3178:
3826:
8134:
8784:
67:
693:, linguists started to research various dialects in Shanxi, comparing these dialects with Standard Mandarin for helping the locals to learn it more quickly. During this period, a few linguists discovered some unique features of Jin Chinese that do not exist in other northern Mandarin dialects, planting the seeds for the future independence of Jin Chinese. Finally, in 1985,
744:
2878:阳平) tone have merged in isolation but can still be distinguished in tone sandhi contexts. That is, while e.g. Standard Mandarin has a tonal distinction between Tone 1 and Tone 2, corresponding words in Jin Chinese may have the same tone when pronounced separately. However, these words can still be distinguished in connected speech. For example, in Pingyao Jin, dark level
223:
1011:
from the
Bingzhou group is sometimes taken as a convenient representative of Jin because many studies of this dialect are available, but most linguists agree that the Taiyuan vocabulary is heavily influenced by Mandarin, making it unrepresentative of Jin. The Lüliang group is usually regarded as the
709:
as a separate category, still marked with a glottal stop as in the Wu dialects, but distinct in this respect from most other
Mandarin dialects. Some linguists have adopted this classification. However, others disagree that Jin should be considered a separate dialect group for these reasons:
1052:(c. 14th century AD) and with a number of modern southern varieties of Chinese. In Middle Chinese, syllables closed with a stop consonant had no tone. However, Chinese linguists prefer to categorize such syllables as belonging to a separate tone class, traditionally called the "
887:. A few Dialects under this group can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone, while the others cannot. The fusion of the level tone and the rising one occurred in some dialects, though some linguists claim every dialect under this group has this feature.
784:. Most dialects under this group can distinguish the light entering tone from the dark one, with only 1 level tone. In many dialects, especially those to the south of Taiyuan, the voiced obstruents from Middle Chinese become tenuis in all 4 tones, namely → , → and → .
3140:
Lexical diversity in Jin
Chinese is obvious, with some words having a very distinct regionality. Usually, there are more unique words in the core dialects than in the non-core dialects and moreover, some cannot be represented in Chinese characters.
3313:
3228:
1060:
in Jin are still toneless, or alternatively, Jin can be said to still maintain the entering tone. In standard
Mandarin Chinese, syllables formerly ending with a glottal stop have been reassigned to one of the other tone classes in a
813:. Dialects under this group can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone. In most dialects, the voiced obstruents from Middle Chinese become aspirated in both level and entering tones, namely → , → and → .
688:
was proposed, the Jin dialects were universally included within it, mainly because
Chinese linguists paid little attention to these dialects at the time. In order to promote Standard Mandarin in the early days of
2867:
Tone sandhi rules depend on the grammatical structure of the words being put together. Hence, an adjective–noun compound may go through different sets of changes compared to a verb–object compound.
850:) in southeastern Shanxi. Dialects under this group can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone. The palatalization of velar consonants does not occur in some dialects.
1012:"core" of the Jin language group as it preserves most archaic features of Jin. However, there is no consensus as to which dialect among the Lüliang group is the representative dialect.
4238:
4229:
7012:
7557:
714:
Use of the entering tone as a diagnostic feature is inconsistent with the way that all other
Chinese dialect groups have been delineated based on the reflexes of the
7519:
8259:
7041:
787:
8066:
8056:
816:
754:
8061:
7820:
7368:
949:
7975:
3002:
In addition, there are a number of words in Jin that evolved, evidently, by splitting a mono-syllabic word into two, adding an 'l' in between (cf.
890:
3623:
853:
2863:, or tone changes that occur when words are put together into phrases. The tone sandhi of Jin is notable in two ways among Chinese varieties:
3596:
4480:
3591:
8142:
7380:
6769:
7344:
7332:
3461:"Audio files of some shangsheng 上声 words in Xiaoyi 孝义 dialect (Shanxi), in the pronunciation of Prof. Guo Jianrong 郭建荣, Oct. 1985"
7356:
6848:
6375:
4524:
2894:红 'red' on the other hand, all have the same rising tone when pronounced in isolation. Yet, when these words are combined into
8440:
7679:
3574:
3556:
8490:
4542:
8332:
3616:
3234:[The separation and combination of level and rising tones in Wutai dialects of Jin Chinese and their evolution].
598:
3314:"[汾阳方言语音教程] 第五课 - 汾阳话拼音方案 ([Fenyang Dialect Phonetics Course] Lesson 5 - Fenyang Dialect Pinyin Scheme)"
4669:
3497:
2846:
can be heard as an alveolar syllabic , and is heard as a retroflex syllabic when occurring after retroflex consonants
3535:
3132:. (Modern English, for example, has only a two-way distinction between "this" and "that", with "yon" being archaic.)
4473:
3825:
2929:
is characterized by -ʰ and a high falling tone . Xiaoyi also lacks a voicing split in the level tone. The rising (
8412:
4572:
4350:
3439:
Proceedings of the
Symposium/Cross-Linguistic Studies of Tonal Phenomena/Tonogenesis, Typology and Related Topics
588:
7119:
6762:
3609:
3408:
3383:
3335:
927:
915:
872:
835:
627:
529:
409:
355:
243:
8816:
8728:
8182:
919:
864:
827:
690:
619:
423:
257:
213:
8787:
8698:
8222:
5605:
4665:
4408:
4355:
4011:
3441:. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
3118:
3114:
3105:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3007:
2976:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2760:
2755:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2632:
2627:
2608:
2583:
2578:
2567:
2540:
2527:
2492:
2483:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2242:
2188:
2183:
2159:
2128:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2028:
2021:
1992:
1987:
1968:
1937:
1932:
1901:
1896:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1627:
1608:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1556:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1304:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1204:
1199:
1181:
1176:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1041:
1037:
1033:
8811:
8703:
8575:
8500:
8157:
4520:
4466:
4401:
4056:
3978:
3694:
8745:
8718:
8595:
8507:
8254:
8234:
8297:
6995:
6755:
5514:
4301:
3748:
3669:
1339:
1091:
725:
dialects, and so far, no linguist has claimed that these dialects should also be split from
Mandarin.
3177:
8671:
8656:
8646:
8360:
5995:
5534:
5499:
4600:
4382:
3985:
3798:
2980:
207:
20:
3257:
8683:
6922:
6696:
6390:
5648:
5559:
5441:
5436:
4376:
4162:
4046:
3501:
736:
8676:
8525:
8617:
8460:
7058:
6419:
6236:
5918:
4743:
4738:
4709:
4697:
4422:
4415:
4195:
4129:
3632:
1548:
722:
141:
8612:
8535:
8249:
8227:
6982:
6815:
6708:
6684:
6407:
6370:
4868:
4365:
4315:
3871:
3242:文章认为晋语五台片阴平和上声的分合有忻州型和宁武型两个类型，不同类型以及不同方言点的共时差异反映出两个声调的历时演变过程是渐进式的，合流是声调晚期演变的结果，调值相近是合流的直接动因。。
2933:上声) tone in Xiaoyi is also "characterized by a glottal break in the middle of the syllable ".
1601:
1297:
6582:
8806:
8380:
8348:
8177:
7302:
6797:
6355:
6216:
6035:
6015:
6000:
5736:
5701:
5509:
4177:
4023:
3969:
3514:
672:
provinces. The status of Jin is disputed among linguists; some prefer to include it within
645:
8:
8624:
8590:
8425:
8392:
8239:
8167:
8084:
7925:
7920:
7674:
7484:
6990:
6668:
6648:
6412:
6339:
6040:
5990:
5985:
5396:
4963:
4547:
4360:
3950:
3777:
3708:
1480:
1453:
1419:
1392:
1346:
1213:
1191:
1162:
1137:
6025:
6010:
4625:
3081:
8740:
8607:
8570:
8455:
8353:
8287:
8282:
8172:
8162:
7788:
7766:
7659:
7467:
7462:
7385:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
6861:
6613:
6385:
6319:
6268:
6221:
6165:
5895:
5838:
5564:
4720:
4489:
4201:
3810:
3676:
2777:
2178:
1623:
The nasal consonant sounds may vary between nasal sounds or prenasalised stop sounds .
1334:
1086:
954:
895:
858:
821:
792:
759:
694:
565:
557:
391:
383:
6020:
4630:
697:
proposed that Jin should be considered a separate top-level dialect group, similar to
199:
8651:
8641:
8520:
8485:
8340:
8292:
8244:
8011:
7864:
7798:
7654:
7639:
7310:
7287:
7241:
7166:
7092:
6972:
6940:
6894:
6833:
6823:
6788:
6592:
6252:
6126:
6071:
5963:
5871:
5866:
5823:
5745:
5476:
5456:
5381:
5358:
5131:
5013:
4983:
4825:
4816:
4768:
4758:
4605:
4537:
4309:
4269:
4247:
4212:
4206:
4171:
4109:
4103:
4083:
3877:
3865:
3848:
3756:
3702:
3682:
3570:
3552:
3531:
3404:
3379:
1520:
1248:
513:
505:
339:
331:
146:
75:
2836:
can also be heard as a labio-palatal approximant when preceding initial consonants.
1062:
594:
8757:
8277:
8152:
8016:
8006:
7991:
7937:
7859:
7810:
7771:
7720:
7634:
7586:
7570:
7450:
7410:
7405:
7292:
7246:
7192:
7187:
7177:
7171:
7000:
6945:
6930:
6806:
6778:
6663:
6658:
6628:
6587:
6567:
6456:
6451:
6395:
6365:
6314:
6203:
6076:
6056:
6005:
5972:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5881:
5876:
5858:
5706:
5696:
5600:
5549:
5544:
5519:
5446:
5139:
5116:
5111:
5041:
5036:
5031:
4993:
4933:
4858:
4801:
4796:
4781:
4552:
4503:
4330:
4290:
4260:
4234:
4184:
4142:
4051:
4028:
3921:
3901:
3858:
3783:
3646:
3468:
3341:
1329:
1081:
1021:
986:
960:
901:
798:
765:
685:
673:
454:
280:
151:
6211:
3908:
3345:
8708:
8688:
8585:
8545:
8530:
8269:
8119:
8109:
8089:
8046:
8041:
7907:
7871:
7854:
7844:
7783:
7601:
7537:
7479:
7427:
7422:
7324:
7220:
7215:
7124:
7071:
7066:
7046:
7031:
7026:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6935:
6907:
6879:
6856:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6572:
6562:
6436:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6141:
6131:
6116:
6106:
6096:
6066:
6030:
5980:
5943:
5908:
5848:
5828:
5808:
5773:
5758:
5753:
5676:
5615:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5529:
5421:
5391:
5340:
5315:
5300:
5274:
5269:
5249:
5234:
5179:
5121:
5106:
5101:
5086:
5081:
5026:
4958:
4938:
4873:
4848:
4776:
4753:
4655:
4620:
4615:
4590:
4562:
4557:
4322:
4276:
4135:
4017:
3956:
3790:
3737:
3728:
3714:
1569:
1351:
1273:
1098:
1008:
998:
982:
133:
8762:
8752:
8723:
8713:
8430:
8402:
8114:
8099:
8001:
7952:
7947:
7932:
7876:
7815:
7697:
7669:
7649:
7596:
7565:
7542:
7532:
7527:
7489:
7472:
7417:
7282:
7264:
7182:
7156:
7097:
7017:
7005:
6957:
6912:
6902:
6828:
6653:
6597:
6577:
6380:
6345:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6231:
6183:
6121:
6091:
6086:
5948:
5938:
5903:
5813:
5778:
5763:
5711:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5610:
5554:
5524:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5466:
5386:
5371:
5366:
5335:
5310:
5295:
5290:
5259:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5169:
5144:
5091:
5003:
4988:
4953:
4923:
4918:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4806:
4791:
4733:
4728:
4635:
4595:
4580:
4392:
4370:
4284:
4253:
4189:
4149:
4123:
4097:
4074:
3997:
3943:
3915:
3884:
3762:
3688:
3263:[The History, Current State and Future of the Research on Jin Chinese]
1358:
1105:
1045:
1029:
884:
721:
Certain other
Mandarin dialects also preserve the glottal stop, especially the
715:
657:
489:
315:
102:
8133:
4610:
3087:
3068:
3053:
3038:
3023:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
78:(vertically, traditional Chinese on the left, simplified Chinese on the right)
8800:
8563:
8375:
8370:
7942:
7886:
7881:
7849:
7836:
7712:
7664:
7591:
7547:
7437:
7274:
7197:
7036:
6884:
6871:
6638:
6512:
6488:
6431:
6260:
6193:
6151:
6136:
6061:
5913:
5818:
5691:
5686:
5539:
5451:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5376:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5305:
5264:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5096:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
4998:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4948:
4928:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4863:
4853:
4838:
4833:
4786:
4748:
4650:
4640:
4116:
4038:
3804:
3769:
3721:
3129:
1486:
1425:
1364:
1219:
1168:
1111:
1053:
994:
706:
4451:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
908:), spoken in parts of northern Shanxi and central Inner Mongolia, including
8435:
8385:
7761:
7644:
7617:
7161:
7151:
6618:
6483:
6446:
6146:
6111:
6101:
6081:
5953:
5833:
5798:
5788:
5783:
5768:
5656:
5580:
5484:
5461:
5154:
5021:
4943:
4893:
4843:
4645:
4585:
4090:
4006:
3962:
3891:
1057:
1049:
1025:
880:
461:
287:
3434:
3165:
676:, but others set it apart as a closely related but separate sister group.
183:
19:"cjy" redirects here. For the train station in Baoji, Shaanxi, China, see
8580:
8554:
8450:
8420:
8397:
8365:
8104:
8094:
7898:
7793:
7778:
7741:
7689:
7510:
7501:
7397:
7236:
6838:
6529:
6505:
6478:
6468:
6441:
6426:
6226:
5803:
5726:
5721:
5681:
5411:
4436:
3651:
3122:
3095:
2860:
935:
698:
3601:
2921:
According to Guo (1989) and also noted by Sagart (1999), the departing (
7996:
7970:
7736:
7702:
7207:
7134:
6557:
6495:
6473:
5843:
5716:
3299:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe. pp. 4–12.
3170:
3079:
A similar process can in fact be found in most
Mandarin dialects (e.g.
3003:
702:
3229:"Jìn yǔ wǔ tái piàn yīn píng hé shàng shēng de fèn hé jí qí yǎn biàn"
806:
8445:
8196:
8187:
7915:
7805:
7457:
7445:
7256:
7087:
6534:
6522:
6517:
6461:
5793:
4532:
4458:
4429:
4070:
3835:
3642:
847:
522:
348:
192:
176:
8735:
8321:
7962:
7143:
6747:
6500:
3460:
3423:
Guo, Jianrong 郭建荣 (1989). Xiaoyi fangyan zhi 孝义方言志. Beijing: Yuwen.
3098:, although this is still controversial. For example, the character
976:
843:
777:
606:
543:
475:
369:
301:
8767:
3472:
8634:
8314:
8201:
8030:
7626:
6539:
3931:
3530:] (in Chinese (China)), Shanghai Education Publishing House,
3288:
Wen, Duanzheng 溫端政; Shen, Ming 沈明 (1999). Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (ed.).
2870:
There are Jin varieties in which the "dark level" tone category (
810:
781:
669:
602:
114:
8693:
8495:
3844:
3659:
2926:
968:
943:
909:
773:
653:
635:
98:
743:
8206:
3840:
3655:
3522:
Hou 侯, Jingyi 精一; Shen 沈, Ming 明 (2002), Hou, Jingyi (ed.),
3511:
Language Atlas of China (2nd Edition): Chinese Dialect Volume
972:
939:
705:. His main criterion was that Jin dialects had preserved the
665:
661:
649:
222:
110:
106:
87:
967:), spoken in southeastern Shanxi, southern Hebei (including
2823:
may also be realized as a monophthong close central vowel .
3184:
605:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3094:
This may be a kind of reservation for double-initials in
562:
548:
534:
388:
374:
360:
3337:
Vowels and Diphthongs in the Taiyuan Jin Chinese Dialect
3196:
66:
3403:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
3378:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
3208:
3128:
Some dialects of Jin make a three-way distinction in
2918:
still have the same low-rising tone as in isolation.
510:
494:
480:
466:
336:
320:
306:
292:
3503:
Zhōngguó Yǔyán Dìtújí (Dì 2 bǎn): Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn
3283:
3281:
3258:"Jìn fāngyán yánjiū de lìshǐ, xiànzhuàng yǔ wèilái"
2914:has a high-rising tone , whereas both syllables in
2902:桃红 'peach red', the tonal distinction emerges. In
3546:Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of
3278:
879:), spoken in parts of northern Shanxi (including
8798:
648:spoken by roughly 48 million people in northern
3548:The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
2886:听 'to listen' on the one hand, and light level
942:and parts of central Inner Mongolia, including
4300:
3747:
6763:
4474:
3617:
3401:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects
3376:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects
3269:
3240:
3109:
3099:
740:divides Jin into the following eight groups:
428:
414:
262:
248:
55:
49:
41:
35:
8562:
4161:
3521:
3091:kong), but it is especially common in Jin.
8783:
8553:
6770:
6756:
4696:
4481:
4467:
3624:
3610:
1626:A prenasalised affricated fricative sound
221:
65:
16:Branch of Chinese spoken in northern China
3631:
3498:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
3108:in Mandarin) which appears more often as
2830:may also be heard as , then realized as .
3543:
3358:
3214:
3202:
2925:去声) tone category in the Jin dialect of
742:
8478:
3297:The Sound System of the Taiyuan Dialect
3287:
805:), spoken in western Shanxi (including
747:The main dialect areas of Jin in China.
599:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8799:
4488:
3458:
3432:
3340:. Interspeech 2016. pp. 993–997.
564:
512:
390:
338:
6751:
5636:
4695:
4462:
3605:
3513:] (in Chinese (China)), Beijing:
3333:
3161:
3159:
2942:Jin readily employs prefixes such as
2842:when occurring after alveolar sounds
2707:
2069:
6777:
3567:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3496:
3398:
3373:
3308:
3306:
5637:
3564:
3528:Overview of Modern Chinese Dialects
3271:太原方言的词汇与其他方言比较，结果认为晋方言的词汇与官话方言非常接近。
3226:
3190:
3117:in Jin, had the pronunciation like
13:
3592:Classification of the Jin Dialects
3156:
1322:Consonants of the Fenyang dialect
1074:Consonants of the Taiyuan dialect
1028:, which is the remnant of a final
14:
8828:
3585:
3303:
679:
8782:
8260:Literary and colloquial readings
8132:
3824:
3255:
3176:
3452:
3426:
3417:
3392:
3367:
3352:
563:
549:
535:
389:
375:
361:
3597:Details of the Pingyao Dialect
3459:Sagart, Laurent (2022-11-15).
3334:Xia, Liping; Hu, Fang (2016).
3327:
3270:
3249:
3241:
3220:
2859:Jin employs extremely complex
2826:Sounds ending in the sequence
2219:Vowels of the Fenyang dialect
1640:Vowels of the Taiyuan dialect
1044:). This is in common with the
931:
923:
876:
868:
839:
831:
640:
631:
623:
511:
495:
481:
467:
429:
415:
337:
321:
307:
293:
263:
249:
56:
50:
42:
36:
1:
3435:"The origin of Chinese tones"
3346:10.21437/Interspeech.2016-249
3144:
3135:
8788:List of varieties of Chinese
3363:. 山西省汾阳县志办公室 . pp. 1–3.
3149:
1024:, Jin has preserved a final
1015:
646:Chinese linguistic varieties
7:
3565:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006),
2983:constructions. For example:
1068:
1056:". Syllables closed with a
729:
10:
8833:
8746:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3489:
2937:
2353:
2303:
691:People's Republic of China
656:province, much of central
18:
8780:
8664:
8633:
8544:
8469:
8411:
8331:
8306:
8268:
8215:
8141:
8130:
8077:
8029:
7984:
7961:
7906:
7897:
7835:
7754:
7729:
7711:
7688:
7625:
7616:
7579:
7556:
7518:
7509:
7500:
7436:
7396:
7323:
7301:
7273:
7255:
7229:
7206:
7142:
7133:
7110:
7080:
7057:
6981:
6921:
6893:
6870:
6847:
6814:
6805:
6796:
6785:
6719:
6692:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
6677:
6606:
6550:
6354:
6292:
6245:
6202:
6164:
6049:
5971:
5962:
5894:
5857:
5744:
5735:
5647:
5643:
5632:
5573:
5475:
5357:
5283:
5130:
5012:
4824:
4815:
4767:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4684:
4664:
4571:
4519:
4512:
4496:
4446:
4391:
4343:
4228:
4069:
4037:
3995:
3930:
3833:
3822:
3640:
3465:Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian
3110:
3100:
3086:
3080:
3067:
3052:
3037:
3022:
2994:
2985:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2776:
2746:
2710:
2656:
2626:
2599:
2566:
2539:
2512:
2482:
2449:
2404:
2356:
2311:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2177:
1786:
1729:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1634:
1600:
1568:
1479:
1418:
1357:
1326:
1317:is mainly used in finals.
1296:
1272:
1212:
1161:
1104:
1078:
1020:Unlike most varieties of
990:
964:
905:
842:), spoken in the area of
802:
769:
660:, and adjoining areas in
585:
581:
577:
556:
542:
528:
521:
504:
488:
474:
460:
453:
448:
444:
436:
422:
408:
403:
382:
368:
354:
347:
330:
314:
300:
286:
279:
274:
270:
256:
242:
237:
233:
229:
220:
206:
190:
174:
169:
130:
120:
93:
83:
64:
33:
28:
3544:Kurpaska, Maria (2010),
3523:
3505:
3433:Sagart, Laurent (1999).
3292:
3259:
3230:
3227:Fan, Huiqin 范慧琴 (2015).
3193:, pp. 60–61, 67–69.
2910:has a falling tone and
2854:
1063:seemingly random fashion
916:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot group
410:Traditional Chinese
404:Alternative Chinese name
244:Traditional Chinese
21:Caijiapo railway station
6689:Northern (Beijing) Sign
3359:Juncheng, Zhao (1989).
2898:偷听 'eavesdropping' and
2874:阴平) and "light level" (
737:Language Atlas of China
424:Simplified Chinese
258:Simplified Chinese
4698:Sino-Tibetan languages
3399:Chen, Matthew (2000).
3374:Chen, Matthew (2000).
748:
587:This article contains
126:48 million (2021)
4351:Central Tibeto-Burman
3551:, De Gruyter Mouton,
3256:Qiao, Quansheng 乔全生.
772:), spoken in central
746:
684:After the concept of
8817:Varieties of Chinese
3515:The Commercial Press
1001:in northern Shaanxi.
652:, including most of
6732:NM = Inner Mongolia
4409:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
2993:"fool around" <
2220:
1641:
1323:
1075:
928:traditional Chinese
873:traditional Chinese
836:traditional Chinese
628:traditional Chinese
8812:Languages of China
8741:Cantonese Bopomofo
8608:Chinese characters
8536:Written Sichuanese
7120:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
6269:Formosan languages
4490:Languages of China
4402:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4344:Proposed groupings
3506:中国语言地图集（第2版）：汉语方言卷
3290:Tàiyuánhuà yīndàng
2979:, in a variety of
2218:
1639:
1630:, is also present.
1321:
1073:
920:simplified Chinese
865:simplified Chinese
828:simplified Chinese
749:
620:simplified Chinese
101:province; central
76:Chinese characters
8794:
8793:
8776:
8775:
8603:
8602:
8521:Written Cantonese
8516:
8515:
8298:Classical grammar
8293:Cantonese grammar
8128:
8127:
8025:
8024:
7831:
7830:
7750:
7749:
7612:
7611:
7319:
7318:
7106:
7105:
6996:Chengdu–Chongqing
6789:Sinitic languages
6745:
6744:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6265:
6257:
6160:
6159:
5890:
5889:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
4680:
4679:
4456:
4455:
4339:
4338:
4224:
4223:
4065:
4064:
3820:
3819:
3576:978-3-89586-629-6
3569:, LINCOM Europa,
3558:978-3-11-021914-2
3231:晋语五台片阴平和上声的分合及其演变
3205:, pp. 74–75.
3174:(26th ed., 2023)
2882:偷 'secretly' and
2816:
2815:
2254:
2249:
2216:
2215:
1670:
1620:
1619:
1551:
1523:
1489:
1456:
1428:
1395:
1367:
1314:
1313:
1251:
1222:
1194:
1171:
1140:
1114:
613:
612:
595:rendering support
591:phonetic symbols.
573:
572:
530:Yale Romanization
455:Standard Mandarin
399:
398:
356:Yale Romanization
281:Standard Mandarin
8824:
8786:
8785:
8758:Taiwanese Hangul
8647:Mainland Chinese
8560:
8559:
8551:
8550:
8476:
8475:
8153:Standard Chinese
8136:
7904:
7903:
7623:
7622:
7516:
7515:
7507:
7506:
7389:
7377:
7365:
7353:
7341:
7140:
7139:
6812:
6811:
6803:
6802:
6779:Chinese language
6772:
6765:
6758:
6749:
6748:
6701:
6271:
6263:
6255:
5969:
5968:
5742:
5741:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5633:
4822:
4821:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4517:
4516:
4504:Standard Chinese
4483:
4476:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4298:
4297:
4159:
4158:
3993:
3992:
3828:
3745:
3744:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3580:
3561:
3540:
3518:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3163:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3014:). For example:
3013:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2762:
2757:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2634:
2629:
2610:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2542:
2529:
2494:
2485:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2221:
2217:
2190:
2185:
2161:
2130:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2023:
1994:
1989:
1970:
1939:
1934:
1903:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1610:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1558:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1424:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1324:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1206:
1201:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1076:
1072:
1043:
1039:
1035:
992:
966:
958:
938:in northwestern
933:
925:
907:
899:
878:
870:
862:
841:
833:
825:
804:
796:
771:
763:
718:voiced initials.
686:Mandarin Chinese
644:) is a group of
642:
633:
625:
569:
568:
567:
552:
551:
538:
537:
517:
516:
515:
500:
499:
498:
484:
483:
470:
469:
446:
445:
432:
431:
418:
417:
395:
394:
393:
378:
377:
364:
363:
343:
342:
341:
326:
325:
324:
310:
309:
296:
295:
272:
271:
266:
265:
252:
251:
225:
216:
202:
186:
179:
136:
69:
60:
59:
58:
53:
52:
46:
45:
44:
39:
38:
26:
25:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8772:
8709:Tongyong Pinyin
8689:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
8677:Dungan Cyrillic
8660:
8629:
8599:
8540:
8531:Written Hokkien
8512:
8471:
8465:
8441:Middle Mandarin
8407:
8327:
8302:
8264:
8211:
8144:
8137:
8124:
8073:
8021:
7980:
7957:
7893:
7827:
7746:
7725:
7707:
7684:
7608:
7575:
7552:
7496:
7432:
7392:
7383:
7371:
7359:
7347:
7335:
7315:
7297:
7269:
7251:
7225:
7202:
7129:
7102:
7076:
7053:
6977:
6917:
6889:
6866:
6843:
6792:
6781:
6776:
6746:
6741:
6715:
6695:
6673:
6602:
6546:
6357:
6350:
6276:
6256:(Indo-European)
6241:
6198:
6156:
6045:
5958:
5886:
5853:
5731:
5639:
5638:Other languages
5620:
5569:
5500:Central Tibetan
5471:
5345:
5279:
5126:
5008:
4811:
4763:
4711:
4700:
4676:
4660:
4567:
4508:
4492:
4487:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4393:Proto-languages
4387:
4335:
4302:Greater Siangic
4296:
4233:
4220:
4157:
4061:
4033:
3991:
3935:
3926:
3838:
3829:
3816:
3749:Greater Magaric
3743:
3670:West Himalayish
3650:
3636:
3630:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3559:
3538:
3525:
3507:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3353:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3138:
2999:"ghost, devil"
2984:
2940:
2857:
1637:
1341:
1093:
1071:
1018:
1009:Taiyuan dialect
999:Yanchuan County
971:) and northern
952:
893:
856:
819:
817:Shangdang group
809:) and northern
790:
757:
732:
682:
593:Without proper
550:Saan1 sai1 waa2
496:
437:Literal meaning
322:
212:
198:
182:
175:
165:
137:
134:Language family
132:
123:
122:Native speakers
79:
48:
47:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8830:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8792:
8791:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8753:Taiwanese kana
8750:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8724:Lessing-Othmer
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8526:Written Dungan
8523:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8482:
8480:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8431:Middle Chinese
8428:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8398:Wubi (Wang Ma)
8395:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8346:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8318:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8274:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8149:
8147:
8139:
8138:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8115:Xiangnan Tuhua
8112:
8107:
8102:
8100:Shaozhou Tuhua
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8035:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7912:
7910:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7524:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7442:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7378:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7329:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7013:Renshou–Fushun
7010:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6923:Central Plains
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6726:HK = Hong Kong
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:Hong Kong Sign
6690:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6272:(Austronesian)
6266:
6264:(Austronesian)
6258:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:Southern Qiang
5439:
5437:Northern Qiang
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4702:
4701:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4383:Tibeto-Kanauri
4380:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4244:
4242:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4077:
4075:Southeast Asia
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4012:Angami–Pochuri
4009:
4003:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3937:
3936:Burmese border
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3854:
3852:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3663:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:External links
3584:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3562:
3557:
3541:
3536:
3519:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3467:. Hypotheses.
3451:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3391:
3384:
3366:
3351:
3326:
3302:
3277:
3267:. p. 10.
3260:晋方言研究的历史、现状与未来
3248:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:demonstratives
3077:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3031:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2890:桃 'peach' and
2868:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2819:The diphthong
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1046:Early Mandarin
1030:stop consonant
1017:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
980:
947:
913:
888:
885:Inner Mongolia
883:) and central
851:
814:
785:
755:Bingzhou group
731:
728:
727:
726:
719:
716:Middle Chinese
681:
680:Classification
678:
658:Inner Mongolia
611:
610:
597:, you may see
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
560:
554:
553:
546:
540:
539:
532:
526:
525:
523:Yue: Cantonese
519:
518:
508:
502:
501:
492:
486:
485:
478:
472:
471:
464:
458:
457:
451:
450:
449:Transcriptions
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
426:
420:
419:
412:
406:
405:
401:
400:
397:
396:
386:
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
358:
352:
351:
349:Yue: Cantonese
345:
344:
334:
328:
327:
318:
312:
311:
304:
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:Transcriptions
268:
267:
260:
254:
253:
246:
240:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
218:
217:
210:
204:
203:
196:
188:
187:
180:
172:
171:
170:Language codes
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
140:
138:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
103:Inner Mongolia
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:Native to
81:
80:
70:
62:
61:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8829:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8789:
8779:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8672:Cyrillization
8670:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8564:Script styles
8561:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8509:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8135:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7387:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6737:
6735:XJ = Xinjiang
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6270:
6267:
6262:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6237:Western Yugur
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Eastern Yugur
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:Small Flowery
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5649:Austroasiatic
5646:
5642:
5635:
5631:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:Proto-Karenic
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:Proto-Loloish
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:Tibeto-Burman
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4163:Burmo-Qiangic
4160:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4057:Jingpho–Luish
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3695:Baram–Thangmi
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3537:7-5320-8084-6
3533:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3474:
3473:10.58079/UKDO
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3217:, p. 68.
3216:
3215:Kurpaska 2010
3211:
3204:
3203:Kurpaska 2010
3199:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:entering tone
1051:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1000:
996:
995:Zhidan County
993:), spoken in
988:
984:
983:Zhi-Yan group
981:
978:
974:
970:
962:
956:
951:
950:Han-Xin group
948:
945:
941:
937:
934:), spoken in
929:
921:
917:
914:
911:
903:
897:
892:
889:
886:
882:
874:
866:
860:
855:
852:
849:
845:
837:
829:
823:
818:
815:
812:
808:
800:
794:
789:
788:Lüliang group
786:
783:
780:), including
779:
778:Bing Province
776:(the ancient
775:
767:
761:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
745:
741:
739:
738:
724:
720:
717:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:entering tone
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
637:
629:
621:
617:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
590:
584:
580:
576:
566:
561:
559:
555:
547:
545:
541:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
514:
509:
507:
503:
493:
491:
487:
479:
477:
473:
465:
463:
459:
456:
452:
447:
443:
440:Shanxi speech
439:
435:
427:
425:
421:
413:
411:
407:
402:
392:
387:
385:
381:
373:
371:
367:
359:
357:
353:
350:
346:
340:
335:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
305:
303:
299:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
273:
269:
261:
259:
255:
247:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
168:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
135:
129:
125:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
77:
73:
68:
63:
32:
27:
22:
8694:Hanyu Pinyin
8684:Romanization
8591:Semi-cursive
8436:Old Mandarin
8393:Stroke count
8320:
8313:
8235:Old National
8078:Unclassified
7111:
6983:Southwestern
6816:Northeastern
6798:Major groups
6787:
6723:GX = Guangxi
6711:
6709:Tibetan Sign
6699:
6685:Chinese Sign
6551:Creole/Mixed
6420:Southeastern
6408:Southwestern
6402:
6371:Northeastern
6356:Varieties of
4448:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4375:
4321:
4314:
4289:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4252:
4211:
4196:Lolo-Burmese
4194:
4170:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4016:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3961:
3949:
3942:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3864:
3857:
3809:
3803:
3789:
3782:
3768:
3761:
3736:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3701:
3687:
3675:
3668:
3633:Sino-Tibetan
3566:
3549:
3545:
3527:
3510:
3502:
3476:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3443:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3375:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3336:
3329:
3318:. Retrieved
3296:
3289:
3268:
3251:
3239:
3238:(3): 28–32.
3235:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3169:
3139:
3127:
3104:(pronounced
3093:
3085:kulong <
3078:
3001:
2981:derivational
2941:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2858:
2848:/tʂ,tʂʰ,ʂ,ʐ/
1058:glottal stop
1050:Yuan dynasty
1026:glottal stop
1019:
1006:
891:Da-Bao group
881:Wutai County
735:
733:
683:
639:
615:
614:
586:
497:Shan-hsi-hua
462:Hanyu Pinyin
288:Hanyu Pinyin
238:Chinese name
208:Linguasphere
191:
156:
142:Sino-Tibetan
71:
8807:Jin Chinese
8763:Xiao'erjing
8625:Punctuation
8618:Traditional
8571:Oracle bone
8555:Logographic
8451:Proto-Hakka
8426:Eastern Han
8421:Old Chinese
8283:Classifiers
8250:Northern Wu
8178:Singaporean
7384: [
7372: [
7360: [
7348: [
7336: [
6217:Fuyu Kyrgyz
6016:Tai Hongjin
5702:Muak Sa-aak
4437:Proto-Hakka
4366:Mahakiranti
3872:East Bodish
3652:Uttarakhand
3123:Old Chinese
3096:Old Chinese
3010:instead of
3006:, but with
2861:tone sandhi
2708:Triphthong
2070:Triphthong
1602:Approximant
1298:Approximant
975:(including
953: [
936:Zhangjiakou
894: [
857: [
854:Wutai group
820: [
791: [
758: [
601:instead of
536:Sāan sāi wá
105:; parts of
74:written in
8801:Categories
8714:Wade–Giles
8613:Simplified
8508:Vernacular
8501:in Vietnam
8354:Simplified
8341:Biaoxingma
8288:Honorifics
8223:Historical
8168:Philippine
8158:Sichuanese
8085:Badong Yao
7789:Shao–Jiang
7660:Philippine
7468:Xiangxiang
7463:Shuangfeng
7208:Taizhou Wu
6991:Sichuanese
6738:XZ = Tibet
6729:MC = Macau
6669:Zhangzhung
6413:Sichuanese
6340:Vietnamese
5737:Hmong-Mien
5616:Waxianghua
5397:Khroskyabs
4685:Indigenous
4573:Prefecture
4548:Portuguese
4331:Idu–Taraon
4285:Miju–Meyor
4178:Gyalrongic
4024:Tangkhulic
3799:Raji–Raute
3478:2024-06-15
3445:2024-06-15
3410:0521033403
3385:0521033403
3361:汾阳话与普通话简编
3320:2022-04-11
3171:Ethnologue
3145:References
3136:Vocabulary
3115:/kʰuəʔluŋ/
3004:Ubbi Dubbi
2931:shangsheng
2844:/ts,tsʰ,s/
490:Wade–Giles
482:ㄕㄢ ㄒㄧ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
376:Zeon3 jyu5
316:Wade–Giles
8652:Taiwanese
8642:Cantonese
8486:Classical
8446:Proto-Min
8381:Microsoft
8240:Cantonese
8216:Phonology
8197:Cantonese
8188:Singdarin
8173:Malaysian
8163:Taiwanese
8067:Rongjiang
8057:Yongjiang
8053:Southern
8038:Northern
8012:Luo–Guang
7921:Hong Kong
7916:Guangzhou
7872:Taiwanese
7865:Changting
7799:Zhanjiang
7713:Zhongshan
7680:Malaysian
7675:Singapore
7640:Zhangzhou
7592:Zhongshan
7485:Yong–Quan
7381:Jing-Zhan
7311:Xuancheng
7288:Jiangshan
7167:Changzhou
7088:Junjiahua
6941:Guanzhong
6824:Changchun
6649:Tocharian
6583:Qoqmončaq
6535:Cantonese
6489:Shaojiang
6462:Hainanese
6391:Zhongyuan
6386:Jiao-Liao
6320:Esperanto
6222:Ili Turki
5929:Khamnigan
5794:Kiong Nai
5565:Zitsadegu
4543:Mongolian
4533:Cantonese
4430:Proto-Min
4361:Macro-Bai
4239:Arunachal
4232:(possible
4047:Boro–Garo
3951:Kuki-Chin
3934:and Indo-
3849:Arunachal
3836:Himalayas
3811:Tandrange
3778:Chepangic
3709:Dhimalish
3643:Himalayas
3150:Citations
3034:/tʰəʔluɤ/
1487:voiceless
1481:Fricative
1454:aspirated
1426:voiceless
1420:Affricate
1393:aspirated
1365:voiceless
1347:Retroflex
1220:voiceless
1214:Fricative
1192:aspirated
1169:voiceless
1163:Affricate
1138:aspirated
1112:voiceless
1016:Phonology
848:Shangdang
846:(ancient
723:Jianghuai
468:Shānxīhuà
193:Glottolog
177:ISO 639-3
8736:Bopomofo
8665:Phonetic
8657:Two-cell
8586:Clerical
8496:in Japan
8491:Adoption
8479:Official
8470:Literary
8345:Boshiamy
8322:Xiehouyu
8278:Numerals
8255:Mandarin
8183:Standard
8143:Standard
8017:Qin–Lian
8007:Yong–Xun
7992:Gao–Yang
7938:Jiujiang
7926:Malaysia
7860:Tingzhou
7811:Wenchang
7772:Jianyang
7762:Northern
7721:Sanxiang
7635:Quanzhou
7618:Southern
7587:Manjiang
7451:Changsha
7411:Nanchang
7406:Chang–Du
7303:Xuanzhou
7293:Qingtian
7247:Wencheng
7193:Jiangyin
7188:Jinxiang
7178:Shaoxing
7172:Hangzhou
7152:Shanghai
7093:Qinjiang
7001:Minjiang
6973:Xinjiang
6931:Dongping
6895:Jiaoliao
6834:Shenyang
6807:Mandarin
6593:Tangwang
6573:Macanese
6568:Lingling
6501:Northern
6484:Northern
6447:Southern
6366:Mandarin
6293:Minority
6253:Sarikoli
6166:Tungusic
6127:Naxi Yao
6072:Cao Miao
5996:Ningming
5896:Mongolic
5872:Dzao Min
5867:Biao Min
5824:Qo Xiong
5819:Pingtang
5515:Dongwang
5457:Tshobdun
5382:Guiqiong
4984:Sangkong
4759:Muangphe
4721:Mondzish
4675:numerous
4666:Counties
4513:Regional
4497:Official
4235:isolates
4202:Mondzish
4130:Cai–Long
3878:Tshangla
3834:Eastern
3677:Tamangic
3647:Himachal
3641:Western
3635:branches
3524:现代汉语方言概论
3500:(2012),
3191:Yan 2006
3119:/kʰloːŋ/
3075:"street"
3064:/xəʔlɒ̃/
3060:"scrape"
3049:/kuəʔla/
3019:/pəʔləŋ/
2876:yángpíng
2778:Syllabic
2304:Nucleus
2179:Syllabic
1730:Nucleus
1549:prenasal
1340:Alveolo-
1335:Alveolar
1092:Alveolo-
1087:Alveolar
1069:Initials
1022:Mandarin
977:Xinxiang
844:Changzhi
730:Dialects
674:Mandarin
607:Help:IPA
544:Jyutping
476:Bopomofo
370:Jyutping
362:Jeun yúh
302:Bopomofo
214:79-AAA-c
200:jiny1235
97:most of
8635:Braille
8596:Cursive
8546:Scripts
8413:History
8403:ZhengMa
8349:Cangjie
8315:Chengyu
8270:Grammar
8245:Hokkien
8202:Hokkien
8110:Waxiang
8090:Danzhou
8062:Guandao
8047:Younian
8042:Tongdao
8031:Pinghua
7971:Taishan
7887:Raoping
7855:Huizhou
7845:Meixian
7821:Banqiao
7794:Leizhou
7784:Pu–Xian
7779:Central
7767:Jian'ou
7742:Longyan
7690:Teochew
7627:Hokkien
7602:Nanlang
7558:Fu–Ning
7538:Changle
7520:Houguan
7511:Eastern
7458:Loushao
7446:Changyi
7428:Da–Tong
7423:Ying–Yi
7369:Yanzhou
7237:Wenzhou
7230:Oujiang
7221:Tiantai
7216:Taizhou
7125:Zhi–Yan
7072:Nantong
7067:Nanjing
7042:Gui–Liu
7032:Nanping
7027:Kunming
6953:Luoyang
6908:Qingdao
6880:Tianjin
6857:Beijing
6849:Beijing
6664:Xianbei
6659:Tuyuhun
6629:Old Yue
6607:Extinct
6588:Sanqiao
6479:Central
6469:Eastern
6452:Hokkien
6396:Lan-Yin
6376:Beijing
6358:Chinese
6315:Russian
6077:Chadong
6057:Ai-Cham
6026:Tai Nüa
6011:Tai Dón
6006:Tai Dam
5964:Kra-Dai
5934:Monguor
5924:Kangjia
5882:Kim Mun
5877:Iu Mien
5799:Luobohe
5789:Huishui
5769:Guiyang
5746:Hmongic
5707:Palaung
5697:Man Met
5601:Longjia
5550:Ladakhi
5545:Kyirong
5535:Khalong
5520:Drugchu
5477:Tibetic
5447:Shixing
5359:Qiangic
5140:Alingpo
5132:Nisoish
5117:Yangliu
5112:Xuzhang
5042:Laizisi
5037:Kuamasi
5032:Kua-nsi
5014:Lisoish
4994:Tsukong
4934:Laomian
4859:Baihong
4826:Hanoish
4817:Loloish
4802:Lhao Vo
4797:Chashan
4782:Xiandao
4769:Burmish
4712:Burmese
4670:Banners
4626:Tai Nüa
4553:Tibetan
4538:English
4449:Italics
4310:Siangic
4291:Songlin
4270:Kho-Bwa
4248:Hrusish
4230:Dubious
4213:Loloish
4207:Burmish
4172:Qiangic
4143:Longjia
4110:Karenic
4104:Nungish
4084:Sinitic
3970:Hkongso
3932:Myanmar
3902:Gongduk
3866:Tibetic
3784:Chepang
3757:Magaric
3703:Kiranti
3683:Newaric
3490:Sources
3106:/kʰoːŋ/
2938:Grammar
2923:qusheng
2916:taohong
2904:touting
2900:taohong
2896:touting
2872:yīnpíng
2239:Medial
1660:Medial
1342:palatal
1094:palatal
1048:of the
987:Chinese
961:Chinese
902:Chinese
811:Shaanxi
807:Lüliang
799:Chinese
782:Taiyuan
766:Chinese
695:Li Rong
670:Shaanxi
603:Unicode
323:Chin-yü
308:ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄩˇ
152:Chinese
147:Sinitic
115:Shaanxi
8704:Postal
8699:MPS II
8576:Bronze
8456:Ba–Shu
8376:Google
8371:Pinyin
8307:Idioms
8120:Yeheni
8002:Wu–Hua
7997:Goulou
7976:Xinhui
7953:Dapeng
7948:Weitou
7933:Xiguan
7908:Yuehai
7877:Sixian
7816:Haikou
7806:Hainan
7737:Zhenan
7703:Haklau
7698:Swatow
7670:Penang
7655:Taiwan
7650:Chawan
7597:Longdu
7566:Ningde
7543:Gutian
7533:Fuqing
7528:Fuzhou
7490:Qiyang
7473:Wugang
7418:Yi–Liu
7345:Xiu-Yi
7333:Ji-She
7283:Quzhou
7275:Chu–Qu
7265:Jinhua
7257:Wuzhou
7242:Rui'an
7183:Ningbo
7157:Suzhou
7047:Wuming
7018:Zigong
7006:Leshan
6968:Lanyin
6963:Dungan
6958:Xuzhou
6936:Gangou
6913:Weihai
6903:Dalian
6862:Taiwan
6829:Harbin
6644:Tangut
6634:Rouran
6624:Khitan
6614:Ba–Shu
6578:Maojia
6563:Hezhou
6474:Puxian
6457:Teoswa
6342:(Kinh)
6310:Kyrgyz
6305:Korean
6300:Kazakh
6204:Turkic
6189:Oroqen
6179:Manchu
6174:Evenki
6142:Qabiao
6132:Ong Be
6117:Maonan
6107:Lakkja
6097:Jiamao
6067:Buyang
6031:Tai Ya
6021:Tai Lü
5981:Bouyei
5973:Zhuang
5954:Torgut
5909:Buryat
5859:Mienic
5849:Younuo
5829:Raojia
5809:Pa-Hng
5804:Mashan
5774:Hm Nai
5759:Bu-Nao
5754:A-Hmao
5677:Bumang
5596:Jingpo
5591:Derung
5586:Caijia
5560:Zhongu
5530:Gserpa
5422:Namuyi
5392:Japhug
5341:Zauzou
5316:Namuyi
5301:Kucong
5275:Zokhuo
5270:Thopho
5250:Phupha
5235:Phukha
5180:Khlula
5122:Zibusi
5107:Toloza
5102:Sonaga
5087:Mangdi
5082:Lolopo
5027:Hlersu
4964:Phana’
4959:Nuomei
4939:Laopin
4874:Bukong
4849:Angluo
4777:Achang
4754:Mondzi
4656:Zhuang
4631:Tai Lü
4621:Kazakh
4616:Kyrgyz
4601:Korean
4591:Bouyei
4563:Zhuang
4558:Uyghur
4323:Milang
4277:Puroik
4261:Mijiic
4185:Ersuic
4136:Caijia
4052:Konyak
4018:Meitei
3922:Chamdo
3859:Bodish
3845:Bhutan
3791:Bhujel
3738:Lepcha
3729:Lhokpu
3715:Dhimal
3660:Sikkim
3573:
3555:
3534:
3407:
3382:
3316:. 2017
3045:"drag"
3043:/tʰuɤ/
2969:, and
2967:/xuəʔ/
2927:Xiaoyi
2354:Vowel
2234:Check
2231:Nasal
1787:Vowel
1655:Check
1652:Nasal
1635:Finals
1521:voiced
1330:Labial
1249:voiced
1082:Labial
989::
969:Handan
963::
944:Hohhot
930::
922::
910:Baotou
904::
875::
867::
838::
830::
801::
774:Shanxi
768::
668:, and
654:Shanxi
638::
636:pinyin
630::
622::
99:Shanxi
94:Region
8768:Nüshu
8472:forms
8386:Sogou
8333:Input
8207:Hakka
8145:forms
7985:Other
7943:Shiqi
7882:Hailu
7850:Wuhua
7837:Hakka
7755:Other
7730:Other
7665:Pedan
7580:Other
7571:Fu'an
7548:Matsu
7480:Ji–Xu
7438:Xiang
7388:]
7376:]
7364:]
7357:Qi-De
7352:]
7340:]
7198:Shadi
7144:Taihu
7098:Gyami
7081:Other
7037:Wuhan
6946:Xi'an
6885:Jinan
6654:Tuoba
6598:Wutun
6513:Xiang
6506:Auish
6432:Hakka
6381:Ji-Lu
6346:Wakhi
6335:Uzbek
6330:Tuvan
6325:Tatar
6246:Other
6232:Salar
6184:Nanai
6122:Mulam
6087:Gelao
6050:Other
5949:Santa
5944:Ordos
5939:Oirat
5904:Bonan
5844:Xixiu
5814:Pa Na
5779:Hmong
5764:Gejia
5712:Riang
5672:Bugan
5667:Bolyu
5662:Blang
5611:Tujia
5574:Other
5555:Tseku
5540:Khams
5525:Groma
5505:Choni
5495:Basum
5490:Baima
5467:Zhaba
5387:Horpa
5372:Choyo
5367:Baima
5336:Sanie
5311:Naruo
5296:Katso
5291:Gokhy
5284:Other
5260:Samei
5255:Phuza
5245:Phupa
5240:Phuma
5230:Phowa
5225:Phola
5220:Phala
5215:Nuosu
5170:Bokha
5145:Alugu
5092:Micha
5004:Yiche
4989:Suobi
4954:Nuobi
4924:Kaduo
4919:Kabie
4899:Habei
4889:Duota
4884:Duoni
4879:Cosao
4807:Zaiwa
4792:Lashi
4744:Mango
4739:Manga
4734:Maang
4729:Kathu
4710:Lolo-
4636:Zaiwa
4606:Qiang
4596:Tujia
4581:Hmong
4254:Hruso
4150:Luren
4124:Kathu
4098:Tujia
3986:Taman
3957:Mruic
3944:Karbi
3885:Basum
3841:Tibet
3763:Magar
3689:Newar
3656:Nepal
3526:[
3509:[
3295:[
3293:太原话音档
3265:(PDF)
3073:/xɒ̃/
3066:<
3058:/kua/
3051:<
3036:<
3030:"hop"
3028:/pəŋ/
3021:<
2977:/ʐəʔ/
2958:/xəʔ/
2949:/kəʔ/
2855:Tones
2828:/-aʔ/
2228:Oral
1649:Oral
1628:/nᵈz/
1570:Nasal
1352:Velar
1274:Nasal
1099:Velar
973:Henan
957:]
940:Hebei
898:]
861:]
824:]
795:]
762:]
666:Henan
662:Hebei
650:China
641:Jìnyǔ
294:Jìnyǔ
111:Henan
107:Hebei
88:China
72:Jinyu
8729:Yale
8719:EFEO
8581:Seal
8366:Dayi
7963:Siyi
7645:Amoy
7162:Wuxi
7059:Huai
6872:Jilu
6678:Sign
6639:Saka
6540:Ping
6261:Tsat
6212:Äynu
6194:Xibe
6152:Then
6137:Paha
6092:Hlai
6062:Biao
6036:Yang
6001:Nong
5914:Daur
5692:Mang
5687:Kuan
5606:Nung
5485:Amdo
5452:Situ
5432:Pumi
5427:Naxi
5417:Muya
5407:Lizu
5402:Laze
5377:Ersu
5331:Samu
5326:Nusu
5321:Naxi
5306:Lahu
5265:Sani
5210:Nisu
5205:Nasu
5200:Muzi
5195:Muji
5190:Moji
5185:Lope
5175:Gepo
5165:Azhe
5160:Azha
5150:Aluo
5097:Mili
5077:Lisu
5072:Lipo
5067:Limi
5062:Lawu
5057:Lavu
5052:Lamu
5047:Lalo
4999:Woni
4979:Sadu
4974:Qidi
4969:Piyo
4949:Muda
4929:Lami
4914:Jino
4909:Honi
4904:Hani
4869:Budu
4864:Bisu
4854:Asuo
4839:Akha
4834:Akeu
4787:Pela
4749:Maza
4651:Hani
4641:Lisu
4525:SARs
4371:Rung
4316:Koro
4190:Naic
4117:Gong
4073:and
4071:East
4029:Zeme
3998:Naga
3916:Tani
3909:ʼOle
3805:Dura
3770:Kham
3722:Toto
3571:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3236:语文研究
2975:(日)
2912:ting
2892:hong
2884:ting
2821:/ɤu/
2253:coda
2248:lab.
1669:coda
1359:Stop
1106:Stop
1007:The
997:and
734:The
8461:Gan
8361:CKC
8228:Old
8105:She
8095:Mai
7899:Yue
7502:Min
7398:Gan
7325:Hui
7174:(?)
7112:Jin
6839:Taz
6619:Jie
6530:Yue
6523:Old
6518:New
6442:Min
6437:Hui
6427:Gan
6403:Jin
6227:Lop
6147:Sui
6112:Mak
6102:Kam
6082:Cun
6041:Yei
5991:Min
5986:Dai
5834:She
5784:Hmu
5657:Bit
5581:Bai
5510:Dao
5462:Zbu
5155:Axi
5022:Eka
4944:Mpi
4894:Enu
4844:Amu
4646:Bai
4586:Kam
4521:ARs
4237:) (
4091:Bai
4039:Sal
3979:Pyu
3963:Mru
3892:Nam
3469:doi
3342:doi
3168:at
3166:Jin
3121:in
3012:/b/
3008:/l/
2908:tou
2888:tao
2880:tou
2840:/i/
2834:/y/
2793:əɹ̩
2788:ɹ̩ʷ
2761:uoŋ
2756:iou
2729:iɑu
2724:uei
2719:uai
2714:iai
2702:uəʔ
2697:uaʔ
2692:ueʔ
2528:iə̃
2442:yaʔ
2437:yeʔ
2397:iaʔ
2392:ieʔ
2189:əɹ̩
2160:uəŋ
2129:yəŋ
2098:iəŋ
2093:iau
2088:uei
2081:uai
2076:iəu
2064:uaʔ
2059:uəʔ
2052:uɒ̃
2045:uæ̃
1877:yəʔ
1868:yɛ̃
1836:iaʔ
1831:iəʔ
1824:iɒ̃
1819:iɛ̃
1557:nᵈz
1472:tʂʰ
1467:tɕʰ
1462:tsʰ
1205:tɕʰ
1200:tsʰ
1042:/k/
1040:or
1038:/t/
1034:/p/
991:志延片
965:邯新片
932:張呼片
924:张呼片
906:大包片
877:五臺片
869:五台片
840:上黨片
832:上党片
803:呂梁片
770:并州片
701:or
699:Yue
616:Jin
589:IPA
558:IPA
506:IPA
430:山西话
416:山西話
384:IPA
332:IPA
184:cjy
157:Jin
57:晉方言
51:晋方言
29:Jin
8803::
7386:zh
7374:zh
7362:zh
7350:zh
7338:zh
7135:Wu
6496:Wu
5727:Wa
5722:Va
5682:Hu
5412:Na
4611:Yi
4523:/
4007:Ao
3847:,
3843:,
3658:,
3654:,
3463:.
3437:.
3305:^
3280:^
3158:^
3125:.
3111:窟窿
3082:窟窿
2960:,
2951:,
2906:,
2783:ɹ̩
2685:uã
2680:uŋ
2673:ui
2668:ua
2663:uɔ
2633:iɯ
2609:ɤu
2584:oŋ
2579:ou
2493:ai
2467:eŋ
2462:eu
2457:ei
2430:yã
2425:yŋ
2416:ya
2411:yɔ
2382:iã
2375:iu
2368:ia
2363:iɔ
2348:əʔ
2343:aʔ
2338:eʔ
2333:ə̃
2321:ɑu
2184:ɹ̩
2040:uŋ
2029:ua
1993:uɤ
1969:oŋ
1938:əŋ
1933:əu
1902:au
1897:ai
1861:yŋ
1852:ye
1812:iŋ
1803:ie
1798:ia
1781:aʔ
1776:əʔ
1771:ɐʔ
1766:ɒ̃
1759:æ̃
1754:ɒŋ
1747:ei
1704:ɛ̃
1699:æ̃
1444:tʂ
1439:tɕ
1434:ts
1413:kʰ
1404:tʰ
1399:pʰ
1182:tɕ
1177:ts
1156:kʰ
1149:tʰ
1144:pʰ
1065:.
1036:,
979:).
955:zh
926:;
896:zh
871:;
859:zh
834:;
822:zh
793:zh
760:zh
703:Wu
664:,
634:;
632:晉語
626:;
624:晋语
264:晋语
250:晉語
113:,
109:,
54:/
43:晉語
40:/
37:晋语
6771:e
6764:t
6757:v
6558:E
5717:U
4668:/
4482:e
4475:t
4468:v
4241:)
4000:"
3996:"
3895:?
3851:)
3839:(
3808:–
3662:)
3649:,
3645:(
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
3579:.
3517:.
3481:.
3471::
3448:.
3413:.
3388:.
3348:.
3344::
3323:.
3101:孔
3088:孔
3069:巷
3054:刮
3039:拖
3024:蹦
2996:鬼
2990:鬼
2987:入
2972:入
2963:忽
2954:黑
2945:圪
2850:.
2658:u
2628:ɯ
2568:o
2541:ɔ
2484:a
2406:y
2387:ĩ
2358:i
2328:ã
2308:∅
2298:ə
2293:a
2288:∅
2283:∅
2278:ã
2273:ŋ
2268:u
2263:i
2258:a
2243:∅
2022:u
1988:ɤ
1886:a
1843:y
1791:i
1734:∅
1724:a
1719:ə
1714:∅
1709:∅
1694:ŋ
1689:u
1684:i
1679:e
1674:a
1664:∅
1609:l
1595:ŋ
1590:ɳ
1585:ɲ
1580:n
1575:m
1539:ʐ
1532:z
1527:v
1513:x
1508:ʂ
1503:ɕ
1498:s
1493:f
1385:k
1376:t
1371:p
1305:l
1291:ŋ
1284:n
1279:m
1267:ɣ
1260:z
1255:v
1241:x
1236:ɕ
1231:s
1226:f
1130:k
1123:t
1118:p
1032:(
985:(
959:(
946:.
918:(
912:.
900:(
863:(
826:(
797:(
764:(
618:(
609:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
