:Quality Assurance Agency
1305:
1211:
1175:
1160:UniversitΓ© de Sherbrooke
631:Practising Law Institute
626:American Bar Association
259:In England in 1292 when
97:American Bar Association
7396:Higher National Diploma
7155:Florida Bar Association
7120:Florida Bar Association
7077:S.A.P. (1 March 2013).
7031:(8): 750. August 1970.
5268:University of Hong Kong
5195:. Academic Programmes.
5119:. Academic Programmes.
5013:. Academic programmes.
4657:"What you need to know"
4007:www.courts.delaware.gov
3361:Law in American History
3236:Oxford University Press
2743:Chicago-Kent Law Review
2492:University of Cambridge
2402:Oxford University Press
2011:Department of Education
1974:Department of Education
1937:"Ethics Opinion 1969-5"
1610:The Wall Street Journal
1536:Department of Education
1463:University of Cambridge
1085:University of Melbourne
1034:Replacement for the LLB
278:University of Cambridge
49:Doctor of Jurisprudence
7247:Newspapers, including
6308:. 2017. Archived from
5888:The Weekly Sillimanian
4875:University of Montreal
3939:Northumbria University
3615:. Harvard Law School.
3312:asklib.law.harvard.edu
2621:
2600:
2519:"The faculties of law"
1684:Accelerated JD program
1528:
1439:in collaboration with
1422:professional doctorate
1267:
1256:
1156:UniversitΓ© de MontrΓ©al
749:
475:
424:University of Maryland
411:
244:
167:Jurisprudentiae Doctor
104:professional doctorate
59:) is a graduate-entry
40:
7503:Candidate of Sciences
6867:(6): 589. June 1969.
6837:(7): 657. July 1968.
6240:School, Harvard Law.
5406:University of Bologna
5322:"Award Titles Scheme"
5232:"Juris Doctor (J.D.)"
4786:University of Windsor
4557:University of Calgary
3963:See, Langbein (1996).
3879:"Law β Senior Status"
3071:Univ, London (1866).
3006:Peter Searby (1988).
2949:Univ, London (1845).
2672:Catholic Encyclopedia
1638:Bachelor of Civil Law
1521:
1445:Georgetown University
1433:King's College London
1226:University of Bologna
1125:University of Toronto
1041:University of Chicago
795:Legal Practice Course
743:
470:
408:Litchfield Law School
402:
305:Bachelor of Civil Law
238:
201:University of Bologna
35:
7573:Academic certificate
7465:Postgraduate diploma
7270:. 27 December 2000.
7151:The Florida Bar News
7116:The Florida Bar News
6420:"Council Statements"
6312:on 18 September 2016
6306:University of Surrey
6009:University of Ulster
5979:on 10 January 2017.
5809:. 10 February 2017.
5807:Ateneolaw.ateneo.edu
5690:on 10 September 2009
5274:on 21 September 2016
4782:"JD / LLB β Welcome"
4346:westernsydney.edu.au
4192:"Unsw Jd | Law"
4158:Belford, T. (2009).
3889:on 25 September 2016
3773:on 20 September 2016
3743:on 20 September 2016
3713:on 20 September 2016
3707:"Joint Announcement"
3538:Marquette University
3314:. Ask a Librarian!.
3127:on 20 September 2016
2810:Washburn Law Journal
2569:University of Ottawa
2249:on 14 September 2010
2213:Barexam.virginia.gov
1474:University of Surrey
1449:University of Exeter
1270:, commonly known as
1077:University of Sydney
976:No, except Delaware
595:Admission to the bar
289:Oxford and Cambridge
274:University of Oxford
184:Doctor of Philosophy
180:Cambridge University
149:(sometimes shown on
7608:Professional degree
6512:The Washington Post
6467:www.americanbar.org
6396:. Yale Law School.
5947:on 22 February 2014
5783:on 24 February 2021
5458:"MIUR β UniversitΓ "
5398:"Degree Programmes"
5369:"General Admission"
5203:on 24 December 2007
5021:on 26 December 2013
4941:. 10 October 2002.
4846:New York University
4792:on 16 February 2008
4768:Citizenship Ontario
4662:. Resource Center.
4445:on 20 December 2016
4091:on 7 February 2016.
4038:Michigan Law Review
3983:on 22 February 2014
3767:Bar Standards Board
3737:Bar Standards Board
3651:Columbia Law School
3200:Stanford University
3095:on 2 November 2007.
2892:Baxter, W. (1833).
2494:. 4 November 2014.
2488:"Higher doctorates"
2462:Stanford University
2432:University of Texas
2243:California Bar exam
2052:on 13 December 2016
2013:. Β§ Glossary.
1881:10.1038/nj7006-382a
1873:2004Natur.431..382R
1774:Stanford Law School
1650:Doctor of Canon Law
1441:Columbia University
1314:the JD is known as
1300:ordinary magistracy
1249:high school diploma
1012:scientific approach
858:vocational training
831:
770:the United States.
582:Exams and licensure
448:Stanford University
365:American Revolution
309:practical education
225:doctores decretorum
213:University of Padua
61:professional degree
38:Columbia Law School
18:Juris Doctor Degree
7535:Doctor of Sciences
7188:Simon and Schuster
6688:on 10 January 2017
6592:on 6 November 2013
6336:University of York
6246:Harvard Law School
6018:on 10 January 2017
5709:Foote, D. (2005).
5436:www.britannica.com
5157:on 2 December 2008
5081:on 2 December 2008
5051:on 2 December 2008
4935:"September senate"
4517:Queen's University
4378:. 4 October 2015.
4286:Law.unimelb.edu.au
4258:. 10 August 2015.
4165:The Globe and Mail
4139:on 19 January 2016
3621:Harvard University
3613:"Graduate Program"
3374:Harno, A. (2004).
2098:"Making the grade"
1658:(J.S.D. or S.J.D.)
1534:The United States
1478:University of York
1459:Harvard Law School
825:
750:
746:Suffolk Law School
694:Harvard Law School
692:served as dean of
476:
412:
385:William Livingston
322:English common law
318:William Blackstone
245:
190:Historical context
108:research doctorate
106:(in contrast to a
41:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7627:Specialist degree
7511:
7510:
7479:Engineer's degree
7436:
7435:
7423:Bachelor's degree
7391:Foundation degree
7230:Los Angeles Times
7197:978-1-4391-2269-3
6973:. Editor's note.
6720:978-1-62196-959-4
6539:978-1-62196-959-4
6390:"LL.M. admission"
6372:978-1-60497-610-6
5741:Nagoya University
5725:on 20 March 2009.
5438:. 25 January 2024
5400:. School of Law.
5289:. School of Law.
5264:"Masters degrees"
4987:on a trial basis"
4915:on 11 August 2014
4699:on 28 August 2011
4316:Monash University
4228:. 30 March 2017.
4032:Hall, J. (1907).
3619:. Princeton, NJ:
3387:978-1-58477-441-9
3019:978-0-521-35060-0
2652:978-0-521-36105-7
2532:978-0-521-54113-8
2334:law.marquette.edu
2185:. 20 March 2017.
1867:(7006): 382β383.
1337:attorney in Japan
1089:Monash University
980:
979:
667:
666:
120:bachelor's degree
16:(Redirected from
7707:
7700:Master's degrees
7690:Doctoral degrees
7613:Graduate diploma
7530:Higher doctorate
7520:
7519:
7447:
7446:
7386:Associate degree
7373:
7372:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7279:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7244:
7242:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6802:Hickey, Robert.
6799:
6793:
6792:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6740:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6680:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6651:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6619:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6597:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6493:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6464:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6439:
6424:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6386:
6377:
6375:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6328:
6322:
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6319:
6317:
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6291:
6289:
6287:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
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6146:
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6143:
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6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6006:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5978:
5971:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5911:. Archived from
5901:
5895:
5894:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5852:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5776:. Archived from
5771:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5717:
5706:
5700:
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5680:
5674:
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5669:
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5660:
5658:
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5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5592:
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5585:
5583:
5581:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5402:www.law.unibo.it
5394:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5228:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5199:. Archived from
5189:
5187:
5185:
5176:. Archived from
5166:
5164:
5162:
5153:. Archived from
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5127:on 13 April 2008
5123:. Archived from
5113:
5111:
5109:
5100:. Archived from
5090:
5088:
5086:
5077:. Archived from
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5047:. Archived from
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5017:. Archived from
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4911:. Archived from
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:. Archived from
4778:
4772:
4771:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4603:. Archived from
4597:Osgoode.yorku.ca
4589:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4501:on 10 June 2008.
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:on 11 April 2015
4471:. Archived from
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:. 7 April 2017.
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4135:. Archived from
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4109:. Archived from
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4079:"Chapter 5"
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:. Archived from
3973:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3945:on 18 April 2017
3941:. Archived from
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3915:on 18 April 2017
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3885:. Archived from
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3829:. 20 June 2014.
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3769:. Archived from
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3739:. Archived from
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3623:. 23 June 2014.
3609:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3572:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3450:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3202:. Archived from
3193:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3036:. 29 April 1865.
3030:
3024:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2816:. Archived from
2807:
2798:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2734:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2567:(Ph.D. thesis).
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:on 16 April 2017
2404:. Archived from
2390:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2209:"VBBE β Welcome"
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2107:. Archived from
2102:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1943:on 11 April 2003
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1766:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1644:Bachelor of Laws
1625:Michele Bachmann
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1272:Dottore in legge
1164:Quebec civil law
864:
853:
842:
832:
830:
824:
659:
652:
645:
536:
522:
521:
495:
378:commonplace book
217:academic degrees
153:diplomas in the
21:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7669:
7652:Honorary degree
7640:
7636:Terminal degree
7598:Magister degree
7583:External degree
7565:
7559:
7507:
7483:
7460:Master's degree
7432:
7408:
7362:
7360:academic degree
7356:
7326:
7321:
7311:
7309:
7294:
7290:
7277:
7275:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7240:
7238:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7205:
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7178:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7143:
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7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7075:
7071:
7048:
7044:
7022:
7021:
7017:
6994:
6990:
6966:
6962:
6949:(20): 960β963.
6939:
6935:
6912:
6908:
6884:
6880:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6800:
6796:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6627:on 11 July 2018
6624:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6556:. Nces.ed.gov.
6552:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6507:
6503:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6462:
6460:"Archived copy"
6458:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6159:"Undergraduate"
6157:
6156:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5981:Comment :
5976:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5884:
5880:
5875:on 31 May 2008.
5867:
5866:
5862:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:Kobe University
5769:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5681:
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5670:
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5656:
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5649:
5648:
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5634:
5632:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5396:
5395:
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5378:
5376:
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5335:
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5320:
5319:
5315:
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5300:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5275:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5191:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5180:on 10 June 2008
5168:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5082:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4999:on 7 July 2011.
4996:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4971:on 7 July 2011.
4963:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4939:York University
4933:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4725:Wayback Machine
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4607:on 21 July 2011
4601:York University
4591:
4590:
4586:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4196:Law.unsw.edu.au
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4172:on 20 June 2011
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4133:"Admission FAQ"
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4050:10.2307/1274166
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3617:Law.harvard.edu
3611:
3610:
3606:
3593:cite conference
3590:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3527:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3451:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3353:
3342:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3283:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3209:on 7 April 2012
3206:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3054:Norwich Mercury
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2735:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2114:on 22 July 2015
2111:
2105:Canadian Lawyer
2100:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:(Report). U.S.
1999:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1972:(Report). U.S.
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1924:on 8 March 2016
1921:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1729:C.C. Langdell's
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1674:Legal education
1634:
1567:
1542:In Europe, the
1486:
1406:
1397:
1361:
1340:
1331:
1318:
1308:
1281:Holders of the
1245:Bologna process
1214:
1187:
1178:
1170:York University
1120:
1065:
1060:
1058:Legal education
1054:
1036:
1004:
998:
989:
862:
860:
859:
857:
851:
849:
848:
846:
840:
839:
826:
815:
797:followed by a "
782:
776:
711:Socratic method
698:legal education
686:
673:
663:
520:
506:
493:
465:
360:
233:
197:
192:
139:
127:bar examination
116:master's degree
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7713:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7624:
7622:Higher diploma
7619:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7578:Artist diploma
7575:
7569:
7567:
7566:classification
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7428:Honours degree
7425:
7419:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7325:
7324:External links
7322:
7320:
7319:
7288:
7255:
7215:
7196:
7190:. p. 72.
7172:
7137:
7102:
7069:
7042:
7015:
7004:(8): 790β892.
6988:
6960:
6933:
6922:(7): 663β665.
6906:
6895:(5): 451β453.
6878:
6851:
6821:
6794:
6775:(5): 268β273.
6759:
6726:
6719:
6699:
6667:
6638:
6606:
6571:
6545:
6538:
6518:
6501:
6451:
6411:
6378:
6371:
6353:
6323:
6293:
6263:
6232:
6206:
6180:
6147:
6121:
6091:
6061:
6029:
5993:
5958:
5926:
5915:on 8 July 2009
5907:. Manila, PH:
5896:
5878:
5860:
5824:
5794:
5758:
5728:
5701:
5675:
5664:
5642:
5612:
5587:
5562:
5532:
5506:
5479:
5449:
5423:
5386:
5375:on 3 June 2008
5360:
5313:
5223:
5193:"Juris Doctor"
5138:
5117:"Juris Doctor"
5104:on 3 July 2008
5062:
5032:
5011:"Juris Doctor"
5002:
4985:Fa Lv Shuo Shi
4974:
4956:
4926:
4905:Usherbrooke.ca
4892:
4863:
4852:on 18 May 2008
4833:
4803:
4773:
4755:
4729:
4710:
4684:
4673:on 5 July 2010
4648:
4618:
4584:
4544:
4504:
4486:
4456:
4424:
4393:
4363:
4333:
4303:
4273:
4256:Law.anu.edu.au
4243:
4213:
4183:
4150:
4124:
4094:
4070:
4044:(2): 112β117.
4024:
3994:
3965:
3956:
3926:
3900:
3870:
3844:
3814:
3784:
3754:
3724:
3698:
3668:
3638:
3604:
3555:
3514:
3432:
3405:
3386:
3366:
3351:
3329:
3292:
3264:
3245:
3242:on 6 May 2009.
3220:
3176:
3138:
3098:
3080:
3063:
3039:
3025:
3018:
2998:
2970:
2941:
2913:
2884:
2867:
2850:
2847:. 8 June 1821.
2834:
2764:
2749:(2): 429β450.
2690:
2658:
2651:
2631:
2610:
2589:
2571:. p. 18.
2550:
2531:
2509:
2479:
2449:
2419:
2385:
2351:
2321:
2290:
2260:
2230:
2200:
2170:
2125:
2088:
2063:
2028:
1992:
1976:. April 2020.
1954:
1928:
1902:
1851:
1821:
1791:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1668:Master of Laws
1665:
1662:Doctor of Laws
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1566:
1563:
1506:Master of Laws
1485:
1482:
1405:
1404:United Kingdom
1402:
1396:
1393:
1360:
1357:
1307:
1304:
1257:tesi di laurea
1213:
1210:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1119:
1116:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1035:
1032:
997:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:United States
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
865:
854:
843:
836:
814:
811:
775:
772:
763:Master of Laws
701:training that
685:
682:
669:Main article:
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
610:
609:
605:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
584:
583:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
569:Master of Laws
566:
561:
556:
551:
543:
542:
538:
537:
529:
528:
519:
516:
505:
502:
464:
461:
393:
392:
359:
356:
287:Traditionally
232:
229:
221:doctores legum
196:
193:
191:
188:
159:Juris Doctorem
138:
135:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7712:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
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7614:
7611:
7609:
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7601:
7599:
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7589:
7586:
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7536:
7533:
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7528:
7527:
7525:
7521:
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7514:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7474:Diplom degree
7472:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7368:Undergraduate
7365:
7361:
7353:
7348:
7346:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7252:
7250:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7219:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7084:The Economist
7080:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6882:
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6870:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6763:
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6722:
6716:
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6711:
6703:
6684:
6677:
6671:
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6623:
6616:
6610:
6603:
6588:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6549:
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6535:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6491:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6455:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6399:
6395:
6391:
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6364:
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6333:
6327:
6311:
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6303:
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6281:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6194:
6190:
6184:
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6164:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6070:"Law β J.Dr."
6065:
6046:
6039:
6033:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5990:
5975:
5968:
5962:
5943:
5936:
5930:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5856:
5850:
5834:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5668:
5652:
5646:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5601:
5600:normattiva.it
5597:
5591:
5576:
5575:normattiva.it
5572:
5566:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5494:
5493:Universita.it
5490:
5483:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5357:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4822:on 9 May 2008
4821:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4733:
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