Hebrew language - Knowledge

620: 1618: 2704:(the number of Biblical Hebrew roots, on which many of these words are based, is 2099). The number of attested Rabbinic Hebrew words is less than 20,000, of which (i) 7879 are Rabbinic par excellence, i.e. they did not appear in the Old Testament (the number of new Rabbinic Hebrew roots is 805); (ii) around 6000 are a subset of Biblical Hebrew; and (iii) several thousand are Aramaic words which can have a Hebrew form. Medieval Hebrew added 6421 words to (Modern) Hebrew. The approximate number of new lexical items in Israeli is 17,000 (cf. 14,762 in Even-Shoshan 1970 ). With the inclusion of foreign and technical terms , the total number of Israeli words, including words of biblical, rabbinic and medieval descent, is more than 60,000. 2183: 5434: 1841:. The earlier section of the Talmud is the Mishnah that was published around 200 CE, although many of the stories take place much earlier, and were written in the earlier Mishnaic dialect. The dialect is also found in certain Dead Sea Scrolls. Mishnaic Hebrew is considered to be one of the dialects of Classical Hebrew that functioned as a living language in the land of Israel. A transitional form of the language occurs in the other works of Tannaitic literature dating from the century beginning with the completion of the Mishnah. These include the 6466: 6448: 6430: 6412: 6394: 69: 665: 5891: 2721: 685: 7025:"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. A professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews... the Jewish community in, say, Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore, they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." – Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's 12250: 1945: 1490: 12233: 1926: 6664:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 6071: 2120:'s letters to his lieutenants, which were mostly in Aramaic, and Maimonides' writings, which were mostly in Arabic; but overall, Hebrew did not cease to be used for such purposes. For example, the first Middle East printing press, in Safed (modern Israel), produced a small number of books in Hebrew in 1577, which were then sold to the nearby Jewish world. This meant not only that well-educated Jews in all parts of the world could correspond in a 2416:(because Hebrew was the holy language of the Torah and therefore some thought that it should not be used to discuss everyday matters), many soon understood the need for a common language amongst Jews of the British Mandate who at the turn of the 20th century were arriving in large numbers from diverse countries and speaking different languages. A Committee of the Hebrew Language was established. After the establishment of Israel, it became the 12148: 12199: 8933: 6043: 12267: 12216: 12182: 6057: 12165: 1272: 2500: 2488: 7910:

periods."; p. 107 "John did not mention what either βεθεσδα or γαββαθα meant. They may both have been loanwords from Greek and Latin respectively." p103 "βεθεσδα ... (בית-אסטא(ן ... house of portico ... 3Q15 אסטאן הדרומית southern portico," and Latin gabata (p. 106) "means platter, dish... perhaps a mosaic design in the pavement ... " The Latin loanword is attested as "bowl" in later

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Randall Buth and Chad Pierce "EBRAISTI in Ancient Texts, Does ἑβραιστί ever Mean 'Aramaic'?" in Buth and Notley eds., Language Environment of First Century Judaea, Brill, 2014:66–109. p. 109 "no, Ἑβραιστί does not ever appear to mean Aramaic in attested texts during the Second Temple and Graeco-Roman

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Currently, 90% of Israeli Jews are proficient in Hebrew, and 70% are highly proficient. Some 60% of Israeli Arabs are also proficient in Hebrew, and 30% report having a higher proficiency in Hebrew than in Arabic. In total, about 53% of the Israeli population speaks Hebrew as a native language, while

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education (the language itself did not cease to be studied at universities for historical and linguistic purposes). The official ordinance stated that Yiddish, being the spoken language of the Russian Jews, should be treated as their only national language, while Hebrew was to be treated as a foreign

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Sometimes the above phases of spoken Classical Hebrew are simplified into "Biblical Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 10th century BCE to 2nd century BCE and extant in certain Dead Sea Scrolls) and "Mishnaic Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE

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The vowel accompanying each of these letters may differ from those listed above, depending on the first letter or vowel following it. The rules governing these changes are hardly observed in colloquial speech as most speakers tend to employ the regular form. However, they may be heard in more formal

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In the Soviet Union, the use of Hebrew, along with other Jewish cultural and religious activities, was suppressed. Soviet authorities considered the use of Hebrew "reactionary" since it was associated with Zionism, and the teaching of Hebrew at primary and secondary schools was officially banned by

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from the large corpus of Hebrew writings since the Hebrew Bible, or borrowed from Arabic (mainly by Ben-Yehuda) and older Aramaic and Latin. Many new words were either borrowed from or coined after European languages, especially English, Russian, German, and French. Modern Hebrew became an official

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was to "produce a work that could be studied daily so that Jews might know the proper procedures to follow minute by minute". The work was nevertheless written in Talmudic Hebrew and Aramaic, since, "the ordinary Jew of a century ago, was fluent enough in this idiom to be able to follow the Mishna

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About a century after the publication of the Mishnah, Mishnaic Hebrew fell into disuse as a spoken language. By the third century CE, sages could no longer identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the Mishnah. Only a few sages, primarily in the southern regions, retained the ability to

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Standard Biblical Hebrew, also called Biblical Hebrew, Early Biblical Hebrew, Classical Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew (in the narrowest sense), around the 8th to 6th centuries BCE, corresponding to the late Monarchic period and the Babylonian exile. It is represented by the bulk of the Hebrew

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Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the "Sephardic" pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew. However, in many British and American schools and synagogues, this pronunciation retains several elements of its Ashkenazi substrate,

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argues that after waning in the Persian period, the religious importance of Hebrew grew in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and cites epigraphical evidence that Hebrew survived as a vernacular language – though both its grammar and its writing system had been substantially influenced by Aramaic.

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Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). According to the Turkish state, only Greek,

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Hebrew persevered through the ages as the main language for written purposes by all Jewish communities around the world for a large range of uses—not only liturgy, but also poetry, philosophy, science and medicine, commerce, daily correspondence and contracts. There have been many deviations from

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and thus still influences all other regional dialects of Hebrew. This Tiberian Hebrew from the 7th to 10th century CE is sometimes called "Biblical Hebrew" because it is used to pronounce the Hebrew Bible; however, properly it should be distinguished from the historical Biblical Hebrew of the 6th

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contains some Semitic place names and quotes. The language of such Semitic glosses (and in general the language spoken by Jews in scenes from the New Testament) is often referred to as "Hebrew" in the text, although this term is often re-interpreted as referring to Aramaic instead and is rendered

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with powerful ties to Israel's history, origins and golden age and as the language of Israel's religion; Aramaic functioned as the international language with the rest of the Middle East; and eventually Greek functioned as another international language with the eastern areas of the Roman Empire.

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Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel (1993): "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in

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language, and that books and legal documents published or written in any part of the world could be read by Jews in all other parts, but that an educated Jew could travel and converse with Jews in distant places, just as priests and other educated Christians could converse in Latin. For example,

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The Qumran scrolls indicate that Hebrew texts were readily understandable to the average Jew, and that the language had evolved since Biblical times as spoken languages do. Recent scholarship recognizes that reports of Jews speaking in Aramaic indicate a multilingual society, not necessarily the

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language. Hebrew books and periodicals ceased to be published and were seized from the libraries, although liturgical texts were still published until the 1930s. Despite numerous protests, a policy of suppression of the teaching of Hebrew operated from the 1930s on. Later in the 1980s in the

2198:(Enlightenment) movement of early and mid-19th-century Germany. In the early 19th century, a form of spoken Hebrew had emerged in the markets of Jerusalem between Jews of different linguistic backgrounds to communicate for commercial purposes. This Hebrew dialect was to a certain extent a 1890:, generally comments on the Mishnah and Baraitot in two forms of Aramaic. Nevertheless, Hebrew survived as a liturgical and literary language in the form of later Amoraic Hebrew, which occasionally appears in the text of the Gemara, particularly in the Jerusalem Talmud and the classical 5799: 5329:. 4-consonant roots also exist and became more frequent in the modern language due to a process of coining verbs from nouns that are themselves constructed from 3-consonant verbs. Some triliteral roots lose one of their consonants in most forms and are called "Nakhim" (Resting). 6261:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: "Thus in certain sources Aramaic words are termed 'Hebrew,' ... For example: η επιλεγομενη εβραιστι βηθεσδα 'which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda' (John 5.2). This is not a Hebrew name but rather an Aramaic one: בית חסדא, 'the house of

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to the Hebrew letters to preserve much earlier features of Hebrew, for use in chanting the Hebrew Bible. The Masoretes inherited a biblical text whose letters were considered too sacred to be altered, so their markings were in the form of pointing in and around the letters. The

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and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible, notably the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Basically similar to Classical Biblical Hebrew, apart from a few foreign words adopted for mainly governmental terms, and some syntactical innovations such as the use of the particle

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recognized Hebrew as one of the country's three official languages (English, Arabic, and Hebrew, in 1922), its new formal status contributed to its diffusion. A constructed modern language with a truly Semitic vocabulary and written appearance, although often European in

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and extant in certain other Dead Sea Scrolls). However, today most Hebrew linguists classify Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew as a set of dialects evolving out of Late Biblical Hebrew and into Mishnaic Hebrew, thus including elements from both but remaining distinct from either.

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and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic

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and Ben Yehuda are notable exceptions to this view. During the latter half of the 20th century, accumulating archaeological evidence and especially linguistic analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls has disproven that view. The Dead Sea Scrolls, uncovered in 1946–1948 near

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was mainly used in Galilee in the north, Greek was concentrated in the former colonies and around governmental centers, and Hebrew monolingualism continued mainly in the southern villages of Judea." In other words, "in terms of dialect geography, at the time of the

3018:(northern and eastern European) traditions have lost emphatics and pharyngeals (although according to Ashkenazi law, pharyngeal articulation is preferred over uvular or glottal articulation when representing the community in religious service such as prayer and 1545:

in Jerusalem, and represented by the Qumran Scrolls that form most (but not all) of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Commonly abbreviated as DSS Hebrew, also called Qumran Hebrew. The Imperial Aramaic script of the earlier scrolls in the 3rd century BCE evolved into the

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activity into a gradually accepted movement. It was not, however, until the 1904–1914 Second Aliyah that Hebrew had caught real momentum in Ottoman Palestine with the more highly organized enterprises set forth by the new group of immigrants. When the

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script is used in handwriting: the letters tend to appear more circular in form when written in cursive, and sometimes vary markedly from their printed equivalents. The medieval version of the cursive script forms the basis of another style, known as

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which once said, in 1958 in its first edition, that Hebrew "ceased to be a spoken language around the fourth century BCE", now says, in its 1997 (third) edition, that Hebrew "continued to be used as a spoken and written language in the New Testament

2428:). The seeds of Ben-Yehuda's work fell on fertile ground, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. At the time, members of the 2087:

motivated Medieval Hebrew to borrow terminology and grammar from these other languages, or to coin equivalent terms from existing Hebrew roots, giving rise to a distinct style of philosophical Hebrew. This is used in the translations made by the

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said, four languages are appropriate that the world should use them, and they are these: The Foreign Language (Greek) for song, Latin for war, Syriac for elegies, Hebrew for speech. Some are saying, also Assyrian (Hebrew script) for writing."

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These pronunciations are still used in synagogue ritual and religious study in Israel and elsewhere, mostly by people who are not native speakers of Hebrew. However, some traditionalist Israelis use liturgical pronunciations in prayer.

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differs from other Mizrahi dialects by having a radically different vowel system, and distinguishing between different diacritically marked consonants that are pronounced identically in other dialects (for example gimel and "ghimel".)

1911:, they adapted to the societies in which they found themselves, yet letters, contracts, commerce, science, philosophy, medicine, poetry and laws continued to be written mostly in Hebrew, which adapted by borrowing and inventing terms. 1754:

According to another summary, Greek was the language of government, Hebrew the language of prayer, study and religious texts, and Aramaic was the language of legal contracts and trade. There was also a geographic pattern: according to

1299:(YHV), according to the author and his team meant that the tablet is Hebrew and not Canaanite. However, practically all professional archeologists and epigraphers apart from Stripling's team claim that there is no text on this object. 6277:(and its related expressions) seems to mean 'in Hebrew', and it has often been argued that it means this and nothing more. As is well known, it is used at times with words and expressions that are clearly Aramaic. Thus in John 19:13, 5909: 1588:

By the start of the Byzantine Period in the 4th century CE, Classical Hebrew ceased as a regularly spoken language, roughly a century after the publication of the Mishnah, apparently declining since the aftermath of the catastrophic

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bill for the preservation of the Hebrew language was proposed, which includes the stipulation that all signage in Israel must first and foremost be in Hebrew, as with all speeches by Israeli officials abroad. The bill's author, MK

619: 1245:, but it continued to be used as a literary language, especially in Spain, as the language of commerce between Jews of different native languages, and as the liturgical language of Judaism, evolving various dialects of literary 6802:

Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been

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is a proposed northern dialect of biblical Hebrew, believed to have existed in all eras of the language, in some cases competing with late biblical Hebrew as an explanation for non-standard linguistic features of biblical

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currently invents about 2,000 new Hebrew words each year for modern words by finding an original Hebrew word that captures the meaning, as an alternative to incorporating more English words into Hebrew vocabulary. The

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While there is no doubt that at a certain point, Hebrew was displaced as the everyday spoken language of most Jews, and that its chief successor in the Middle East was the closely related Aramaic language, then

2226:), began reviving Hebrew as a modern spoken language. Eventually, as a result of the local movement he created, but more significantly as a result of the new groups of immigrants known under the name of the 1617: 6251:

Fernández & Elwolde: "It is generally believed that the Dead Sea Scrolls, specifically the Copper Scroll and also the Bar Kokhba letters, have furnished clear evidence of the popular character of MH

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accordingly in recent translations. Nonetheless, these glosses can be interpreted as Hebrew as well. It has been argued that Hebrew, rather than Aramaic or Koine Greek, lay behind the composition of the

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Like most other languages, the vocabulary of the Hebrew language is divided into verbs, nouns, adjectives and so on, and its sentence structure can be analyzed by terms like object, subject and so on.

2009:, a Hebrew Bible with the Masoretic pointing, was written in the 10th century, likely in Tiberias, and survives into the present day. It is perhaps the most important Hebrew manuscript in existence. 7975: 7566: 2790:

Hebrew is one of several languages for which the constitution of South Africa calls to be respected in their use for religious purposes. Also, Hebrew is an official national minority language in

666: 6908:"Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion" 8764: 7365: 5907: 7046: 686: 2305:

from its local Jerusalemite tradition but adapts it with numerous neologisms, borrowed terms (often technical) from European languages and adopted terms (often colloquial) from Arabic.

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municipality has banned officials from using English words in official documents, and is fighting to stop businesses from using only English signs to market their services. In 2012, a

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in the 2nd century CE, Judaeans were forced to disperse. Many relocated to Galilee, so most remaining native speakers of Hebrew at that last stage would have been found in the north.

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primary language spoken. Alongside Aramaic, Hebrew co-existed within Israel as a spoken language. Most scholars now date the demise of Hebrew as a spoken language to the end of the

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conquered Babylon, he allowed the Jewish people to return from captivity. In time, a local version of Aramaic came to be spoken in Israel alongside Hebrew. By the beginning of the

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of the State of Israel, while pre-revival forms of Hebrew are used for prayer or study in Jewish and Samaritan communities around the world today; the latter group utilizes the

8154: 6907: 5179:. In all of these cases, however, the sounds represented by the same letter eventually merged, leaving no evidence (other than early transcriptions) of the former distinctions. 1326:

differentiation between the scripts, and between the languages themselves in that period, remains unclear", and suggested that calling the text Hebrew might be going too far.

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This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

6574: 5212:. It is known to have occurred in Hebrew by the 2nd century. After a certain point this alternation became contrastive in word-medial and final position (though bearing low 2730:

Modern Hebrew is the primary official language of the State of Israel. As of 2013, there are about 9 million Hebrew speakers worldwide, of whom 7 million speak it fluently.

2076:, in a "purified" Hebrew based on the work of these grammarians, and in Arabic quantitative or strophic meters. This literary Hebrew was later used by Italian Jewish poets. 5325:, from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed in various ways: e.g. by inserting vowels, doubling consonants, lengthening vowels and/or adding prefixes, suffixes or 10027: 7696: 7097: 6651: 2265:

The major result of the literary work of the Hebrew intellectuals along the 19th century was a lexical modernization of Hebrew. New words and expressions were adapted as

1696:, Hermit, Zealot and Priest classes maintained an insistence on Hebrew, and all Jews maintained their identity with Hebrew songs and simple quotations from Hebrew texts. 8969: 7923:

Grintz, Jehoshua M., "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple", Journal of Biblical Literature (1960) 79 (1): pp. 32–47.

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Hebrew was always regarded as the language of Israel's religion, history and national pride, and after it faded as a spoken language, it continued to be used as a

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from the 1st to the 3rd or 4th century CE, corresponding to the Roman Period after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and represented by the bulk of the

1118:‎), meaning "beyond", "other side", "across"; interpretations of the term "Hebrew" generally render its meaning as roughly "from the other side "—i.e., an 1186:, from the 2nd century BCE. The Hebrew Bible does not use the term "Hebrew" in reference to the language of the Hebrew people; its later historiography, in the 5946:, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the 1453:. It comprises several evolving and overlapping dialects. The phases of Classical Hebrew are often named after important literary works associated with them. 9027: 6331:

could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would be recognized as an alternating allophone (as apparently is the case in Nestorian Syriac). See

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Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006

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Steps have been taken to keep Hebrew the primary language of use, and to prevent large-scale incorporation of English words into the Hebrew vocabulary. The

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The exact roles of Aramaic and Hebrew remain hotly debated. A trilingual scenario has been proposed for the land of Israel. Hebrew functioned as the local

7946:הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. 7657: 7153: 5305:", meaning "of". There are many cases, however, where older declined forms are retained (especially in idiomatic expressions and the like), and "person"- 7558: 3049:

Modern Hebrew pronunciation developed from a mixture of the different Jewish reading traditions, generally tending towards simplification. In line with

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Archaic Biblical Hebrew, also called Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew, from the 10th to the 6th century BCE, corresponding to the Monarchic Period until the

1864:. The Talmud contains excerpts from these works, as well as further Tannaitic material not attested elsewhere; the generic term for these passages is 6610: 8756: 2277:

In the Modern Period, from the 19th century onward, the literary Hebrew tradition revived as the spoken language of modern Israel, called variously

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The Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

7332:אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel-Aviv, 1981. 9830: 7038: 5859:, which are consonantal letters used as vowels. Further diacritics may serve to indicate variations in the pronunciation of the consonants (e.g. 2270:

language in British-ruled Palestine in 1921 (along with English and Arabic), and then in 1948 became an official language of the newly declared

2016:, important work was done by grammarians in explaining the grammar and vocabulary of Biblical Hebrew; much of this was based on the work of the 1230:

during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a spoken vernacular in ancient times following the

12322: 9877: 8013: 1704:, scholarly opinions on the exact dating of that shift have changed very much. In the first half of the 20th century, most scholars followed 8937: 8366: 6527: 5900: 8088: 10100: 7388: 6975: 5620:

Negative and interrogative sentences have the same order as the regular declarative one. A question that has a yes/no answer begins with

8127: 7589:"William M. Schniedewind, "Prolegomena for the Sociolinguistics of Classical Hebrew", The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures vol. 5 article 6" 6881: 6323:, or else and would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited 11350: 8570: 8502: 8597: 9076: 8539: 8430: 7836:

Spolsky, B. (1985). "Jewish Multilingualism in the First century: An Essay in Historical Sociolinguistics", Joshua A. Fishman (ed.),

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The definite article may be inserted between a preposition or a conjunction and the word it refers to, creating composite words like

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ordering, this gradually transitioned to a subject-verb-object ordering. Many Hebrew sentences have several correct orders of words.

1779:, while Aramaic was prevalent in the lower class of Jerusalem, but not in the surrounding countryside. After the suppression of the 10663: 9785: 2308:

The literary and narrative use of Hebrew was revived beginning with the Haskalah movement. The first secular periodical in Hebrew,

2230:, it replaced a score of languages spoken by Jews at that time. Those languages were Jewish dialects of local languages, including 881:

Hebrew ceased to be a regular spoken language sometime between 200 and 400 CE, as it declined in the aftermath of the unsuccessful

766:, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the 8191: 6567: 5646:) for direct objects that would not have a preposition marker in English. The English phrase "he ate the cake" would in Hebrew be 10614: 10589: 4020: 2395:

and others. His organizational efforts and involvement with the establishment of schools and the writing of textbooks pushed the

8814: 8005: 7536: 7105: 11525: 10653: 10632: 8309: 7688: 6633: 6130: 6095: 5546: 3947: 2445: 7479: 6962:

Hoffman, Joel M. In the Beginning : A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York, New York University Press, 2006, p. 169.

2712:(singular: Ulpan). There are government-owned, as well as private, Ulpanim offering online courses and face-to-face programs. 964:. Estimates of worldwide usage include five million speakers in 1998, and over nine million people in 2013. After Israel, the 11500: 10648: 8902: 8881: 8858: 8839: 8799: 8724: 8691: 8344: 8292: 8121: 7959: 7818: 7732: 7398: 7359: 7282: 6875: 6782: 6645: 2013: 8908: 8398: 8349: 7220: 7071: 5232:

in modern Hebrew). (The others are pronounced like the corresponding stops, as Modern Hebrew pronunciation was based on the

8239: 7810: 5059: 4063: 4055: 3758: 2841: 2112:. Subsequent rabbinic literature is written in a blend between this style and the Aramaized Rabbinic Hebrew of the Talmud. 1384:

Numerous older tablets have been found in the region with similar scripts written in other Semitic languages, for example,

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were already in use as international languages, especially among societal elites and immigrants. Hebrew survived into the

12136: 11515: 11510: 10683: 10678: 7900:, W.B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1979, 4 vols. vol.1 sub.'Aramaic' p.233: 'in the Aramaic vernacular of Palestine' 7507: 4968: 4838: 4252: 4244: 3025: 2519:

pronunciation. However, the earliest speakers of Modern Hebrew had Yiddish as their native language and often introduced

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Palestine could be divided into the Aramaic-speaking regions of Galilee and Samaria and a smaller area, Judaea, in which

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continued to be used as a vernacular in Judea until it was displaced by Aramaic, probably in the 3rd century CE. Certain

1123: 826: 602: 8686:. Linguistic studies in ancient West Semitic. Vol. 2 (revised ed.). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 78–81. 5198:) when occurring after a vowel and not geminated. This change probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes 2328:) from 1783 onwards. In the mid-19th century, publications of several Eastern European Hebrew-language newspapers (e.g. 9114: 8208: 6941: 6818: 2734:

most of the rest speak it fluently. In 2013 Hebrew was the native language of 49% of Israelis over the age of 20, with

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Stripling, Scott; Galil, Gershon; Kumpova, Ivana; Valach, Jaroslav; Van Der Veen, Pieter Gert; Vavrik, Daniel (2023).

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According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely that begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of

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that are added to words for various purposes. These are called inseparable prepositions or "Letters of Use" (Hebrew:

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century BCE, whose original pronunciation must be reconstructed. Tiberian Hebrew incorporates the scholarship of the

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in the 4th century BCE, and that as a corollary Hebrew ceased to function as a spoken language around the same time.

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Hebrew from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, corresponding to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods before the

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Hebrew has always been used as the language of prayer and study, and the following pronunciation systems are found.

10604: 8719:. Routledge language family series (2nd ed.). London New York (N. Y.) Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 511. 6678:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 3939: 3107: 2958: 1287:

In May 2023, Scott Stripling published the finding of what he claims to be the oldest known Hebrew inscription, a

747:. It is the only Canaanite language, as well as one of only two Northwest Semitic languages, with the other being 11910: 11570: 10609: 10599: 10093: 10022: 8619: 8462: 7787:

Borrás, Judit Targarona and Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (1999). Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. P.3

7194: 5875:); and, in some contexts, to indicate the punctuation, accentuation and musical rendition of Biblical texts (see 5220:, the distinction has a higher functional load due to the loss of gemination, although only the three fricatives 2977: 1400:, and was the first to use a Semitic alphabet distinct from that of Egyptian. One ancient document is the famous 592: 9995: 7243: 6603:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government" 11343: 10938: 10052: 9741: 9736: 9109: 8954: 8403: 8238:[Jewish Soviet Culture Was Sentenced to Destruction in the 1930s] (in Russian). Berkovich-zametki.com. 8032: 7665: 4538: 2972: 2828: 2770: 2766: 2724: 2417: 2352: 2177: 1349:, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar (named after 1315: 1250: 933: 740: 435: 174: 6298:

These pronunciations may have originated in learners' mistakes formed on the analogy of other suffixed forms (

2096:

family. (Original Jewish philosophical works were usually written in Arabic.) Another important influence was

1713: 1712:

in thinking that Aramaic became a spoken language in the land of Israel as early as the beginning of Israel's

12171: 12095: 10594: 10506: 10037: 9069: 7911: 3115: 2017: 582: 467: 34:

This article is about the Hebrew language in general. For the revived version as it is spoken in Israel, see

12154: 9044: 1738: 1649:

learned Aramaic, the closely related Semitic language of their captors. Thus, for a significant period, the

485: 12317: 12297: 11925: 11520: 11505: 10673: 10658: 9863: 9746: 8973: 7126: 6140: 5281:. However, inflection plays a decisive role in the formation of verbs and nouns. For example, nouns have a 3874: 3866: 3033: 2992: 2950: 2934: 1417: 6602: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 5456: 5423: 5411: 5403: 5388: 5376: 5368: 5357: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5203: 5199: 5187: 5176: 5165: 5154: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4545: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4367: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4095: 4090: 4085: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3121: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 2964: 2944: 2931: 2909: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2847: 2820: 2587: 12302: 12089: 11610: 11272: 10668: 10382: 9816: 9261: 6723:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities" 6090: 5965: 4578: 4360: 4209: 4201: 2987: 2982: 2918: 2823: 1439:

In its widest sense, Biblical Hebrew refers to the spoken language of ancient Israel flourishing between

1223: 1216: 708: 430: 216: 9520: 2530:

Despite using Sephardic Hebrew pronunciation as its primary basis, modern Israeli Hebrew has adapted to

11575: 11485: 10527: 10520: 10086: 9984: 8873: 4903: 4473: 4012: 3474: 3403: 3074: 2967: 2912: 2898: 2893: 2850: 1314:

that he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating from around 3,000 years ago.

1007: 936:

as a spoken and literary language. The creation of a modern version of the ancient language was led by

10241: 2182: 1821:, excepting quotations from the Hebrew Bible. The dialects organize into Mishnaic Hebrew (also called 12307: 11479: 11474: 11336: 11186: 10477: 10455: 10439: 10188: 10168: 10133: 9916: 9036: 8435: 6177: 5317:

Like all Semitic languages, the Hebrew language exhibits a pattern of stems consisting typically of "

5252: 5057: 4966: 4901: 4836: 4771: 4706: 4641: 4576: 4536: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4398: 4358: 4293: 4285: 4250: 4242: 4207: 4199: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4061: 4053: 4018: 4010: 3945: 3937: 3872: 3864: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3756: 3748: 3683: 3618: 3543: 3472: 3401: 3330: 3259: 3188: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3089: 3081: 3031: 3023: 2956: 2948: 2839: 1857: 1542: 1276: 1104: 211: 6465: 6447: 6429: 6411: 6393: 5744: 12292: 11788: 11756: 10949: 10572: 10047: 9926: 9780: 9458: 9227: 9062: 7865:. The Hebrew and Aramaic languages. In The Biblical World (2002), Volume 2 (John Barton, ed.). P.19 7840:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 35–50. Also adopted by Smelik, Willem F. 1996. The Targum of Judges. P.9 2997: 2924: 2759: 2437: 2080: 1796: 1307: 576: 8985: 6538: 5433: 2680:

similarly in popular speech, penultimate stress in verb forms with a second person plural suffix (

11902: 11803: 11651: 11461: 10991: 10928: 10752: 10138: 9823: 9802: 9765: 9653: 9453: 9235: 9202: 9123: 8376: 6105: 5981: 5980:. This pronunciation, in the form used by the Jerusalem Sephardic community, is the basis of the 5396: 5233: 4295: 3750: 3545: 3261: 3190: 3091: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2855: 2811: 2595: 2524: 2191: 1292: 1288: 1266: 890: 744: 363: 340: 335: 169: 28: 9552: 5301:. In modern speech, the use of the construct is sometimes interchangeable with the preposition " 10314: 10151: 10128: 10123: 9463: 9119: 8080: 6135: 4287: 3620: 3135: 3099: 3014:) Jewish reading traditions, the emphatic consonants are realized as pharyngealized, while the 2239: 2027: 1734: 645: 206: 17: 10709: 9530: 9032: 8654:

From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew: Phonology: etymological approach in a Hamito-Semitic perspective

8284: 8278: 8061:

Safrai, Shmuel, Shemuel Safrai, M. Stern. 1976. The Jewish people in the first century. P.1036

7801: 6972: 5743:(the ' indicates non-standard use). This phenomenon has also been found by researchers in the 12256: 12099: 12085: 11632: 11585: 11565: 11558: 11548: 11543: 11535: 11367: 11316: 10888: 10561: 10227: 10213: 10057: 10042: 9688: 9448: 9302: 8328: 8111: 8081:"1577 The First Printing Press in the Middle East – Safed – Center for Online Judaic Studies" 7272: 6894:

Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'

6865: 6085: 5821: 5246: 5157:, no letters were available to represent these sounds, and existing letters did double duty: 4708: 4643: 3083: 3043: 2693: 2425: 2121: 1626: 1474: 1385: 1362: 1262: 995: 875: 755: 712: 624: 331: 196: 105: 8562: 8494: 5451:

circumstances. For example, if a preposition is put before a word that begins with a moving

1771:

was used among the descendants of returning exiles." In addition, it has been surmised that

968:

has the largest Hebrew-speaking population, with approximately 220,000 fluent speakers (see

910: 181:, of which 5 million are native speakers and 3.3 million are second language speakers (2018) 12046: 11997: 11829: 11243: 10954: 10292: 9648: 9568: 9297: 9011: 8593: 8188: 7797: 7727:. Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Vol. 17. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 9. 6110: 5560: 5202:

disappeared in the 7th century BCE, and most likely occurred after the loss of Hebrew

3332: 2878: 2807: 2692:

The vocabulary of Israeli Hebrew is much larger than that of earlier periods. According to

2574:) by most Hebrew speakers with uvular and glottal , respectively, by most Hebrew speakers. 2542: 2345: 2207: 1948: 1750: 1642: 1547: 1458: 1389: 1135: 767: 732: 353: 344: 8535: 8440: 7595: 5064:

in Biblical Hebrew, but no letter was available in the Phoenician alphabet, so the letter

1903:

among scholars and Jews traveling in foreign countries. After the 2nd century CE when the

8: 12036: 11590: 11580: 11257: 10895: 10838: 10766: 10727: 10703: 10548: 10363: 10324: 9886: 9695: 9683: 9601: 9405: 8990: 8959: 5994:

is actually a collection of dialects spoken liturgically by Jews in various parts of the

5916: 5876: 5829: 3685: 3394: 2473:

and others responsible for a Hebrew learning network connecting many cities of the USSR.

2466: 2401: 2341: 2061: 1993: 1397: 1354: 1212: 906: 716: 221: 154: 12188: 8209:"The Transformation of Jewish Culture in the USSR from 1930 to the Present (in Russian)" 8113:

Mishnah B'rurah – Israel Meir (ha-Kohen), Aharon Feldman, Aviel Orenstein – Google Books

1775:

was the primary vehicle of communication in coastal cities and among the upper class of

11971: 11963: 11877: 11823: 11698: 11660: 11626: 11553: 9921: 9769: 9710: 9705: 9583: 8649: 8336: 7457: 6774: 6169: 5825: 5553: 5333: 2835: 2364: 2203: 2154: 1478: 1405: 1119: 953: 937: 11863: 11081: 10959: 8996: 8151:"This week in history: Revival of the Hebrew language – Jewish World – Jerusalem Post" 5125:

Biblical Hebrew as of the 3rd century BCE apparently still distinguished the phonemes

3104:

rather than an alveolar trill, because of Ashkenazi Hebrew influences. The consonants

568: 12066: 12052: 12018: 11884: 11229: 11023: 10902: 10775: 10536: 10494: 10368: 10161: 10109: 9979: 9974: 9761: 9658: 9591: 9556: 9505: 8898: 8877: 8854: 8835: 8810: 8795: 8720: 8687: 8340: 8288: 8117: 7955: 7814: 7728: 7528: 7461: 7449: 7394: 7355: 7278: 7161: 6871: 6778: 6734: 6688: 6641: 6115: 5850: 5524: 5474:(= "from the village"). The latter also demonstrates the change in the vowel of 5350: 5258: 2457:, Hebrew studies reappeared due to people struggling for permission to go to Israel ( 2376: 2055: 1908: 1838: 1800: 1792: 1780: 1590: 1573: 1169: 983: 969: 957: 882: 855: 201: 68: 12239: 8315: 7390:

The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language

1498: 1412:, is an early example of Hebrew. Less ancient samples of Archaic Hebrew include the 598: 12327: 12026: 11983: 11978: 11967: 11946: 11935: 11891: 11708: 11673: 11636: 11492: 11469: 11422: 11359: 11309: 11264: 11250: 11060: 11011: 10974: 10879: 10865: 10831: 10801: 10782: 10747: 10513: 10487: 10461: 10421: 10414: 10354: 10337: 10309: 10285: 10177: 10069: 9954: 9809: 9214: 9182: 9149: 7475: 7439: 7347: 6125: 5951: 5943: 5855: 5685: 5278: 3039: 3015: 3006:

A number of reading traditions have been preserved in liturgical use. In Oriental (

2751: 2747: 2735: 2531: 2420:. The results of Ben-Yehuda's lexicographical work were published in a dictionary ( 2371:. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora " 2359:

was initiated in the late 19th century by the efforts of Ben-Yehuda. He joined the

2302: 2255: 2251: 2140: 2117: 2073: 2037: 2021: 1875: 1630: 1602: 1538: 1524: 1518: 1334: 1231: 1227: 1026: 987: 692: 552: 541: 530: 349: 302: 287: 141: 85: 1508:

Late Biblical Hebrew, from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BCE, corresponding to the

1353:

in whose proximity it was found) is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the

12205: 12042: 12032: 12022: 11809: 11727: 11688: 11447: 11442: 11427: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11277: 11181: 11155: 11104: 10969: 10909: 10817: 10810: 10794: 10715: 10466: 10342: 10332: 9964: 9959: 9949: 9756: 9720: 9626: 9562: 9540: 9317: 9219: 9209: 9187: 9161: 9156: 9144: 9104: 9048: 8892: 8594:"Druse MK wins prize for helping preserve Hebrew | JPost | Israel News" 8408: 8353: 8264: 8195: 8036: 7931: 7216: 7075: 6979: 6173: 6165: 6120: 6076: 6007: 6003: 5977: 5961: 5813: 5802: 5789: 5542: 5282: 5270: 5213: 5095: 3161: 3156: 3050: 3007: 2816: 2743: 2739: 2720: 2701: 2602:, by most of the speakers, like in most varieties of standard German or Yiddish. 2516: 2512: 2504: 2433: 2384: 2380: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2161: 2101: 2084: 2033: 2002: 1998: 1964: 1960: 1920: 1842: 1830: 1812: 1768: 1755: 1721: 1717: 1681: 1657: 1557: 1470: 1434: 1413: 1378: 1346: 1311: 1303: 1246: 1065: 918: 772: 763: 724: 675: 655: 635: 519: 323: 262: 257: 252: 188: 158: 146: 134: 112: 10428: 8347: 8235: 3053:

pronunciation, emphatic consonants have shifted to their ordinary counterparts,

2963:

instead. The Tiberian reading tradition of the Middle Ages had the vowel system

2908:). The earliest Biblical Hebrew vowel system contained the Proto-Semitic vowels 1817:

The term "Mishnaic Hebrew" generally refers to the Hebrew dialects found in the

12115: 11846: 11836: 11797: 11732: 11437: 11432: 11237: 11191: 11161: 11138: 11132: 11016: 10964: 10845: 10619: 10448: 9969: 9573: 9292: 9282: 9197: 9192: 7862: 7444: 7427: 6194: 6062: 5991: 5985: 5973: 5841: 5837: 5793: 5630:, an interrogative form of 'if'), but it is largely omitted in informal speech. 5444: 3011: 2755: 2449: 2388: 2368: 2356: 2311: 2231: 2126: 2069: 1705: 1701: 1677: 1509: 1366: 1358: 1330: 1242: 1200: 1187: 1183: 1151: 991: 914: 902: 894: 327: 316: 150: 81: 8897:. Translated by John Elwolde. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 8311:

The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to its Syntax – a Case Study in Coptic

7887:

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 1979. A Wandering Armenian: Collected Aramaic Essays. P.43

7803:

Aramaic, the Death of Written Hebrew, and Language Shift in the Persian Period

7501: 6453: 6435: 6417: 6399: 6381: 5853:

marks above or below the letter representing the syllabic onset, or by use of

1222:

According to Avraham Ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the

723:

and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the

12286: 12077: 11993: 11940: 11930: 11920: 11816: 11746: 11719: 11621: 11616: 11406: 11171: 11166: 11076: 10823: 10348: 9425: 9166: 7778:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period. 2006. P.460

7627: 7453: 7165: 7154:"'One more racist law': reactions as Israel axes Arabic as official language" 6997:, edit. F.L. Cross, first edition (Oxford, 1958), 3rd edition (Oxford 1997). 6738: 6692: 6048: 5969: 5809: 5564: 5290: 5289:", to denote the relationship of "belonging to": this is the converse of the 5266: 5217: 4046: 3930: 3166: 3042:

tradition has a complex vowel system that does not correspond closely to the

3019: 2700:

The number of attested Biblical Hebrew words is 8198, of which some 2000 are

2591: 2482: 2392: 2227: 2107: 2065: 1899: 1837:

Hebrew (also called Late Rabbinic Hebrew or Mishnaic Hebrew II), which was a

1787: 1759: 1745: 1709: 1577: 1466: 1043: 979: 973: 965: 941: 509: 392: 370: 282: 178: 97: 74: 35: 10262: 9842: 8212: 7503:

See For Yourself: Analyzing the Ebal "Inscription" | Bible & Archaeology

7428:""You are Cursed by the God YHW:" an early Hebrew inscription from Mt. Ebal" 7072:"'Kometz Aleph – Au': How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?" 6937: 2321: 1944: 1489: 11870: 11097: 9700: 9616: 9548: 9390: 9350: 9330: 9277: 8371: 8236:"ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ СОВЕТСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА БЫЛА ПРИГОВОРЕНА К УНИЧТОЖЕНИЮ В 1930–Е ГОДЫ" 5846: 5087:, but the old spelling was largely retained, and the two pronunciations of 4959: 4699: 4456: 4400: 4119: 4003: 3181: 3069: 2798:

has made Hebrew a compulsory language taught in schools in the Gaza Strip.

2784: 2599: 2454: 2006: 1976: 1933: 1929: 1904: 1860:

etc.) and the expanded collection of Mishnah-related material known as the

1737:, or about 200 CE. It continued on as a literary language down through the 1611: 1370: 1319: 1147: 1143: 1108: 1011: 886: 759: 736: 414: 78: 9005: 6820:

Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey

6722: 6482: 5490:, the definite article is assimilated into the prefix, which then becomes 1925: 1095:). It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of 547: 536: 525: 514: 504: 12062: 11856: 11738: 10722: 10407: 9775: 9621: 9345: 9287: 8679: 6853:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–13. 5694:

should never be used as it elongates the sentence without adding meaning.

5361: 5274: 5262: 4569: 2462: 2325: 2133: 2047: 1772: 1401: 1235: 1127: 1003: 999: 898: 867: 623:

The word IVRIT ("Hebrew") written in modern Hebrew language (top) and in

2387:. However, his brand of Hebrew followed norms that had been replaced in 11989: 10269: 10220: 9665: 9023: 9000: 8261:

Protest against the suppression of Hebrew in the Soviet Union 1930–1931

7476:"Ancient tablet found on Mount Ebal predates known Hebrew inscriptions" 6458: 6440: 6422: 6404: 6386: 5932: 5322: 5318: 5183: 5150: 2905: 2605: 2396: 2097: 2091: 1693: 1661: 1646: 1482: 1393: 1088: 1080: 1030: 743:

in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of

720: 9855: 7954:] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. p. 218. 7559:"Have Israeli Archaeologists Found World's Oldest Hebrew Inscription?" 7187:"Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side" 7186: 4235: 3741: 1874:

speak the language and attempted to promote its use. According to the

994:, it is studied mostly by non-Israeli Jews and students in Israel, by 11915: 11764: 11713: 11693: 10234: 9640: 9611: 6372:. s. 2. Reprinted in Sweden by Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala, 2006. 5920: 2534: 2458: 2413: 2406: 2266: 1981: 1937: 1870:. The dialect of all these works is very similar to Mishnaic Hebrew. 1776: 1729:

revealed ancient Jewish texts overwhelmingly in Hebrew, not Aramaic.

1689: 1685: 1669: 1634: 1517:(alternative of "asher", meaning "that, which, who"). It adopted the 1494: 1409: 1155: 1139: 1131: 561: 495: 477: 459: 12222: 10078: 9810:

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

8563:"Keeping Hebrew Israel's living language – Israel Culture, Ynetnews" 8027: 6768: 6685:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

6568:"The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland" 5514:(the form of "min" or "mi-" used before the letter "he"), therefore 2708:

In Israel, Modern Hebrew is currently taught in institutions called

2409:, was to take its place among the current languages of the nations. 1416:, which describe events preceding the final capture of Jerusalem by 808:) since ancient times. The language was not referred to by the name 11769: 11328: 10872: 10276: 10248: 9715: 9307: 9128: 8950: 8495:"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew – Israel News, Ynetnews" 6190: 6100: 6070: 5306: 5191: 2955:

in the Jewish traditions, though for the Samaritans it merged with

2195: 2041: 1968: 1388:. It is believed that the original shapes of the script go back to 1322:

said that the inscription was "proto-Canaanite" but cautioned that

1014: 922: 610: 11606: 11006: 9054: 8932: 8283:. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 7924: 6989: 6987: 5414:) (= "that"; a shortened version of the Biblical conjunction 2511:

Standard Hebrew, as developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, was based on

1396:

principle. The common ancestor of Hebrew and Phoenician is called

11841: 11774: 11703: 11669: 11055: 10391: 10255: 9989: 9944: 9041: 6228: 6202: 5955: 2779: 2360: 2331: 2235: 2223: 2145: 1972: 1891: 1866: 1861: 1845: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1764: 1673: 1665: 1638: 1565: 1561: 1381:

even in the places in which later Hebrew spelling requires them.

1342: 1096: 1092: 1058: 929: 863: 748: 728: 606: 162: 7689:"Who is King Cyrus, and why did Netanyahu compare him to Trump?" 6289:

is a Grecized form of the Aramaic word gabbětā, 'raised place.'"

5832:. Modern scripts derive from the "square" letter form, known as 2762:

and 12% of Arabs reported speaking Hebrew poorly or not at all.

2375:" lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop tools for making the 2194:

several times as a literary language, most significantly by the

1907:

exiled most of the Jewish population of Jerusalem following the

1333:

also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the

1033: 11283: 10197: 9606: 9515: 9510: 9495: 9490: 9440: 9395: 9380: 6984: 6028: 6024: 5947: 5426:) (= "as", "like"; a shortened version of the conjunction 5298: 4829: 3857: 2791: 2520: 2492: 2429: 2391:

by different grammar and style, in the writings of people like

2372: 2317: 2271: 2199: 2079:

The need to express scientific and philosophical concepts from

1989: 1887: 1818: 1726: 1650: 1569: 1462: 1291:, dated from around 3200 years ago. The presence of the Hebrew 1280: 1271: 1164: 1159: 961: 949: 847: 841: 419: 409: 388: 124: 7647:, Harper Perennial, London, New York, Toronto, Sydney 2006 p80 7270: 6306:), rather than being examples of residual Ashkenazi influence. 5798: 2499: 2337: 2005:, also developed vowel pointing systems around this time. The 1607: 1234:

when the predominant international language in the region was

12130: 11678: 9751: 9596: 9500: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9410: 9355: 9340: 9335: 9325: 6573:. European Federation of National Institutions for Language. 6284: 6278: 6272: 5999: 5817: 5326: 5216:), but in word-initial position they remained allophonic. In 4391: 4278: 4192: 3814: 3323: 3252: 3003:, though other Medieval reading traditions had fewer vowels. 2795: 2775: 2709: 2613: 2274:. Hebrew is the most widely spoken language in Israel today. 1952: 1853: 1849: 1505:

Bible that attains much of its present form around this time.

1374: 1350: 1338: 1052: 1046: 1039: 813: 8684:

Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew: An Introduction

8358: 8189:

Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Resurgence of the Hebrew Language

6867:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

2487: 9525: 9470: 9420: 9415: 9400: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 7914:

and גבתא is (p106) "unattested in other Aramaic dialects" .

7425: 6528:"Basic Law: Israel – the Nation State of the Jewish People" 5995: 5452: 5186:

spirantization at a certain point, whereby the stop sounds

4894: 4764: 4529: 4351: 3676: 3611: 3536: 2819:

had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeal

2642: 2579: 1100: 1084: 6870:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 2758:

being the native tongues of most of the rest. Some 26% of

2568: 2552: 1550:

of the later scrolls in the 1st century CE, also known as

1178:

One of the earliest references to the language's name as "

913:. The first dated book printed in Hebrew was published by 770:. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as 609:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12273: 9430: 9385: 8870:

Hebrew Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

8333:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

7952:

Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies

5611:). However, this is usually omitted. Thus, the sentence ( 5391:) (= "from"; a shortened version of the preposition 4634: 3465: 2448:

as early as 1919, as part of an overall agenda aiming to

1392:, though the phonetic values are instead inspired by the 8792:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language

7796: 7634:. Harvard Semitic Studies 29. (Atlanta: Scholars Press). 5915:

This is a portion of the blessing that is traditionally

5459:(and the initial consonant may be weakened): colloquial 1959:

After the Talmud, various regional literary dialects of

1803:

for more details on Hebrew and Aramaic in the gospels.)

1580:. Also called Tannaitic Hebrew or Early Rabbinic Hebrew. 8851:

Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study

6514:

A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language

5820:, or consonant-only script, of 22 letters. The ancient 5605:), the word for "am" corresponds to the word for "he" ( 5463:(= "in a village") corresponds to the more formal 5379:) (= "to"; a shortened version of the preposition 3061:, and are not present. Most Israelis today also merge 2661:

in popular speech, penultimate stress in proper names (

2052:. A great deal of poetry was written, by poets such as 9017: 7725:

The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice

7354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. 7098:"Table 53. Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2009" 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5051: 4983: 4957: 4918: 4892: 4853: 4827: 4788: 4762: 4723: 4697: 4658: 4632: 4593: 4567: 4527: 4488: 4454: 4415: 4389: 4349: 4310: 4276: 4233: 4190: 4151: 4117: 4078: 4044: 4001: 3962: 3928: 3889: 3855: 3812: 3773: 3739: 3700: 3674: 3635: 3609: 3566: 3560: 3534: 3495: 3489: 3463: 3424: 3418: 3392: 3353: 3347: 3321: 3282: 3276: 3250: 3211: 3205: 3179: 2153:

17-year-old" (Ibid. Introduction 1). Similarly, Rabbi

1461:

and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible (

9028:

University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts

8755:

Staff, Biblical Archaeology Society (15 March 2022).

7658:"Cyrus the Great: History's most merciful conqueror?" 7352:

Learning to Read Across Languages and Writing Systems

6938:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered" 6632:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

1074: 1068: 758:

date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the

8367:"A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew" 8179:(1930), Meridian Books reprint 1962, New York p. 56. 7645:

Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World

6640:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 6283:

is given as an explanation of the Lithostrotos, and

6226:

would be composed. The second stage begins with the

6038: 5738: 5727: 5716: 5704: 5678: 5653: 5640: 5599: 5574: 5523:* indicates that the given example is grammatically 5344: 3080:, do not have contrastive gemination, and pronounce 2495:

and English multilingual signs on an Israeli highway

2422:

The Complete Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew

2301:

and so on. Israeli Hebrew exhibits some features of

643: 443: 305: 58: 8656:. Milano: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici. p. 72. 8233: 6213: 6211: 6006:, and in some cases influenced by Sephardi Hebrew. 5684:("He ate the cake"). Former Israeli Prime Minister 5567:

is omitted. For example, the sentence "I am here" (

5559:Hebrew sentences do not have to include verbs; the 2202:. Near the end of that century the Jewish activist 1621:

A silver matchbox holder with inscription in Hebrew

7074:. Nachman Gur for Behadrey Haredim. Archived from 5518:is a valid form, which means "from the airplane". 2940:, but this system changed dramatically over time. 2904:underwent allophonic spirantization to (known as 2440:, refused to speak Hebrew and spoke only Yiddish. 2348:; there were also novels written in the language. 8070:Fox, Marvin. 1995. Interpreting Maimonides. P.326 7271:Géza Xeravits; József Zsengellér (25 June 2008). 6864:Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). 6811: 5984:of Israeli native speakers. It was influenced by 5510:(= "in the plane"). This does not happen to 2461:). Several of the teachers were imprisoned, e.g. 1664:, Aramaic was the primary colloquial language of 12284: 8832:Lashon HaKodesh: History, Holiness, & Hebrew 8524:The Israeli Conflict System: Analytic Approaches 7686: 7152:Holmes, Oliver; Balousha, Hazem (19 July 2018). 6208: 2436:sects, most notably those under the auspices of 9831:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament 8715:. In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 5808:Users of the language write Modern Hebrew from 1521:(from which the modern Hebrew script descends). 1241:Hebrew was extinct as a colloquial language by 8890: 8809:Izre'el, Shlomo (2001). Hary, Benjamin (ed.). 8455: 7722: 7245:A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Languages 7151: 6863: 5617:) is more often used and means the same thing. 2834:, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly 1676:Jews, and western and intellectual Jews spoke 1637:and exiling its population far to the east in 1138:(with the river referred to being perhaps the 11344: 10094: 9871: 9847: 9070: 9042:Phonetically Transcribed Modern Hebrew Course 8707: 8536:"Some Arabs Prefer Hebrew – Education – News" 8307: 7898:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 7838:Readings in The Sociology of Jewish Languages 7774: 7772: 6999:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 6995:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1532: 1256: 27:"Hebrew" redirects here. For other uses, see 8853:. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 8399:"The differences between English and Hebrew" 7832: 7830: 7790: 7746: 7744: 7718: 7716: 7714: 6823:. New York: Human Rights Watch. April 2002. 5882: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5748: 5733: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5689: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5612: 5606: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5438: 5006: 4941: 4876: 4811: 4746: 4681: 4616: 4551: 4511: 4438: 4373: 4333: 4260: 4217: 4174: 4101: 4028: 3985: 3912: 3839: 3796: 3723: 3658: 3589: 3518: 3447: 3376: 3305: 3234: 3120:have become phonemic due to loan words, and 2412:While many saw his work as fanciful or even 2329: 2309: 2217: 2211: 2159: 2131: 2105: 2089: 2053: 2045: 2025: 1975:that became the standard for vocalizing the 1373:. The Gezer calendar is written without any 1279:, from the tomb of a royal steward found in 1191: 777: 696: 12313:Languages attested from the 10th century BC 8808: 8666: 8648: 8391: 7813:. University of Chicago. pp. 137–147. 7241: 6511: 5633:In Hebrew there is a specific preposition ( 5309:are widely used to "decline" prepositions. 2246:(Tajiki), or local languages spoken in the 783: 11351: 11337: 10101: 10087: 9878: 9864: 9077: 9063: 8322: 8314:. Vienna: VWGÖ. p. 33. Archived from 8109: 7948:ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים 7843: 7769: 7764:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew 7752:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew 7090: 6714: 6669: 6625: 5849:. When necessary, vowels are indicated by 5194:to the corresponding fricatives (written 5071:had two pronunciations, representing both 2838:, but this is debated), lateral fricative 2340:in 1856) multiplied. Prominent poets were 1596: 1215:. Canaanite languages are a branch of the 1107:. The name is believed to be based on the 67: 8560: 8423: 8148: 7827: 7741: 7723:Spolsky, Bernard; Shohamy, Elana (1999). 7711: 7623: 7621: 7443: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6905: 6770:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 6760: 1572:and by the Dead Sea Scrolls, notably the 1420:and the Babylonian captivity of 586 BCE. 932:in the 19th century, the Hebrew language 77:, a second-century BCE manuscript of the 8757:"The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology" 8620:"Hamas-run schools in Gaza teach Hebrew" 8492: 7264: 6806:protected by the legal system in Turkey. 5964:is the traditional pronunciation of the 5797: 5432: 5149:, as witnessed by transcriptions in the 2719: 2611:the pronunciation (by many speakers) of 2537:in some respects, mainly the following: 2498: 2486: 2181: 2100:, who developed a simple style based on 1967:or Masoretic Hebrew, a local dialect of 1943: 1924: 1616: 1606: 1488: 1270: 618: 9885: 8789: 7878:, lit. 'in the Hebrew dialect/language' 7811:Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures 7386: 7066: 7064: 6848: 6773:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: 6634:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 6561: 6559: 5592:). In the sentence "I am that person" ( 5455:, then the preposition takes the vowel 2760:immigrants from the former Soviet Union 1758:, by the beginning of the Common Era, " 1337:, the traditional time of the reign of 603:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 12285: 9007:A Short History of the Hebrew Language 8979: 8867: 8538:. Israel National News. 13 June 2009. 8488: 8486: 8484: 8234:Nosonovsky, Michael (25 August 1997). 7618: 7581: 7005: 6720: 6675: 6631: 6597: 6595: 6131:List of English words of Hebrew origin 6096:List of Hebrew words of Persian origin 5293:of more inflected languages. Words in 2846:, and in its older stages also uvular 2234:(also called "Judezmo" and "Ladino"), 1554:(Assyrian script), still in use today. 1404:, written in the Moabite dialect; the 153:by the 5th century CE, surviving as a 11332: 10108: 10082: 9859: 9846: 9058: 8966:by the Academy of the Hebrew Language 8848: 8829: 8817:from the original on 27 December 2011 8811:"The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew" 8754: 8672: 8591: 8364: 8276: 8211:. Jewish-heritage.org. Archived from 8149:Bensadoun, Daniel (15 October 2010). 8006:"National Virtual Translation Center" 7941: 7939: 7699:from the original on 7 September 2020 7605: 7341: 7248:. Reuther & Reichard. p. 9. 6766: 6580:from the original on 14 December 2019 6537:. The State of Israel. Archived from 6477: 6475: 6355: 6353: 6351: 5836:(Assyrian), which developed from the 2943:By the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2014:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain 1886:The later section of the Talmud, the 1878:, Megillah 1:9: "Rebbi Jonathan from 1806: 990:as their liturgical tongue. As a non- 674: 654: 84:and one of the best-preserved of the 12137: 11358: 8736:from the original on 6 November 2022 8678: 8542:from the original on 4 December 2014 8469:from the original on 3 November 2013 7539:from the original on 24 October 2010 7104:, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from 7061: 7049:from the original on 27 October 2022 6944:from the original on 27 January 2012 6827:from the original on 20 October 2023 6791:from the original on 14 October 2023 6745:from the original on 11 October 2023 6702:from the original on 15 October 2023 6654:from the original on 20 October 2023 6556: 6332: 5349:). Such items include: the definite 2024:. Important Hebrew grammarians were 1653:elite became influenced by Aramaic. 1477:. A script descended from this, the 1302:In July 2008, Israeli archaeologist 1075: 885:, which was carried out against the 866:, which is derived from the name of 9675: 9084: 9018:Tutorials, courses and dictionaries 8592:Danan, Deborah (28 December 2012). 8561:Silverman, Anav (17 January 2013). 8493:Druckman, Yaron (21 January 2013). 8481: 7766:(Fernández & Elwolde 1999, p.2) 7510:from the original on 6 October 2023 6914:. Sun Foreign Staff. Archived from 6592: 6565: 6512:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2013). 6023:especially the distinction between 6002:world. It was derived from the old 5775: 5769: 5763: 5749: 5734: 5723: 5711: 5709:is also often contracted to ‏ 5699: 5690: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5648: 5635: 5622: 5613: 5607: 5601:ani hu ha'adam ha'ze 5594: 5588: 5582: 5569: 5439: 5337: 5224:are still preserved (the fricative 5007: 4942: 4877: 4812: 4747: 4682: 4617: 4552: 4512: 4439: 4374: 4334: 4261: 4218: 4175: 4102: 4029: 3986: 3913: 3840: 3797: 3724: 3659: 3590: 3519: 3448: 3377: 3306: 3235: 2446:People's Commissariat for Education 2212: 1423: 1192: 1122:for the inhabitants of the land of 893:. Aramaic and, to a lesser extent, 836: 821: 778: 697: 175:Revived in the late 19th century CE 24: 11315:Languages between parentheses are 8600:from the original on 18 March 2013 8573:from the original on 24 April 2013 8505:from the original on 15 April 2013 8091:from the original on 4 August 2018 7945: 7936: 7632:The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls 7569:from the original on 6 August 2011 7197:from the original on 17 April 2018 6472: 6375: 6348: 6189:Later Hellenistic writers such as 6180:: or , strict pronunciation or . 5954:communities. It was influenced by 5901:Audio example of liturgical Hebrew 5889: 5671:, however, can be omitted, making 5655:hu akhal et ha'ugah 5094:were distinguished graphically in 3124:has similarly been re-introduced. 2621:‎> as in some contexts ( 1914: 1825:Hebrew, Early Rabbinic Hebrew, or 1625:In the early 6th century BCE, the 1473:(Judges 5). It was written in the 1428: 1182:" is found in the prologue to the 1126:, perhaps from the perspective of 948:) became the main language of the 25: 12339: 8925: 8911:from the original on 8 April 2023 8157:from the original on 1 April 2019 8130:from the original on 8 April 2023 7986:from the original on 28 July 2024 7976:"Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 1:9:3" 7529:"'Oldest Hebrew script' is found" 7407:from the original on 8 April 2023 7393:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 12. 7368:from the original on 8 April 2023 7252:from the original on 8 April 2023 7016:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p. 170–171 6884:from the original on 8 April 2023 6271:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.: "The adverb 5783: 5580:) has only two words; one for I ( 3073: 3068: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2933: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2854: 2849: 2827: 2822: 2715: 2640:the partial elimination of vocal 2316:(The Gatherer), was published by 754:The earliest examples of written 373:(oral Hebrew accompanied by sign) 12265: 12248: 12231: 12214: 12197: 12180: 12163: 12146: 8931: 8894:A History of the Hebrew Language 8790:Hoffman, Joel M. (August 2004). 8767:from the original on 15 May 2024 8748: 8701: 8698:No text access via Google Books. 8660: 8630:from the original on 5 June 2024 8242:from the original on 7 July 2011 8110:(Ha-Kohen), Israel Meir (1980). 8085:Center for Online Judaic Studies 7750:Fernandez, Miguel Perez (1997). 7615:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927). 7482:from the original on 9 June 2023 7301:. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 7. 6906:Fesperman, Dan (26 April 1998). 6613:from the original on 18 May 2019 6493:from the original on 14 May 2020 6464: 6446: 6428: 6410: 6392: 6309: 6069: 6055: 6041: 5931:Problems playing this file? See 5905: 2808:Biblical Hebrew § Phonology 2476: 1988:meaning "tradition"), who added 1289:curse tablet found at Mount Ebal 1079:), one of several names for the 934:experienced a full-scale revival 719:, it was natively spoken by the 445:ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ʿivrit 8891:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993) . 8708:Wilson-Wright, Aren M. (2019). 8642: 8612: 8585: 8554: 8528: 8517: 8301: 8270: 8254: 8227: 8201: 8182: 8169: 8142: 8103: 8073: 8064: 8055: 8042: 8020: 8010:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7998: 7968: 7925:https://doi.org/10.2307/3264497 7917: 7903: 7890: 7881: 7868: 7855: 7849:Spolsky, B. (1985), p. 40. and 7800:(2006). Seth L. Sanders (ed.). 7781: 7757: 7680: 7650: 7637: 7551: 7521: 7494: 7468: 7419: 7380: 7335: 7326: 7313: 7304: 7291: 7235: 7223:from the original on 2 May 2013 7209: 7179: 7145: 7119: 7031: 7019: 6965: 6956: 6940:. Physorg.com. 7 January 2010. 6930: 6899: 6857: 6842: 6292: 6265: 6255: 6245: 6236: 6183: 5972:in the countries of the former 5649:הוא אכל את העוגה 5595:אני הוא האדם הזה 2206:, owing to the ideology of the 1963:evolved. The most important is 1283:, dates to the 7th century BCE. 11319:of the language on their left. 8955:Academy of the Hebrew Language 8938:Hebrew language and literature 8404:Frankfurt International School 7874:E.g. Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14: 7039:"Abraham Ben Isaac Ben Garton" 6520: 6505: 6362: 6159: 5437:The Hebrew word for "Hebrew" ( 2869:in later Biblical Hebrew, and 2771:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2767:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2725:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2418:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2353:revival of the Hebrew language 2178:Revival of the Hebrew language 2168:Berurah without any trouble." 2106: 2090: 2054: 2046: 2026: 1064:, all ultimately derived from 1029:word "Hebrew" is derived from 436:Academy of the Hebrew Language 13: 1: 12323:Verb–subject–object languages 12096:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 8964:Historical Dictionary Project 8944: 8813:. (CoSIH): Working Papers I. 8365:Klein, Zeev (18 March 2013). 8308:Shisha Halevy, Ariel (1989). 7912:Christian Palestinian Aramaic 7242:Muss-Arnolt, William (1905). 7127:"Arabic Downgraded in Israel" 7102:The 2012 Statistical Abstract 6638:The Other Languages of Europe 6418:Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical) 6400:Classical Hebrew (liturgical) 6147: 5312: 5206: 5182:Hebrew and Aramaic underwent 3127: 2104:for use in his law code, the 1501:" on tops of certain letters. 1447: 1440: 909:, intra-Jewish commerce, and 8830:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2014). 8761:Biblical Archaeology Society 8280:A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew 8050:Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse 7664:. 6 May 2019. Archived from 7613:A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew 6851:Hebrew: The Eternal Language 6342: 6218:which the Mishnah, Tosefta, 6201:to refer to both Hebrew and 6141:Study of the Hebrew language 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5052: 4984: 4958: 4919: 4893: 4854: 4828: 4789: 4763: 4724: 4698: 4659: 4633: 4594: 4568: 4528: 4489: 4455: 4416: 4390: 4350: 4311: 4277: 4234: 4191: 4152: 4118: 4079: 4045: 4002: 3963: 3929: 3890: 3856: 3813: 3774: 3740: 3701: 3675: 3636: 3610: 3567: 3561: 3535: 3496: 3490: 3464: 3425: 3419: 3393: 3354: 3348: 3322: 3283: 3277: 3251: 3212: 3206: 3180: 3096:or a voiced velar fricative 2801: 2402:British Mandate of Palestine 2116:this generalization such as 1295:, Yahweh, as three letters, 1251:revival as a spoken language 1213:Canaanite group of languages 1069: 1053: 1020: 741:revived as a spoken language 715:. A regional dialect of the 7: 8974:Israeli Ministry of Tourism 7321:Introducing Biblical Hebrew 7297:Barton, John, ed. (2004) . 6091:List of Hebrew dictionaries 6034: 5966:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 5739: 5728: 5717: 5705: 5679: 5654: 5641: 5600: 5575: 5345: 5261:, expressing such forms as 5236:which lost the distinction) 2330: 2310: 2218: 2160: 2132: 854:, meaning Hebrew; however, 713:Afroasiatic language family 644: 444: 59: 10: 12344: 11486:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 9120:Transliteration to English 9051:by Polyglot Daniel Epstein 8874:Cambridge University Press 8782: 7896:Geoffrey W. Bromley (ed.) 7445:10.1186/s40494-023-00920-9 6971:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p. 6285: 6279: 6273: 5787: 5680:hu akhal ha'ugah 5250: 5244: 5240: 2805: 2480: 2363:and in 1881 immigrated to 2175: 2171: 2157:'s purpose in writing the 1918: 1810: 1680:, but a form of so-called 1600: 1533:Early post-Biblical Hebrew 1432: 1414:ostraca found near Lachish 1379:consonants to imply vowels 1260: 1257:Oldest Hebrew inscriptions 1253:in the late 19th century. 1206: 1047: 858:refers to the language as 850:refers to the language as 709:Northwest Semitic language 41:Northwest Semitic language 33: 26: 12109: 12076: 12011: 11956: 11901: 11787: 11755: 11668: 11659: 11650: 11599: 11534: 11460: 11415: 11384: 11375: 11366: 11301: 11228: 11147: 11124: 11117: 11069: 11048: 11039: 11032: 10999: 10990: 10983: 10936: 10927: 10857: 10765: 10740: 10696: 10641: 10582: 10571: 10560: 10475: 10438: 10399: 10390: 10381: 10323: 10302: 10205: 10196: 10187: 10149: 10116: 10066: 10005: 9937: 9909: 9893: 9853: 9848:Links to related articles 9794: 9729: 9674: 9639: 9582: 9539: 9439: 9316: 9270: 9254: 9247: 9175: 9137: 9092: 9037:Foreign Service Institute 8710:"The Canaanite languages" 8436:University College London 7344:"Learning to Read Hebrew" 6849:Chomsky, William (1957). 5992:Mizrahi (Oriental) Hebrew 5883:Liturgical use in Judaism 5824:resembles those used for 5532: 5257:Hebrew grammar is partly 5253:History of Hebrew grammar 5170: 5159: 5110: 5100: 5089: 5066: 5039: 5027: 4976: 4911: 4846: 4781: 4716: 4651: 4586: 4504: 4499: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4408: 4326: 4321: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4071: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3882: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3693: 3628: 3553: 3482: 3411: 3340: 3269: 3198: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3022:), and show the shift of 2647: 2618: 2580: 2567: 2551: 2139:in Hebrew, as opposed to 1741:from the 4th century CE. 1543:destruction of the Temple 1115: 698: 639: 589: 575: 559: 493: 475: 457: 452: 439: 429: 399: 384:Official language in 382: 377: 360: 354:Samaritan Biblical Hebrew 313: 296: 273: 245: 185: 168: 140: 130: 120: 92: 66: 54: 53: 48: 11926:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 11312:or historical languages. 9803:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 8277:Rosén, Haiim B. (1966). 7798:Schniedewind, William M. 7342:Share, David L. (2017). 6152: 5976:, with the exception of 5697:In spoken Hebrew ‏ 5332:Hebrew uses a number of 5297:are often combined with 5056:was still pronounced as 2794:, since 6 January 2005. 2527:of international words. 2525:phono-semantic matchings 2361:Jewish national movement 1797:Hebrew Gospel hypothesis 1175:, of identical meaning. 1150:; or maybe the northern 1010:, and by theologians in 911:Jewish poetic literature 840: "the language of 177:. 9 million speakers of 12057:Portuguese-based Creole 8794:. New York: NYU Press. 8463:"Why Learn a Language?" 8194:15 January 2010 at the 8116:. Feldheim Publishers. 7565:. AP. 30 October 2008. 7323:, Baker Academic, 2001. 7277:. Brill. pp. 43–. 6727:East European Quarterly 6676:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 6106:Hebraization of English 5923:(reading of the Torah). 5674:הוא אכל העוגה 5552:In Hebrew, there is no 5234:Sephardic pronunciation 2812:Modern Hebrew phonology 2684:"you wrote" instead of 2596:voiced uvular fricative 2543:pharyngeal articulation 2295:Israeli Standard Hebrew 1829:Hebrew I), which was a 1597:Displacement by Aramaic 1519:Imperial Aramaic script 1481:, is still used by the 1347:Archaic Biblical Hebrew 1267:Ancient Hebrew writings 1034: 956:, and subsequently the 341:Imperial Aramaic script 336:Archaic Biblical Hebrew 29:Hebrew (disambiguation) 8868:Laufer, Asher (1999). 8039:, Venice 1546 (Hebrew) 7876:têi hebraḯdi dialéktôi 7861:Huehnergard, John and 7687:Andrew Silow-Carroll. 7387:Fellman, Jack (1973). 7346:. In Verhoeven, Ludo; 6136:Romanization of Hebrew 5894: 5805: 5614:אני האדם הזה 5447: 5277:particles rather than 3088:as a uvular fricative 2727: 2706: 2677:) and some other words 2508: 2496: 2471:Yevgeny Korostyshevsky 2187: 2028:Judah ben David Hayyuj 1956: 1955:, India, dated to 1344 1941: 1940:pointing (Joshua 1:1). 1629:conquered the ancient 1622: 1614: 1502: 1495:writing a Torah scroll 1493:Hebrew script used in 1377:, and it does not use 1357:one that, through the 1284: 1211:Hebrew belongs to the 751:, still spoken today. 628: 591:This article contains 12100:village sign language 12086:Israeli Sign Language 10507:Christian Palestinian 10228:Ancient North Arabian 8717:The Semitic languages 6767:Bayır, Derya (2013). 6721:Toktaş, Şule (2006). 6359:Sáenz-Badillos (1993) 6086:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 5893: 5822:paleo-Hebrew alphabet 5801: 5665:the cake"). The word 5436: 5251:Further information: 5247:Modern Hebrew grammar 5079:. Later on, however, 2806:Further information: 2723: 2698: 2654:instead of Sephardic 2629:instead of Sephardic 2502: 2490: 2426:Ben-Yehuda Dictionary 2367:, then a part of the 2283:Modern Israeli Hebrew 2185: 2122:mutually intelligible 1947: 1928: 1633:, destroying much of 1627:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1620: 1610: 1492: 1475:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 1274: 1263:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 1261:Further information: 1219:family of languages. 876:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 625:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 622: 332:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 11576:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 10605:Koy Sanjaq Christian 10293:Pre-classical Arabic 9824:Strong's Concordance 9115:Ancient inscriptions 9012:Chaim Menachem Rabin 8352:13 June 2019 at the 8087:. 7 September 2017. 7930:28 July 2024 at the 6978:8 April 2023 at the 6111:Hebrew abbreviations 5745:Bar Kokhba documents 5659:(literally, "He ate 5586:) and one for here ( 5153:. As in the case of 2507:and English keyboard 2346:Shaul Tchernichovsky 1949:Kochangadi Synagogue 1751:William Schniedewind 1643:Babylonian captivity 1548:Hebrew square script 1469:(Exodus 15) and the 1390:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1162:). Compare the word 1002:specializing in the 803:the tongue holiness 768:Babylonian captivity 733:Second Temple period 440:האקדמיה ללשון העברית 345:Late Biblical Hebrew 12318:Languages of Israel 12298:Canaanite languages 11936:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani 10449:Ashurian and Hatran 9887:Languages of Israel 9817:Brown–Driver–Briggs 9047:26 May 2022 at the 9033:Hebrew Basic Course 8991:Jewish Encyclopedia 8980:General information 8849:Kuzar, Ron (2001). 8329:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 8215:on 22 December 2012 8198:by Libby Kantorwitz 8035:1 July 2021 at the 8016:on 17 January 2009. 7693:The Times of Israel 7668:on 8 September 2020 7601:on 4 February 2012. 7535:. 30 October 2008. 7108:on 25 December 2007 7027:Who Wrote the Bible 6368:H. S. Nyberg 1952. 6280:Ἑβραιστὶ δὲ Γαββαθᾶ 5877:Hebrew cantillation 5688:was convinced that 5334:one-letter prefixes 5210: 200 BCE 2577:the conversion of ( 2541:the replacement of 2467:Ephraim Kholmyansky 2381:liturgical language 2342:Hayim Nahman Bialik 2062:Solomon ibn Gabirol 2001:, precursor to the 1497:. Note ornamental " 1365:, later became the 925:, Italy) in 1475. 907:rabbinic literature 901:as the language of 739:. The language was 725:liturgical language 717:Canaanite languages 401:Recognised minority 155:liturgical language 12303:Fusional languages 11964:Jewish Koine Greek 11824:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11571:Judaeo-Palestinian 11416:Reading traditions 11070:Harari–East Gurage 10521:Jewish Palestinian 9666:Law of attenuation 9176:Reading traditions 8443:on 6 November 2013 8411:on 6 November 2013 8379:on 4 November 2013 8337:Palgrave Macmillan 8026:Abraham ibn Ezra, 7299:The Biblical World 7078:on 4 November 2013 6777:. pp. 89–90. 6775:Ashgate Publishing 6370:Hebreisk Grammatik 5895: 5806: 5554:indefinite article 5448: 5406:) (= "and"), 5360:) (= "the"); 5321:", or 3-consonant 2728: 2694:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2509: 2497: 2204:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 2188: 2186:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 2155:Yisrael Meir Kagan 1957: 1942: 1807:Mishnah and Talmud 1714:Hellenistic period 1623: 1615: 1503: 1479:Samaritan alphabet 1406:Siloam inscription 1285: 1277:Shebna Inscription 1224:Kingdoms of Israel 1190:, refers to it as 938:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 848:Mishnah Gittin 9:8 745:linguistic revival 629: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12121: 12116:extinct languages 12053:Judaeo-Papiamento 12007: 12006: 11885:Judaeo-Portuguese 11783: 11782: 11646: 11645: 11456: 11455: 11326: 11325: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11113: 11112: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10761: 10760: 10736: 10735: 10692: 10691: 10664:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 10456:Jewish Babylonian 10377: 10376: 10110:Semitic languages 10076: 10075: 9840: 9839: 9696:Verbal morphology 9635: 9634: 9153: 8997:A Guide to Hebrew 8936:Works related to 8904:978-0-521-55634-7 8883:978-0-521-65236-0 8860:978-3-11-016993-5 8841:978-1-937887-36-0 8834:. Mosaica Press. 8801:978-0-8147-3654-8 8726:978-0-415-73195-9 8693:978-1-57506-129-0 8667:Dolgopolsky (1999 8650:Dolgopolsky, Aron 8345:978-1-4039-1723-2 8294:978-0-226-72603-8 8175:Spiegel, Shalom. 8123:978-0-87306-198-8 7961:978-965-217-444-4 7820:978-1-885923-39-4 7734:978-1-85359-451-9 7643:Nicholas Ostler, 7400:978-90-279-2495-7 7361:978-1-107-09588-5 7348:Perfetti, Charles 7284:978-90-04-16906-7 7219:. Lib.cet.ac.il. 7131:Language Magazine 6912:The Baltimore Sun 6877:978-0-521-01652-0 6784:978-1-4094-7254-4 6647:978-1-85359-510-3 6566:Pisarek, Walery. 6462:(19th ed., 2016) 6454:Edomite (extinct) 6444:(19th ed., 2016) 6436:Moabite (extinct) 6426:(19th ed., 2016) 6408:(19th ed., 2016) 6390:(19th ed., 2016) 6242:See original text 6116:Hebrew literature 5910: 5371:) (= "in"), 5343: 5323:consonantal roots 5279:grammatical cases 5044: 5043: 2523:from Yiddish and 2397:vernacularization 2056:Dunash ben Labrat 1909:Bar Kokhba revolt 1892:aggadah midrashes 1839:literary language 1801:Language of Jesus 1793:Gospel of Matthew 1781:Bar Kokhba revolt 1591:Bar Kokhba revolt 1316:Hebrew University 1217:Northwest Semitic 1008:its civilizations 988:Samaritan dialect 984:official language 970:Israeli Americans 958:official language 928:With the rise of 883:Bar Kokhba revolt 870:, in contrast to 868:the alphabet used 673: 617: 616: 599:rendering support 595:phonetic symbols. 431:Regulated by 217:Northwest Semitic 16:(Redirected from 12335: 12308:Jewish languages 12278: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12261: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12244: 12243:from Wikiversity 12236: 12235: 12234: 12227: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12210: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12193: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12176: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12159: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12139: 12033:Judaeo-Malayalam 11947:Judeo-Golpaygani 11892:Judaeo-Aragonese 11810:Judaeo-Livornese 11666: 11665: 11657: 11656: 11382: 11381: 11373: 11372: 11360:Jewish languages 11353: 11346: 11339: 11330: 11329: 11122: 11121: 11046: 11045: 11037: 11036: 10997: 10996: 10988: 10987: 10934: 10933: 10802:northern dialect 10580: 10579: 10569: 10568: 10422:Biblical Aramaic 10415:Imperial Aramaic 10397: 10396: 10388: 10387: 10286:Nabataean Arabic 10203: 10202: 10194: 10193: 10169:Canaano-Akkadian 10103: 10096: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10070:Jewish languages 10053:Levantine Arabic 9880: 9873: 9866: 9857: 9856: 9844: 9843: 9786:Unicode and HTML 9252: 9251: 9240: 9232: 9224: 9205: 9150:northern dialect 9147: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9056: 9055: 8951:Official website 8935: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8887: 8864: 8845: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8805: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8735: 8714: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8569:. Ynetnews.com. 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8532: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8501:. Ynetnews.com. 8490: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8439:. Archived from 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8407:. Archived from 8395: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8375:. Archived from 8362: 8356: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8318:on 21 July 2011. 8305: 8299: 8298: 8274: 8268: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8053: 8046: 8040: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8012:. Archived from 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7943: 7934: 7921: 7915: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7834: 7825: 7824: 7808: 7794: 7788: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7720: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7654: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7625: 7616: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7594:. Archived from 7593: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7447: 7432:Heritage Science 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7217:"הספריה של מט"ח" 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7133:. 14 August 2018 7123: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7043:Encyclopedia.com 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7003: 6991: 6982: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6918:on 29 March 2017 6903: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6701: 6682: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6544:on 10 April 2021 6543: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6451: 6450: 6433: 6432: 6415: 6414: 6397: 6396: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6215: 6206: 6187: 6181: 6163: 6126:Jewish languages 6079: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 5982:Hebrew phonology 5944:Ashkenazi Hebrew 5912: 5911: 5892: 5856:matres lectionis 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5686:David Ben-Gurion 5682: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5458: 5442: 5441: 5425: 5413: 5405: 5390: 5378: 5370: 5359: 5348: 5346:Otiyot HaShimush 5342:romanized: 5341: 5339: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5189: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5055: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4978: 4972: 4963: 4948: 4947: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4898: 4883: 4882: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4833: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4768: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4703: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4638: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4533: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4410: 4404: 4395: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4355: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4291: 4282: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4248: 4239: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4205: 4196: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4050: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4016: 4007: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3861: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3827: 3818: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3754: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3600: 3599: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3312: 3311: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3037: 3029: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2649: 2620: 2589: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2555: 2532:Ashkenazi Hebrew 2335: 2315: 2303:Sephardic Hebrew 2221: 2215: 2214: 2208:national revival 2190:Hebrew has been 2165: 2143:, as a guide to 2137: 2111: 2110: 2095: 2094: 2074:Abraham ibn Ezra 2059: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2038:Abraham ibn Ezra 2031: 2030: 2022:Classical Arabic 1876:Jerusalem Talmud 1739:Byzantine period 1631:Kingdom of Judah 1603:Aramaic language 1576:letters and the 1525:Israelian Hebrew 1459:Babylonian exile 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1424:Classical Hebrew 1345:. Classified as 1335:Monarchic period 1325: 1232:Babylonian exile 1195: 1194: 1124:Israel and Judah 1117: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1037: 974:Jewish Americans 856:Mishnah Megillah 845: 838: 830: 823: 807: 804: 801: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 781: 780: 779:לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶש 703: 702: 700: 693:Samaritan script 690: 689: 688: 682: 679: 671: 670: 669: 668: 662: 659: 653: 649: 641: 585: 571: 550: 539: 531:Samaritan Hebrew 528: 520:Classical Hebrew 517: 507: 498: 489: 488: 480: 471: 470: 462: 447: 441: 403:language in 366: 350:Samaritan script 319: 307: 303:Israelian Hebrew 191: 116: 109: 101: 86:Dead Sea Scrolls 71: 62: 56: 46: 45: 21: 12343: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12293:Hebrew language 12283: 12282: 12281: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12260:from Wikivoyage 12254: 12249: 12247: 12237: 12232: 12230: 12220: 12215: 12213: 12209:from Wikisource 12203: 12198: 12196: 12186: 12181: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12162: 12158:from Wiktionary 12152: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12138:sister projects 12135:at Knowledge's 12133:Hebrew language 12129: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12105: 12072: 12043:Judaeo-Georgian 12003: 11952: 11897: 11864:Judeo-Provençal 11779: 11751: 11642: 11595: 11586:Judaeo-Tunisian 11566:Judaeo-Moroccan 11559:Judaeo-Baghdadi 11549:Judaeo-Egyptian 11544:Judaeo-Algerian 11530: 11521:Lishanid Noshan 11452: 11411: 11362: 11357: 11327: 11322: 11289: 11212: 11143: 11109: 11065: 11049:Amharic–Argobba 11041: 11028: 10979: 10940: 10915: 10853: 10757: 10732: 10688: 10637: 10633:Urmia Christian 10574: 10563: 10556: 10471: 10434: 10373: 10333:Egyptian Arabic 10319: 10315:Modern Standard 10298: 10183: 10145: 10112: 10107: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10001: 9933: 9905: 9889: 9884: 9849: 9841: 9836: 9795:Reference works 9790: 9725: 9721:Vav-consecutive 9670: 9649:Biblical Hebrew 9631: 9578: 9563:Mater lectionis 9535: 9435: 9312: 9266: 9243: 9238: 9230: 9222: 9201: 9171: 9133: 9088: 9086:Hebrew language 9083: 9049:Wayback Machine 9024:Hebrew language 9020: 8986:Hebrew language 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state 5255: 5249: 5243: 5214:functional load 5209: 5174: 5163: 5114: 5104: 5096:Tiberian Hebrew 5093: 5070: 5014: 4980: 4949: 4915: 4884: 4850: 4819: 4785: 4754: 4720: 4689: 4655: 4624: 4590: 4559: 4519: 4485: 4446: 4412: 4381: 4341: 4307: 4268: 4225: 4182: 4148: 4109: 4075: 4036: 3993: 3959: 3920: 3886: 3847: 3804: 3770: 3731: 3697: 3666: 3632: 3601: 3557: 3526: 3486: 3455: 3415: 3384: 3344: 3313: 3273: 3242: 3202: 3137: 3130: 3051:Sephardi Hebrew 2947:had shifted to 2817:Biblical Hebrew 2814: 2804: 2718: 2585: 2573: 2563: 2557: 2545:in the letters 2517:Sephardi Hebrew 2485: 2479: 2432:and a very few 2385:spoken language 2299:Standard Hebrew 2272:State of Israel 2248:Jewish diaspora 2180: 2174: 2162:Mishnah Berurah 2102:Mishnaic Hebrew 2085:Medieval Arabic 2081:Classical Greek 2034:Jonah ibn Janah 2003:Arabic alphabet 1999:Syriac alphabet 1965:Tiberian Hebrew 1961:Medieval Hebrew 1932:: 10th century 1923: 1921:Medieval Hebrew 1917: 1915:Medieval Hebrew 1831:spoken language 1815: 1813:Mishnaic Hebrew 1809: 1769:Rabbinic Hebrew 1756:Bernard Spolsky 1722:Joseph Klausner 1718:Moshe Zvi Segal 1682:Rabbinic Hebrew 1658:Cyrus the Great 1605: 1599: 1593:around 135 CE. 1558:Mishnaic Hebrew 1539:Dead Sea Scroll 1535: 1471:Song of Deborah 1465:), notably the 1450: 1444: 1000 BCE 1443: 1437: 1435:Biblical Hebrew 1431: 1429:Biblical Hebrew 1426: 1323: 1312:Khirbet Qeiyafa 1308:a ceramic shard 1304:Yossi Garfinkel 1269: 1259: 1247:Medieval Hebrew 1209: 1103:, mentioned in 1066:Biblical Hebrew 1023: 962:State of Israel 899:medieval period 889:by the Jews of 839: 824: 805: 802: 799: 795: 793:the holy tongue 792: 789: 786: 773:Lashon Hakodesh 764:Biblical Hebrew 684: 683: 677: 664: 663: 657: 651: 636:Hebrew alphabet 597:Without proper 581: 567: 546: 545: 535: 534: 524: 523: 513: 512: 503: 502: 494: 484: 483: 476: 466: 465: 458: 438: 425: 424: 404: 402: 385: 378:Official status 367: 362: 348: 339: 330: 326: 324:Hebrew alphabet 320: 315: 292: 276: 269: 263:Medieval Hebrew 258:Mishnaic Hebrew 253:Biblical Hebrew 248: 241: 212:Central Semitic 192: 189:Language family 187: 159:Biblical Hebrew 151:spoken language 147:Mishnaic Hebrew 135:Southern Levant 111: 110: 104: 103: 102: 96: 88: 73:Portion of the 42: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12341: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12280: 12279: 12274:Hebrew edition 12262: 12245: 12228: 12226:from Wikibooks 12211: 12194: 12192:from Wikiquote 12177: 12160: 12131: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12119: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12093: 12082: 12080: 12078:Sign languages 12074: 12073: 12071: 12070: 12060: 12050: 12040: 12030: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12001: 11994:Judaeo-Marathi 11987: 11975: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11903:Judaeo-Iranian 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11837:Judaeo-Spanish 11834: 11833: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11817:Judaeo-Mantuan 11813: 11804:Judaeo-Italian 11801: 11798:Judaeo-Catalan 11793: 11791: 11789:Judaeo-Romance 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11761: 11759: 11757:Jewish English 11753: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11735: 11733:Judeo-Alsatian 11725: 11724: 11723: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11685: 11683: 11663: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11630: 11614: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11546: 11540: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11466: 11464: 11462:Judaeo-Aramaic 11458: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11388: 11386: 11379: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11356: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11313: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11164: 11159: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11128: 11126: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11043: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11003: 11001: 10994: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10876: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10835: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10786: 10779: 10771: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10577: 10566: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10540: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10510: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10481: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10452: 10444: 10442: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10429:Middle Aramaic 10425: 10418: 10411: 10403: 10401: 10394: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10327: 10325:Dialect groups 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10224: 10217: 10209: 10207: 10200: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10074: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10007: 10006:Sign languages 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9913: 9911: 9910:Special status 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9883: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9860: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9770:modern Israeli 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9661: 9659:Philippi's law 9656: 9651: 9645: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9574:Plene scriptum 9571: 9566: 9559: 9545: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9082: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9039: 9030: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9003: 8994: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8970:Hebrew Phrases 8967: 8957: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8927: 8926:External links 8924: 8922: 8921: 8903: 8888: 8882: 8865: 8859: 8846: 8840: 8827: 8806: 8800: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8747: 8725: 8700: 8692: 8671: 8659: 8641: 8611: 8584: 8553: 8527: 8516: 8480: 8454: 8431:"Hebrew – UCL" 8422: 8390: 8357: 8321: 8300: 8293: 8269: 8253: 8226: 8200: 8181: 8168: 8141: 8122: 8102: 8072: 8063: 8054: 8041: 8029:Hebrew Grammar 8019: 7997: 7967: 7960: 7935: 7916: 7902: 7889: 7880: 7867: 7863:Jo Ann Hackett 7854: 7842: 7826: 7819: 7789: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7740: 7733: 7710: 7679: 7649: 7636: 7628:Qimron, Elisha 7617: 7604: 7580: 7550: 7520: 7493: 7467: 7418: 7399: 7379: 7360: 7334: 7325: 7312: 7303: 7290: 7283: 7263: 7234: 7208: 7178: 7144: 7118: 7089: 7060: 7030: 7018: 7004: 6983: 6964: 6955: 6929: 6898: 6876: 6856: 6841: 6810: 6783: 6759: 6733:(4): 489–519. 6713: 6668: 6646: 6624: 6591: 6555: 6519: 6504: 6471: 6374: 6361: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6308: 6291: 6264: 6254: 6244: 6235: 6222:and Tannaitic 6207: 6197:used the term 6195:Gospel of John 6182: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6066: 6063:Judaism portal 6052: 6036: 6033: 5974:Ottoman Empire 5928: 5914: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5842:cursive Hebrew 5838:Aramaic script 5816:– an "impure" 5794:Hebrew braille 5785: 5784:Writing system 5782: 5781: 5780: 5695: 5631: 5618: 5557: 5550: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5314: 5311: 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5228:is pronounced 5180: 5169: 5158: 5123: 5109: 5099: 5088: 5065: 5050:Proto-Semitic 5042: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022:Proto-Semitic 5019: 5018: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4534: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4461: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4356: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4283: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4240: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4124: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4051: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4008: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3935: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3862: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3129: 3126: 2803: 2800: 2717: 2716:Current status 2714: 2702:hapax legomena 2690: 2689: 2678: 2659: 2638: 2609: 2578: 2575: 2566: 2550: 2503:Dual language 2481:Main article: 2478: 2475: 2389:Eastern Europe 2383:into everyday 2369:Ottoman Empire 2279:Israeli Hebrew 2232:Judaeo-Spanish 2176:Main article: 2173: 2170: 2127:Avraham Danzig 2070:Moses ibn Ezra 2040:and later (in 1994:grammar points 1919:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1811:Main article: 1808: 1805: 1786:The Christian 1706:Abraham Geiger 1598: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1555: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1510:Persian period 1506: 1486: 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418:Nebuchadnezzar 1386:Proto-Sinaitic 1367:Latin alphabet 1331:Gezer calendar 1318:archaeologist 1258: 1255: 1243:late antiquity 1208: 1205: 1184:Book of Sirach 1152:Arabian Desert 1022: 1019: 996:archaeologists 992:first language 915:Abraham Garton 903:Jewish liturgy 874:, meaning the 762:is written in 615: 614: 601:, you may see 587: 586: 579: 573: 572: 565: 557: 556: 499: 491: 490: 481: 473: 472: 463: 455: 454: 453:Language codes 450: 449: 433: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 408: 407: 405: 400: 397: 396: 386: 383: 380: 379: 375: 374: 368: 361: 358: 357: 328:Hebrew Braille 321: 317:Writing system 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 279: 277: 275:Standard forms 274: 271: 270: 268: 267: 266: 265: 251: 249: 246: 243: 242: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 195: 193: 186: 183: 182: 172: 166: 165: 144: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 121:Native to 118: 117: 94: 90: 89: 82:Book of Isaiah 72: 64: 63: 51: 50: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12340: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12276: 12275: 12263: 12259: 12258: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12178: 12174: 12173: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12134: 12117: 12113: 12108: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12075: 12068: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12010: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11944: 11942: 11941:Judeo-Kashani 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11931:Judeo-Shirazi 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11921:Judeo-Persian 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11878:Judaeo-French 11875: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11748: 11747:Scots-Yiddish 11745: 11741: 11740: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11721: 11720:Klezmer-loshn 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11652:Indo-European 11649: 11638: 11634: 11633:Judaeo-Berber 11631: 11628: 11624: 11623: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11591:Judaeo-Yemeni 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11581:Judaeo-Syrian 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11536:Judaeo-Arabic 11533: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11354: 11349: 11347: 11342: 11340: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11175: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Ethio-Semitic 10989: 10986: 10982: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10754: 10753:Judeo-Aramaic 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10559: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10349:Siculo-Arabic 10346: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9876: 9874: 9869: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9852: 9845: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9701:Semitic roots 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9654:Modern Hebrew 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9569:Abbreviations 9567: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:Kubutz/shuruk 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9237: 9234: 9229: 9226: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8940:at Wikisource 8939: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8751: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8304: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8177:Hebrew Reborn 8172: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8067: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7940: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7884: 7877: 7871: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7784: 7775: 7773: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7307: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7238: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6968: 6959: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6805: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6756: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6515: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6382:Modern Hebrew 6378: 6371: 6365: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6334: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6268: 6258: 6248: 6239: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6053: 6050: 6049:Israel portal 6039: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970:Sephardi Jews 5967: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5922: 5918: 5902: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810:right to left 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5773:, as well as 5757: 5753: 5750:מעיד אני עלי 5746: 5741: 5740:et ha-anashim 5730: 5719: 5707: 5696: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5658: 5656: 5645: 5643: 5632: 5629: 5619: 5604: 5602: 5579: 5577: 5566: 5565:present tense 5562: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541:Though early 5540: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5338:אותיות השימוש 5335: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291:genitive case 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275:prepositional 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5219: 5218:Modern Hebrew 5215: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5124: 5097: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4494: 4491: 4475: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4316: 4313: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4154: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3965: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3776: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3076: 3071: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020:Torah reading 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2952: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2857: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2650:‎> ( 2645: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:alveolar flap 2584: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515:spelling and 2514: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2483:Modern Hebrew 2477:Modern Hebrew 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:mother tongue 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336:, founded in 2334: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Modern Hebrew 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:Second Aliyah 2225: 2220: 2219:Shivat Tziyon 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2108:Mishneh Torah 2103: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066:Judah ha-Levi 2063: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1900:lingua franca 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1788:New Testament 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1760:Judeo-Aramaic 1757: 1752: 1747: 1746:mother tongue 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Gustaf Dalman 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641:. During the 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1578:Copper Scroll 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Song of Moses 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 400 CE 1436: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408:, found near 1407: 1403: 1402:Moabite Stone 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1203:(language)". 1202: 1198: 1189: 1188:Book of Kings 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105:Genesis 10:21 1102: 1099:'s ancestor, 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1045: 1044:Ancient Greek 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Modern Hebrew 977: 975: 971: 967: 966:United States 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Modern Hebrew 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 843: 834: 833:Səpaṯ Kəna'an 828: 819: 815: 811: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 694: 687: 681: 667: 661: 648: 647: 637: 633: 626: 621: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 594: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 564: 563: 558: 554: 551: – 549: 543: 540: – 538: 532: 529: – 527: 521: 518: – 516: 511: 510:Modern Hebrew 508: – 506: 500: 497: 492: 487: 482: 479: 474: 469: 464: 461: 456: 451: 446: 437: 434: 432: 428: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 406: 398: 394: 393:Modern Hebrew 390: 387: 381: 376: 372: 371:Signed Hebrew 369: 365: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 322: 318: 312: 304: 301: 300: 299: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 278: 272: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 255: 254: 250: 244: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 194: 190: 184: 180: 179:Modern Hebrew 176: 173: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149:extinct as a 148: 145: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 114: 107: 99: 95: 93:Pronunciation 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 75:Isaiah Scroll 70: 65: 61: 52: 47: 44: 37: 36:Modern Hebrew 30: 19: 12277:of Knowledge 12272: 12255: 12238: 12221: 12204: 12187: 12175:from Commons 12170: 12153: 12132: 12111: 12063:Judaeo-Malay 11977: 11945: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11871:Judeo-Gascon 11869: 11862: 11855: 11830:Judaeo-Roman 11822: 11815: 11808: 11796: 11737: 11718: 11677: 11620: 11611:Ethiosemitic 11554:Judaeo-Iraqi 11516:Lishán Didán 11511:Lishana Deni 11491: 11484: 11376: 11305: 11282: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11154: 11131: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10816: 10809: 10800: 10793: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10708: 10679:Urmia Jewish 10547: 10542: 10535: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10476: 10454: 10447: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10364:Mesopotamian 10347: 10291: 10284: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10214:Proto-Arabic 10212: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10150: 9994: 9938:Non-official 9900: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9617:Inverted nun 9602:Cantillation 9561: 9531:Sin/Shin dot 9303:Paleo-Hebrew 9124:from English 9099: 9085: 9006: 8989: 8913:. 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(See the 1773:Koine Greek 1568:within the 1306:discovered 1297:Yod-Heh-Vav 1293:name of god 1236:Old Aramaic 1168:or cognate 1136:Transjordan 1128:Mesopotamia 1025:The modern 1004:Middle East 731:(since the 711:within the 605:instead of 247:Early forms 157:along with 12287:Categories 12257:Phrasebook 12189:Quotations 12047:Kartvelian 11998:Indo-Aryan 11990:Judeo-Urdu 11273:Rijal Alma 11258:Qatabanian 10896:Himyaritic 10839:Phoenician 10400:Historical 10369:Peninsular 10270:Taymanitic 10221:Old Arabic 10206:Historical 10068:See also: 10048:Kafr Qasem 9772:literature 9592:Diacritics 9454:Babylonian 9236:Babylonian 9001:BBC Online 8945:Government 8915:16 October 8821:25 January 8509:9 November 8473:2 November 8447:2 November 8415:2 November 8383:2 November 8263:signed by 8048:T. Carmi, 7611:M. Segal, 7573:8 November 7411:1 November 7372:1 November 7082:2 November 7053:27 October 6831:12 October 6795:12 October 6749:12 October 6706:12 October 6687:(23): 26. 6607:www.gov.za 6584:7 November 6487:Ethnologue 6459:Ethnologue 6441:Ethnologue 6423:Ethnologue 6405:Ethnologue 6387:Ethnologue 6333:Blau (2010 6148:References 5950:and other 5933:media help 5830:Phoenician 5812:using the 5779:and so on. 5761:, writing 5729:ta-anashim 5472:mé-ha-kfar 5319:triliteral 5313:Morphology 5285:, called " 5271:accusative 5184:begadkefat 5151:Septuagint 4627:emigrated 3128:Consonants 2906:begadkefat 2606:Guttural R 2459:refuseniks 2450:secularize 2430:Old Yishuv 2393:Ahad Ha'am 2322:Königsberg 2291:New Hebrew 2267:neologisms 2129:wrote the 2118:Bar Kokhba 2098:Maimonides 2092:Ibn Tibbon 1670:Babylonian 1662:Common Era 1647:Israelites 1601:See also: 1574:Bar Kokhba 1483:Samaritans 1394:acrophonic 1355:Phoenician 1091:) people ( 1031:Old French 1015:seminaries 862:, meaning 721:Israelites 652:pronounced 501:Variously: 12240:Resources 12223:Textbooks 12114:indicate 12037:Dravidian 11916:Judeo-Tat 11765:Yeshivish 11714:Udmurtish 11709:Ukrainish 11694:Galitzish 11423:Ashkenazi 11317:varieties 11308:indicate 11187:Sebat Bet 10937:Eastern ( 10889:Deir Alla 10767:Canaanite 10674:Trans-Zab 10659:Inter-Zab 10583:Christian 10537:Palmyrene 10528:Samaritan 10495:Nabataean 10383:Northwest 10338:Levantine 10310:Classical 10235:Dadanitic 10038:Ghardaian 10033:Ein Mahel 10023:Al-Sayyid 10018:Al-Atrash 9641:Phonology 9612:Gershayim 9464:Samaritan 9239:(extinct) 9231:(extinct) 9223:(extinct) 9215:Samaritan 9183:Ashkenazi 9093:Overviews 8960:Ma'agarim 8596:. 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Thus * 5465:bi-khfar 5267:ablative 5259:analytic 5192:softened 5188:/bɡdkpt/ 5040:Example 4757:prophet 4271:laughed 3174:Meaning 3162:Tiberian 3157:Biblical 3153:written 3148:Example 3044:Tiberian 3008:Sephardi 2836:ejective 2686:kĕtavtém 2682:katávtem 2590:from an 2513:Mishnaic 2491:Hebrew, 2377:literary 2318:maskilim 2250:such as 2222:, later 2196:Haskalah 2042:Provence 1969:Tiberias 1867:Baraitot 1858:Mekhilta 1843:halachic 1827:Mishnaic 1690:Pharisee 1686:Sadducee 1666:Samarian 1351:the city 1201:Judahite 1170:Assyrian 1154:between 1054:hebraîos 923:Calabria 864:Assyrian 825: ' 699:ࠏࠨࠁࠬࠓࠪࠉࠕ 640:עִבְרִית 627:(bottom) 611:Help:IPA 583:12-AAB-a 569:hebr1246 297:Dialects 113:Biblical 106:Tiberian 79:Biblical 55:עִבְרִית 12328:Hebrews 12112:Italics 12067:Malayic 11979:Knaanic 11968:Yevanic 11911:Bukhori 11847:Tetuani 11842:Haketia 11775:Heblish 11728:Western 11704:Poylish 11699:Litvish 11689:Eastern 11670:Yiddish 11506:Hulaulá 11501:Barzani 11438:Italian 11433:Mizrahi 11310:extinct 11306:Italics 11251:Minaean 11176:Endegen 11125:N-group 11086:Inneqor 11061:Argobba 11056:Amharic 11012:Dahalik 10984:Western 10975:Soqotri 10955:Ḥarsusi 10950:Baṭḥari 10941:Arabian 10866:Amorite 10832:Moabite 10783:Edomite 10748:Armazic 10728:Western 10704:Central 10649:Barzani 10575:eastern 10564:Aramaic 10478:Western 10462:Mandaic 10440:Eastern 10392:Aramaic 10355:Maltese 10256:Hismaic 10189:Central 10178:Eblaite 10134:Central 10058:Russian 10043:Israeli 10028:El-Naim 10013:Abu Kaf 9990:Yiddish 9985:Russian 9975:Kurdish 9955:English 9945:Amharic 9927:Bedouin 9766:ancient 9742:Academy 9737:Revival 9676:Grammar 9553:missing 9293:Cursive 9283:Braille 9271:Scripts 9198:Mizrahi 9193:Italian 9110:History 9035:by the 9026:at the 8988:at the 8972:by the 8953:of the 8783:Sources 8161:6 April 7990:10 June 7662:Culture 7563:Haaretz 7543:3 March 7256:10 June 6804:de jure 6497:4 April 6300:katávta 6286:Γαββαθᾶ 6229:Amoraim 6203:Aramaic 6012:Temanit 6000:Islamic 5956:Yiddish 5917:chanted 5834:Ashurit 5770:את הללו 5758:ברגליכם 5724:ת'אנשים 5721:, e.g. 5563:in the 5478:. 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