History of the Jews in Atlanta

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today believe that Conley was the killer, and he was a primary suspect before Frank. As to the atmosphere that led to Frank's prosecution, historian Nancy MacLean said it " be explained only in light of the social tensions unleashed by the growth of industry and cities in the turn-of-the-century South. These circumstances made a Jewish employer a more fitting scapegoat for disgruntled whites than the other leading suspect in the case, a black worker." Meanwhile, Frank's trial received full coverage in Atlanta's three competing newspapers, and public outrage only continued to grow over the murder. Throughout the trial and in the media, Frank was painted as the antagonist of all that was good and Southern – an industrialist, a Northern Yankee, and a Jew.

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threat to the carefully cultivated image of the Jewish community in the city, and needed to assimilate but also be kept separate. This dynamic also visible in the realm of Jewish communal organizations. German Jewish organizations such as the Hebrew Relief Society and the Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society helped the poor in the community. Sometimes, however, attempts by the German Jewish community to aid the less well off Yiddish speaking community were perceived by the latter as patronizing or offensive. In one such instance, the local Jewish paper remarked, "we want to make good American citizens out of our Russian brothers" and called the Yiddish speaking immigrants "ignorant." When wealthy German Jews organized the

2415: 2752:. When he took over leading the synagogue, it was in a time when its membership and community had a growing fracture between its older, founding, Yiddish-speaking immigrants and the less traditional English-speaking next generation. Rabbi Epstein gave sermons and taught classes in both English and Yiddish, and helped revitalize the community in his first years. Gradually, changes were implemented in the synagogue, such as the women's section, which went from being in the balcony to part of the sanctuary floor, and eventually was eliminated in favor of mixed gender seating. The opportunities for women's overall participation increased also. 3728: 2712: 2649:

fully established and accepted in the city. They were assimilated and considered themselves Southern, and what happened to Frank was a scary awakening that in the broader society's eyes, they may always be considered Jews first. Leo and his wife Lucille were members of The Temple and its community, and Lucille, to the shock of many, remained in Atlanta the rest of her life. The consensus of the community following Frank's death was not to mention it, and the subject remained taboo for many decades.

2406:. Unlike decades prior when Leo Frank was lynched, the bombing spurred an outpouring of support from the broader Atlanta community. In the last few decades, the community has steadily become one of the ten largest in the United States. As its population has risen, it has also become the Southern location of many national Jewish organizations, and today there are a multitude of Jewish institutions. The greater Atlanta area is considered to be home to the country's ninth largest Jewish population. 2744:, using initials and code words to refer to ingredients, he outlined two problem ingredients, one which kept the soda from being kosher altogether and another which precluded it from being kosher for Passover. After his responsa, the company started research to solve the issues, and did so successfully. In 1935, Rabbi Geffen issued a new responsa deeming Coca-Cola kosher, and also kosher for Passover as they had agreed to switch to using beet and cane sugar in the weeks before the holiday. 3966: 2783: 4672: 4243: 2961: 2532:

a meeting place for Jewish clubs and organizations, and had recreation. The JEA facility was completed in 1911 and surplus funds were used to start a free health clinic in the building. Located in the center of Jewish Atlanta, through its variety of programs it served as both a community center and immigrant help center. It became a focal point for the Jewish community and during one month in 1914, more than 14,000 people attended programs there.

4505: 4290: 3953: 3715: 2555: 2879: 2736:. As the prominent Orthodox rabbi in the region, he began receiving letters from across the country asking whether or not Coca-Cola, famously based in Atlanta, was kosher. The soda was seen as a symbol of American identity and, thus, belonging, by the younger generation who were especially eager to partake. Rabbi Geffen sought permission to view Coca-Cola's closely guarded 2854:

This also made some in the community newly emboldened to speak up against segregation and for civil rights, with the feeling that they could afford to. Synagogue members also more heartily supported Rabbi Rothschild’s actions and sermons on civil rights issues afterwards, and the first sermon he gave following the bombing was called “And None Shall Make Them Afraid”.

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males in Atlanta worked in commercial trade, and 60% were either business owners or managers. The community was also very present in politics – two Jews from the Atlanta area were elected to the state legislature in the late 1860s and early 1870s, and in 1875 Aaron Haas was the city's mayor pro tem. Additionally, David Mayer helped found the

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think of it as an anomaly with little bearing on the whole. Others in the community assign more lasting importance to what happened, and continue to call for political action to absolve and remember Frank, who in 1986 received a posthumous pardon based on the state's culpability in his death, rather than his innocence.

2500:. A group in the Sephardi community founded their own synagogue, Ahavat Shalom, in 1910. In 1912, some Turkish Sephardi Jews broke off from the congregation and founded their own, Or Hahyim. Two years later, both congregations merged and became Or Ve Shalom, and their first synagogue building was dedicated in 1920. 2870:

Just after World War II, an estimated 10,217 Jews were living in Atlanta, and only 6% of Jewish adults were not involved in any Jewish organizations. In the 1950s, Atlanta further solidified its status as the Jewish center of the South with the opening of branches of a number Jewish groups, including

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Rabbi Marx was very active in bridge-building with the larger non-Jewish/Christian community in Atlanta, and was largely seen by non-Jews in the city as being the representative of the Jewish community at large. This idea, however, was problematic as Rabbi Marx held very liberal Reform views, and was

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of Greater Atlanta, and the Hebrew Orphans' Home (est. 1889). The Federation was (and remains) the umbrella organization for funding the community's institutions and charitable programs, while the Hebrew Orphans' Home served nearly 400 children in the first 25 years, later transitioning toward aiding

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The Jewish Education Organization (JEA) is an example of cooperation between both groups of Jews. The result of merging a Russian immigrant organization and a German Jewish one, it had the goal of encouraging Americanization of immigrants; and hosted training classes and Hebrew instruction, served as

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Ironically, in some respects the bombing revealed to the community the privilege that they had. The sweeping outpouring of support and sympathy from the broader Atlanta society, and the swift action taken by officials, showed that they could feel secure now, decades after what happened to Leo Frank.

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Rabbi Tobias Geffen was born in Lithuania, received his ordination there, and started his family there before immigrating to the U.S. He first settled in New York and Ohio prior to accepting his position at Shearith Israel and moving with his family to Atlanta in 1910. Upon his arrival, Rabbi Geffen

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Starting in the 1920s, there was a significant migration of the Jewish population to the north of the city from the poorer areas, like Hunter Street. It was not only the historically wealthier German Jewish community that moved, but many poorer Jews whose primary language was Yiddish, migrated there

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in several northern suburbs. Additionally, five congregations have their own mikveh and there are a number of Jewish day schools across the ideological spectrum. Despite this, the community is one of less religiously affiliated in the U.S., as the vast majority of Jewish families do not belong to a

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The number of community institutions and organizations has also increased to keep up with the needs of the community. Today there are 38 synagogues in the area – 33 founded after 1968, of which 24 were started between 1984 and 2006. The Orthodox portion of the community is also rapidly growing, and

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The Atlanta Jewish community has seen dramatic population boom and demographic change in the last few decades, while Atlanta's overall population has also reached new heights as one of the fastest-growing cities in the U.S. The Jewish community in the metropolitan area went from less than 30,000 in

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after years of internal ideological squabbles in the congregation which had eventually resulted in his hiring in 1895. He also was a staunch anti-Zionist, due to his desire for Jews to assimilate in the U.S., and was key in the passage of his congregations' 1897 anti-Zionist resolution and feeling.

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In this period, multiple synagogues opened only to rejoin Ahavath Achim or The Temple in the following years or next decades. In 1902, Congregation Shearith Israel, which did not flame out like other contemporary congregations, was formed by a group of Ahavath Achim members who were discontent with

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and his troops approached the city, Jews played a larger role than before in the city's public sphere and its society. As the city became the center of the “New South”, its economy rapidly expanded, enticing a number of Jews to move to the city. According to one figure, in 1880, 71% of Jewish adult

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Some Jews left Atlanta in the aftermath of Leo Frank's trial and lynching, but the number is unknown. The community also largely withdrew from politics after the episode, and for well over a decade, no Atlanta Jews ran for public office. Nevertheless, the Jewish population continued to grow in the

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The divisions between Yiddish speaking Jews and Jews of German backgrounds extended beyond the synagogues as well, and in many ways it was as though there were two separate Jewish communities. The perception of the German Jewish community was that the Yiddish Jews were of a lower class, possibly a

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was elected Vice Mayor of the city, and then re-elected in 1965. In 1969, he was elected the first Jewish mayor the city, after winning the vast majority of the African American vote and losing the vast majority of the white vote. A part of his campaign pitch to the African American community was

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Leo Frank's lynching had a massive impact on the Atlanta Jewish community, and in many ways still does today. The episode was also widely felt in Jewish communities across the United States, and even more so in the South. Prior to his case, many Atlanta Jews of a wealthier, German background felt

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In August 1913, after a short deliberation, the jury convicted Frank and he was sentenced to death. A large mob assembled outside the courthouse rejoiced at the news. The case was then appealed by his lawyers at every level, and it was during this time that Frank's plight became national news and

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The main witness for the prosecution, James "Jim" Conley, was a black janitor who worked in the factory. Conley changed his story a number of times throughout the investigation and trial, but did not crack while being cross examined on the stand and was key in the trial's outcome. Most historians

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in 1843, Atlanta changed its name in 1845, and that same year the first Jews settled there. The first two known Jewish settlers, Jacob Haas and Henry Levi, opened a store together in 1846. By 1850, 10% of Atlanta stores were run by Jews, who only made up 1% of the population and largely worked in

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Whereas much of the Atlanta Jewish community has historically been deeply rooted families that prided in their Atlanta and Southern ties, the vast majority of the community today is made up of transplants, and almost a third of the community was born in New York. According to the 2006 population

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Even over 100 years later, the subject remains a touchy one for some, and how important what happened to Leo Frank is in the broader history of the Jewish community in Atlanta is still an open question. There are many who see it a blip in the distinguished history of the community, and prefer to

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On August 16, 1915, a group of prominent Marietta and Georgia citizens calling themselves the "Knights of Mary Phagan", including a former Georgia governor, former and current Marietta mayors, and current and former sheriffs, abducted Frank from prison and drove him back to Marietta. There, they

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took up Frank's cause and launched what has been called a "journalistic crusade" in the paper. In addition, the head of the American Jewish Committee, Louis Marshall, threw his and the organization's weight behind the issue. This, however, fanned flames further for those in the South who already

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was found murdered in the basement of the factory building. The case quickly became a major story in Atlanta, and the death brought tensions about child labor and the grievances of the rural working class to the fore, increasing pressure for someone to be held responsible. Over the course of the

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At the same time, for many in the African American community, the public and official reactions to the bombing were deeply frustrating, as such terror was inflicted on them more frequently and without support or effective investigations. Responding to Ralph McGill's piece about the bombing, the

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Under the 51-year tenure of Rabbi David Marx, the members of The Temple were used to the idea that if it wanted acceptance, it could not afford to rock the boat in non-Jewish/Christian Atlanta society or cause conflict. The congregation's next rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, however, took a different

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Between the turn of the century and the late 1920s the main three synagogues came under steady leadership, and each of their rabbis went on to stay in the position for decades. Rabbi David Marx served The Temple for 51 years (1895–1946), Rabbi Tobias Geffen served Shearith Israel for 60 years

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views. By the early 20th century, these more recent immigrants outnumbered the German Jewish community of The Temple. In 1887, Congregation Ahavath Achim was founded to fit this new portion of the community, and in 1901 their synagogue was built in the middle of the south side area where most

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In the 1850s, due to the transient nature of much of the Jewish community, there were no consistent religious services and no formally organized community. That changed in 1860s, after the founding of the Hebrew Benevolent Society, started as a burial society, which led to the creation of the

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Rabbi Harry Epstein, too, was born in Lithuania and immigrated to the U.S. at the beginning of the 20th century. He was ordained by some of the most prominent rabbis of the time, and his father was an influential and long-serving Orthodox rabbi in Chicago. Despite this, he would lead his

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views and which were influential due to his leadership of The Temple. It was not until the 1920s that support for Zionism began to grow in the community, although there were a few small, frequently inactive Zionist organizations that started years prior. A gathering celebrating the

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The damage to the synagogue was estimated at $ 100,000, or roughly $ 868,000 today adjusted for inflation. Donations to help the synagogue recover poured in from every corner of Atlanta and from across the country, although the synagogue had not requested funds. The editor of the

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was born in Texas, raised in New York, and moved to Atlanta to work at his uncle's pencil factory. He was active in the Atlanta Jewish community after his arrival, marrying Lucille Selig, of a prominent Atlanta Jewish family, and being elected head of the city's

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attitude and felt that advocating against segregation and discrimination were moral imperitaves, controversial or not. Many believe that Rabbi Rothschild's outspoken support for the Civil Rights Movement and integration lead to the targeting of The Temple.

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case in 1913–1915, which caused many to re-evaluate what it meant to be Jewish in Atlanta and the South, and largely scarred the generation of Jews in the city who lived through it. In 1958, one of the centers of Jewish life in the city, the

2607:, then in his last days in office, to commute the death sentence. Slaton found himself under immense pressure from those on both sides, and personally reviewed 10,000 pages of documents and revisited the factory where the murder occurred. 2728:. Within a few years, he became known as a key resource for many of the Orthodox communities throughout the South that lacked a rabbi of their own, and often travelled to solve problems. Rabbi Geffen is best known for first certifying 2666:

also. As the north became the clear center of the Jewish population in the city, the synagogues moved there as well. By 1945, two-thirds of the city's Jews lived in the northeast, and many of those who did not would later move there.

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investigation, multiple suspects were arrested and released before police came to believe that Frank was likely the killer. The trial that followed sparked anti-Semitic fervor, and changed the outlook of the Atlanta Jewish community.

2468:. While the existing Atlanta Jewish community was largely assimilated, generally wealthy, and of liberal German Jewish backgrounds, the new immigrants were of a different background. They were largely poor, spoke Yiddish, shunned the 2952:(IOC) was not going to have any commemoration or give a mention, the Atlanta Jewish community, largely through the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, organized their own ceremony with the families of the Israelis who were killed. 2610:

On June 21, 1915, Governor Slaton commuted Frank's sentence to life in prison. Much of the state, and Atlanta in particular, was outraged. A mob that formed with the aim of attacking the governor's home had to be stopped by the

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1980 to 86,000 in 2000 and then 120,000 in 2006 when the last Jewish population survey was undertaken. If Jewish population growth mirrored the general population growth, the Jewish population would have been 130,000 in 2016.

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In 1980, the Jewish population was estimated at 27,500. The community also continued its move northward and to the suburbs, and by 1984, 70% of the area's Jews were living outside of the Atlanta city limits.

2645:", as both centered around falsely accused wealthy assimilated Jewish men whose trials, based on minimal evidence, were the catalysts of anti-Semitic fervor in the masses which then led to their convictions. 2598:

took to railing against Frank in his publications, The Jeffersonian and Watson's Magazine, often in racialized terms, and pronouncing his guilt and calling for his death. Frank's case went all the way to the

2764:, that he felt shut the door on progress in the Orthodox world. The congregation official became Conservative in 1954, and its slow slide into the Conservative movement had also lead to the founding of 2699:(1910–1970), and Rabbi Harry Epstein served Ahavath Achim for 54 years (1928–1982). Over their distinguished tenures, they each had a large impact on the face of the Jewish community and its values. 2447:

During the Civil War, the Jewish community in the city were not all on the same side of the conflict. When the war was over and the city was left to rebuild after it had largely been burnt down when

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that his experience being Jewish, while not equivalent to the black experience, gave him a better understanding than other white people of the challenges community was facing. He was defeated by

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over half of these new congregations are Orthodox or traditional. This has been coupled with an increasing number of kosher restaurants and supermarket sections and the establishment of

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retail, especially in the sale of clothing and dry goods. Many early Jewish settlers, however, did not end up settling permanently in Atlanta, and turnover in the community was high.

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and purchased a mansion for its clubhouse in 1905, Yiddish Jews were pretty much entirely excluded. In 1913, Yiddish Jews founded the Progressive Club. It was not until the

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While Ashkenazi Jews make up the majority of the community, as is common in most of the country, Atlanta is also home to one of the U.S.'s largest Sephardi populations.

1024: 2622:, over 100 miles from Marietta, Phagan's hometown. A month later, another inmate tried to kill Frank by slashing his throat, an attempt on his life which he survived. 4519: 2798:

In the first hours of October 12, 1958, The Temple was bombed using 50 sticks of dynamite, causing significant damage but no injuries. Not long after the explosion,

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was gaining traction in Jewish communities around the world and U.S., it was slower to catch on in Atlanta. This was partially due to Rabbi David Marx's staunch

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noted a number of problems and gaps in the Orthodox community and sought to remedy them, including the lack of religious schools, the state of the community's

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primarily representative only of the smaller but established and influential German Jewish community. Rabbi Marx also lead the congregation's shift into

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to head their synagogue, who would go on to have a large impact on the Atlanta Jewish community as well as Orthodox communities throughout the South.

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survey, Jews who have moved to the area in the last 10 years also outnumber those born in the area, particularly in the northern suburbs.

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decades following, going from 4,000 in 1910 to 12,000 in 1937, and accounting for a third of the city's foreign-born population in 1920.

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Bauman, Mark K. (1998). "Factionalism and Ethnic Politics in Atlanta: The German Jews from the Civil War through the Progressive Era".

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MacLean, Nancy (December 1991). "The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism".

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lamented the lack of similar outcry or care on the part of the government at the state or federal levels in investigating the crime.

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group saying they carried out the bombing, that it would be the last empty building they bomb, and Jews and African Americans were

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and FBI agents, worked to solve the case. While five people were arrested, and one tried, no one was ever convicted of the crime.

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during his 1973 re-election bid, who became Atlanta's first black mayor, and Massell is the last white mayor of Atlanta to date.

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Beginning in 1881, Atlanta received a portion of the influx of Jews immigrating to the U.S. from Eastern Europe, especially the

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speaking Jews to the area, in stark contrast to the established Jewish community. The community was deeply impacted by the

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in order to assess whether it could be deemed kosher, and was eventually granted it after being sworn to secrecy. In his

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Under his leadership, the congregation significantly grew in size and moved to a new location in the north of the city.

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Other contemporary organizations included the Federation of Jewish Charities (est. 1905), later reorganized as the

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In the decades following The Temple bombing, the Jewish community also became active in politics again. In 1961,

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celebrations for girls took place for the first time, although they were still prohibited from reading from the

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hanged him not far from the Phagan house, where his body remained for hours as an energized crowd gathered.

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Kaganoff, Nathan M. (October 4, 1983). "An Orthodox Rabbinate in the South: Tobias Geffen, 1870–1970".

3296: 2799: 2453: 2441: 2414: 2207: 2052: 1760: 1154: 350: 340: 76: 4573: 4568: 4557: 4489: 4310: 3857: 3050: 2872: 2641:(ADL)’s creation in 1913 was also spurred by the Frank trial. The case has been called the "American 2321: 2014: 1865: 1806: 697: 4449: 3887: 2629:

In the months following the lynching, some of the Knights of Mary Phagan also helped to revive the

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that the Standard Club stopped discriminating on this basis, and by and large, it was not until

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Whitehall Street, seen here in 1864, was the site of many early Jewish businesses in Atlanta.

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continues to grow today. In its early decades, the Jewish community was largely made up of

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viewed Frank as a symbol of Northern and Jewish wealth and elitism. Populist politician

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society. As with the rest of Atlanta, the Jewish community was affected greatly by the

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in 1867. Early members of the society secured the first Jewish plots in the famous

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the level of stringency of observance there. In 1910, Shearith Israel hired

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Congressman Elliott Levitas, who served Georgia's 4th district for 10 years

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and at the Marcus JCC's Zaban Park. The Marcus JCC is named in honor of

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Rabbi Tobias Geffen is credited with getting Coca-Cola kosher certified.

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chapter. In 1913, 13-year-old pencil factory employee Mary Phagan, from

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foster care and supporting widows, and ultimately closing in 1930.

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chapter was established in 1916, and had 300 members by 1937.

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immigrants who quickly assimilated and were active in broader

2925:, was elected President in 1976 several Atlanta Jews such as 2757: 2618:

After being commuted, Frank was transferred to the prison in

878: 307: 211: 180: 3656:. J. The Jewish News of Northern California. August 2, 1996. 2933:

moved to Washington with him to work in the administration.

2748:

congregation, Ahavath Achim, to transition from Orthodox to

2682:’s support for a “Jewish national home” in Palestine at the 2554: 2385:. In the late 19th century, a wave of Jewish migration from 2978: 2878: 2831:

The government was also quick to respond. Atlanta's mayor,

2370: 2369:

began in the early years of the city's settlement, and the

30: 3520:. Georgia Humanities and the University of Georgia Press. 3396:"The ADL and KKK, born of the same murder, 100 years ago" 3281:. Georgia Humanities and the University of Georgia Press. 3197:. Georgia Humanities and the University of Georgia Press. 2843: 3178:. Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. 2528:

that the barriers between German and Yiddish Jews fell.

3229:"Oakland Tours in Focus: The Jewish Grounds of Oakland" 2456:

and served on it for a decade until his death in 1890.

3358:"Struggling With Leo Frank's Lynching a Century Later" 3910:

William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum

2989:

William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum

2583:

galvanized the Jewish community across the country.

2460:

Immigration & the establishment of congregations

1894: 1875: 298: 3201: 2865: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 4689: 3618:"Conflicting Views of 1967 War Mark Anniversary" 2507:also founded their own synagogue, Anshi S’fard. 3548: 3546: 3481: 2492:immigrated to the city, many of whom came from 3669:"Israelis Divided From Rest of Jewish Atlanta" 3531: 3529: 3527: 3342: 2409: 4273: 3936: 3698: 2964:A special exhibit at the Breman Jewish Museum 2778:Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing 2771: 2346: 3543: 3456: 3454: 3824: 3583: 3524: 3290: 3288: 3176:Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2898:During and in a short period following the 590:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 4280: 4266: 3943: 3929: 3705: 3691: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3252:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2842:also decried the attack, and promised the 2510: 2353: 2339: 3666: 3615: 3451: 3355: 3294: 2858:daughter of slain Florida NAACP director 4287: 3959:History of the Jews in the United States 3721:Jews and Judaism in Georgia (U.S. state) 3430: 3368: 3285: 3246:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Atlanta, Georgia" 3068: 2959: 2877: 2781: 2710: 2656: 2553: 2413: 3561:. Emory Center for Digital Scholarship. 3500: 3313: 3269: 3256: 3226: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 4690: 3307: 3295:Goldstein, Warren (October 26, 2003). 3207: 3182: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 4261: 3924: 3850: 3686: 3240: 3238: 3099:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project 2686:amassed over 2,000 people in 1920. A 2488:In the early 20th century, about 150 3667:Schechter, Dave (November 9, 2017). 3511: 2919:Georgia's 4th congressional district 3393: 3356:Schechter, Dave (August 12, 2015). 3117: 2955: 2871:the Anti-Defamation League and the 2693: 13: 3589: 3374: 3235: 3188: 2921:. When Jimmy Carter, who had been 2543: 14: 4729: 3460: 3377:"Leo Frank and the Winds of Hate" 3095:"The Jewish Community of Atlanta" 381:Historical population comparisons 4671: 4670: 4503: 4288: 4242: 4241: 3964: 3951: 3726: 3713: 3616:Schechter, Dave (May 18, 2017). 3596:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 3552: 3490:American Jewish Archives Journal 3210:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 2422: 1025:Democratic Republic of the Congo 939:Historical population by country 4698:Jewish-American history by city 3660: 3646: 3628: 3609: 3565: 3424: 3406: 3387: 3316:The Journal of American History 3227:Breffle, Marcy (October 2023). 2950:International Olympic Committee 2866:1950s – end of the 20th century 2848:Georgia Bureau of Investigation 3231:. Historic Oakland Foundation. 3220: 2788:Hebrew Benevolent Congregation 2438:Hebrew Benevolent Congregation 2400:Hebrew Benevolent Congregation 2367:history of the Jews in Atlanta 1: 3191:"Jewish Community of Atlanta" 3061: 2477:Yiddish-speaking Jews lived. 596:Christianity and Judaism 3463:"Atlanta Jews and Coca-Cola" 3019: 7: 4713:Jews and Judaism in Atlanta 4622:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 3804:B'nai Torah (Sandy Springs) 2948:. When it became clear the 2503:In 1913, a small number of 2410:19th and early 20th century 1895: 1876: 1603:Latin America and Caribbean 299: 10: 4734: 2906:'s Israel Emergency Fund. 2800:United Press International 2775: 2772:1958 bombing of The Temple 2732:as kosher, and kosher for 2547: 2454:Georgia Board of Education 2208:Jewish political movements 1905:Conversion to Judaism 4665: 4635: 4582: 4558:Atlanta Housing Authority 4538: 4520:Colleges and universities 4512: 4501: 4329: 4311:Atlanta metropolitan area 4301: 4239: 3974: 3902: 3879: 3858:Greenfield Hebrew Academy 3817: 3784:Shearith Israel (Atlanta) 3767: 3749:Jewish history in Atlanta 3736: 3297:"Who Killed Mary Phagan?" 3051:Greenfield Hebrew Academy 2873:American Jewish Committee 611:Hinduism and Judaism 4708:Ethnic groups in Atlanta 3888:The Atlanta Jewish Times 3809:Mickve Israel (Savannah) 3518:New Georgia Encyclopedia 3279:New Georgia Encyclopedia 3195:New Georgia Encyclopedia 3024:Jewish schools include: 2936:When Atlanta hosted the 2705:classical Reform Judaism 2472:of The Temple, and held 437:Temple in Jerusalem 130:Bar and bat mitzvah 3433:American Jewish History 2766:Congregation Beth Jacob 2511:Community organizations 399:Twelve Tribes of Israel 4617:Georgia State Panthers 4184:Southern United States 3832:Atlanta Jewish Academy 3794:B'nai Israel (Augusta) 3636:"Value of $ 1 in 1967" 3573:"Value of $ 1 in 1958" 3250:Jewish Virtual Library 3029:Atlanta Jewish Academy 2965: 2883: 2791: 2716: 2639:Anti-Defamation League 2613:Georgia National Guard 2559: 2419: 2389:brought less wealthy, 4643:Georgia State Capitol 4565:development authority 4391:Hispanics and Latinos 2963: 2881: 2833:William B. Hartsfield 2790:, known as The Temple 2785: 2714: 2680:Allies of World War I 2657:Mid–late 20th century 2557: 2417: 2404:Civil Rights Movement 1145:São Tomé and Príncipe 1140:Republic of the Congo 534:Second Temple Judaism 405:Kingdom of Judah 376:Modern historiography 3779:Beth Jacob (Atlanta) 3673:Atlanta Jewish Times 3622:Atlanta Jewish Times 3537:"The Temple Bombing" 3512:Hatfield, Edward A. 3362:Atlanta Jewish Times 3271:Dinnerstein, Leonard 3013:Atlanta Jewish Times 2942:1972 Summer Olympics 2938:1996 Summer Olympics 2904:United Jewish Appeal 2840:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2817:Atlanta Constitution 2247:World Agudath Israel 1388:United Arab Emirates 475:Second Temple period 465:Babylonian captivity 4718:Religion in Atlanta 3799:Beth Israel (Macon) 3496:(2): 133–145. 1990. 3400:The Times of Israel 3381:The Washington Post 2927:Stuart E. Eizenstat 2923:Governor of Georgia 2913:From 1975 to 1985, 2724:, and the level of 2684:San Remo conference 2483:Rabbi Tobias Geffen 540:Hellenistic Judaism 118:Land of Israel 77:Principles of faith 4703:History of Atlanta 3893:Southern Israelite 3837:The Epstein School 3469:on August 21, 2018 3414:"Rabbi David Marx" 3301:The New York Times 3172:"Atlanta, Georgia" 3034:The Epstein School 2993:Greenwood Cemetery 2966: 2915:Elliott H. Levitas 2884: 2792: 2717: 2601:U.S. Supreme Court 2590:The New York Times 2560: 2420: 2383:American Civil War 2101:Jewish Koine Greek 1643:Dominican Republic 924:Judaism by country 603:Jews and Christmas 458:Assyrian captivity 4685: 4684: 4612:Atlanta United FC 4386:African Americans 4347:Tallest buildings 4342:Oldest structures 4255: 4254: 3918: 3917: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3590:McNair, Charles. 2999:, who along with 2804:white supremacist 2742:halachic responsa 2537:Jewish Federation 2427:First founded as 2363: 2362: 2312: 2311: 2060: 2059: 1807:Reconstructionist 1751: 1750: 903: 902: 710: 709: 547:Jewish–Roman wars 495:Hasmonean dynasty 411:Kingdom of Israel 315: 314: 4725: 4674: 4673: 4507: 4292: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4221:Washington, D.C. 3969: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3848: 3847: 3842:The Weber School 3822: 3821: 3789:Temple (Atlanta) 3771: 3754:Jews in Savannah 3731: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3522: 3521: 3514:"Temple Bombing" 3509: 3498: 3497: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3275:"Leo Frank Case" 3267: 3254: 3253: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3189:Bauman, Mark K. 3186: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3105:on July 18, 2018 3091: 3039:The Weber School 2956:Modern community 2694:Prominent rabbis 2596:Thomas E. Watson 2522:Great Depression 2442:Oakland Cemetery 2371:Jewish community 2355: 2348: 2341: 2204: 2203: 2085: 1906: 1900: 1881: 1845: 1844: 1792: 1739:New Zealand 1691: 1654:El Salvador 1644: 1576:Northern America 1568: 1162: 918: 917: 829:Crimean Karaites 725: 724: 703: 701: 622: 620: 612: 606: 597: 585:Rabbinic Judaism 566: 560: 554: 542: 530: 496: 489:Maccabean Revolt 466: 459: 453: 445: 438: 432: 424: 406: 330: 329: 304: 199: 198: 131: 119: 18: 17: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4661: 4631: 4602:Atlanta Falcons 4578: 4534: 4525:Private schools 4508: 4499: 4325: 4297: 4286: 4256: 4251: 4235: 4173:South Carolina 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3949: 3919: 3914: 3898: 3867: 3863:Yeshiva Atlanta 3846: 3813: 3769: 3763: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3681: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3559:Southern Spaces 3551: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3525: 3510: 3501: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461:Druck, Rachel. 3459: 3452: 3429: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3394:Lebovic, Matt. 3392: 3388: 3373: 3369: 3354: 3343: 3328:10.2307/2078796 3312: 3308: 3293: 3286: 3268: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3187: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3069: 3064: 3056:Yeshiva Atlanta 3022: 2958: 2946:Munich massacre 2944:, known as the 2931:Robert Lipshutz 2893:Maynard Jackson 2868: 2780: 2774: 2696: 2659: 2587:, publisher of 2552: 2546: 2544:Leo Frank trial 2513: 2462: 2449:General Sherman 2425: 2412: 2359: 2314: 2313: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2181:Judeo-Malayalam 2161:Judaeo-Georgian 2081: 2072: 2062: 2061: 1962:Yiddish theatre 1904: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1790: 1763: 1753: 1752: 1689: 1642: 1566: 1160: 944:Genetic studies 915: 905: 904: 722: 712: 711: 699: 698: 618: 617: 610: 600: 595: 577:and Middle Ages 575:Rabbinic period 562: 556: 549: 537: 508: 494: 464: 457: 448: 440: 436: 427: 422:in Judaism 419: 404: 327: 317: 316: 196: 186: 185: 129: 117: 62: 12: 11: 5: 4731: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4592:Atlanta Braves 4588: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4563:Invest Atlanta 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4530:Public schools 4527: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4490:Transportation 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3659: 3645: 3627: 3608: 3582: 3564: 3542: 3523: 3499: 3480: 3450: 3423: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3341: 3306: 3284: 3255: 3234: 3219: 3200: 3181: 3116: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3018: 2957: 2954: 2867: 2864: 2860:Henry T. Moore 2826:Pulitzer Prize 2776:Main article: 2773: 2770: 2738:secret formula 2695: 2692: 2658: 2655: 2643:Dreyfus affair 2635:Stone Mountain 2548:Main article: 2545: 2542: 2512: 2509: 2470:Reform Judaism 2466:Russian Empire 2461: 2458: 2424: 2421: 2411: 2408: 2387:Eastern Europe 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2242:Territorialism 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2126:Judaeo-Spanish 2123: 2121:Judaeo-Iranian 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567:United Kingdom 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:Bilad-el-Sudan 997: 992: 984: 983: 977: 976: 975: 974: 969: 964: 956: 955: 953:Land of Israel 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 916: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 900: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 813: 812: 811:Related groups 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 744: 743: 738: 723: 718: 717: 714: 713: 708: 707: 706: 705: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Jewish atheism 665: 660: 655: 647: 646: 642: 641: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619:Islamic–Jewish 614: 607: 592: 587: 579: 578: 571: 570: 569: 568: 544: 531: 503: 498: 491: 486: 484:Yehud Medinata 478: 477: 471: 470: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 433: 425: 413: 408: 401: 393: 392: 390:Ancient Israel 386: 385: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 346:Land of Israel 343: 335: 334: 328: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 312: 311: 310: 305: 301:Shulchan Aruch 296: 291: 286: 281: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 257: 256: 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 197: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 126: 121: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 79: 74: 67:God in Judaism 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 52: 51: 46: 38: 37: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4730: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4657:Sister cities 4655: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Atlanta Hawks 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4597:Atlanta Dream 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Neighborhoods 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4321:United States 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Fulton County 4304: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Brazos County 4192: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4118:New York City 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 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The Temple. 3538: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3375:Harris, Art. 3371: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3216:(3): 533–558. 3215: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Bernie Marcus 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2880: 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2888:Sam Massell 2820:newspaper, 2754:Bat mitzvah 2605:John Slaton 2585:Adolph Ochs 2300:Revisionist 2290:Neo-Zionism 1897:Zeved habat 1690:Puerto Rico 1516:Netherlands 1348:South Korea 1333:Philippines 1213:Afghanistan 1080:Ivory Coast 854:Crypto-Jews 819:Bnei Anusim 798:Bene Israel 763:Beta Israel 720:Communities 627:Middle Ages 366:Persecution 141:Bereavement 4692:Categories 4540:Government 4364:Street art 4359:Public art 4225:Wisconsin 4177:Charleston 4162:Pittsburgh 4130:Cincinnati 4108:New Jersey 4066:Cumberland 3770:Synagogues 3759:Cemeteries 3640:Saving.org 3577:Saving.org 3418:The Temple 3322:(3): 918. 3062:References 3005:Home Depot 2285:Maximalism 2237:Secularism 2217:Autonomism 2034:Literature 1827:Humanistic 1431:Azerbaijan 1393:Uzbekistan 1368:Tajikistan 1288:Kyrgyzstan 1273:Kazakhstan 1120:Mozambique 1095:Madagascar 1015:Cape Verde 967:New Yishuv 962:Old Yishuv 913:Population 891:Subbotniks 849:Samaritans 788:Romanyotim 731:Ashkenazim 678:Old Yishuv 658:Sabbateans 645:Modern era 637:Golden Age 564:Bar Kokhba 284:Beit Yosef 151:Philosophy 4627:Rugby ATL 4513:Education 4455:Nicknames 4413:Geography 4408:Festivals 4229:Milwaukee 4209:Galveston 4135:Cleveland 4097:Nebraska 4091:St. Louis 4087:Missouri 4077:Michigan 4071:Frederick 4061:Baltimore 4008:Colorado 3997:San Diego 3020:Education 2837:President 2768:in 1943. 2730:Coca-Cola 2563:Leo Frank 2558:Leo Frank 2550:Leo Frank 2395:Leo Frank 2295:Religious 2151:Zarphatic 2141:Bukharian 2111:Judeo-Tat 2096:Yeshivish 2070:Languages 2025:Sephardic 2015:Israelite 2005:Ethiopian 1995:Ashkenazi 1934:Religious 1724:Australia 1706:Venezuela 1612:Argentina 1594:Greenland 1506:Lithuania 1358:Sri Lanka 1353:Singapore 1278:Kurdistan 1243:Indonesia 1233:Hong Kong 1186:Abayudaya 1110:Mauritius 844:Igbo Jews 834:Krymchaks 753:Sephardim 621:relations 515:Sadducees 511:Pharisees 501:Sanhedrin 416:Jerusalem 176:Synagogue 44:Etymology 4676:Category 4470:Religion 4423:Timeline 4293:City of 4248:Category 4140:Columbus 4113:New York 4056:Maryland 4039:Illinois 4028:Georgia 4022:southern 4018:Florida 3891:(former 3601:July 17, 3473:July 18, 3445:23882577 3109:July 18, 3003:founded 2734:Passover 2688:Hadassah 2572:Marietta 2474:Orthodox 2322:Category 2280:Kahanism 2227:Feminism 2199:Politics 2083:Biblical 2053:American 2000:Bukharan 1990:American 1890:Shidduch 1866:Clothing 1822:Haymanot 1768:Orthodox 1696:Suriname 1679:Paraguay 1632:Colombia 1531:Portugal 1441:Bulgaria 1378:Thailand 1328:Pakistan 1308:Mongolia 1303:Malaysia 1223:Cambodia 1197:Zimbabwe 1172:Tanzania 1050:Eswatini 1040:Ethiopia 1030:Djibouti 1010:Cameroon 1005:Botswana 934:Diaspora 896:Noahides 869:Marranos 793:Cochinim 778:Bukharim 768:Gruzinim 758:Teimanim 748:Mizrahim 736:Galician 702:conflict 663:Hasidism 653:Haskalah 558:Diaspora 429:timeline 341:Timeline 254:Rabbinic 161:Kabbalah 136:Marriage 112:Tzedakah 102:Holidays 60:Religion 23:a series 21:Part of 4636:Related 4485:Tourism 4440:Museums 4418:History 4403:Economy 4376:Cuisine 4316:Georgia 4295:Atlanta 4214:Houston 4199:Brenham 4081:Detroit 4044:Chicago 4032:Atlanta 3984:Arizona 3903:Museums 3818:Schools 3336:2078796 2726:kashrut 2671:Zionism 2391:Yiddish 2379:Atlanta 2265:General 2256:Zionism 2232:Leftism 2222:Bundism 2146:Knaanic 2106:Yevanic 2091:Yiddish 2048:Yiddish 2043:Israeli 2020:Mizrahi 2010:Israeli 1981:Cuisine 1957:Ancient 1939:Secular 1885:Kashrut 1861:Wedding 1848:Customs 1840:Culture 1817:Science 1812:Renewal 1802:Karaite 1783:Hasidic 1715:Oceania 1701:Uruguay 1669:Jamaica 1649:Ecuador 1617:Bolivia 1561:Ukraine 1536:Romania 1511:Moldova 1491:Hungary 1481:Germany 1476:Georgia 1466:Finland 1461:Estonia 1456:Denmark 1451:Czechia 1436:Belarus 1426:Austria 1421:Armenia 1398:Vietnam 1313:Myanmar 1298:Lebanon 1218:Bahrain 1177:Tunisia 1155:Somalia 1130:Nigeria 1125:Namibia 1115:Morocco 1045:Eritrea 990:Algeria 874:Neofiti 783:Italkim 773:Juhurim 683:Zionism 632:Khazars 527:Sicarii 523:Zealots 519:Essenes 506:Schisms 371:Leaders 333:General 325:History 268:Tosefta 263:Midrash 240:Mishnah 222:Ketuvim 217:Nevi'im 166:Customs 97:Shabbat 92:Halakha 84: ( 82:Mitzvot 69: ( 35:Judaism 4584:Sports 4574:Police 4569:Mayors 4480:Sports 4465:People 4430:Hotels 4330:Topics 4204:Dallas 4147:Oregon 4012:Denver 3979:Alaska 3851:Merged 3737:Topics 3443: 3334: 3045:Former 2979:eruvim 2808:aliens 2722:mikveh 2669:While 2637:. The 2498:Rhodes 2494:Turkey 2327:Portal 2186:Domari 2116:Shassi 2077:Hebrew 1972:Humour 1916:Hiloni 1911:Aliyah 1871:Niddah 1856:Minyan 1791:Reform 1778:Haredi 1773:Modern 1674:Mexico 1659:Guyana 1622:Brazil 1584:Canada 1556:Sweden 1546:Serbia 1541:Russia 1526:Poland 1521:Norway 1501:Latvia 1486:Greece 1471:France 1446:Cyprus 1412:Europe 1383:Turkey 1373:Taiwan 1283:Kuwait 1268:Jordan 1258:Israel 1192:Zambia 1182:Uganda 1100:Malawi 1070:Guinea 1060:Gambia 995:Angola 981:Africa 864:Dönmeh 859:Anusim 803:Berber 741:Litvak 693:Israel 599: 536: 450:Second 418: 279:Targum 245:Gemara 231:Talmud 203:Tanakh 156:Ethics 107:Prayer 4460:Parks 4445:Music 4435:Media 4371:Crime 4189:Texas 4101:Omaha 4051:Maine 3441:JSTOR 3332:JSTOR 2758:Torah 2633:atop 2275:Labor 2270:Green 1967:Dance 1925:Music 1744:Palau 1664:Haiti 1627:Chile 1551:Spain 1496:Italy 1403:Yemen 1363:Syria 1338:Qatar 1318:Nepal 1263:Japan 1238:India 1228:China 1167:Sudan 1090:Libya 1085:Kenya 1065:Ghana 1055:Gabon 1035:Egypt 1020:Benin 879:Xueta 824:Lemba 443:First 308:Zohar 212:Torah 194:Texts 181:Rabbi 171:Rites 71:names 4553:Fire 4396:Jews 4354:Arts 4125:Ohio 3603:2018 3475:2018 3111:2018 3010:The 2929:and 2786:The 2496:and 2365:The 1734:Guam 1729:Fiji 1684:Peru 1637:Cuba 1323:Oman 1293:Laos 1253:Iraq 1248:Iran 1205:Asia 1134:Igbo 1105:Mali 124:Brit 33:and 31:Jews 3324:doi 2844:FBI 1948:Art 294:Tur 86:613 4694:: 3671:. 3638:. 3620:. 3594:. 3575:. 3557:. 3545:^ 3526:^ 3516:. 3502:^ 3494:42 3492:. 3453:^ 3437:73 3435:. 3416:. 3398:. 3379:. 3360:. 3344:^ 3330:. 3320:78 3318:. 3299:. 3287:^ 3277:. 3273:. 3258:^ 3248:. 3237:^ 3214:82 3212:. 3193:. 3174:. 3119:^ 3097:. 3070:^ 2875:. 2828:. 2615:. 561:, 555:, 525:, 521:, 517:, 513:, 25:on 4281:e 4274:t 4267:v 3944:e 3937:t 3930:v 3895:) 3706:e 3699:t 3692:v 3675:. 3642:. 3624:. 3605:. 3579:. 3477:. 3447:. 3420:. 3402:. 3383:. 3364:. 3338:. 3326:: 3303:. 3113:. 2354:e 2347:t 2340:v 1188:) 1184:( 1136:) 1132:( 605:) 601:( 567:) 550:( 543:) 538:( 529:) 509:( 452:) 441:( 431:) 420:( 88:) 73:)

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History of the Jews in Atlanta

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