American Jews - Knowledge

11191: 16063:, that this was the first time in Zionist history that Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries were all packaged together in one category as the target of an immigration plan. There were earlier plans to bring specific groups, such as the Yemenites, but the "one million plan" was, as Shenhav says, "the zero point," the moment when the category of Mizrahi Jews in the current sense of this term, as an ethnic group distinct from European-born Jews, was invented." p.89—90 ..."Shehav's argument that the one million plan led to the invention of the category of Mizrahi Jews and gave the term the meaning it has today, because the plan treated all Jews who originated in these countries as belonging to a single category of candidates for immigration. ... it added another layer of meaning to the newly minted and still crystallizing Mizrahi category, that is, as implying a quasi-racial division between those who had an "oriental appearance" and those who did not." 4599: 11267:—out of a general Jewish population of about 5.4 million. The number of Jews who identify themselves as only culturally Jewish has risen from 20% in 1990 to 37% in 2008, according to the study. In the same period, the number of all US adults who said they had no religion rose from 8% to 15%. Jews are more likely to be secular than Americans in general, the researchers said. About half of all US Jews—including those who consider themselves religiously observant—claim in the survey that they have a secular worldview and see no contradiction between that outlook and their faith, according to the study's authors. Researchers attribute the trends among American Jews to the high rate of intermarriage and "disaffection from Judaism" in the United States. 12048:

considered Hispanic. Some Hispanic Jews, particularly in Miami and Los Angeles, immigrated from Latin America. The largest groups are those that fled Cuba after the communist revolution (known as Jewbans), Argentine Jews, and more recently, Venezuelan Jews. Argentina is the Latin American country with the largest Jewish population. There are a large number of synagogues in the Miami area that give services in Spanish. The last Hispanic Jewish community would be those that recently came from Portugal or Spain, after Spain and Portugal granted citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled during the Inquisition. All the above listed Hispanic Jewish groups speak either Spanish or Ladino.

12459:) illustrate this financial elite. As was true of their non-Jewish counterparts, family, personal, and business connections, a reputation for honesty and integrity, ability, and a willingness to take calculated risks were essential to recruit capital from widely scattered sources. The families and the firms which they controlled were bound together by religious and social factors, and by the prevalence of intermarriage. These personal ties fulfilled real business functions before the advent of institutional organization in the 20th century. Antisemitic elements often falsely targeted them as key players in a supposed Jewish cabal conspiring to dominate the world. 9360:, especially outside of intellectual elites. Similarly, Kenneth Marcus observes a number of ambivalent cultural phenomena which have also been noted by other scholars, and he concludes that "the veneer of whiteness has not established conclusively the racial construction of American Jews". The relationship between Jewish identity and white majority identity continues to be described as "complicated" for many American Jews, particularly Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews of European descent. The issue of Jewish whiteness may be different for many Mizrahi, Sephardi, Black, Asian, and Latino Jews, many of whom may never be considered white by society. Many American 12139:, the country's national pastime, and in some cases tried to prevent their children from watching or participating in baseball-related activities. Most were focused on making sure they and their children took advantage of education and employment opportunities. Despite the efforts of parents, Jewish children became interested in baseball quickly since it was already embedded in the broader American culture. The second generation of immigrants saw baseball as a means to celebrate American culture without abandoning their broader religious community. After 1924, many Yiddish newspapers began covering baseball, which they had not done previously. 43: 4857:, 10% linked themselves to some other tradition, and 10% said they are "just Jewish." In 2013, Pew Research's Jewish population survey found that 35% of American Jews identified as Reform, 18% as Conservative, 10% as Orthodox, 6% who identified with other sects, and 30% did not identify with a denomination. Pew's 2020 poll found that 37% affiliated with Reform Judaism, 17% with Conservative Judaism, and 9% with Orthodox Judaism. Young Jews are more likely to identify as Orthodox or as unaffiliated compared to older members of the Jewish community. 9243:) Jews in USA (7.2%). The figure for 2006 is estimated at 468,000 (9.4%). Data from the Pew Center shows that, as of 2013, 27% of American Jews under the age of 18 live in Orthodox households, a dramatic increase from Jews aged 18 to 29, only 11% of whom are Orthodox. The UJA-Federation of New York reports that 60% of Jewish children in the New York City area live in Orthodox homes. In addition to economizing and sharing, many Haredi communities depend on government aid to support their high birth rate and large families. The Hasidic village of 5126: 11130: 9042: 8886: 8470: 8210: 7456: 4258: 2936: 12597:, source of income and layer a strong financial groundwork for the family's overall socioeconomic prosperity. Within the Jewish American cultural sphere, Jewish Americans have also developed a strong culture of entrepreneurship, for excellence in entrepreneurship and engagement in business and commerce is highly prized in Jewish culture. American Jews have also been drawn to various disciplines within academia such as physics, sociology, economics, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and linguistics (see 16148:

connection to a Jewish history of discrimination and otherness; a moral imperative to identify with the stranger; an anti-universalist impulse that does not want Jews to be among the "melted" in the proverbial melting pot; an experience of prejudice and awareness of the contingency of whiteness; a feeling that Jewish identity is not fully described by religion but has some ethnic/tribal component that feels more accurately described by race; and a discomfort with contemporary Jewish power and privilege."

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Washington-based public interest groups. American Jews opposed to Oslo joined Israelis "who brought their domestic issues to Washington" and together they pursued a campaign that focused most of its attention on Congress and the aid program. The dynamic was new to Washington. The Administration, the Rabin-Peres government, and some American Jewish groups teamed on one side while Israeli opposition groups and anti-Oslo American Jewish organizations pulled Congress in the other direction.

12753: 11433: 139: 5755: 5608: 4763: 9120: 9094: 8574: 8392: 8184: 7638: 6988: 6832: 5356: 5923: 5524: 5629: 8366: 8132: 7924: 7768: 7170: 6962: 5776: 5734: 5713: 4108:. As a result of lobbying, and hoping to better compete for the Jewish vote, both major party platforms had included a pro-Zionist plank since 1944, and supported the creation of a Jewish state; it had little apparent effect however, with 90% still voting other-than-Republican. In every election since, except for 1980, no Democratic presidential candidate has won with less than 67% of the Jewish vote. (In 1980, Carter obtained 45% of the Jewish vote. See below.) 5419: 8548: 8444: 7534: 5042: 24346: 9172: 5566: 5902: 9146: 8964: 8704: 8652: 8626: 8600: 8522: 8314: 8028: 8002: 7846: 7716: 7690: 7482: 7378: 7352: 7274: 7248: 7222: 7196: 7144: 7092: 6936: 6910: 6754: 6728: 6702: 6676: 5545: 5000: 5293: 8938: 5797: 5398: 7508: 6194: 5944: 11171: 8860: 7976: 7820: 7794: 7664: 7612: 5440: 5021: 8808: 8496: 8418: 8340: 8288: 8262: 8236: 8106: 8080: 8054: 7950: 7586: 7560: 7404: 7326: 7300: 7118: 7066: 7040: 7014: 6884: 6858: 6806: 6650: 6624: 6598: 6546: 6520: 6494: 5881: 5671: 5587: 5482: 5377: 5335: 5272: 5188: 5063: 4979: 11971: 11460: 5965: 9016: 8912: 8834: 8782: 7898: 6780: 6572: 5860: 5461: 5209: 5105: 4958: 4916: 12164: 10439:; this figure is compared with the general American population where 11% of Americans hold a graduate degree. White collar professional jobs have been attractive to Jews and much of the community tend to take up professional white collar careers requiring tertiary education involving formal credentials where the respectability and reputability of professional jobs is highly prized within Jewish culture. While 46% of Americans work in 4937: 16579:

imperative to identify with the stranger; an anti-universalist impulse that does not want Jews to be among the "melted" in the proverbial melting pot; an experience of prejudice and awareness of the contingency of whiteness; a feeling that Jewish identity is not fully described by religion but has some ethnic/tribal component that feels more accurately described by race; and a discomfort with contemporary Jewish power and privilege.

5146: 161: 8756: 8678: 8158: 5692: 5503: 5251: 9068: 8990: 5314: 5167: 3035:. The suburbs facilitated the formation of new centers, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in Reform and, especially, Conservative congregations. More recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. 12739: 5818: 8730: 7872: 7430: 5839: 5650: 5230: 9475:, especially outside of intellectual elites. Similarly, Kenneth Marcus observes a number of ambivalent cultural phenomena which have also been noted by other scholars, and he concludes that "the veneer of whiteness has not established conclusively the racial construction of American Jews". The relationship between American Jews and white majority identity continues to be described as "complicated". Many American 175: 12269:. About 50,000 other decorations and awards were given to Jewish military personnel, making a total of 52,000 decorations. During this period, Jews were approximately 3.3 percent of the total U.S. population but they constituted about 4.23 percent of the U.S. armed forces. About 60 percent of all Jewish physicians in the United States who were under 45 years of age were in service as military physicians and 17481: 9491:) are classified as white by the US census. Mizrahi Jews sometimes identify as Jews of color, but often do not, and they may or may not be considered people of color by society. Syrian Jews rarely identify as Jews of color and are generally not considered Jews of color by society. Many Syrian Jews identify as white, Middle Eastern, or otherwise non-white rather than as Jews of color. 9456:

Jews were not targeted by laws against interracial marriage, were allowed to attend whites-only schools, and were classified as white in the Jim Crow South. The sociologists Philip Q. Yang and Kavitha Koshy have also questioned what they call the "becoming white thesis", noting that most Jews of European descent have been legally classified as white since the first US census in

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news. As one commentator put it, after a year of tension between Israel and the United States, "there was an audible sigh of relief from American and Jewish liberals. Once again, they could support Israel as good Jews, committed liberals, and loyal Americans." The community "could embrace the Jewish state, without compromising either its liberalism or its patriotism".

2796:. As of 2020, the American Jewish population is estimated at 7.5 million people, accounting for 2.4% of the total US population. This includes 4.2 million adults who identify their religion as Jewish, 1.5 million Jewish adults who identify with no religion, and 1.8 million Jewish children. It is estimated that up to 15,000,000 Americans are part of the 12524:, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish. 11509:, and 38% were concerned that Trump was encouraging right-wing extremism. Views of the Democratic and Republican parties were milder: 28% were concerned that Republicans were making alliances with white nationalists and tolerating anti-Semitism within their ranks, while 27% were concerned that Democrats were tolerating 9239:, have significantly higher birth rates and lower intermarriage rates, and are growing rapidly. The proportion of Jewish synagogue members who were Orthodox rose from 11% in 1971 to 21% in 2000, while the overall Jewish community declined in number. In 2000, there were 360,000 so-called "ultra-orthodox" ( 10483:

poverty are disproportionately likely to be children, young adults, the elderly, people with low educational attainment, part-time workers, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, immigrants without American citizenship, Holocaust survivors, Orthodox families, and single adults including single parents.

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Since the time of the last major wave of Jewish immigration to America (over 2,000,000 Jews from Eastern Europe who arrived between 1890 and 1924), Jewish secular culture in the United States has become integrated in almost every important way with the broader American culture. Many aspects of Jewish

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from its onset than any other ethnic group, or even most Americans. The greater opposition to the war was not simply a result of high Democratic identification among Jewish Americans, as Jewish Americans of all political persuasions were more likely to oppose the war than non-Jews who shared the same

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plays a major role as a part of Jewish identity. As Jewish culture puts a special premium on it and stresses the importance of cultivation of intellectual pursuits, scholarship, and learning, American Jews as a group tend to be better educated and earn more than Americans as a whole. Jewish Americans

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presents evidence to suggest that both these figures may be underestimations with a potential 7.0–7.4 million Americans of Jewish descent. Those higher estimates were however arrived at by including all non-Jewish family members and household members, rather than surveyed individuals. In a 2019 study

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Since many careers in science, business, and academia generally pay well, Jewish Americans also tend to have a somewhat higher average income than most Americans. The 2000–2001 National Jewish Population Survey shows that the median income of a Jewish family is $ 54,000 a year ($ 5,000 more than the

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American Jews in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries played a major role in developing America's financial services industry, both at investment banks and with investment funds. German Jewish bankers began to assume a major role in American finance in the 1830s when government and private borrowing to

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A 2013 Pew Research Center survey suggests that American Jews' views on domestic politics are intertwined with the community's self-definition as a persecuted minority who benefited from the liberties and societal shifts in the United States and feel obligated to help other minorities enjoy the same

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found that 16% of American Jews go to the synagogue at least once a month, 42% go less frequently but at least once a year, and 42% go less frequently than once a year. The survey found that of the 4.3 million strongly connected Jews, 46% belong to a synagogue. Among those households who belong to a

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While the median income of Jewish Americans is high, some Jewish communities have high levels of poverty. In the New York area, there are approximately 560,000 Jews living in poor or near-poor households, representing about 20% of the New York metropolitan Jewish community. Jewish people affected by

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Relations between American Jews of African descent and other Jewish Americans are generally cordial. There are, however, disagreements with a specific minority of Black Hebrew Israelites community from among African-Americans who consider themselves, but not other Jews, to be the true descendants of

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has questioned the idea that American Jews were once considered non-white, writing that American Jews were "indeed considered white by law and by custom" despite the fact that they experienced "discrimination, hostility, assertions of inferiority and occasionally even violence." Bernstein notes that

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that the American Jewish population totaled 7.15 million, making up 2.17% of the country's 329.5 million inhabitants. In the same year, the American Jewish population was estimated at 7.6 million people, accounting for 2.4% of the total US population, by other organization. This includes 4.9 million

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Jews have been involved in the American folk music scene since the late 19th century; these tended to be refugees from Central and Eastern Europe, and significantly more economically disadvantaged than their established Western European Sephardic coreligionists. Historians see it as a legacy of the

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The Palestinian aid effort was certainly not helped by the heated debate that quickly developed inside the Beltway. Not only was the Israeli electorate divided on the Oslo accords, but so, too, was the American Jewish community, particularly at the leadership level and among the major New York and

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There are a diversity of Hispanic Jews living in America. The oldest community is that of the Sephardi Jews of New Netherland. Their ancestors had fled Spain or Portugal during the Inquisition for the Netherlands, and then came to New Netherland. Though there is dispute over whether they should be

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Jewish religious practice in America is quite varied. Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as "strongly connected" to Judaism, over 80% report some sort of active engagement with Judaism, ranging from attending at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum, to as little as attending

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Hispanic and Latin American Jews, particularly Hispanic and Latin American Ashkenazi Jews, often identify as white rather than as Jews of color. Some Jews with roots in Latin America may not identify as "Hispanic" or "Latino" at all, usually due to their recent European immigrant origins. American

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A third of intermarried couples provide their children with a Jewish upbringing, and doing so is more common among intermarried families raising their children in areas with high Jewish populations. The Boston area, for example, is exceptional in that an estimated 60% of children of intermarriages

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to their collective history and its transformation into a historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed. Many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family

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However, to some right wing Jews, the peace treaty was worrisome. From their perspective, Oslo was not just an affront to the sanctity of how they interpreted their culture, but also a personal threat to the lives and livelihood in the West Bank and Gaza, territory which was historically known as

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Many individual Jews have made significant contributions to American popular culture. There have been many Jewish American actors and performers, ranging from early 1900s actors, to classic Hollywood film stars, and culminating in many currently known actors. The field of American comedy includes

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were imposed at elite colleges and universities particularly in the Northeast, as a response to the growing number of children of recent Jewish immigrants; these limited the number of Jewish students accepted, and greatly reduced their previous attendance. Jewish enrollment at Cornell's School of

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Much of the Jewish American community lead middle class lifestyles. While the median household net worth of the typical American family is $ 99,500, among American Jews the figure is $ 443,000. In addition, the median Jewish American income is estimated to be in the range of $ 97,000 to $ 98,000,

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The 1993 Oslo Agreement made this split in the Jewish community official. Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin's handshake with Yasir Arafat during the September 13 White House ceremony elicited dramatically opposed reactions among American Jews. To the liberal universalists the accord was highly welcome

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had placed the number of American Jews at 6.4 million, or approximately 2.1% of the total population. This figure is significantly higher than the previous large scale survey estimate, conducted by the 2000–2001 National Jewish Population estimates, which estimated 5.2 million Jews. A 2007 study

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Today, many American Jews retain an ambivalence about whiteness, despite the fact that the vast majority have benefited and continue to benefit from white privilege. This ambivalence stems from many different places: a deep connection to a Jewish history of discrimination and otherness; a moral

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Rosenbaum, Judith. Jewish Women's Archive. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Today, many American Jews retain an ambivalence about whiteness, despite the fact that the vast majority have benefited and continue to benefit from white privilege. This ambivalence stems from many different places: a deep

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A 2013 Pew Research Center analysis of Jewish identification showed that in addition to the 1.8% of U.S. adults who identified their religion as Jewish (very similar to Gallup's estimate), another small percentage of Americans who did not initially say their religion was Jewish identified their

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Jews have been involved in financial services since the colonial era. They received rights to trade fur, from the Dutch and Swedish colonies. British governors honored these rights after taking over. During the Revolutionary War, Haym Solomon helped create America's first semi-central bank, and

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Dave Van Ronk observed that the behind the scenes 1950s folk scene "was at the very least 50 percent Jewish, and they adopted the music as part of their assimilation into the Anglo-American tradition which itself was largely an artificial construct but none the less provided us with some common

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Jews in America also overwhelmingly oppose current United States marijuana policy. In 2009, eighty-six percent of Jewish Americans opposed arresting nonviolent marijuana smokers, compared to 61% for the population at large and 68% of all Democrats. Additionally, 85% of Jews in the United States

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had arrived, migrating to the United States in large numbers due to antisemitic laws and restrictions in their countries of birth. They primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Gradually early Jewish arrivals from the east coast would travel westward, and in the fall of 1819 the first Jewish

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A 2014 Pew Research survey titled "How Americans Feel About Religious Groups", found that Jews were viewed the most favorably of all other groups, with a rating of 63 out of 100. Jews were viewed most positively by fellow Jews, followed by white Evangelicals. Sixty percent of the 3,200 persons

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This attention was based on a natural affinity toward and support for Israel in the Jewish community. The attention is also because of the ensuing and unresolved conflicts regarding the founding of Israel and the role for the Zionist movement going forward. A lively internal debate commenced,

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will result in the eventual disappearance of the American Jewish community. Intermarriage rates have risen from roughly 6% in 1950 and 25% in 1974, to approximately 40–50% in the year 2000. By 2013, the intermarriage rate had risen to 71% for non-Orthodox Jews. This, in combination with the

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Today, American Jews are a distinctive and influential group in the nation's politics. Jeffrey S. Helmreich writes that the ability of American Jews to effect this through political or financial clout is overestimated, that the primary influence lies in the group's voting patterns.

4546:... It is for these reasons that it is not merely sympathy and compassion for the black people of America that motivates us. It is, above all and beyond all such sympathies and emotions, a sense of complete identification and solidarity born of our own painful historic experience." 18330: 12105:

Yiddish theater was very well attended, and provided a training ground for performers and producers who moved to Hollywood in the 1920s. Many of the early Hollywood moguls and pioneers were Jewish. They played roles in the development of radio and television networks, typified by

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s, an increasing number of American Jews have started to adopt Buddhist spiritual practices, while at the same time, they are continuing to identify with and practice Judaism. It may be the individual practices both Judaism and Buddhism. Notable American Jewish Buddhists include:

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Although American Jews have contributed greatly to American arts in general, there still remains a distinctly Jewish American literature. Jewish American literature often explores the experience of being a Jew in America, and the conflicting pulls of secular society and history.

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have all been used to refer to the group of peoples comprising the Germanic tribes, which include such peoples as Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, Vandals and Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni. The entire region east of the

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had a profound impact on the Jewish community in the United States, especially after 1960 as Holocaust education improved, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened during it, and especially as they tried to commemorate it and grapple with it when they looked to the future.

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In New York City, while the German-Jewish community was well established 'uptown', the more numerous Jews who migrated from Eastern Europe faced tension 'downtown' with Irish and German Catholic neighbors, especially the Irish Catholics who controlled Democratic Party Politics

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Despite the fact that some of them were denied the right to vote or hold office in local jurisdictions, Sephardi Jews became active in community affairs in the 1790s, after they were granted political equality in the five states where they were most numerous. Until about 1830,

11295:, only 48% of American Jews do, compared to 79% and 90% of American Catholics and Protestants respectively. While 66% of Americans said that they were "absolutely certain" of God's existence, 24% of American Jews said the same. And though 9% of Americans believe that there is 12371:, from a Canadian Jewish family, has the longest running radio program "Oscar Brand's Folksong Festival" which has been on air consecutively since 1945 from New York City. And is the first American broadcast where the host himself will answer any personal correspondence. 11998:

in the New York City borough of Queens is home to 108th Street, which is called by some "Bukharian Broadway", a reference to the many stores and restaurants found on and around the street that have Bukharian influences. Many Bukharians are also represented in parts of

18514: 12378:, successor to the Almanac Singers, led by Pete Seeger, had a Jewish manager, and two of the four members of the group were Jewish (Gilbert and Hellerman). The B-side of "Good Night Irene" had the Hebrew folk song personally chosen for the record by Pete Seeger " 11501:, poll data from the Jewish Electorate Institute showed that 73% of Jewish voters felt less secure as Jews than before, 71% disapproved of Trump's handling of anti-Semitism (54% strongly disapprove), 59% felt that he bears "at least some responsibility" for the 9220:

comparatively low birthrate in the Jewish community, has led to a 5% decline in the Jewish population of the United States in the 1990s. In addition to this, when compared with the general American population, the American Jewish community is slightly older.

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in Florida. 2010 estimates of the number of Jewish Russian-speaking households in the New York city area are around 92,000, and the number of individuals are somewhere between 223,000 and 350,000. Another high population of Russian Jews can be found in the

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argues, with regard to the 2004 election: "Only 15% of Jews said that Israel was a key voting issue. Among those voters, 55% voted for Kerry (compared to 83% of Jewish voters not concerned with Israel)." Uslander goes on to point out that negative views of

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to be elected president. Additionally, 83% of white Jews voted for Obama compared to just 34% of white Protestants and 47% of white Catholics, though 67% of those identifying with another religion and 71% identifying with no religion also voted Obama.

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with 79% responding in a 2011 Pew poll that homosexuality should be "accepted by society", while the overall average in the same 2011 poll among Americans of all demographic groups was that 50%. A split on homosexuality exists by level of observance.

4636:. Support for political Zionism in this period, although growing in influence, remained a distinctly minority opinion among Jews in the United States until about 1944–45, when the early rumors and reports of the systematic mass murder of the Jews in 13141:

showed that only five percent of American Jews consider being Jewish solely in terms of being a member of a religious group. Thus, the vast majority of American Jews view themselves as members of an ethnic group and/or a cultural group, and/or a

2871:, a Polish-born Jew who emigrated to New York and played an important role in the American Revolution. He was a successful financier who supported the patriotic cause and helped raise most of the money needed to finance the American Revolution. 2760:

represented the bulk of America's then-small Jewish population. While their descendants are a minority nowadays, they represent the remainder of those original American Jews along with an array of other Jewish communities, including more recent

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Though the majority (60–70%) of the country's Jews identify as Democratic, Jews span the political spectrum, with those at higher levels of observance being far more likely to vote Republican than their less observant and secular counterparts.

9527:(although a new category was recommended by the Census Bureau for the 2020 census). Estimates of the number of American Jews of African descent in the United States range from 20,000 to 200,000. Jews of African descent belong to all American 3122:

narratives tend to show the ethnicity more in charge of his life, and perhaps in danger of losing his Jewishness altogether. Some stories show how a family member successfully negotiated the conflict between ethnic and American identities.

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The Civil War marked a transition for American Jews. It killed off the antisemitic canard, widespread in Europe, to the effect that Jews are cowardly, preferring to run from war rather than serve alongside their fellow citizens in battle.

4720:, where they warned that Israel was prostrating itself before "an armed thug", and predicted and that the "thirteenth of September is a date that will live in infamy". Some Zionists also criticized, often in harsh language, Prime Minister 17099: 13164: 14984: 3106:, rather than a racial, religious, or other views of Jewishness as a means to define Jews in a world that threatened to overwhelm and absorb Jewish uniqueness. The journal represented the ideals of the menorah movement established by 2928:, established in 1854 and still extant in Cincinnati. By 1880 there were approximately 250,000 Jews in the United States, many of them being the educated, and largely secular, German Jews, although a minority population of the older 9622:

Hispanic Jews have lived in what is now the United States since colonial times. The earliest Hispanic Jewish settlers were Sephardi Jews from Spain and Portugal. Beginning in the 1500s, some of the Spanish settlers in what is now

9304:. Jewish people are culturally diverse and may be of any race, ethnicity, or national origin. Many Jews have culturally assimilated into and are phenotypically indistinguishable from the dominant local populations of regions like 13444: 4884:. The metropolitan areas of New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami contain nearly one quarter of the world's Jews and the New York City metropolitan area itself contains around a quarter of all Jews living in the United States. 4100:, American Jews voted more solidly Democratic. They voted 90% for Roosevelt in the elections of 1940, and 1944, representing the highest of support, equaled only once since. In the election of 1948, Jewish support for Democrat 16534: 12344:

became influential in his own right. Asch's one-man corporation Folkways Records also released much of the music of Leadbelly and Pete Seeger from the '40s and '50s. Asch's large music catalog was voluntarily donated to the

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Medicine fell from 40% to 4% between the world wars, and Harvard's fell from 30% to 4%. Before 1945, only a few Jewish professors were permitted as instructors at elite universities. In 1941, for example, antisemitism drove

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is a major factor in the socioeconomic status of disabled Jews. Disabled Jews are significantly more likely to be low-income compared to able-bodied Jews, while high-income Jews are significantly less likely to be disabled.

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Jews comprise 2.2% of the USA population, but they represent 30% of faculty at elite colleges, 21% of Ivy League students, 25% of the Turing Award winners, 23% of the wealthiest Americans, and 38% of the Oscar-winning film

18079: 4043:. Jews successfully established themselves in the garment trades and in the needle unions in New York. By the 1930s they were a major political factor in New York, with strong support for the most liberal programs of the 12625:

have made a major impact within mainstream American public life. Of American Nobel Prize winners, 37 percent have been Jewish Americans (18 times the percentage of Jews in the population), as have been 61 percent of the

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is of German Jewish descent. Izzy Young who created the legendary Folklore Center in New York, and currently the Folklore Centrum near Mariatorget in Södermalm, Sweden, which relates to American and Swedish folk music.

4685:, and even ultimately to the United States for its "blind" support of Israel. Abandoning any pretense of unity, both segments began to develop separate advocacy and lobbying organizations. The liberal supporters of the 6419:, New Jersey (59%), with two of the incorporated areas, Kiryas Joel and Lakewood, having a high concentration of Haredi Jews, and one incorporated area, Beverly Hills, having a high concentration of non-Orthodox Jews. 11644:

In considering the trade-off between the economy and environmental protection, American Jews were significantly more likely than other religious groups (excepting Buddhism) to favor stronger environmental protection.

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in 1948 and recognition thereof by the American government (following objections by American isolationists) was an indication of both its intrinsic support and its response to learning the horrors of the Holocaust.

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period, the American Jewish community was bitterly and deeply divided and as a result, it was unable to form a united front. Most Jews who had previously emigrated to the United States from Eastern Europe supported

4661:. The American Jewish community was divided over whether or not they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary. Similar tensions were aroused by the 1977 election of 21591:(Syracuse University Press; 2014) 384 pages; traces the history, dominance, and motivations of liberalism in the American Jewish political culture, and look at concerns about Israel and memories of the Holocaust. 18875: 13089: 11187:, 38% of Jews were affiliated with the Reform tradition, 35% were Conservative, 6% were Orthodox, 1% were Reconstructionists, 10% linked themselves to some other tradition, and 10% said they are "just Jewish". 4697:(IPF) and other groups friendly to the Labour government in Israel. They tried to assure Congress that American Jewry was behind the Accord and defended the efforts of the administration to help the fledgling 14831:, the peace treaty amounted to an appeasement of Palestinian terrorism. They and others repeatedly warned that the newly established Palestinian Authority (PA) would pose a serious security threat to Israel. 15217: 11190: 11629:

are. A 2007 survey of Conservative Jewish leaders and activists showed that an overwhelming majority supported gay rabbinical ordination and same-sex marriage. Accordingly, 78% of Jewish voters rejected

9434:

Jews of European descent, often referred to as white Jews, are classified as white by the US census and have generally been classified as legally white throughout American history. Many American Jews of

10455:

by the fact that the Jewish population is on average older than other religious groups in the country, with 51% of polled adults over the age of 50 compared to 41% nationally. Older people tend to both

22881: 20991: 15126: 19487: 16712: 11649:

opposed using federal law enforcement to close patient cooperatives for medical marijuana in states where medical marijuana is legal, compared to 67% of the population at large and 73% of Democrats.

11256:

are generally more observant than Jews in the South or West. Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant.

2946:

Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution and economic difficulties in parts of Eastern Europe. Most of these new immigrants were

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of society, with numerous employments barred to them, to being a group with a high concentrations in members of the academia and a per capita income higher than the average in the United States.

16382: 9639:

speaking Jews from the Ottoman Empire, in what is now Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Libya, and Syria. These Spanish-speaking Sephardi Jews, as well as Sephardi Jews of European descent, such as the

22012:

Lachoff, Irwin (2019). "Reform in Mid Nineteenth-Century Jewish New Orleans: Achieving "the Spirit of Progress and Enlightenment" Through Acculturation, Residential Patterns, and Personality".

13158: 10479:. This reflects Jewish traditions of supporting social services as a way of living out the dictates of Jewish law. Most of the charities that benefit are not specifically Jewish organizations. 10115:. Because of poverty and turmoil in Latin America, another wave of Sephardic Jews joined other Latin Americans who migrated to the United States, Canada, Spain, and other countries of Europe. 19465: 11314:, with 80% accepting evolution, compared to 51% for Catholics, 32% for Protestants, and 16% of born-again Christians. They were also less likely to believe in supernatural phenomena such as 10087:

or France, where they form a significant portion of the Jewish communities today. Other significant communities of Sephardim Tehorim also migrated in more recent times from the Near East to

4797:

According to Gallup and Pew Research Center findings, "at maximum 2.2% of the U.S. adult population has some basis for Jewish self-identification." In 2020, it was estimated by demographers

4254:

For congressional and senate races, since 1968, American Jews have voted about 70–80% for Democrats; this support increased to 87% for Democratic House candidates during the 2006 elections.

19847: 18393: 16605: : "Ambivalence was expressed in the counterpoint between Jewish intellectuals' embrace of whiteness and the more ambivalent responses to whiteness in Jewish popular culture" (p. 182). 16172: : "Ambivalence was expressed in the counterpoint between Jewish intellectuals' embrace of whiteness and the more ambivalent responses to whiteness in Jewish popular culture" (p. 182). 11584:, which are more reliable than pre-election polls, and the numbers are clear: Jews vote overwhelmingly Democratic," an assertion confirmed by the most recent presidential election results. 20060: 23124: 12633:

In the business world, it was found in 1995 that while Jewish Americans constituted less than 2.5 percent of the U.S. population, they occupied 7.7 percent of board seats at various U.S.

4590:: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray God's radiance in the jungles of history." 18196: 15157: 14977: 18022: 9451:

and are rarely considered people of color in American society. According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of American Jews are non-Hispanic white Ashkenazi Jews. Law professor

4834:

The population of Americans of Jewish descent is demographically characterized by an aging population composition and low fertility rates significantly below generational replacement.

18245: 18053: 16970: 16312: 15024: 14584: 3002:

newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines in Yiddish.

16524: 16352: 14397: 19978: 19617: 19009: 20435: 18075: 11865:. Yiddish was once spoken as the primary language by most of the several million Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to the United States. It was, in fact, the original language in which 20775: 19241: 18360: 12485:

are large hedge funds cofounded by Jews. They have also played a pivotal role in the private equity industry, co-founding some of the largest firms in the United States, such as

23195: 15251: 14025: 11233:

do not have different branches (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, etc.) but usually remain observant and religious. However, their synagogues are generally considered Orthodox or

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on August 28, 1963: "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience—one of the spirit and one of our history.

15426: 3096:

of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the

4709: 19033: 18300: 17711: 14618: 14527: 13792: 23702: 20805: 14059: 13736: 9196:

These parallel themes have facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the American Jewish community, but also have contributed to widespread

15957: 4740:. The conference, which under its organizational guidelines was in charge of moderating communal discourse, reluctantly censured some Orthodox spokespeople for attacking 4089:

Although American Jews generally leaned Republican in the second half of the 19th century, the majority has voted Democratic since at least 1916, when they voted 55% for

21083: 18458: 18265: 16777: 16557: 16140: 9352:, while many solely identify as Jewish, resisting this identification. Several commentators have observed that "many American Jews retain a feeling of ambivalence about 1365: 20140:". International Conference "Russian-speaking Jewry in Global Perspective: Assimilation, Integration and Community-building". American Jewish Committee (AJC). June 2004 18886: 16411: 14439: 11557:

article suggests that the Jewish movement to the Republican party is focused heavily on faith-based issues, similar to the Catholic vote, which is credited for helping

9464:

that limited citizenship to "free White person(s)", and that they could find no legislative or judicial evidence that American Jews had ever been considered non-white.

23587: 20696: 19440: 14908: 13079: 11329:

A 2013 Pew Research Center report found that 1.7 million American Jewish adults, 1.6 million of whom were raised in Jewish homes or had Jewish ancestry, identified as

10492:, Jews of no denomination, and people who identify as "just Jewish" are also more likely to live in poverty compared to Jews affiliated with a religious denomination. 4701:(PA), including promises of financial aid. In a battle for public opinion, IPF commissioned a number of polls showing widespread support for Oslo among the community. 20756: 16894: 9368:

view all Jews as non-white, even if they are of European descent. Some white nationalists believe that Jews can be white and a small number of white nationalists are

6407:

area was home to about 83,000 Jews in 2002, and has been rapidly growing. The greatest Jewish population on a per-capita basis for incorporated areas in the U.S. are

24383: 20356: 17571: 15846: 9950: 4361: 17903: 6432:

is less widespread. The significant Israeli immigrant communities in the United States are in the New York City metropolitan area, Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago.

4575:

was largely ignored by American media as it was happening. Reporters and editors largely did not believe the stories of atrocities which were coming out of Europe.

24519: 24060: 23117: 16462: 15209: 12776: 22533: 15603: 15323: 14953: 24462: 23535: 19523: 20031:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over – 50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 14247: 13680: 4154:

and only favored the Democrat by 65%, while Nixon more than doubled Republican Jewish support to 35%. In the election of 1976, Jewish voters supported Democrat

23751: 18427: 6437: 1943: 20987: 19888: 19705: 19674: 19346: 15781: 14553: 13051: 25605: 23597: 23572: 21404: 16279: 15118: 14364: 3137:. Some have argued that the Holocaust highlighted for Jews the importance of their ethnic identity at a time when other minorities were asserting their own. 1598: 1293: 19646: 19552: 19483: 17805: 16704: 14464: 12641:

ownership. Of the 30 teams in the NBA, there are 14 Jewish principal owners. Several Jews have served as NBA commissioners including prior NBA commissioner

11237:

by non-Sephardic Jews. But, not all Sephardim are Orthodox; among the pioneers of Reform Judaism movement in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation

3038:

Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields and aspects over the years. The Jewish community in America has gone from being part of the

23225: 20306:

Patterson, Alan Owen (February 2008). "The Eastern European Jewish Immigrant Experience with Baseball in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century".

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Map of Jewish senators as of 2024. Blue indicates there is currently one Jewish senator from that state. Gray indicates no Jewish senators from that state.

19167: 17742: 1485: 25731: 25721: 25681: 23577: 23331: 23200: 23110: 20185: 17868: 14705:

Korman, Gerd (1987). "Mass Murder Hides Holocaust: Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 by Deborah E. Lipstadt".

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The great majority of school-age Jewish students attend public schools, although Jewish day schools and yeshivas are to be found throughout the country.

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which were then occurring across Europe. One important development was the sudden conversion of many American Jewish leaders to Zionism late in the war.

4162:'s 27%, but during the Carter re-election campaign of 1980, Jewish voters greatly abandoned the Democrat, with only 45% support, while Republican winner 2792:

Depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States has the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world, after

15807: 11954:

speak primarily Russian at home, and there are several notable communities where public life and business are carried out mainly in Russian, such as in

20068: 18648: 17393: 17241:

In general the Ashkenazi originally came out of the Holy Roman Empire, speaking a version of German that incorporates Hebrew and Slavic words, Yiddish.

15478: 14494: 14303: 12249:; about 11,000 of them were killed and more than 40,000 of them were wounded. There were three recipients of the Medal of Honor; 157 recipients of the 4794:, for the year 2023 Israel was home to 7.2 million Jews (46% of the world's Jewish population), while the United States contained 6.3 million (40.1%). 2693: 21018: 20412: 19738: 13414: 11163:. But, already in the 1980s, 20–30 percent of members of largest Jewish communities, such as of New York City, Chicago, Miami, and others, rejected a 23582: 23230: 20090: 19795: 14827:"Judea and Samaria". For these Jews, such as Morton Klein, the president of the Zionist organization of America, and Norman Podhoretz, the editor of 14419: 12309:

secular Yiddish theater, cantorial traditions and a desire to assimilate. By the 1940s Jews had become established in the American folk music scene.

4716:(JINSA) tried to counterbalance the power of the liberal Jews. On October 10, 1993, the opponents of the Palestinian-Israeli accord organized at the 2876: 457: 21743:; Bubis, Gerald B. (1990). "The Impact of Denomination: Differences in the Israel-Related Opinions of American Rabbis and Jewish Communal Workers". 12044:, which further encourages many to learn it as a second language. Some recent Israeli immigrants to America speak Hebrew as their primary language. 11939:) in the home and synagogue. They also support their own Persian language newspapers. Persian Jews also reside in eastern parts of New York such as 4282:) Republican. While many of these Members represented coastal cities and suburbs with significant Jewish populations, others did not (for instance, 19462: 16374: 14922:

secular heritage as Jewish. According to this research, at maximum 2.2% of the U.S. adult population has some basis for Jewish self-identification.

13210: 1480: 22845:(Rutgers University Press; 2012) 311 pages; scholarly essays on the liquor, real-estate, and scrap-metal industries, and Jews as union organizers. 19855: 18382: 15578: 11605:. On the other hand, Orthodox American Jews have domestic political views which are more similar to those of their religious Christian neighbors. 10443:

jobs, 61% of American Jews work as professionals, many of whom are highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed in

23592: 23564: 20739: 20038: 16643: 16210: 13559: 11366:, and those Jews who are without a Buddhist heritage, with between one fifth and 30% of all American Buddhists identifying as Jewish though only 10068:

diaspora); and all other places of their exiled settlement. They sometimes settled near existing Jewish communities, such as the one from former

4632:'s leftist domestic policies received strong Jewish support in the 1930s and 1940s, as did his anti-Nazi foreign policy and his promotion of the 1728: 19825: 18102: 17986: 15756: 15537: 13991: 11641:

A 2014 Pew poll found that American Jews mostly support abortion rights, with 83% answering that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.

26645: 26605: 24350: 20717: 17835: 15187: 11617:

rabbis in America perform same-sex marriages as a matter of routine, and there are fifteen LGBT Jewish congregations in North America. Reform,

10457: 4713: 3023:, and Jews quickly became part of American life. Approximately 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50) fought in 2840:

since the mid-17th century. However, they were few in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. Those early arrivals were mostly

20008: 18192: 18014: 17449: 15511: 15149: 13436: 4790:

factors. There were about four million adherents of Judaism in the U.S. as of 2001, approximately 1.4% of the US population. According to the

4598: 25365: 24376: 20133: 17925: 16745: 16301: 14576: 13067:

The number of U.S. dual citizens in Israel has been estimated at close to 300,000, while the number of French dual citizens is about 100,000.

10776: 4244: 3146: 1982: 19132: 18487: 18045: 16962: 16834: 15454: 13361: 13262: 23692: 23283: 20116: 18979: 18849: 18242: 16939: 15660: 15073: 15016: 13387: 11964: 4477: 2831: 17541: 17511: 16344: 14387: 4368:. He served as Majority Leader until 2014, when he resigned shortly after his loss in the Republican primary election for his House seat. 26660: 24529: 24497: 24427: 21139: 19970: 19609: 19001: 18923: 18783: 18563: 17367: 17228: 14272: 12258: 10771: 10405:

also have an average of 14.7 years of schooling making them the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the United States.

4208:

became the first American Jew to run for national office on a major-party ticket when he was chosen as Democratic presidential candidate

967: 930: 20439: 19266: 18825: 18585: 17345: 17300: 16682: 16501: 16249: 16116: 15933: 15293: 13599: 4806:

adults who identify their religion as Jewish, 1.2 million Jewish adults who identify with no religion, and 1.6 million Jewish children.

26655: 23766: 21049: 20772: 19409: 19238: 18953: 18352: 16864: 14017: 13711: 13645: 10561:, but was unable to obtain a permanent appointment as a result of a combination of tactical errors on his part and antisemitism on the 6179: 4449: 86: 20539: 17772: 15240: 9870:), developed after they had moved into northern Europe: beginning with Germany and France in the Middle Ages. For centuries they used 25674: 23991: 23938: 23736: 23498: 23205: 20159: 16772: 15978: 15633: 15210:"PRESS RELEASE: Population of Jews of Color is Increasing in U.S., Despite Undercounting in Population Studies | Leichtag Foundation" 14844: 12601:

for some of the causes), and have played a disproportionate role in numerous academic domains. Jewish American intellectuals such as

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benefits. American Jews across age and gender lines tend to vote for and support politicians and policies which are supported by the

4431: 4185:

polled a respectable 35%, but during Bush's re-election attempt in 1992, his Jewish support dropped to just 11%, with 80% voting for

3015:(German and Yiddish for "Countryman Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. American Jewish writers of the time urged 1906: 24547: 16993: 15047: 4441:, there are 28 Jewish U.S. Representatives. 25 are Democrats and the other 3 are Republicans. All 10 Jewish Senators are Democrats. 2922:, and the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the United States, and second-oldest continuous published in the world, 24787: 24447: 24401: 24369: 24160: 23509: 23475: 23316: 21560: 19288: 15868: 15017:"Population, Population Change, and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020 (NST-EST2020-alldata)" 12781: 12152: 11491: 11475: 11260: 4531: 4228: 4201: 2821: 1929: 127: 23088: 18290: 16006: 15900: 15392: 14517: 9850:

river in Western Germany and in Northern France dating to the Middle Ages. The traditional diaspora language of Ashkenazi Jews is

9602:. Black Hebrew Israelites are generally not considered members of the mainstream Jewish community, because they have not formally 9348:

and are considered white unless they are Ashkenazi Jews of color. Many American Jews identify themselves as being both Jewish and

3110:

and others to promote a revival in Jewish cultural identity and combat the idea of race as a means to define or identify peoples.

24829: 24671: 24646: 24514: 23557: 21161: 20833: 20797: 19379: 19030: 18389: 17695: 17645: 14610: 13784: 10846: 10562: 9965:

and the teachings of many Iberian Jewish philosophers). This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition.

4484: 4105: 1279: 20951: 15954: 15352: 14051: 13733: 3085:

Scholars debate whether the historical experience of Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate

24856: 24487: 24467: 24457: 24422: 23517: 21075: 13817:, 96 (Sept. 2010), 201–24; David Sorkin, "Is American Jewry Exceptional? Comparing Jewish Emancipation in Europe and America," 12667:

Jewish American people have had a large effect on the cuisine of the United States. Common foods eaten by Jewish Americans are

12580: 12096: 11846:. A variety of other languages are still spoken within some American Jewish communities that are representative of the various 10033: 9607: 9325: 6440:

calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175

4681:

caused a further split among American Jews; this mirrored a similar split among Israelis and led to a parallel rift within the

2686: 1856: 1791: 1673: 21782:

An Exploration of religious gender differences amongst Jewish-American emerging adults of different socio-religious subgroups.

18450: 18262: 16768: 14770:

Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht. "The Fate of the Jews, A people torn between Israeli Power and Jewish Ethics". Times Books, 1983.

12589:

Many Jews have become remarkably successful as an entrepreneurial and professional minority in the United States. Many Jewish

4827:

it was found that approximately 12-15% of Jews in the United States, about 1,000,000 of 7,200,000 identify as multiracial and

25848: 24792: 24442: 23531: 23034: 22926: 22772: 22595: 22209: 22052: 21968: 21922: 21826: 21802: 21677: 21388: 21318: 19073: 18777: 17078: 16676: 16565: 16495: 16404: 16243: 16137: 16110: 15731:

Religious Jews regarded those who assimilated with horror, and Zionists campaigned against assimilation as an act of treason.

14809: 14436: 13330: 13306: 13134: 12100: 11486:, despite Republican attempts to connect Obama to Muslim and pro-Palestinian causes. It has been suggested that running mate 10841: 10380: 9506: 9309: 4173:

During the Reagan re-election campaign of 1984, the Republican retained 31% of the Jewish vote, while 67% voted for Democrat

977: 22489:

Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective

21209: 19432: 19222: 19079: 18740: 15107:

Sergio DellaPergola. "World Jewish Population, 2012." The American Jewish Year Book (2012) (Dordrecht: Springer) pp. 212–283

14900: 12198:

served as Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama. The number of Jews elected to the House rose to an all-time high of 30.

9426:

community. The Indian Jewish Congregation of USA, headquartered in New York City, is the center of the organized community.

4841:

of 1990 asked 4.5 million adult Jews to identify their denomination. The national total showed 38% were affiliated with the

2786: 24763: 24562: 24492: 24477: 23479: 23361: 23260: 20753: 16886: 12462:

Since the late 20th century, Jews have played a major role in the hedge fund industry, according to Zuckerman (2009). Thus

12158: 12092: 12084: 10699: 9258:

About half of the American Jews are considered to be religious. Out of this 2,831,000 religious Jewish population, 92% are

4815: 1415: 97: 20457: 20353: 19760: 18138: 17895: 17668: 17614: 17563: 17165:, Jerusalem 1962, p. 219; p. 228 in PDF), the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called 15838: 14874: 14152: 14126: 11310:

A 2009 Harris Poll showed that American Jews constitute the one religious group which is most accepting of the science of

25832: 25062: 25055: 24988: 24775: 24661: 24502: 23471: 23157: 14644: 13580:

Yiddish is a dialect of German written in the Hebrew alphabet and based entirely on the East European Jewish population.

13014: 12148: 10741: 10527: 10468:

Jews had a median household income at $ 185,000 (compared to the American median household income of $ 59,000 for 2016).

10192: 1683: 1500: 1490: 730: 112: 18626: 17261: 16440: 15315: 6452:, 4.3 million American Jews have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural. 24883: 24780: 24758: 24577: 24437: 23521: 23414: 23235: 23215: 22200: 21109: 20408:

Union Hymnal: Songs and Prayers for Jewish Worship: Central Conference of American Rabbis, Committee on Synagogue Music

20064: 18227: 18175: 17964: 17423: 16922: 14945: 12576: 11095: 10558: 9882:

in 20th century's Israel. A majority of the Jewish population in the United States are Ashkenazi Jews who descend from

9251:

8 housing subsidies at a higher rate than the rest of the region, and half of the population in the Hasidic village of

2079: 2029: 1994: 1688: 1553: 1420: 19917: 19530: 25761: 24614: 24557: 24509: 24432: 24392: 23220: 23016: 22950: 22860: 22748: 22724: 22702: 22670: 22571: 22521: 22475: 22452: 22430: 22408: 22322: 22295: 22269: 22238: 22171: 22147: 22125: 22002: 21898: 21876: 21724: 21699: 21644: 21574: 21542: 21412: 21339: 21230: 20227: 19110: 18917: 18819: 18734: 18557: 17705: 17294: 17222: 17040: 16918:"Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden? Implications for cancer control prioritization efforts" 16073: 16053: 15287: 14775: 14244: 13898: 13672: 13593: 13194: 12876: 12584: 11367: 11184: 11146: 10371:

in the late 20th century. Since the 1990s, around 1000 Hebrew-speaking, Ethiopian Jews that had settled in Israel as

10305: 10293: 10289: 10281: 9894:. Most American Ashkenazi Jews are non-Hispanic whites, but a minority are Jews of color, Hispanic/Latino, or both. 7760: 6449: 4838: 4682: 4499: 4463: 2893: 2827: 2679: 1771: 1733: 1708: 1628: 1613: 1460: 1400: 1355: 71: 22974:; long sophisticated essays on status of Jews in U.S. and worldwide; the standard primary source used by historians. 19877: 19694: 19335: 18419: 15691: 14670: 11638:, the bill that banned gay marriage in California. No other ethnic or religious group voted as strongly against it. 9321: 24693: 24651: 24636: 24452: 24035: 23485: 22498: 22357:. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House. 22335:. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 1. New York: KTAV Publ. House. 21518: 20496: 19671: 16805: 15785: 14549: 13040: 12254: 12250: 11602: 10990: 10831: 10737: 10211: 6461: 6384: 4542:

and the yearning for freedom. During the Middle Ages my people lived for a thousand years in the ghettos of Europe.

4517: 4376: 4372: 4330:

of Rhode Island was the only Jewish American who was newly elected to the 112th Congress; he had been the Mayor of

4083: 2064: 2046: 1952: 1846: 1698: 1693: 1618: 1583: 1450: 17795: 16271: 14360: 10514:

instruction is also commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.

4538:... From our Jewish historic experience of three and a half thousand years we say: Our ancient history began with 24703: 24641: 23381: 22288:

Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere

19939: 19639: 18687: 18511: 15611: 15074:"Brandeis University Study Finds that American-Jewish Population is Significantly Larger than Previously Thought" 14456: 12638: 12544: 12118:

many Jews. The legacy also includes songwriters and authors, for example the author of the song "Viva Las Vegas"

12080: 11631: 11517: 11337:

but also consider themselves ethnically Jewish. Another 700,000 American Christian adults considered themselves "

11136:(built in 1759), in Newport, Rhode Island, has the oldest still existing synagogue building in the United States. 9452: 9422:

lives in the New York City metropolitan area, in both New York state and New Jersey. Many are members of India's

8514: 8384: 7630: 6980: 6954: 6065: 4705: 4298:

of Memphis, Tennessee). The total number of Jews serving in the House of Representatives declined from 31 in the

4059:

caused a growing separation between blacks and Jews, though both groups remained solidly in the Democratic camp.

2582: 2481: 2036: 2019: 1972: 1871: 1781: 1718: 1668: 1648: 1643: 1563: 1537: 1512: 1390: 1380: 1370: 1350: 1345: 17: 19159: 17734: 16487:

Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation

16102:

Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation

16042:"The "One Million Plan" and the Development of a Discourse about the Absorption of the Jews from Arab Countries" 12135:

The first generation of Jewish Americans who immigrated during the 1880–1924 peak period were not interested in

4508:

movements. In the mid-20th century, there were American Jews who were among the most active participants in the

2998:, establishing the world's major concentrations of the Jewish population. In 1915, the circulation of the daily 24748: 24723: 24604: 24524: 24417: 23955: 23756: 23504: 23447: 22807: 22628: 22362: 22340: 21947: 21358: 20389: 17860: 12482: 11995: 10251: 10247: 10215: 9879: 9216: 8358: 7474: 7084: 4787: 4456: 4326:

of New Hampshire did not run for re-election but instead (unsuccessfully) sought his state's open Senate seat.

3005:

At the beginning of the 20th century, these newly arrived Jews built support networks consisting of many small

2987: 2880: 2055: 2041: 2009: 1989: 1957: 1901: 1876: 1851: 1831: 1821: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1776: 1766: 1761: 1738: 1653: 1638: 1558: 1517: 1470: 1465: 1385: 1330: 119: 90: 21891:

From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America

20181: 19190: 17592:

Weil, Shalva (1997) "Collective Designations and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews", in Shalva Weil (ed.)

17158: 14215: 14192: 10412:) report family incomes of over $ 100,000 compared to 19% of all Americans, with the next highest group being 9961:

from the influence of the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries (including from the

9313: 26284: 24584: 24552: 24539: 23494: 23465: 23278: 20973: 16740: 15378: 12312:

Examples of the major impact Jews have had in the American folk music arena include, but are not limited to:

12242: 12184: 11502: 11359: 10680: 10392: 10227: 10080: 9436: 9392: 9337: 9204:

has also become a significant and controversial issue within the modern American Jewish community, with both

9138: 9112: 8592: 8540: 8176: 8124: 7526: 6824: 6416: 2951: 2476: 2014: 1999: 1962: 1924: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1866: 1861: 1841: 1826: 1811: 1786: 1752: 1723: 1623: 1608: 1532: 1522: 1440: 1410: 1335: 1321: 21014: 18652: 17385: 17023:

DellaPergola, Sergio (2019), "World Jewish Population, 2018", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.),

15482: 14486: 14295: 26354: 24656: 24589: 24482: 23697: 20406: 19791: 19730: 13406: 13232: 12517: 11151:

The American Jews' majority continues to identify themselves with Judaism and its main traditions, such as

10243: 10239: 9969: 9419: 9369: 9317: 8618: 8436: 8332: 7916: 7214: 7136: 6616: 4771: 4587: 4438: 4383: 4299: 4275: 3020: 2986:

with a heavy Jewish urban population, driven out mainly by economic reasons. Many Jews also emigrated from

2084: 2004: 1967: 1891: 1836: 1703: 1678: 1603: 1578: 1568: 1507: 1430: 1425: 1405: 1395: 1375: 1360: 1253: 957: 721: 716: 21821:. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 1–2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Pub. 20094: 14423: 11540:

since 1945. Both major parties have made strong commitments in support of Israel. Dr. Eric Uslaner of the

9329: 26620: 26595: 26391: 24728: 24331: 24198: 24014: 23240: 21991: 21427:

Gurock, Jeffrey S (2013). "Writing New York's Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey".

20478:

Dylan, Seeger, Lomax, Cohen all either write whole songs about it, or spend considerable time praising it

20034: 20004: 16275: 12490: 12471: 12203: 10207: 9962: 9640: 9297: 9164: 9086: 8852: 8566: 7838: 7370: 6746: 6642: 2845: 2800:

American Jewish population, accounting for 4.5% of the total US population, consisting of those who have

2074: 2069: 2024: 1977: 1663: 1633: 1593: 1588: 1445: 751: 22464: 18618: 17596:, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University, pp. 35–48. (Hebrew) 9305: 4212:'s vice-presidential nominee. The elections of 2000 and 2004 saw continued Jewish support for Democrats 26376: 24599: 24208: 23976: 23250: 21449:

World of our Fathers: The journey of the East European Jews to America and the life they found and made

20348:

Adam Mendelsohn, "Beyond the Battlefield: Reevaluating the Legacy of the Civil War for American Jews,"

19586: 16635: 16620: 16202: 16187: 15563: 12791: 12262: 12057: 11249: 11242: 11164: 10994: 10566: 9461: 8930: 8020: 7994: 7890: 7604: 7578: 7188: 7162: 7110: 6564: 6373: 6369: 6198: 6046: 4470: 4119:

garnered 40% of the Jewish vote for his reelection, the best showing to date for the Republicans since

4075: 2995: 2548: 2393: 2101: 1495: 691: 681: 417: 75: 22534:"Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities" 20030: 17997: 17476: 13987: 13551: 12175:

Since 1845, a total of 34 Jews have served in the Senate, including the 14 present-day senators noted

11490:'s conservative views on social issues may have nudged Jews away from the McCain–Palin ticket. In the 26600: 26567: 26211: 25691: 25289: 23838: 23443: 23376: 23351: 23180: 22989:. Vol. 1. New York; Philadelphia, Pa: Columbia University Press; The Jewish Publication Society. 22095: 22074: 19817: 18876:"While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often" 18220:

The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America

18167:

The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America

18109: 17827: 15743: 15533: 14392: 14255: 11928: 11618: 11427: 11219: 10836: 10584:

was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2004 (and is currently president of the

9958: 9457: 9275: 8956: 8696: 8644: 8280: 7812: 7682: 7500: 7344: 7240: 6902: 6798: 6720: 6486: 6412: 6122: 4854: 2662: 2355: 2206: 2147: 1038: 93: 21353:. New Brunswick, NJ; New York: Brandeis University Center for Modern Jewish Studies; Behrman House. 20709: 20091:"Tech Paper 29: Table 6. Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 18015:"In United States, religious minorities more likely to have college degrees than Christian majority" 17445: 17121: 15179: 13488: 13187:

American Jewish Year Book 2020 The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities Since 1899

11908:, including those from Arab countries such as Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Morocco, Libya, etc. speak 11576:

that while "t is true that Republicans are making small and steady strides into the Jewish community

4766:

Jewish Americans by state according to the American Jewish Yearbook, 2020 and the U.S. Census Bureau

4624:. Jewish Americans organized large-scale boycotts of German merchandise during the 1930s to protest 4193:. Clinton's re-election campaign in 1996 maintained high Jewish support at 78%, with 16% supporting 26615: 26590: 25374: 25221: 24943: 24893: 24839: 24631: 24146: 23527: 23409: 23336: 23185: 20219: 20000: 17936: 16600: 16167: 15751: 15505: 14845:"Underwriting Peace in the Middle East: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Limits of Economic Inducements" 13448: 12548: 12478: 12353: 12088: 11506: 11238: 10372: 10344: 9516: 9235:

In contrast to the ongoing trends of assimilation, some communities within American Jewry, such as

9034: 9008: 8982: 8826: 8774: 8748: 8228: 7968: 7708: 7552: 7396: 7266: 6694: 6668: 6084: 4896:

in the American Jewish Yearbook, the distribution of the Jewish population in 2020 was as follows:

4824: 4802: 4641: 4527: 4364:, the first Jewish Republican to be selected for the position. In 2011, he became the first Jewish 4331: 4295: 2979: 2365: 2345: 1455: 935: 476: 22870: 22087: 20372:

Howard B. Rock, "Upheaval, Innovation, and Transformation: New York City Jews and the Civil War,"

20130: 17957:"Comparative Religions – U.S. Religious Landscape Study – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life" 16735: 15239:

Kelman, Dr. Ari Y; Tapper, Dr. Aaron Hahn; Fonseca, Ms. Izabel; Saperstein, Dr. Aliya (May 2019).

13474: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the 11553:, traditionally more conservative in outlook as to social issues, favored the Republican Party. A 9467:

Several commentators have observed that "many American Jews retain a feeling of ambivalence about

4078:, emanating from Eastern Europe. Many Jews rose to leadership positions in the early 20th century 4066:, the wave of Jews from Eastern Europe starting in the early 1880s were generally more liberal or 3092:

Korelitz (1996) shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a

26552: 26159: 25701: 24871: 24807: 23321: 23152: 19133:"Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . COVER STORY . Jews and American Buddhism . February 27, 1998" 18839: 18423: 17471: 16826: 15461: 14522: 13676: 13497: 13353: 13254: 13122: 12766: 12662: 12510: 12168: 12072: 11847: 11091: 10496: 10476: 10360: 10323:, mostly thousands from Lebanese, Syrian and Egyptian Jewish descent, as well as some from other 10297: 9922: 9652: 9510: 9290: 9212: 8904: 8800: 8488: 8306: 8098: 8046: 7786: 7656: 7318: 6876: 6772: 6538: 4690: 4637: 4079: 3086: 2991: 2774: 2506: 2496: 2461: 2340: 2330: 2113: 1284: 1226: 1060: 739: 696: 411: 215: 108: 23461: 23083: 22649: 20387:

Jewish Heroes and Heroines in America: World War II to the Present, A Judaica Collection Exhibit

19136: 18975: 15652: 15604:"Database on immigrants and expatriates:Emigration rates by country of birth (Total population)" 15080: 14801: 14795: 4349:

As of January 2014, there were five openly gay men serving in Congress and two are Jewish:

26650: 26339: 24898: 24753: 24624: 24253: 24203: 24153: 24028: 24021: 24007: 23867: 23786: 23652: 23457: 23453: 23346: 23255: 23190: 21131: 20253: 20247: 17533: 17503: 16860: 16830: 15656: 15433: 13531: 12724: 12627: 12540: 12321: 12124: 11541: 11467: 10718: 10585: 10436: 10417: 9447:

or identify as both Jewish and non-white. However, Jews of European descent rarely identify as

8670: 8202: 7448: 7292: 6141: 4733: 4583: 4563:, because they believed that a return to their ancestral homeland was the only solution to the 4530:, stated the following when he spoke from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial during the famous 4111:

During the 1952 and 1956 elections, Jewish voters cast 60% or more of their votes for Democrat

2924: 2625: 2360: 2274: 1340: 892: 511: 481: 100: 21663: 21334:. New Brunswick, NJ: Brandeis University Center for Modern Jewish Studies; Transaction Books. 21304: 20592:

Barry E. Supple, "A Business Elite: German-Jewish Financiers in Nineteenth-Century New York,"

18907: 18767: 18547: 17362: 17208: 15507:

Needs of the Community: A Classification of Needs & Services for the L.A. Jewish Community

14791: 14268: 13407:"The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation" 13126: 13116: 13112: 9647:

Jews of Argentine, Brazilian, and Mexican descent are often Ashkenazi, but some are Sephardi.

9471:". Karen Brodkin explains this ambivalence as rooted in anxieties about the potential loss of 9356:". Karen Brodkin explains this ambivalence as rooted in anxieties about the potential loss of 4143:

garnered 81% of the Jewish vote in the 1968 elections in his losing bid for president against

4082:

and helped to found unions that played a major role in left-wing politics and, after 1936, in

26519: 26436: 26401: 26396: 26297: 25756: 25726: 25456: 25419: 25341: 25189: 25184: 24797: 24698: 24472: 24083: 23881: 23874: 23843: 22684: 21528: 21196:

Her works praise her: a history of Jewish women in America from colonial times to the present

20268:

In All His Glory: the Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting

19258: 19059: 18809: 18716: 18593: 18549:

The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2

17987:"Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics – Pew Research Center" 17926:"Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics – Pew Research Center" 17340: 17284: 16666: 16485: 16233: 16100: 16041: 15925: 15277: 13831:

Korelitz, Seth (1997). "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity".

13583: 13297: 12467: 12424: 12360: 12281: 11850:

from around the world that have come together to make up all of America's Jewish population.

10808: 10642: 10597: 10553:

in 1965 became the first Jew to serve, albeit temporarily, as the leader of a major American

9603: 9500: 9252: 9229: 9197: 8722: 7942: 7422: 7032: 6023: 4757: 4698: 4629: 4509: 4365: 4097: 4052: 3251: 2778: 2516: 2511: 2456: 2244: 1159: 887: 874: 769: 486: 290: 280: 67: 21893:. Ann Arbor, Mi: Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, University of Michigan. 21295: 21275: 21041: 19405: 18945: 18484: 16856: 15713:

Rozenblit, Marsha L. (1982). "Review of Bela Vago's "Jewish Assimilation in Modern Times"".

13703: 13635: 9224:

are being raised Jewish, meaning that intermarriage would actually be contributing to a net

26509: 26499: 26489: 26479: 26431: 26322: 26317: 26312: 26302: 25741: 25706: 25696: 25533: 25351: 25321: 25275: 25141: 25116: 24938: 24876: 24768: 24104: 24000: 23741: 23656: 23293: 23210: 22982: 20783: 20531: 17764: 17113: 15422: 12758: 12463: 12364: 11944: 11622: 11152: 10827: 10601: 10461: 9528: 9408:

According to the Pew Research Center, fewer than 1% of American Jews in 2020 identified as

9383:

found that more than 90% of Jews who responded to its survey described themselves as being

9244: 9060: 9047: 8891: 8878: 8475: 8462: 8254: 8215: 8150: 7461: 5130: 5125: 4846: 4387: 4056: 3771: 3630: 3039: 2879:. Large-scale Jewish immigration commenced in the 19th century, when, by mid-century, many 2587: 2539: 2279: 2137: 950: 815: 804: 762: 325: 42: 21601:

Maisel, Louis Sandy; Forman, Ira N.; Altschiller, Donald; Bassett, Charles Walker (2004).

21421:

Handbook of American-Jewish literature: an analytical guide to topics, themes, and sources

20151: 19002:"National survey shows Jews leaving Judaism, assimilating, becoming Christians or "Nones"" 18323:"Survey of Greater Washington, D.C. Jews Marks Improvement on Jewish Disability Inclusion" 15985: 15637: 14856: 12543:, came from a prominent Jewish family in Germany. Since then, several Jews have served as 12393:

in 1951, and edited by him until 1967, when the magazine stopped publication for decades.

12333: 11927:

community in the United States, notably the large community in and around Los Angeles and

10432:

if two-year vocational and community college diplomas and certificates are also included.

9635:, but there was no organized Jewish presence. Later waves of Sephardi immigration brought 6403:. In many metropolitan areas, the majority of Jewish families live in suburban areas. The 4070:

and became the political majority. Many came to America with experience in the socialist,

8: 26504: 26474: 26464: 26454: 26334: 26228: 25827: 25820: 25798: 25776: 25771: 25659: 25580: 25399: 25336: 25306: 25258: 25248: 25201: 25177: 25131: 25126: 24974: 24844: 24802: 24733: 24718: 24713: 24609: 24111: 23930: 23915: 23513: 23356: 22822: 22066: 21812: 20207: 16529: 16308: 16302:"A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Findings from a Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews" 16005:

U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File.

13585:

Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust

12981: 12796: 12379: 12325: 12215: 12214:'s 2016 nomination been accepted, that number would have risen to four out of nine since 12004: 11940: 11087: 11044: 11025: 10971: 10914: 10554: 10451:

nearly twice as high the American national median. Either of these two statistics may be

10440: 10376: 10336: 10001: 9611: 9384: 9376: 9259: 9201: 7864: 4819: 4694: 4666: 4621: 4564: 3032: 3016: 2860: 2805: 2640: 2335: 1013: 880: 783: 776: 706: 594: 469: 123: 82: 79: 23102: 16345:"JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020: 9. Race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews" 15875: 14082:

Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941

10447:

such as engineering, science, medicine, investment banking, finance, law, and academia.

4778:). Precise population figures vary depending on whether Jews are accounted for based on 26527: 26494: 26484: 26459: 26368: 26307: 26292: 26277: 25746: 25716: 25644: 25622: 25590: 25568: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25500: 25461: 25451: 25446: 25409: 25384: 25311: 25253: 25216: 25165: 25160: 25032: 25025: 25010: 24993: 24969: 24948: 24933: 24923: 24908: 24888: 24866: 24812: 24743: 24708: 24213: 24049: 23860: 23613: 23366: 23147: 22888: 22877: 22355:

The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism

22217: 22187:, City University of New York Graduate Center. An article on this survey is printed in 22029: 21760: 21608: 21488: 21477: 21455: 21265: 20827: 20560: 20331: 20323: 18356: 18166: 17046: 16917: 16014: 15892: 15722: 15396: 15372: 14722: 14342: 13954: 13746: 13204: 12191: 11672:

American culture have, in turn, become part of the wider culture of the United States.

11463: 11387: 11052: 10998: 10952: 10661: 10593: 10535: 10429: 10112: 10083:, many of the Sephardim Tehorim from Western Asia and North Africa relocated to either 9855: 9846:. The term "Ashkenazi" refers to Jewish settlers who established communities along the 5907: 4645: 4516:

movements. A number of American Jews have also been active figures in the struggle for

4480: 4395: 4112: 4067: 4048: 3319: 2955: 2900:, the father of Reform Judaism in the United States, such as the inclusion of women in 2491: 2441: 2388: 2383: 2297: 2167: 1435: 1264: 1023: 943: 797: 363: 261: 22041:

Lazerwitz, Bernard Melvin; Winter, J. Alan; Dashefsky, Arnold; Tabory, Ephram (1998).

21169: 20579:

Vincent P. Carosso, "A Financial Elite: New York's German-Jewish Investment Bankers,"

19371: 17637: 13813:

Tony Michels, "Is America 'Different'? A Critique of American Jewish Exceptionalism,"

11967:

of San Francisco where Russian markets stand alongside the numerous Asian businesses.

26585: 26469: 26411: 26344: 25803: 25788: 25781: 25751: 25711: 25686: 25669: 25627: 25595: 25585: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25488: 25483: 25476: 25466: 25404: 25389: 25331: 25326: 25294: 25263: 25226: 25211: 25194: 25153: 25121: 25099: 25072: 25020: 24918: 24913: 24903: 24861: 24849: 24738: 24688: 24269: 24263: 24181: 24174: 24167: 24139: 24125: 23781: 23746: 23687: 23622: 23326: 23162: 23040: 23030: 23012: 22946: 22922: 22856: 22803: 22768: 22744: 22720: 22698: 22666: 22645: 22624: 22591: 22567: 22517: 22510: 22494: 22487: 22471: 22448: 22426: 22404: 22358: 22336: 22318: 22291: 22265: 22234: 22205: 22167: 22143: 22121: 22048: 22021: 21998: 21964: 21943: 21918: 21908: 21894: 21886: 21872: 21862: 21840: 21832: 21822: 21798: 21752: 21720: 21695: 21673: 21650: 21640: 21538: 21384: 21354: 21335: 21314: 21226: 20967: 20954:. Asia Times Online. January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014 20335: 20223: 20212: 19069: 18913: 18815: 18773: 18730: 18553: 18223: 18171: 17701: 17386:"Latino, Hispanic or Sephardic? A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" 17290: 17218: 17074: 17050: 17036: 16963:"Mapped: Where Sephardic Jews live after they were kicked out of Spain 500 years ago" 16931: 16672: 16593: 16491: 16239: 16160: 16106: 16049: 15283: 14805: 14771: 14346: 13958: 13946: 13894: 13887: 13867: 13840: 13589: 13302: 13288: 13190: 13130: 12363:, Wein, Bikel and Grossman (Seeger is not) were Jewish. Albert Grossman put together 12285: 12180: 11959: 11662: 11572: 11376: 11334: 11234: 11056: 10933: 10489: 9954: 9926: 9839: 9835: 9476: 9388: 9361: 8410: 6464:

as of 2011 with the largest Jewish communities, as a percentage of population, were:

4616:

became a well-organized movement in the U.S. with the involvement of leaders such as

4602: 4236: 4182: 4150:

During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, Jewish voters were apprehensive about

4120: 4116: 3906: 3647: 3365: 2950:-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, most of whom arrived from poor diaspora communities of the 2837: 2635: 2577: 2557: 2374: 1934: 1573: 1033: 904: 834: 711: 624: 491: 351: 334: 266: 246: 104: 26201: 26015: 24361: 23019: 22971: 22183:; Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela. "The American Jewish Identity Survey", a subset of 14325:

F. Weisberg, Herbert (2012). "Reconsidering Jewish Presidential Voting Statistics".

11218:

synagogue, 38% are members of Reform synagogues, 33% Conservative, 22% Orthodox, 2%

26421: 26416: 26406: 26386: 26065: 25943: 25863: 25793: 25766: 25736: 25649: 25632: 25610: 25528: 25439: 25434: 25424: 25360: 25268: 25241: 25231: 25206: 25172: 25104: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25067: 25015: 25005: 24998: 24979: 24955: 24928: 24834: 24567: 24076: 23962: 23776: 22978: 22548: 22447:. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 10. New York; London: Garland Publ. 22248: 22224: 22195: 21954: 21716: 21687: 21436: 20891: 20879: 20315: 19055: 18903: 17672: 17174: 17028: 16452: 15418: 14714: 14334: 13938: 12973: 12826: 12486: 12337: 12187: 12107: 12076: 12025: 11932: 11917: 11872: 11862: 11843: 11626: 11550: 11407: 11156: 11048: 10767: 10589: 10425: 10401: 10364: 10313: 10065: 9867: 9843: 9539: 9278:(mixed race etc.). Almost this many non-religious Jews exist in the United States. 9236: 9215:, many members of the Jewish community have become concerned that the high rate of 8813: 8501: 8345: 8293: 8111: 8085: 8059: 7747: 7734: 7409: 7071: 6889: 6863: 6811: 6629: 6603: 6551: 6525: 6499: 6429: 6253: 6227: 5592: 5089: 4893: 4892:

According to a study published by demographers and sociologists Ira M. Sheskin and

4850: 4798: 4670: 4407: 4268: 4261: 4167: 4071: 3107: 2947: 2897: 2605: 2486: 2446: 2410: 2108: 1658: 1169: 925: 829: 744: 634: 426: 329: 296: 286: 256: 241: 226: 191: 22561: 22425:. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 7. New York; London: Garland Publ. 22403:. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 6. New York; London: Garland Publ. 16375:"How the Indian Jewish community is preserving traditions for the next generation" 15241:"An Analysis of American Jewish Population Studies, with a Focus on Jews of Color" 13322: 12114:. Stephen J. Whitfield states that "The Sarnoff family was long dominant at NBC." 10206:

Jewish communities from Western Asia and North Africa; in this classification are

4371:

In 2013, Pew found that 70% of American Jews identified with or leaned toward the

4251:

became the first Jewish candidate to win a state's presidential primary election.

26381: 26329: 25970: 25933: 25888: 25815: 25664: 25654: 25617: 25600: 25573: 25508: 25429: 25414: 25394: 25316: 25299: 25280: 25236: 25146: 25136: 25109: 25094: 25050: 24619: 24097: 23968: 23806: 23796: 23419: 23371: 22940: 22936: 22916: 22865: 22848: 22795: 22762: 22758: 22738: 22734: 22712: 22692: 22680: 22660: 22656: 22637: 22612: 22585: 22314: 22228: 22161: 22135: 22131: 22113: 22103: 22083: 22062: 22042: 21958: 21935: 21912: 21866: 21816: 21792: 21740: 21710: 21667: 21634: 21532: 21524: 21498: 21378: 21374: 21329: 21308: 21285: 21253: 21218: 20837: 20779: 20760: 20393: 20360: 20137: 19678: 19469: 19245: 19226: 19219: 19063: 19037: 18805: 18763: 18724: 18712: 18518: 18491: 18269: 18249: 17371: 17349: 17162: 17110: 16525:"Sorry, but the Irish were always 'white' (and so were Italians, Jews and so on)" 16144: 16046:

The Disenchantment of the Orient: Expertise in Arab Affairs and the Israeli State

16010: 15961: 15119:"Subjected to anti-Semitism and racism, Jews of color feel 'stuck in the middle'" 14443: 14269:"Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from CNN.com" 14251: 14189:"The Israel swing factor: how the American Jewish vote influences U.S. elections" 13740: 13484: 13391: 13384: 12959: 12943: 12920: 12911: 12905: 12893: 12653:

average family) and 34% of Jewish households report income over $ 75,000 a year.

12618: 12614: 12594: 12590: 12552: 12521: 12444: 12436: 12211: 12011: 11936: 11854: 11411: 11355: 11350: 11300: 11288: 11133: 10550: 10523: 10518: 10511: 10500: 10129: 10005: 9973: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9831: 9817: 9583: 9559: 9551: 9472: 9468: 9416: 9409: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9301: 6404: 6103: 4504:

Members of the American Jewish community have included prominent participants in

4459: 4419: 4403: 4354: 4327: 4257: 4178: 4151: 4140: 4136: 4124: 4101: 3815: 3727: 3665: 3565: 3459: 3398: 3382: 3347: 3234: 3134: 3098: 3093: 3028: 2983: 2935: 2911: 2864: 2853: 2567: 2526: 2521: 2501: 2423: 2417: 2350: 2302: 2142: 2123: 1274: 1003: 915: 898: 442: 271: 251: 236: 230: 115: 17032: 11893:("an obnoxious, contemptible person", euphemism for "penis"), and, depending on 11444:"Jews have devoted themselves to politics with almost religious fervor," writes 9515:

The American Jewish community includes African American Jews and other American

26562: 26223: 26176: 26040: 26035: 26000: 25985: 25563: 25379: 25346: 24824: 24819: 24042: 23791: 23677: 23490: 22853:

Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion, and Family in American Jewish Life

22832: 22581: 22283: 22279: 22047:. SUNY series in American Jewish Society in the 1990s. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 21986: 21931: 20875: 20453: 19768: 18326: 18142: 17606: 17170: 16060: 15955:

Orthodox Population Grows Faster Than First Figures in Pew #JewishAmerica Study

15559: 15536:. Ira Sheskin University of Miami, Arnold Dashefsky University of Connecticut. 15150:"US Jewish recognition of Jews of color took decades of sweat, blood and tears" 14606: 14156: 14130: 13492: 12744: 12598: 12556: 12506: 12452: 12428: 12289: 12230: 12219: 11955: 11858: 11666: 11614: 11558: 11546: 11529: 11383: 11379: 11264: 11203: 11175: 11160: 11129: 10539: 10507: 10465: 10396: 10340: 9891: 9887: 9808: 9764: 9673: 9650: 9532: 9524: 9345: 9341: 9333: 6411:

Village, New York (greater than 93% based on language spoken in home), City of

6376:

in Israel. Several other major cities have large Jewish communities, including

6160: 5760: 5613: 4842: 4745: 4741: 4729: 4662: 4633: 4617: 4606: 4452: 4427: 4391: 4343: 4339: 4248: 4221: 4174: 4132: 4090: 3951: 3683: 3443: 3185: 3102:

between 1915 and 1925. During this time contributors to the Menorah promoted a

2939: 2849: 2801: 2782: 2753: 2667: 2466: 2321: 2201: 2180: 2157: 2152: 2130: 2118: 1713: 1194: 1128: 1093: 1071: 1008: 846: 824: 686: 665: 641: 407: 389: 338: 321: 221: 17564:"Who Are the Mizrahi (Oriental/Arab) Jews? - Israeli-Palestinian - ProCon.org" 14640: 14457:"Jews - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics" 14338: 11520:, 77% of American Jews voted for Joe Biden, while 22% voted for Donald Trump. 9286: 26639: 26268: 26139: 26087: 26075: 26070: 26060: 26050: 26045: 25965: 25938: 25928: 25923: 25918: 24310: 23946: 23811: 23801: 23682: 23647: 23044: 22688: 22604: 22440: 22418: 22396: 22381: 22371: 22350: 22328: 22305: 22252: 22025: 21851: 21844: 21788: 21756: 21124: 20883: 18720: 17956: 17322: 17253: 17066: 15683: 13950: 13871: 13844: 13475: 13084: 12539:

in the United States and one of the first governors of the newly established

12502: 12456: 12440: 12329: 12317: 12129: 12037: 11979: 11449: 11445: 11415: 11399: 11304: 11292: 11284: 11226: 10538:

English department in 1943, but the Economics department decided not to hire

10285: 10273: 10255: 10235: 10223: 10088: 9903: 9738: 9725: 9686: 9636: 9591: 9587: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9520: 9448: 9125: 9099: 8579: 8397: 8189: 7643: 7058: 6993: 6928: 6837: 6396: 6266: 5928: 5529: 5361: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4828: 4791: 4783: 4774:, either the largest in the world, or the second-largest in the world (after 4721: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4523: 4291: 4205: 4163: 4144: 4128: 3877: 3832: 3799: 3218: 3126: 3011: 2990:. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924 when the 2978:. During the same period, great numbers of Ashkenazic Jews also arrived from 2929: 2885: 2868: 2841: 2809: 2762: 2615: 2610: 1816: 1743: 1269: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1076: 1028: 790: 629: 534: 496: 447: 205: 144: 22552: 21654: 21413:

The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews

21105: 19510:

The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews

18243:

5 key takeaways, some surprising, from new survey of US Modern Orthodox Jews

17446:"Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust" 17415: 16457: 11986:, a dialect of Tajik Persian. They publish their own newspapers such as the 11549:

had a distinctly negative impact for Republicans among Jewish voters, while

11432: 9395:, and 2% described themselves as having other racial or ethnic backgrounds. 2918:, one of the largest producers of American kosher products and now based in 2877:

Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America

26248: 26124: 25908: 24326: 24229: 24069: 23985: 23661: 22904: 22882:

To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A.

22539: 22466:

Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment

21771: 19913: 18844: 18680:"College Guide – Hillels Guide to Jewish Life at Colleges and Universities" 16935: 16059:

p. 86: "The principal significance of this plan lies in the fact, noted by

13292: 12708: 12676: 12634: 12610: 12564: 12560: 12536: 12532: 12475: 12432: 12390: 12341: 12297: 12293: 12246: 12195: 11951: 11924: 11905: 11510: 11498: 11479: 11230: 10581: 10320: 10309: 10269: 10231: 10188: 10184: 10124: 10037: 9977: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9751: 9699: 9579: 9575: 9563: 9488: 9440: 9349: 9271: 9267: 9228:

in the number of Jews. As well, some children raised through intermarriage

8371: 8137: 7929: 7773: 7175: 6967: 6400: 6357: 5781: 5739: 5718: 5634: 4737: 4725: 4678: 4625: 4555: 4505: 4487: 4466: 4399: 4319: 4311: 4287: 4232: 4186: 4155: 4063: 4040: 4012: 3743: 3537: 3476: 3415: 3302: 3202: 3024: 2915: 2884:

religious services west of the Appalachian Range were conducted during the

2766: 2746: 2734: 2645: 2471: 2312: 2307: 2265: 2218: 1312: 1179: 1164: 1123: 1088: 701: 543: 23097: 22652:

Uses survey data to map the religious beliefs of American Jews, 1973–2002.

21636:

Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000

20773:"TPG Sells Shares of Indian Company – Win-win for Everybody!" By Orna Taub 19553:"President Benefits From Efforts to Build a Coalition of Religious Voters" 19484:"Over three-quarters of U.S. Jews Voted for Biden in Election, Poll Finds" 19102: 16705:"For Some Americans Of MENA Descent, Checking A Census Box Is Complicated" 16077: 15608:

Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development, Statistics Portal

14550:"Jewish Members of U.S. Congress: House of Representatives (1845-Present)" 13942: 13301:. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 305. 12419:

advised Alexander Hamilton on the building of America's financial system.

10607: 4274:

There were 19 Jews among the 435 U.S. Representatives at the start of the

4271:, who was Florida's first Senator, serving 1845–1851 and again 1855–1861. 26243: 26164: 26144: 26030: 25903: 25808: 23924: 23902: 22157: 21405:

History of the Jews in the United States § Historiography and memory

21258: 21201: 21191: 20243: 18295: 16890: 14666: 14109: 13480: 12712: 12684: 12646: 12642: 12622: 12602: 12494: 12448: 12375: 12368: 12346: 12266: 12207: 11867: 11609: 11563: 11487: 11483: 11395: 11391: 11280: 11214: 10573: 10531: 10452: 10421: 10409: 10351: 10219: 10203: 10108: 10013: 9777: 9632: 9606:, and they are not ethnically related to other Jews. One such group, the 9571: 9423: 8553: 8449: 7539: 6408: 6377: 6305: 5424: 5047: 4869: 4762: 4686: 4658: 4415: 4350: 4335: 4307: 4283: 4279: 4159: 3995: 3979: 3860: 3598:

Jewish vote to the Republican Party in Presidential elections since 1916

3152:

Jewish vote to the Democratic Party in Presidential elections since 1916

3130: 3118: 2907: 2770: 2749:. An additional 6% identify as some combination of the three categories. 2630: 2572: 2237: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1103: 23063: 22166:. Religion in North America. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. 21764: 21508: 20488: 20327: 20319: 20279:

Stephen J. Whitfield, "The Jewish contribution to American journalism."

20001:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 18076:"Hindus are the most educated group in the US, least educated worldwide" 17765:"New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud – Latest News Briefs" 16799: 15103: 15101: 13774:, edited by Seymour Martin Lipset, (Transaction Publishers 1990), page 3 12431:(Rothschild's agent in New York and a leading Democrat), Philip Speyer, 10072:, or were the first in new frontiers, with their furthest reach via the 4748:

in New York and an ardent supporter of that version of a peace process.

26206: 26149: 25980: 24305: 24275: 24258: 24234: 23632: 22180: 22033: 21620:

Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties

21440: 20294:

From the Lower East Side to Hollywood: Jews in American Popular Culture

19198: 15726: 14875:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide | The Jewish Agency" 14726: 14095:

What Went Wrong? The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance

13521:, transl. from the German and ed. by David Philipson, Cincinnati, 1901; 12398: 11581: 11403: 11362:; this is specifically the case among those Jews whose parents are not 11330: 10577: 10546: 10484: 10444: 10424:) of American Jews have, the second highest of any ethnic groups after 9624: 9599: 9547: 9487:

Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent (often referred to as

9177: 9151: 8969: 8709: 8657: 8631: 8605: 8527: 8319: 8033: 8007: 7851: 7721: 7695: 7487: 7383: 7357: 7279: 7253: 7227: 7201: 7149: 7097: 6941: 6915: 6759: 6733: 6707: 6681: 6318: 6240: 5571: 5550: 5005: 4704:

In opposition to Oslo, an alliance of conservative groups, such as the

4411: 4323: 4303: 4217: 4190: 3711: 3520: 2919: 2889: 2288: 1302: 1231: 1189: 1018: 998: 557: 464: 384: 26253: 26005: 22918:

American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity

22697:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. 22014:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

21076:"Why Are So Many Pro Basketball Owners Jewish (Like Donald Sterling)?" 19463:

POLL: Domestic issues dominate the priorities of the Jewish electorate

18729:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. 18679: 17027:, vol. 118, Springer International Publishing, pp. 361–449, 16736:"A Fledgling Grant Maker Nurtures Young Jewish 'Social Entrepreneurs'" 14792:"The Changing Identity of American Jews, Israel and the Peace Process" 14446:

by Eric Fingerhut, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), November 25, 2008.

11170: 6460:

According to the North American Jewish Data Bank the 104 counties and

6372:

is the second-largest Jewish population center in the world after the

6193: 4062:

While earlier Jewish immigrants from Germany tended to be politically

3031:. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising 26580: 26557: 26532: 26258: 26154: 26010: 25960: 25878: 24132: 23888: 22899:

Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940

21997:. Urbana; Chicago, Il: University of Illinois Press. pp. 15–60. 21012: 20895: 20565: 20214:

From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen

20117:"Where You Live in New York May Say a Lot About Your Jewish Heritage" 18418:

Newport, Frank; Agrawal, Sangeeta; Witters, Dan (February 16, 2012).

17214: 15510:. Los Angeles: Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. p. 36. 15098: 13762:

edited by Steven T. Katz, (University of America Press 2010), page 15

12688: 12498: 12407: 12277: 12119: 12019: 11970: 11459: 11338: 11311: 11283:

than most Americans, especially when they are compared with American

10301: 10104: 10092: 10073: 10069: 8943: 8072: 7513: 7006: 6590: 5949: 5802: 5403: 5298: 4674: 4473: 4445: 4423: 4315: 4220:, a Catholic, remain in the high- to mid-70% range, while Republican 3582: 3006: 2963: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2451: 2436: 1526: 1474: 1236: 1184: 1174: 855: 851: 841: 756: 516: 302: 25990: 23098:

The Berman Jewish Databank @ The Jewish Federations of North America

22640:. (2002). "What We Don't Know about the Judaism of America's Jews." 22256: 20928:

60 (2007): 1803-1866; discrimination p. 1838 and statistics p. 1805.

20607:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

20386: 19239:

IN PERSON; Developer With Eye To Profits For Society" By TINA KELLEY

18353:"'Disabled US Jews twice as likely to live in poverty' - new report" 18291:"Jewish Poverty Skyrockets in New York — Doubles in Size Since 1991" 17286:

Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust

16595:

How Jews Became White Folks and what that Says about Race in America

16162:

How Jews Became White Folks and what that Says about Race in America

15808:"Pew survey of U.S. Jews: soaring intermarriage, assimilation rates" 14718: 13527:, with a biography by David Philipson and Louis Grossmann, ib. 1900; 12815:

Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Jewish.

12163: 9523:

Americans, who are currently classified by the U.S. Census as being

1204: 26537: 26191: 26181: 26109: 26082: 25995: 25975: 25913: 25893: 25873: 25868: 24300: 24118: 23404: 23399: 23341: 23078: 22163:

American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Postethnic Society

21979:

Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History

21776:

The Chosen People in America: A Study in Jewish Religious Ideology.

20988:"Misconceptions and lessons about Chinese and Jewish entrepreneurs" 19610:"Among Religious Groups, Jewish Americans Most Strongly Oppose War" 18578: 18383:"Jewish Poverty in the United States: A Summary of Recent Research" 17177:(Megillah 1:9 , were also called simply by the diocese "Germamia". 17153: 17095: 16378: 14188: 13287:

Atkin, Maurice; et al. (2007). "United States of America". In

12700: 12680: 12630:

in economics recipients (thirty-five times the Jewish percentage).

12606: 12313: 12136: 12015: 11913: 11898: 11894: 11877: 11588: 11363: 11207: 11195: 11194:

US serviceman lighting a Menorah in observance of the first day of

10277: 10265: 10100: 10061: 10029: 9949:. Although most of this latter group do not have ancestry from the 9934: 9643:, are sometimes considered culturally but not ethnically Hispanic. 9482: 9263: 8865: 8423: 8267: 8241: 7981: 7955: 7825: 7799: 7669: 7617: 7591: 7565: 7331: 7305: 7123: 7045: 7019: 6655: 6512: 6344: 6279: 5886: 5676: 5487: 5445: 5382: 5340: 5277: 5193: 5068: 5026: 4984: 4513: 4194: 4044: 3934: 3114: 2757: 2620: 2230: 2162: 993: 501: 452: 22968:

American Jewish Yearbook: The Annual Record of Jewish Civilization

22230:

Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism

21836: 18909:

Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism

18772:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 103. 18420:"In U.S., Very Religious Have Higher Well-Being Across All Faiths" 14611:"Enough for a minyan: A Jewish Who's Who of Biden's Cabinet-to-Be" 13760:

Why is America Different?: American Jewry on Its 350th Anniversary

12183:

was the first practicing Jewish Senator, and would later serve as

11494:, 69% of Jews voted for the Democratic incumbent President Obama. 10416:

at 43%. And while 27% of Americans have a four-year university or

10264:

is also sometimes extended to include Jewish communities from the

26616:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

26349: 26263: 26238: 26186: 26171: 26055: 25883: 25853: 24572: 23909: 23895: 23713: 23709: 23027:

The Jewish Americans: Three Centuries of Jewish Voices in America

23002:

A documentary history of the Jews in the United States, 1654–1875

22790:

Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture.

21985:

Kraut, Benny (1998). "Jewish Survival in Protestant America". In

21794:

Beyond Sectarianism: The Realignment of American Orthodox Judaism

17697:

Portrait of American Jews: the last half of the twentieth century

17166: 17148:). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, in the name of 17145: 17133: 12704: 12672: 12593:

that are passed down from one generation to the next serve as an

12028:

is the language of most Jewish religious literature, such as the

12000: 11983: 11533: 11315: 11296: 11276: 11253: 10045: 10025: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9863: 9851: 9712: 9332:

where they have lived for many centuries. Most American Jews are

9205: 9021: 8917: 8839: 8787: 7903: 6785: 6577: 6392: 6292: 5970: 5865: 5466: 5214: 5110: 4963: 4921: 4881: 4873: 4860:

Many Jews are concentrated in the Northeast, particularly around

4779: 4613: 4560: 4539: 4213: 4209: 3504: 3103: 2999: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2914:

in the latter half of the 1800s, leading to the establishment of

2730: 2722: 2596: 2562: 2431: 2225: 1214: 1209: 1081: 972: 867: 863: 859: 608: 603: 580: 562: 437: 432: 422: 400: 375: 317: 211: 196: 22764:

The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today

22717:

A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America Religion Today

22470:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 271–402. 20924:

Eli Wald, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms."

18769:

The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today

13224: 11625:, Jews are far more supportive on issues like gay marriage than 6422:

The phenomenon of Israeli migration to the U.S. is often termed

4673:

and the continuing administrative governance of portions of the

4224:'s re-election in 2004 saw Jewish support rise from 19% to 24%. 26542: 26134: 26119: 26114: 26102: 26097: 26025: 25955: 25858: 25637: 24090: 23311: 22987:

The Jews of the United States, 1790–1840: A Documentary History

22310:

American Judaism, Adventure in Modernity: An Anthological Essay

21639:. Chapel Hill, NC; London: University of North Carolina Press. 20887: 20861:

R. William Weisberger, "Jews and American Investment Banking,"

20738:

See Jamie Johnson, "Wasps Stung over Renaming of the N.Y.P.L."

18046:"Jews are world's best-educated religious group, study reveals" 17141: 17129: 13858:

Siporin, Steve (1990). "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore".

13536: 12041: 12033: 12029: 11991: 11920:, is notably mostly Syrian-Jewish, with many of them Orthodox. 11909: 11537: 11323: 10368: 10096: 10084: 10041: 10021: 10009: 9859: 9240: 8761: 8683: 8163: 6850: 6424: 6388: 6331: 5697: 5508: 5256: 5151: 4942: 4775: 4736:

was asked by the conference to apologize for criticizing ZOA's

4649: 2959: 2902: 2793: 2256: 2251: 2211: 2196: 1307: 1199: 619: 585: 571: 506: 276: 201: 166: 23246:

Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism

22040: 21106:"JEWISH RECIPIENTS OF THE JOHN BATES CLARK MEDAL IN ECONOMICS" 20900:

The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street

17128:(the people of Gallia, meaning, mainly the people from modern 16558:"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement" 16138:"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement" 15048:"New Brandeis study estimates 7.6 million Jews living in U.S." 10572:

By 1986, a third of the presidents of the elite undergraduate

9925:

originating from traditionally established communities in the

4166:

garnered 39%, and 14% went to independent (former Republican)

26233: 26216: 26196: 26129: 26092: 26020: 25950: 24295: 24247: 22874:. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University, Dept. of Political Studies. 22843:

Chosen Capital: The Jewish Encounter With American Capitalism

22740:

Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members

21940:

Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America

21784:

Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33. pp. 371–391.

21735:

Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality.

20754:

Hareetz: "A shy wunderkind, Stephen Feinberg" By Eytan Avriel

19578: 18840:"A Portrait of Jewish Americans – Chapter 3: Jewish Identity" 18811:

Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members

18263:"American Jews and Charitable Giving: An Enduring Tradition." 17191: 16664: 16231: 15417: 15279:

Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members

15238: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14667:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – March on Washington" 13556:

Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program

12859: 12841: 12696: 12668: 12270: 12040:

is also the primary official language of the modern State of

11570:

s Washington bureau chief, dismisses this notion, writing in

11452:

of any ethnic group (84% reported being registered to vote).

11319: 10542:

in 1948. Harvard hired its first Jewish biochemists in 1954.

10413: 10049: 10017: 9997: 9993: 9930: 9847: 9628: 9398: 9073: 8995: 6381: 5823: 5319: 5172: 4677:

territory. Disagreement over Israel's 1993 acceptance of the

4609:

converse in the back seat of a car in front of Baruch's home.

3027:, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of 1219: 648: 552: 521: 23068: 22942:

American Aliya: Portrait of an Innovative Migration Movement

22836:

Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century

22615:: Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002). 21589:

American Jewish Political Culture and the Liberal Persuasion

20798:"Jews Dominate Vanity Fair 100 Most Influential Moguls List" 14296:"As Bernie Sanders Makes History, Jews Wonder What It Means" 11263:

found that around 3.4 million American Jews call themselves

10312:, as a result of which many of their descendants also speak 9531:. Like their other Jewish counterparts, some black Jews are 9412:. Around 1% of religious Jews identified as Asian-American. 2892:, the oldest Jewish community in the Midwest. Gradually the 26547: 25898: 24240: 23642: 23637: 23626: 23618: 23288: 22140:

Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences

22118:

Deceptive Images: Toward a Redefinition of American Judaism

21582:

Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America.

21503:

Robinson, Ira. "The Invention of American Jewish History."

21310:

Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal

20826:

Robin Pogrebin, "Donor Gives Lincoln Center $ 10 Million",

20411:. The Central Conference of American Rabbis. January 1948. 19818:"L.A. Jews overwhelmingly opposed Prop. 8, exit poll finds" 17137: 17125: 16887:"Sephardic Hispanic Heritage: 13 Facts About 'Latino Jews'" 15395:. The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from 13640: 13118:

Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal

12850: 10471:

As a whole, American and Canadian Jews donate more than $ 9

10324: 10180: 10057: 10053: 9828: 9444: 8735: 7877: 7435: 6441: 5844: 5655: 5235: 2906:. A large community grew in the region with the arrival of 2718: 371: 22423:

Conserving Conservative Judaism: Reconstructionist Judaism

20131:"Russian Jews in America: Status, Identity and Integration 19376:

Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science

19325:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 150–165. 19293:... Not Just Coen Brothers Fans Will Take Comfort in That" 17607:"Beta Israel | History, Names, Movement, & Facts" 15180:"How Many Jews of Color Are There? – eJewish Philanthropy" 14927: 14577:"5 facts about the religious makeup of the 116th Congress" 12844: 12835: 12707:. Companies specializing in Jewish American foods include 12300:

persecution which was also occurring elsewhere in Europe.

12229:

At least twenty eight American Jews have been awarded the

12132:. Many Jews have been at the forefront of women's issues. 10363:

that developed and lived for centuries in the area of the

4493: 2863:

permitted Jews to become British citizens and emigrate to

2781:. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of 23231:

Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)

23201:

Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB)

23132: 21960:

Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation and Renewal

21672:. Malden, Ma; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 599–613. 21515:

History Lessons: The Creation of American Jewish Heritage

21497:(2 vol 2007), 775pp; comprehenisive coverage by experts; 18552:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 264. 17800: 16434: 16432: 14016:

Smith, Gregory A.; Martínez, Jessica (November 9, 2016).

13929:

Penkower, Monty Noam (2000). "Shaping Holocaust Memory".

12865: 12832: 12692: 12535:, one of the leading advocates of the establishment of a 12111: 11307:), 19% of American Jews believe that God does not exist. 10557:. That year, Meyerson served as acting chancellor of the 6201:

is home to by far the largest Jewish American population.

6005:

Metropolitan areas with largest Jewish populations (2015)

21369:

Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America.

21282:

A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920–1945

21013:

Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein (April 18, 2013).

20697:

JTA: "Jewish, Republican, pro-gay rights" By Ron Kampeas

19944: