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1099:. In 1973, Fitzgerald retired from Washington, D.C. to her mother Zelda Sayre's home town of Montgomery, Alabama. After her retirement, she researched her family's history and discovered her family's pivotal role in disenfranchising "the black people of Alabama, and thousands of poor whites, of the right to vote." Upon learning of this fact, Scottie felt both embarrassment and guilt. For the remainder of her life, she devoted herself to voter outreach programs in Alabama. According to Scottie, black citizens living in Montgomery still viewed the Sayre family with askance as late as the 1970s, and they would not reciprocate her social overtures.
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340:. According to historians, he played a leading role "in forging the ideology of white supremacy that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s." Widely considered to be among the most notorious racist ideologues of his time, he is often credited by scholars with laying the foundation of the
735:, Morgan was arrested and jailed. After the demise of the first Ku Klux Klan, Morgan and Pettus continued to resist Reconstruction efforts and to reassert white supremacy in Alabama. Morgan took an active part in opposing all attempts to redress the political and socioeconomic legacies of slavery in Alabama.
1785:"S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903"
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into the
Hawaiian Revolution. The investigation concluded that the U.S. had remained completely neutral in the matter. He authored the introduction to the Morgan Report based on the findings of the investigative committee. He later visited Hawaii in 1897 in support of annexation. He believed that the
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in a speech on
January 25, 1861: "The Ordinance of Secession rests, in a great measure, upon our assertion of a right to enslave the African race, or, what amounts to the same thing, to hold them in slavery." At the close of this same speech in 1861, Morgan envisioned a future slave-holding territory
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Sayre Street, which ran through the most fashionable section of
Montgomery, was named in honor of Anthony's uncle, who had built the White House of the Confederacy for Jefferson Davis and who was a founder of the First Presbyterian Church. Anthony's mother, Musidora Morgan, was the sister of Senator
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Morgan opposed the passage of a woman suffrage's amendment, arguing it would draw a “line of political demarcation through a man’s household”. He warned that women's suffrage would “open to the intrusion of politics and politicians that sacred circle of the family where no man should be permitted to
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Democrats feared losing local and state offices to
Republicans, however, so they developed creative ways to reduce the influence of blacks... The 1893 Sayre Act allowed the Alabama governor to appoint election officials and made the voting process difficult for poor and illiterate blacks and whites
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After the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments formally established universal male suffrage, Democratic-controlled legislatures in the South came up with new means of denying African Americans the right to vote. Most of the new poll taxes and literacy tests were deemed to pass constitutional muster,
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After revelations about major atrocities by the colonial occupiers, Morgan cut his ties with the Congo Free State. He feared the brutality against the inherent
African population would deter black U.S. citizens from emigrating and jeopardize his plans to create an exclusively white American nation.
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After the war ended, Morgan resumed his law practice in Selma, Alabama. He became the affluent legal representative for the widely-loathed railroad companies. By 1867, angered by formerly enslaved persons serving as state legislators, Morgan began to play a highly public role against the
Republican
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General James H. Clanton of
Montgomery was the first Grand Dragon of the Realm of Alabama Ku Klux Klan, and continued in this capacity until his death, when General John T. Morgan was elected in his place, and served until 1876. The Ku Klux Klan in 1877 was led by General Edmund W. Pettus as Grand
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The alliance between this pioneering international human rights movement and the radical white supremacist Morgan has often led to scholarly astonishment. However, the sociologist Felix Lösing pointed to the ideological nexus between the racial segregation promoted by Morgan and calls for cultural
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Due to his efforts to suppress
African-Americans from exercising their political rights and to vouchsafe white supremacy in Alabama during the Reconstruction era, Morgan became a well-known public figure in national politics and subsequently became a presidential elector-at-large on the Democratic
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When Morgan represented
Alabama in Washington, D.C., following the Civil War, the former Confederate general-turned-grand dragon of the Ku Klux Klan and six-term U.S. senator introduced and championed several bills to legalize the practice of racist vigilante murder as a means of preserving white
491:
The most fatal and scandalous declaration ever made by the late Federal Government against the people of the South... is contained in those acts of Congress which denounce the African Slave Trade as piracy — a declaration at once degrading to every slaveholder, and a living rebuke to the Federal
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An online petition asking University of Alabama President Dr. Stuart Bell to rename Morgan Hall after Harper Lee is gaining momentum.... Morgan Hall, which is home to the university's English department, is named after John Tyler Morgan, a Confederate General then later U.S. Senator with KKK
1307:: "General James H. Clanton of Montgomery was the first Grand Dragon of the Realm of Alabama Ku Klux Klan, and continued in this capacity until his death, when General John T. Morgan was elected in his place, and served until 1876. The Ku Klux Klan in 1877 was led by General
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era. In a 1890 speech, Morgan declared that, when black residents entered any area, it became necessary to "deny the right of suffrage entirely to every human being." He likened such mass disenfranchisement to having "to burn down the barn to get rid of the rats."
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His congressional speeches and published writings demonstrate the central role that Morgan played in the drama of racial politics on Capitol Hill and in the national press from 1889 to 1891. More importantly, they reveal his leadership in forging the ideology of
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that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s. Indeed, Morgan emerged as the most prominent and notorious racist ideologue of his day, a man who, as much as any other individual, set the tone for the coming
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notes that, "at various times in his long career Morgan also advocated sending them to Hawaii, to Cuba, and to the Philippines—which, perhaps because the islands were so far away, he claimed were a 'native home of the negro.'"
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but they were clearly designed to counter its spirit. As Alabama state legislator Anthony D. Sayre declared upon introducing such legislation, his bill would 'eliminate the Negro from politics, and in a perfectly legal way.'
1156:, which houses the English Department, was named for him. On December 18, 2015, Morgan's portrait was removed from the building, and in 2016 the university was pondering the results of a petition to rename the building for
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as a means of preserving white power in the Deep South," Morgan is frequently credited by historians with "forging the ideology of white supremacy that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s."
1160:. By June 2020, the Alabama Board of Trustees had finally decided to study the names of buildings on campus and consider changing them. On September 17, 2020, they voted to remove his name from the building.
1344:, p. 4: "The first leader of the Klan in this state was Gen. James H. Clanton, for whom one of our fine towns is named. And on his death, the leadership passed to Alabama's Gen. John Tyler Morgan."
1827:, p. 200: "We will leave it to the generations that may occupy the Gulf of Mexico, and rule over the Islands of the adjacent seas, to determine for themselves how much of this property they need".
422:. Sayre played a pivotal role in passing the landmark 1893 Sayre Act which disenfranchised black Alabamians for seventy years and ushered in the Jim Crow period in the state. Morgan's grand-niece was
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Hence, by 1903, Morgan became the most active U.S. congressional spokesperson of the Congo reform movement, a humanitarian pressure group that demanded reforms in the notorious Congo Free State.
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segregation raised by prominent Congo reformers. Both Morgan and the majority of the Congo reform movement were ultimately concerned with the consolidation of white supremacy on a global scale.
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1585:, he endorsed the 'Bourbon strategy' for overthrowing Reconstruction through appeals to local autonomy, government economy, and race, and through the practice of widespread fraud and violence."
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Due to his notoriety in Alabama for opposing Reconstruction efforts, Morgan was elected as a U.S. Senator in 1876. During his subsequent six terms as Senator, he was an outspoken proponent of
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The first leader of the Klan in this state was Gen. James H. Clanton, for whom one of our fine towns is named. And on his death, the leadership passed to Alabama's Gen. John Tyler Morgan.
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became the ringleaders of white supremacy in the state who, more than anyone else, "resisted and finally broke down and destroyed the reconstruction policy which followed the Civil War."
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Soon after, Morgan toured throughout the American South giving race-baiting speeches and urging fellow Southerners to refuse all compromise with Reconstruction. Aligning himself with the
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Following Clanton's murder in 1871, John Tyler Morgan, an ex-Confederate general and a future six-term U.S. senator from Alabama, held the position of Grand Dragon for several years.
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After Alabama seceded from the Union and the commencement of the Civil War, the 37-year-old Morgan enlisted as a private in the Cahaba Rifles, which volunteered its services in the
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After his death by heart attack in 1907, Morgan's numerous relatives remained influential in Alabama politics and high society for many decades. His extended family owned the
1092:. According to biographers, Zelda was extremely proud of her family and her Confederate roots, and she boasted that she drew her strength from Montgomery's Confederate past.
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based on race. He frequently urged the disenfranchisement of black citizens in every U.S. state, and he is accordingly credited by scholars with laying the foundation of the
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450:. Morgan was initially educated by his mother but, in the fall of 1830, the six-year-old barefoot boy walked a quarter of a mile each day to attend Old Forest Hill Academy.
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533:. One year later, he was a delegate from Dallas County to the Alabama constitutional convention of 1861, and he played a key role in passing the ordinance of secession.
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Following his election as U.S. Senator for the state of Alabama in 1876, Morgan was reelected five times in 1882, 1888, 1894, 1900, and 1906. He served as chairman of
1043:. As a state legislator, he introduced the landmark 1893 Sayre Act which disenfranchised black Alabamians for nearly a century and ushered in the racially segregated
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The University of Alabama Board of Trustees voted Thursday to rename Morgan Hall, originally named for a former Confederate general and Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon.
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Due to his relentless efforts to disenfranchise black citizens across the United States and his vociferous championing of congressional legislation "to legalize
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665:. At the time of the Confederacy's collapse and the end of the war, Morgan attempted with little success to organize Alabama black troops for home defense.
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540:—as a morally-uplifting and Christian institution. As a proud slaveholder, he publicly declared his reasons for advocating Alabama's secession from the
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1326:, p. 310: "On his death the mantle passed to General John T. Morgan, who later became one of the most distinguished of Senators and statesmen."
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history of the U.S. clearly indicated it was unnecessary to hold a plebiscite in Hawaii as a condition for annexation. He was appointed by President
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As the patriarch of a powerful Southern family, Morgan's extended relatives remained influential in Alabama politics for many decades and owned the
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would consider immigration and settlement of African Americans, Morgan became one of the foremost advocates of this emerging colonial enterprise in
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to burn down the barn to get rid of the rats. The rats being the Negro population and the barn being the government of the District of Columbia.
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481:. By 1857, he had grown prosperous and owned over half-a-dozen slaves—including an entire family who served as his personal household servants.
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He became Alabama's leading political spokesperson for nearly half-a-century. For much of his senatorial tenure, he remained aligned with the
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1028:(1858–1931), served first as a member of the Alabama State Senate (1894-95) and then as President of the Alabama State Senate (1896-97).
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in Alabama and did more than anyone else in the state to overthrow Reconstruction efforts in the wake of the Civil War. When President
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On his death the mantle passed to General John T. Morgan, who later became one of the most distinguished of Senators and statesmen.
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926:. A strong advocate for a Central American canal, Morgan was also a staunch supporter of the Cuban revolutionaries in the 1890s.
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His men were routed and dispersed by Federal cavalry on January 27, 1864. He was reassigned to a new command and fought in the
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Occupation of the Congo Country in Africa: Report to Accompany S Res 68 and Mis Doc 59, 48th Congress, 1st Session, Rep No 393
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John Tyler Morgan and Edmund Winston Pettus (Late Senators from Alabama) – Memorial Address: Sixtieth Congress First Session
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Amid the fractious debates at the Alabama constitutional convention, a 36-year-old Morgan defended slavery—including the
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in Selma, Alabama, to honor U.S. Senators Morgan and Pettus, both former Grand Dragons of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan.
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and employing their electoral strategy, Morgan wrote numerous newspaper editorials urging white Alabama voters to "
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870:. Morgan's support was vital for United States' early diplomatic recognition of the new colony, which became the
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The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910
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ticket in 1876. Party insiders favored him to win Alabama's seat to the United States Senate in that year.
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1058:. Like his uncle, Sayre was a Bourbon Democrat. Sayre married Minerva Machen (1860-1958), the daughter of
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By the 1880s, Morgan began to focus on the Congo for his repatriation visions. After the Belgian monarch
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2056:: "General Edmund Pettus of Dallas County was the last person to hold that title during Reconstruction."
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Morgan Hall, named for John Tyler Morgan, a former Confederate general and Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon...
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697:" their state from Republican control and to unite against African-Americans for "self-preservation."
391:" despite being a proponent of the Canal to be located in Nicaragua. Morgan was a staunch opponent of
359:. He envisioned the United States as a globe-spanning empire and believed that island nations such as
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Morgan frequently advocated for the migration of black people to leave the United States. Historian
446:. His family claimed descent from a Welsh ancestor, James B. Morgan (1607–1704), who settled in the
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According to historians, Morgan's nephew Anthony D. Sayre played a key role in undermining the
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and was assigned to the 5th Alabama Infantry. He first saw action in a skirmish preceding the
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In April 2004, Professor Thomas Adams Upchurch summarized Morgan's career and legacy in the
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Edmund Pettus and John Tyler Morgan, late senators from Alabama, Memorial addresses (1909)
2283:: "The removal of the portrait of Morgan, an outspoken white supremacist, was welcomed..."
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758:—John Tyler Morgan, 1890 speech, praising the end of home rule in the District of Columbia
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A 'Crisis of Whiteness" in the 'Heart of Darkness': Racism and the Congo Reform Movement
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that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, white segregationists founded the
681:(pictured) played key roles in overturning Reconstruction efforts in postbellum Alabama.
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3057:"Calls to change U. of Alabama building name to honor Harper Lee instead of KKK leader"
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2895:"University of Alabama removes 3 Confederate plaques, to review names of all buildings"
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2602:"An Alabama Building Honors a Klan Leader. Officials Are Adding a Black Student's Name"
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646:. His brigade consisted of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 9th, and 51st Alabama Cavalry regiments.
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In addition to his lifelong efforts to uphold white supremacy, Morgan became an ardent
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State of Alabama, Department of Archives and History (1915). Owen, Thomas M. (ed.).
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3033:(Saturday ed.). Chattanooga, Tennessee. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
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a former senator who was a Confederate general and a leader of the Ku Klux Klan.
2432:. New York: Davis Publishing. pp. 45, 56, 59 – via Internet Archive.
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John Tyler Morgan, who served in the United States Senate for thirty-one years.
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King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
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3018:. Montgomery, Alabama: White, Pfister & Co. – via Internet Archive.
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1991:
1989:
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Amid his political struggle against Reconstruction in 1872, Morgan succeeded
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should be forcibly annexed in order for the country to dominate trade in the
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3083:"Senator John Tyler Morgan and the Genesis of Jim Crow Ideology, 1889-1891"
2867:
2857:
2797:
Scottie the Daughter of: The Life of Frances Scott Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith
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Throughout his senatorship, Morgan staunchly labored for the repeal of the
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2561:"UA president responds to petition to rename Morgan Hall after Harper Lee"
1986:
1974:
1962:
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270:(June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician who was a
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894:. He called for a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through
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3026:"'Father of Panama Canal' Was Born In Log Cabin Near Athens, Tennessee"
2959:
2594:. Selma, Alabama. March 15, 1924. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
1157:
356:
2471:"D.C. elected its own mayors in the 1800s — until Congress stepped in"
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290:. A prominent slaveholder before the Civil War, he became the second
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Between 1887 and 1907, Morgan played a leading role on the powerful
6406:
2734:"Glimpse Into Lives of Some Great Southern Leaders of Pioneer Days"
1238:
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
1075:
1071:
1044:
813:
596:
423:
341:
3014:
The History and Debates of the Convention of The People of Alabama
2862:. Kulturen der Gesellschaft. Vol. 45. Bielefeld: Transcript.
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Turning to politics, Morgan aligned himself with the pro-slavery
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6999:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
841:
Morgan, age seventy-seven, circa 1901. He died six years later.
786:), and the Committee on Public Health and National Quarantine (
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2156:
1791:. U.S. Government Printing Office. November 9, 1903. p. 1
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909:, and, in 1894, Morgan chaired an investigation known as the
380:
6475:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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2132:
1123:
litigation, Morgan was elected by vote to membership in the
2898:
2715:
2564:
2350:"University of Alabama trustees vote to rename Morgan Hall"
2076:
1995:
1980:
1968:
1808:
1806:
1433:
1380:
4237:
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
3274:
2231:
2186:
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2206:
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2144:
2129:
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2443:"Confederate general's portrait replaced in Morgan Hall"
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2066:
2064:
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1803:
942:
While still in office, Morgan died of a heart attack in
442:
John Tyler Morgan was born in a log cabin one mile from
6692:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
3530:
3277:— Online images and transcriptions of the Morgan Report
2629:"Ku Klux Klan in Alabama during the Reconstruction Era"
2582:
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1911:
1724:
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1614:
1612:
1610:
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1606:
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1478:
1476:
1474:
1270:
2585:"General John Tyler Morgan Born One Hundred Years Ago"
2497:
John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy
2221:
2219:
2201:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1535:
6984:
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
3252:
Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders
3213:
John Tyler Morgan: An Expansionist Senator, 1877-1907
2176:
2174:
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2059:
1593:
1591:
371:. Accordingly, he advocated for the United States to
6954:
Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama
3217:. University of Washington – via Google Books.
3172:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2008:
2006:
2004:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1719:
1603:
1471:
1181:
457:, where he attended schools and then studied law in
3839:
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
2310:
2262:
2216:
2100:
2018:
1709:
1707:
1682:
1680:
3249:
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3011:
2994:. Montgomery, Alabama. February 4, 1960. p. 4
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2521:
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2286:
2171:
2035:
1734:
1692:
1588:
626:, Morgan declined an offer to command Rodes's old
4515:
3136:"American Imperialism: This Is When It All Began"
2333:
2001:
1947:
1923:
1893:
1881:
1866:
1842:
1830:
1758:
1746:
1439:
1285:
1233:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
561:A studio portrait of Morgan taken circa 1860-1869
6915:
6136:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
3134:White, Horace; Langer, Elinor (March 23, 2015).
3037:
2298:
1704:
1677:
1639:
1119:In 1953, amid national tension over the ongoing
1074:. Sayre's daughter and Morgan's grand-niece was
712:in Alabama. According to Alabama Representative
2819:
2165:
1651:
1054:appointed Sayre as an Associate Justice of the
731:to vigorously prosecute Alabama Klan under the
607:, operating in cooperation with the cavalry of
1228:Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics
918:in July 1898 to the commission created by the
808:, which was intended to prevent the denial of
638:. On November 16, 1863, he was appointed as a
4530:List of lynching victims in the United States
4501:
4220:
3822:
3516:
3128:through small changes to the election system.
1319:
1317:
845:
2340:National Archives and Records Administration
1300:
1298:
6969:People of Alabama in the American Civil War
6566:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
3133:
2523:"John Tyler Morgan's Southern Expansionism"
2381:The Tragic Era The Revolution After Lincoln
1529:
1289:
484:
282:and later was elected for six terms as the
6949:Confederate States Army brigadier generals
6537:
6382:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
6112:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
4508:
4494:
4227:
4213:
3829:
3815:
3523:
3509:
2727:. April 1908 – via Internet Archive.
2655:
2348:Bolling, Jessa Reid (September 18, 2020).
2082:
1314:
885:
49:
6858:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
6318:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
5096:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
3042:Alabama Official and Statistical Register
3022:
2685:
2428:Authentic History Ku Klux Klan, 1865–1877
2070:
1561:
1517:
1501:
1465:
1396:
1368:
1295:
779:), the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (
603:, becoming its colonel. He led it at the
30:For other people with the same name, see
6979:1876 United States presidential electors
6974:1860 United States presidential electors
3080:
1497:
1482:
1039:in Alabama and enabling the ideology of
999:
933:
836:
672:
556:
437:
6989:United States senators who owned slaves
6687:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
3054:
3023:Spradling, Mrs. C. F. (July 18, 1925).
2957:
2944:
2912:
2792:
2754:
2688:"Activists Confront Hate in Selma, Ala"
2627:Hebert, Keith S. (September 14, 2010).
2467:
2401:Zelda Fitzgerald: Her Voice in Paradise
2347:
2316:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2210:
2195:
2106:
2094:
2029:
1667:
1655:
1618:
1457:
1360:
981:
826:the practice of racist vigilante murder
14:
6916:
3103:
3050:. p. 50 – via Google Books.
2855:
2686:Holthouse, David (November 30, 2008).
2626:
2599:Hauser, Christine (February 8, 2022).
2598:
2558:
2468:Frommer, Frederic J. (June 21, 2022).
2373:
2292:
2180:
2150:
2138:
2123:
2053:
2047:
1671:
1461:
1411:
1392:
1364:
1356:
1323:
864:International Association of the Congo
576:As the war progressed, Morgan rose to
83:March 4, 1877 – June 11, 1907
6324:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
6230:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
5921:
4527:
4489:
4208:
3810:
3504:
3081:Upchurch, Thomas Adams (April 2004).
3009:
2972:(332). Boston, Massachusetts: 81–84.
2731:
2451:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Archived from
2440:
2423:
2396:
2280:
2225:
1824:
1812:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1728:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1513:
1304:
1149:until a new campus was built in 1967.
901:Morgan was a strong supporter of the
727:dispatched his U.S. Attorney General
668:
595:, where in August he recruited a new
552:
510:and became an ardent exponent of the
6899:Lynching deaths in the United States
6029:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
5922:
3455:Senate Interoceanic Canals Committee
3055:Svrluga, Susan (February 22, 2016).
2892:
2559:Gauntt, Joshua (February 26, 2016).
2304:
1114:Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse
1082:, the mentally-ill wife of novelist
1018:First White House of the Confederacy
946:He was buried in Selma, Alabama, at
400:First White House of the Confederacy
6934:Alabama Secession Delegates of 1861
6560:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
6336:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
6118:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
3532:United States senators from Alabama
3351:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Alabama
2732:Jones, Walter B. (March 15, 1928).
2519:
2492:
2343:. Washington, D.C. August 15, 2016.
2041:
2012:
1956:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1875:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1713:
1698:
1686:
1597:
1578:
1544:
1445:
1163:In World War II, the United States
929:
642:of cavalry and participated in the
473:and resumed the practice of law in
469:. Ten years later, Morgan moved to
24:
3430:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
3158:
3104:Warren, Sarah A. (March 8, 2011).
3010:Smith, William R. (January 1861).
2544:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00542.x
1770:
1567:
1102:
549:and the islands of the Caribbean.
379:and to construct an inter-oceanic
325:, Morgan was arrested and jailed.
25:
7010:
6460:American Crusade Against Lynching
6106:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
3293:
2335:"American Slavery, Civil Records"
1152:Morgan Hall on the campus of the
832:
653:. Subsequently, his men harassed
506:led by fellow Alabama politician
6944:American prisoners and detainees
6939:American people of Welsh descent
6672:America's Black Holocaust Museum
6455:American anti-lynching activists
6427:Nadir of American race relations
6017:Steve Long and two half-brothers
5953:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
4341:
4193:
3644:
3300:Works by or about John T. Morgan
3258:Louisiana State University Press
2986:"Rogers' Voice and Thad Stevens"
1996:60th United States Congress 1908
1981:60th United States Congress 1908
1969:60th United States Congress 1908
1581:, p. 259: "As a prominent
1434:60th United States Congress 1908
1381:60th United States Congress 1908
1212:
1198:
1184:
1112:was built on the grounds of the
716:, Morgan and fellow Klan member
321:to prosecute the Klan under the
302:. Morgan and fellow Klan member
240:
215:
197:
179:
6878:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
6512:National Conference on Lynching
6070:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
5947:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
5288:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
2441:Enoch, Ed (December 18, 2015).
2274:
2250:
1818:
1095:Morgan's great-grand-niece was
922:to establish government in the
497:—John Tyler Morgan, 1861 speech
27:American politician (1824–1907)
5994:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
3483:Senate Public Health Committee
3167:"John T. Morgan (id: M000954)"
3106:"Alabama Constitution of 1901"
3093:Alabama Historical Association
2936:– via Internet Archive.
2424:Davis, Susan Lawrence (1924).
2389:– via Internet Archive.
2326:
1311:as Grand Dragon of the Realm."
773:Committee on Foreign Relations
746:
286:(1877–1907) from the state of
13:
1:
6964:People from Athens, Tennessee
6894:Lynching in the United States
6195:Springfield race riot of 1908
4613:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
4517:Lynching in the United States
3270:– via Internet Archive.
3240:– via Internet Archive.
2815:– via Internet Archive.
2788:– via Internet Archive.
2681:– via Internet Archive.
2515:– via Internet Archive.
2503:University of Tennessee Press
2419:– via Internet Archive.
1243:
453:In 1833, his family moved to
6788:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
6719:And you are lynching Negroes
6571:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
6306:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
6212:Harris County, GA, lynchings
6154:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
6000:New Orleans massacre of 1866
3226:Who Was Who in the Civil War
3002:– via Newspapers.com.
2893:Mapp, Annie (June 8, 2020).
2520:Fry, Joseph A. (Fall 1985).
2385:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1248:
1130:In 1965, in the wake of the
1097:Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald
630:and instead remained in the
526:, and tentatively supported
7:
6697:Southern Poverty Law Center
6342:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
5970:? Lachenais and four others
5408:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
4725:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
3230:. New York: Facts On File.
3209:Radke, August Carl (1953).
2698:Southern Poverty Law Center
2166:Levitsky & Ziblatt 2018
1652:Levitsky & Ziblatt 2018
1177:
1121:Brown v. Board of Education
892:Foreign Relations Committee
614:When Rodes was promoted to
10:
7015:
6994:People from Selma, Alabama
6959:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons
6178:1906 Atlanta race massacre
6148:Phoenix, SC, election riot
6124:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
6076:Benjamin and Mollie French
3116:University of West Georgia
2951:Government Printing Office
2847:– via Google Books.
2793:Lanahan, Eleanor (1996) .
2766:. New Haven, Connecticut:
2667:. London, United Kingdom:
2639:University of West Georgia
1024:. His nephew and protege,
985:
846:Black repatriation efforts
406:. His nephew and protege,
338:lynching African-Americans
306:became the ringleaders of
29:
6886:
6705:
6664:
6583:
6485:William O'Connell Bradley
6445:
6399:
6395:
6224:East St. Louis, IL, riots
5976:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
5959:New York City draft riots
5928:
5917:
5666:
4935:
4540:
4536:
4523:
4350:
4339:
4243:
4191:
3845:
3653:
3642:
3538:
3489:
3479:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3426:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3390:
3380:
3348:
3340:
3333:
3222:Sifakis, Stewart (1988).
3204:– via Google Books.
3192:Stanford University Press
2991:The Montgomery Advertiser
2965:The North American Review
2960:"The Future of the Negro"
2958:Morgan, John T. (1884a).
2945:Morgan, John T. (1884b).
2739:The Montgomery Advertiser
1417:The Montgomery Advertiser
1383:, pp. 155, 189, 192.
1340:The Montgomery Advertiser
1192:American Civil War portal
1050:Later, in 1909, Governor
1004:Morgan's grand-niece was
624:Army of Northern Virginia
605:Battle of Murfreesborough
538:transatlantic slave trade
261:
251:
236:
228:
210:
192:
187:
175:
165:
148:
120:
115:
111:
99:
87:
76:
64:
60:
48:
41:
6749:Deaths in police custody
6236:Jenkins County, GA, riot
6047:Chinese massacre of 1871
5965:Detroit race riot (1863)
5600:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
5392:Dick Rowland (attempted)
4351:Rules and Administration
3313:Biography & Portrait
3281:Alabama Hall of Fame bio
3190:. Stanford, California:
3165:United States Congress.
3095:: 110–31. Archived from
2710:power in the Deep South.
1056:Supreme Court of Alabama
996:Frances Scott Fitzgerald
634:, leading troops at the
571:First Battle of Manassas
485:Early political activity
420:Supreme Court of Alabama
6730:Battle of Liberty Place
6725:Attack on John Shillady
6713:James Allen (collector)
6546:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
6330:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
6254:Omaha race riot of 1919
6242:Longview, TX, race riot
6218:Newberry, FL, lynchings
6160:Julia and Frazier Baker
6142:Porter and Spencer (MS)
6094:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
6052:Meridian, MS, race riot
6035:Opelousas, LA, massacre
5008:Paul Reed and Will Cato
4693:Big Nose George Parrott
3187:Civil War High Commands
3114:. Carrollton, Georgia:
3111:Encyclopedia of Alabama
3091:. Montgomery, Alabama:
3046:. Montgomery, Alabama:
2897:. Birmingham, Alabama:
2696:. Montgomery, Alabama:
2637:. Carrollton, Georgia:
2634:Encyclopedia of Alabama
2591:The Selma Times-Journal
2563:. Birmingham, Alabama:
2536:Oxford University Press
2493:Fry, Joseph A. (1992).
1530:White & Langer 2015
1290:White & Langer 2015
1272:The Selma Times-Journal
1173:was named in his honor.
1026:Anthony Dickinson Sayre
886:Support for imperialism
573:in the summer of 1861.
455:Calhoun County, Alabama
430:, the wife of novelist
410:, was President of the
408:Anthony Dickinson Sayre
276:Confederate States Army
223:Confederate States Army
6864:United States v. Shipp
6616:Rebecca Latimer Felton
6447:Anti-lynching movement
6364:Freedom Summer Murders
6294:Rosewood, FL, massacre
6259:Knoxville riot of 1919
5128:Laura and L. D. Nelson
3402:Senate Rules Committee
3311:Men of Mark in America
3048:Brown Printing Company
2868:10.14361/9783839454985
2856:Lösing, Felix (2020).
2534:(4). Oxford, England:
1286:National Archives 2016
1139:John T. Morgan Academy
1013:
979:
939:
842:
755:
682:
609:Nathan Bedford Forrest
562:
514:movement. He became a
508:William Lowndes Yancey
494:
463:William Parish Chilton
330:black disfranchisement
298:in Alabama during the
6835:Summer in Mississippi
6782:Mississippi Cold Case
6736:The Birth of a Nation
6677:Civil Rights Memorial
6606:Sidney Johnston Catts
6584:Defenders of lynching
6270:Duluth, MN, lynchings
6248:Elaine, AR, race riot
6206:Laura and L.D. Nelson
6172:Watkinsville lynching
6130:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
6088:Hamburg, SC, massacre
6064:Election riot of 1874
6011:Camilla, GA, massacre
5933:Death of Joseph Smith
4557:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
3286:July 4, 2006, at the
2768:Yale University Press
2742:. Montgomery, Alabama
2397:Cline, Sally (2002).
2358:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama
1640:Alabama Register 1915
1154:University of Alabama
1047:period in the state.
1008:, the wife of writer
1003:
986:Further information:
965:
937:
840:
751:
679:Edmund Winston Pettus
676:
657:'s troops during the
636:Battle of Chickamauga
560:
489:
438:Early life and career
316:U.S. Attorney General
229:Years of service
66:United States Senator
6553:Costigan-Wagner Bill
6490:Ella Barksdale Brown
6288:Perry, FL, race riot
6200:Slocum, TX, massacre
6100:Mart and Tom Horrell
6058:Colfax, LA, massacre
6041:Bear River City riot
5891:James Craig Anderson
5691:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
5296:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
2949:. Washington, D.C.:
2723:. Washington, D.C.:
2435:Dragon of the Realm.
1436:, pp. 189, 192.
1145:held its classes in
1125:Alabama Hall of Fame
1037:Fifteenth Amendments
982:Family and relatives
531:John C. Breckinridge
516:presidential elector
412:Alabama State Senate
6795:The Ox-Bow Incident
6775:Mississippi Burning
6626:John Trotwood Moore
6282:Tulsa race massacre
6276:Ocoee, FL, massacre
5771:Mack Charles Parker
5699:Willie James Howard
3062:The Washington Post
2830:How Democracies Die
2725:Library of Congress
2693:Intelligence Report
2477:The Washington Post
2247:, pp. 443–445.
2198:, pp. 134–137.
2153:, pp. 339–350.
1815:, pp. 195–200.
1658:, pp. 134–137.
1547:, pp. 329–346.
1143:segregation academy
1084:F. Scott Fitzgerald
1064:Confederate Senator
1052:Braxton Bragg Comer
1010:F. Scott Fitzgerald
924:Territory of Hawaii
920:Newlands Resolution
802:Fifteenth Amendment
714:Robert Stell Heflin
599:, the 51st Alabama
432:F. Scott Fitzgerald
6809:Reconstruction era
6621:John Temple Graves
6465:Jessie Daniel Ames
6412:Indiana White Caps
6082:Ellenton, SC, riot
6005:Reno Brothers Gang
5755:Judge Edward Aaron
4952:Ballie Crutchfield
3475:George Graham Vest
3357:Served alongside:
3344:George Goldthwaite
2980:– via JSTOR.
2920:Zelda: A Biography
2756:Kousser, J. Morgan
2608:The New York Times
2528:Diplomatic History
2141:, p. 252-261.
1147:Morgan's old house
1132:U.S. Supreme Court
1014:
940:
907:Republic of Hawaii
874:in December 1883.
862:signaled that his
843:
788:59th U.S. Congress
777:53rd U.S. Congress
769:46th U.S. Congress
765:Committee on Rules
683:
669:Reconstruction era
663:Demopolis, Alabama
655:William T. Sherman
644:Knoxville Campaign
584:. He served under
582:lieutenant colonel
563:
553:American Civil War
512:Southern secession
448:Connecticut Colony
377:Republic of Hawaii
334:racial segregation
300:Reconstruction era
280:American Civil War
256:American Civil War
205:Confederate States
94:George Goldthwaite
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6852:They Won't Forget
6769:Lynching postcard
6682:The Legacy Museum
6651:James K. Vardaman
6591:Theodore G. Bilbo
6579:
6578:
6470:Martin C. Ansorge
6391:
6390:
6376:Michael Schwerner
6183:Kemper County, MS
6023:Pulaski, TN, riot
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5616:Shedrick Thompson
5496:Bernice Raspberry
5216:Name unknown (MS)
5120:Name unknown (TX)
4741:Joseph Vermillion
4709:John Wesley Heath
4483:
4482:
4202:
4201:
3804:
3803:
3566:C. Claiborne Clay
3499:
3498:
3490:Succeeded by
3462:Succeeded by
3437:Succeeded by
3409:Succeeded by
3381:Succeeded by
3364:George S. Houston
3360:George E. Spencer
3355:1877–1907
3267:978-0-8071-0823-9
3237:978-0-8160-1055-4
3201:978-0-8047-3641-1
3180:Eicher, John H.;
3099:on June 17, 2006.
3065:. Washington, D.C
2877:978-3-8376-5498-1
2844:978-1-5247-6294-0
2678:978-1-4472-3551-4
2480:. Washington, D.C
2407:Arcade Publishing
2375:Bowers, Claude G.
2355:The Crimson White
2097:, pp. 81–84.
2085:, pp. 79–80.
1920:, pp. 22–25.
1863:, pp. 18–19.
1642:, pp. 49–50.
948:Live Oak Cemetery
938:Morgan circa 1893
806:U.S. Constitution
795:Bourbon Democrats
691:Bourbon Democrats
640:brigadier general
528:Southern Democrat
444:Athens, Tennessee
416:Associate Justice
272:brigadier general
268:John Tyler Morgan
265:
264:
246:Brigadier-General
125:John Tyler Morgan
18:John Tyler Morgan
16:(Redirected from
7006:
6706:Related articles
6656:Thomas E. Watson
6646:Benjamin Tillman
6611:Thomas Dixon Jr.
6535:
6534:
6397:
6396:
6300:Jim and Mark Fox
5988:Memphis massacre
5923:Multiple victims
5919:
5918:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5846:
5838:
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5819:Wharlest Jackson
5814:
5806:
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5710:
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5099:
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5048:Earnest Williams
5043:
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4856:
4853:Stephen Williams
4848:
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4805:Ephraim Grizzard
4800:
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4765:Brown Washington
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3502:
3501:
3472:Preceded by
3465:John H. Mitchell
3419:Preceded by
3391:Preceded by
3384:John H. Bankhead
3341:Preceded by
3331:
3330:
3304:Internet Archive
3275:morganreport.org
3271:
3255:
3241:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3205:
3182:Eicher, David J.
3176:
3153:
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3149:
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3124:
3122:
3100:
3077:
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3051:
3045:
3034:
3031:Chattanooga News
3028:
3019:
3017:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2981:
2954:
2941:
2926:Harper & Row
2923:
2909:
2907:
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2889:
2852:
2821:Levitsky, Steven
2816:
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2765:
2751:
2749:
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2712:
2706:
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2682:
2666:
2657:Hochschild, Adam
2652:
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2571:
2555:
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2500:
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2464:
2462:
2460:
2455:on July 15, 2020
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1944:, p. 28-29.
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1309:Edmund W. Pettus
1302:
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1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:Biography portal
1203:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1089:The Great Gatsby
1060:Willis B. Machen
992:Zelda Fitzgerald
988:Anthony D. Sayre
952:John H. Bankhead
944:Washington, D.C.
930:Death and legacy
916:William McKinley
872:Congo Free State
759:
741:Samuel J. Tilden
733:Enforcement Acts
725:Ulysses S. Grant
718:Edmund W. Pettus
702:James H. Clanton
686:Reconstruction.
659:March to the Sea
651:Atlanta Campaign
601:Partisan Rangers
567:Confederate Army
498:
393:women's suffrage
375:the independent
323:Enforcement Acts
312:Ulysses S. Grant
304:Edmund W. Pettus
244:
221:
219:
218:
203:
201:
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188:Military service
183:
159:Washington, D.C.
155:
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116:Personal details
106:John H. Bankhead
102:
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6352:Harriette Moore
6312:Tate County, MS
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3412:William P. Frye
3405:
3396:
3394:James G. Blaine
3386:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3296:
3288:Wayback Machine
3268:
3256:. Baton Rouge:
3246:Warner, Ezra J.
3244:
3238:
3221:
3208:
3202:
3179:
3164:
3161:
3159:Further reading
3156:
3147:
3145:
3144:. New York City
3120:
3118:
3068:
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2997:
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2903:
2901:
2878:
2845:
2837:. p. 111.
2825:Ziblatt, Daniel
2813:
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2679:
2643:
2641:
2614:
2612:
2611:. New York City
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2448:Tuscaloosa News
2417:
2387:Riverside Press
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1220:Politics portal
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1103:Memorialization
1041:white supremacy
998:
984:
970:white supremacy
932:
888:
852:Adam Hochschild
848:
835:
784:57th Congresses
761:
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749:
729:Amos T. Akerman
723:When President
671:
632:Western Theater
589:Robert E. Rodes
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385:Central America
308:white supremacy
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166:Political party
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5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5192:Charles Fisher
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
5000:Marie Thompson
4996:
4988:
4980:
4976:J. D. Mayfield
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4813:Samuel J. Bush
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4749:George Meadows
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4637:Alexander Boyd
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4565:Josefa Segovia
4561:
4553:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4353:(1947–present)
4348:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4235:Chairs of the
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3837:Chairs of the
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3493:John W. Daniel
3491:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:John T. Morgan
3314:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3294:External links
3292:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3219:
3206:
3200:
3177:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3131:
3101:
3088:Alabama Review
3078:
3052:
3035:
3020:
3007:
2982:
2955:
2942:
2914:Milford, Nancy
2910:
2890:
2876:
2853:
2843:
2835:Broadway Books
2817:
2811:
2790:
2776:
2752:
2729:
2713:
2683:
2677:
2653:
2624:
2596:
2580:
2556:
2517:
2511:
2490:
2465:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2394:
2371:
2345:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2170:
2168:, p. 111.
2155:
2143:
2128:
2126:, p. 227.
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2071:Holthouse 2008
2058:
2046:
2044:, p. 261.
2034:
2017:
2000:
1998:, p. 192.
1985:
1983:, p. 189.
1973:
1971:, p. 155.
1961:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1802:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 259.
1733:
1731:, p. 196.
1718:
1703:
1691:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1623:
1602:
1600:, p. 257.
1587:
1566:
1562:Spradling 1925
1549:
1534:
1522:
1518:Holthouse 2008
1516:, p. 49;
1506:
1502:Holthouse 2008
1487:
1470:
1466:Holthouse 2008
1450:
1438:
1423:
1401:
1397:Holthouse 2008
1385:
1373:
1369:Holthouse 2008
1346:
1328:
1313:
1294:
1278:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1195:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1150:
1141:in Selma. The
1128:
1117:
1104:
1101:
983:
980:
960:Alabama Review
931:
928:
887:
884:
868:Central Africa
847:
844:
834:
833:Foreign policy
831:
750:
748:
745:
704:as the second
670:
667:
554:
551:
547:Gulf of Mexico
492:Constitution.
488:
486:
483:
439:
436:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
212:
211:Branch/service
208:
207:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
156:(aged 82)
150:
146:
145:
124:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
74:
73:
62:
61:
58:
57:
55:Morgan in 1877
54:
46:
45:
43:John T. Morgan
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7011:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
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6957:
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6942:
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6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:Silent Parade
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:Hang 'Em High
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6523:Strange Fruit
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:Father Divine
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Jim Crow laws
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6189:Walker family
6187:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5900:
5899:Ahmaud Arbery
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:Yusef Hawkins
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5851:Betty Gardner
5848:
5844:
5843:Marian Pyszko
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5827:Carol Jenkins
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5811:Vernon Dahmer
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5739:George W. Lee
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5592:James Cameron
5589:
5585:
5584:George Hughes
5581:
5577:
5576:J. C. Collins
5573:
5569:
5568:Leonard Woods
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5504:Owen Flemming
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5456:Fred N. Selak
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5304:George Taylor
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5280:Robert Prager
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5264:Charles Jones
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:"Mose" Creole
5077:
5073:
5072:Matthew Chase
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5040:William Burns
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:Fred Rochelle
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4909:F. W. Stewart
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4893:John Anderson
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4829:Alfred Blount
4826:
4822:
4821:John Peterson
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4677:Michael Green
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:Henry Plummer
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4573:Pancho Daniel
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4196:
4186:
4183:
4181:
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4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
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4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
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4068:
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4056:
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4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
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3696:C. Comer Clay
3694:
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3507:
3506:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3481:Chair of the
3476:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3453:Chair of the
3449:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3428:Chair of the
3423:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3400:Chair of the
3395:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3376:Edmund Pettus
3373:
3372:James L. Pugh
3369:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3336:
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3289:
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3263:
3259:
3254:
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3247:
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3215:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
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3112:
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3053:
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3016:
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2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:9780060927387
2808:
2804:
2803:HarperCollins
2799:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:0-300-01696-4
2773:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2741:
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2630:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2592:
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2566:
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2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2512:0-87049-753-7
2508:
2504:
2501:. Knoxville:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2416:1-55970-688-0
2412:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2395:
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2369:
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2332:
2331:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2228:, p. 13.
2227:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2015:, p. 35.
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1959:, p. 30.
1958:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1932:, p. 28.
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1905:, p. 22.
1904:
1899:
1897:
1890:, p. 21.
1889:
1884:
1878:, p. 19.
1877:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1851:, p. 18.
1850:
1845:
1839:, p. 17.
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1767:, p. 13.
1766:
1761:
1755:, p. 11.
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1564:, p. 16.
1563:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1498:Upchurch 2004
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:Upchurch 2004
1479:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1448:, p. 37.
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:memorial arch
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
978:
976:
971:
964:
962:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
936:
927:
925:
921:
917:
912:
911:Morgan Report
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
839:
830:
827:
822:
818:
815:
811:
810:voting rights
807:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
754:
744:
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
680:
675:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:major general
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
559:
550:
548:
545:spanning the
543:
539:
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
493:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:Dallas County
468:
464:
461:with justice
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:and later an
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Pacific Ocean
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
213:
209:
206:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
160:
152:June 11, 1907
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:June 20, 1824
123:
119:
114:
110:
107:
104:
98:
95:
92:
86:
80:
75:
72:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6870:
6862:
6850:
6841:Sundown town
6833:
6801:
6793:
6780:
6773:
6761:
6754:
6743:The Clansman
6741:
6734:
6630:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6529:Ida B. Wells
6517:Paul Robeson
6422:Ku Klux Klan
6368:James Chaney
6358:Anniston, AL
5982:Plummer Gang
5937:Joseph Smith
5835:Henry Marrow
5795:Frank Morris
5723:Willie Earle
5632:Cordie Cheek
5560:Henry Choate
5480:Dan Anderson
5440:Raymond Byrd
5424:Samuel Smith
5376:Willie Baird
5256:Frank Little
5248:Paulo Boleta
5176:Robert Perry
5152:Mary Jackson
5112:King Johnson
5064:James Hodges
4984:George White
4968:Walker Davis
4869:Jacob Henson
4797:Robert Lewis
4757:Ellen Watson
4645:Jim Williams
4621:Wyatt Outlaw
4262:
4009:
3601:Bankhead Jr.
3586:Bankhead Sr.
3580:
3480:
3452:
3447:
3440:John Sherman
3427:
3422:John Sherman
3399:
3358:
3349:
3321:Find a Grave
3251:
3225:
3212:
3186:
3170:
3148:December 17,
3146:. Retrieved
3139:
3126:
3119:. Retrieved
3109:
3097:the original
3086:
3074:
3067:. Retrieved
3060:
3041:
3030:
3013:
3003:
2998:December 17,
2996:. Retrieved
2989:
2969:
2963:
2946:
2937:
2924:. New York:
2919:
2902:. Retrieved
2858:
2848:
2833:. New York:
2829:
2801:. New York:
2796:
2761:
2746:December 17,
2744:. Retrieved
2737:
2718:
2708:
2703:December 17,
2701:. Retrieved
2691:
2662:
2649:
2642:. Retrieved
2632:
2620:
2615:December 17,
2613:. Retrieved
2606:
2589:
2575:
2570:December 17,
2568:. Retrieved
2531:
2527:
2496:
2482:. Retrieved
2475:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:the original
2446:
2433:
2427:
2405:. New York:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2367:
2362:December 17,
2360:. Retrieved
2353:
2338:
2317:Bolling 2020
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2269:Svrluga 2016
2264:
2257:Lanahan 1996
2252:
2245:Lanahan 1996
2211:Milford 1970
2196:Kousser 1974
2146:
2107:Morgan 1884b
2102:
2095:Morgan 1884a
2090:
2078:
2049:
2037:
2030:Frommer 2022
1976:
1964:
1937:
1925:
1883:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1716:, p. 5.
1694:
1689:, p. 3.
1668:Lanahan 1996
1663:
1656:Kousser 1974
1647:
1621:, p. 5.
1619:Milford 1970
1525:
1509:
1458:Svrluga 2016
1453:
1441:
1421:, p. 4.
1416:
1388:
1376:
1361:Svrluga 2016
1339:
1281:
1276:, p. 8.
1271:
1169:
1165:liberty ship
1094:
1087:
1068:U.S. Senator
1066:and later a
1049:
1030:
1015:
966:
958:
956:
941:
900:
889:
880:
876:
857:
849:
823:
819:
799:
792:
762:
756:
752:
737:
722:
710:Ku Klux Klan
706:Grand Dragon
699:
688:
684:
648:
618:and given a
613:
575:
564:
535:
501:
495:
490:
452:
441:
397:
389:Panama Canal
349:expansionist
346:
327:
319:Amos Akerman
296:Ku Klux Klan
292:Grand Dragon
284:U.S. Senator
267:
266:
252:Battles/wars
154:(1907-06-11)
101:Succeeded by
78:
36:
6929:1907 deaths
6924:1824 births
6873:(1999 film)
6757:(1936 film)
6636:James Rolph
6538:Legislation
6501:Flag Salute
5941:Hyrum Smith
5787:Lemuel Penn
5779:Louis Allen
5747:Emmett Till
5731:Lamar Smith
5707:Recy Taylor
5640:Claude Neal
5488:Will Sherod
5472:John Carter
5448:James Clark
5400:Henry Lowry
5272:Ell Persons
5160:Rob Edwards
5136:Will Porter
4992:David Wyatt
4960:George Ward
4837:Henry Smith
4733:Amos Miller
4717:Eliza Woods
4653:David Jones
4597:Bill Sketoe
4581:Joshua Boyd
4541:Before 1900
4246:(1870–1947)
3711:Fitzpatrick
3576:Goldthwaite
3556:Fitzpatrick
3335:U.S. Senate
2538:: 329–346.
2327:Works cited
2293:Gauntt 2016
2181:Warren 2011
2151:Lösing 2020
2139:Lösing 2020
2124:Lösing 2020
2054:Hebert 2010
1789:GovInfo.gov
1672:Warren 2011
1462:Hebert 2010
1412:Bowers 1929
1393:Hebert 2010
1365:Hebert 2010
1357:Hauser 2022
1324:Bowers 1929
1170:John Morgan
1108:In 1913, a
1080:Zelda Sayre
1062:, a former
1006:Zelda Sayre
747:Senatorship
677:Morgan and
504:Fire-Eaters
428:Zelda Sayre
365:Philippines
355:during the
353:imperialist
314:dispatched
278:during the
89:Preceded by
32:John Morgan
6918:Categories
6887:Categories
6814:Red Summer
6507:N.A.A.C.P.
6432:Red Shirts
6264:Red Summer
5803:James Reeb
5675:Felix Hall
5667:After 1940
5416:Joe Pullen
5384:Roy Belton
5336:Will Brown
5240:Jeff Brown
5200:John Evans
5184:? Anderson
5088:"Pie" Hill
5056:Jim Miller
5032:Slab Pitts
5024:Ed Johnson
4861:Amos Hicks
4781:Dick Lundy
4773:Jim Taylor
4075:Vandenberg
3636:Tuberville
3487:1903–1907
3459:1899–1903
3448:New office
3434:1893–1895
3406:1879–1881
3368:Luke Pryor
3141:The Nation
3069:August 28,
2644:August 28,
2281:Enoch 2015
2226:Cline 2002
1825:Smith 1861
1813:Smith 1861
1729:Smith 1861
1514:Jones 1928
1305:Davis 1924
1244:References
1158:Harper Lee
1086:who wrote
1078:socialite
1033:Fourteenth
1022:Montgomery
903:annexation
860:LĂ©opold II
821:intrude".
522:ticket in
520:Democratic
426:socialite
404:Montgomery
357:Gilded Age
193:Allegiance
170:Democratic
131:1824-06-20
6804:(musical)
5520:Joe Smith
5464:Tom Payne
5432:L. Q. Ivy
5360:Jay Lynch
5208:Leo Frank
4936:1900–1940
4475:Klobuchar
4450:Feinstein
4435:McConnell
4425:McConnell
4385:Mansfield
4278:Blackburn
4100:Fulbright
4045:Hitchcock
3751:Underwood
3616:H. Heflin
3596:J. Heflin
2886:234567502
2669:Pan Books
2659:(2006) .
2484:April 16,
2305:Mapp 2020
1249:Citations
896:Nicaragua
580:and then
467:Talladega
232:1861–1865
176:Signature
142:Tennessee
79:In office
6871:Vendetta
6407:Lynching
6378:) (1964)
5943:) (1844)
4917:Sam Hose
4380:Hennings
4323:Copeland
4180:Menendez
4165:Menendez
4105:Sparkman
4080:Connally
4070:Connally
3985:Burnside
3940:Hannegan
3915:Buchanan
3895:Tazewell
3776:M. Allen
3771:J. Allen
3741:Johnston
3691:McKinley
3681:McKinley
3671:Chambers
3621:Sessions
3611:Sparkman
3284:Archived
3248:(1959).
3184:(2001).
2978:25118403
2934:66-20742
2916:(1970).
2904:July 14,
2827:(2018).
2786:73-86905
2758:(1974).
2552:24911693
2459:July 14,
2377:(1929).
2042:Fry 1992
2013:Fry 1992
1957:Fry 1992
1942:Fry 1992
1930:Fry 1992
1918:Fry 1992
1903:Fry 1992
1888:Fry 1992
1876:Fry 1992
1861:Fry 1992
1849:Fry 1992
1837:Fry 1992
1765:Fry 1992
1753:Fry 1992
1741:Fry 1992
1714:Fry 1992
1699:Fry 1992
1687:Fry 1992
1598:Fry 1992
1583:Redeemer
1579:Fry 1992
1545:Fry 1985
1446:Fry 1992
1178:See also
1076:Jazz Age
1072:Kentucky
1045:Jim Crow
975:Jim Crow
814:Jim Crow
781:56th and
620:division
597:regiment
459:Tuskegee
424:Jazz Age
363:and the
342:Jim Crow
6400:General
4789:Joe Coe
4661:Jo Reed
4455:Schumer
4415:Stevens
4405:Mathias
4303:Overman
4288:Spooner
4283:Aldrich
4273:Aldrich
4060:Pittman
4015:Sherman
4005:Sherman
3990:Edmunds
3970:Cameron
3950:W. King
3905:Wilkins
3900:Forsyth
3885:Sanford
3875:Barbour
3870:R. King
3865:Barbour
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1135:ruling
994:, and
695:redeem
479:Cahaba
361:Hawaii
336:, and
220:
202:
161:, U.S.
144:, U.S.
138:Athens
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4470:Blunt
4460:Blunt
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4328:Neely
4318:Moses
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