431:. The Qarmatians entered Ramla on 12 March 977, and soon, joined by the forces of Alptakin, placed Ascalon under siege as well. The blockade lasted for fifteen months, during which time Jawhar lost the bulk of his army to starvation. At long last, Jawhar was obliged to enter into negotiations with the more receptive Alptakin—the Qarmatians vehemently opposed any deal and proposed to maintain the siege until their enemies died of hunger—and was allowed to leave in March/April 978 after a humiliating capitulation: the surviving Fatimid troops marched out of Ascalon passing under Alptakin's sword, which had been slung at the city gate. Jawhar agreed to abandon all Fatimid claims to rule lands north of
1907:
412:
for several months, punctuated by skirmishes. As
Alptakin had gathered the entire harvest of the region into the city, the Fatimid army suffered from hunger with the onset of winter. When news of a Qarmatian army under al-Hasan al-A'sam approaching the city, Jawhar decided to lift the siege and withdrew from Damascus in December/January, as the Fatimids were now outnumbered by their opponents.
343:. Some divisions of the Ikhshidid army mutinied in protest and took up positions on Roda Island in the Nile, to defend the river crossing and prevent the Fatimid army from gaining access to Fustat. Jawhar stormed the island with his Kutama troops and cleared away the enemy soldiers before proceeding to peacefully enter Fustat.
358:
by the coalition in
September. Jawhar had few troops at hand so he mobilised the entire population of Fustat to build a defensive line consisting of a wall and a ditch at a bottleneck north of the city. As the coalition army stalled in the Nile Delta Jawhar managed to finish his preparations in time.
327:
It is reported that Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah would spend hours discussing tactics and strategy with Al-Qaid Jawhar in his tent before the campaign of North Africa began, and when they finally parted, Al-Mu'izz granted Al-Qaid Jawhar with very high honors requiring all soldiers disembark their horse as
411:
and money—effectively an offer to enter the
Fatimid service, which the Turk refused. Nevertheless, Alptakin too was forced to withdraw to Damascus before the numerically stronger Fatimid army. Jawhar's army arrived before Damascus in July 976, erected a fortified camp, and began a siege that lasted
399:, in May al-Aziz entrusted Jawhar with leading an army of 20,000 men—the largest Fatimid force hitherto sent to Syria—to confront the Qarmatians and Alptakin. The Qarmatians quickly retreated before the Fatimid advance, leaving only a small part of their number to join Alptakin at
392:, who ousted the Fatimids from Damascus and became its ruler, and the Qarmatians, who allied with Alptakin. In the first half of 976, the Qarmatians occupied Palestine, while the Fatimids only held isolated coastal cities, under threat from the Qarmatians and Alptakin.
371:
a few days before the caliph's death in
December 975: Jawhar and the court physician accompanied Nizar out of the room in which al-Mu'izz lay dying and placed him on a throne, thus signifying his designation. The new caliph,
482:
226:
The birth date of Jawhar is not known, but as he died in 992, and the peak of his career was between 950 and 975, he cannot have been born earlier than the 900s. He was a
Sicilian born in the
1667:
289:
451:
The capitulation at
Ascalon put an end to Jawhar's military career. He died on 28 April 992. He is presumed to be buried in Cairo, Egypt, but his resting place is unknown as of yet.
427:, found himself besieged at Ramla. There the Fatimid army was further debilitated by lack of supplies and even water. Jawhar was forced to abandon Ramla for the coastal fortress of
305:
497:
376:, was confronted with the problem of Syria, where a series of Fatimid attempts to expand into the region failed due to the opposition of the local urban militias (
1949:
1030:
1830:
316:, came under Fatimid control, or recognized Fatimid suzerainty. As token of his victory, Jawhar is said to have sent jars filled with live fish from the
875:
350:. After initial successes this army was destroyed near Damascus in August 971 by a coalition of Ikhshidid soldiers and Arab tribesmen led by the
994:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1959:
1434:
359:
The invaders' attempt to take Fustat was foiled by the defences and Jawhar routed them in battle outside the city with his raw troops.
415:
Jawhar retreated south, first to
Tiberias and then towards Ramla, closely followed by his enemies, who were no joined by the numerous
269:. In this campaign, Jawhar first gave proof of his exceptional military talents. He first led the Fatimid armies to victory over the
85:
of Egypt until al-Mu'izz's arrival in 973, consolidating
Fatimid control over the country and laying the foundations for the city of
1697:
1011:
1005:
868:
1017:
1875:
1702:
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1910:
1662:
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1054:
999:
1050:
861:
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355:
1687:
931:
346:
As Jawhar pacified Egypt the
Fatimid army began its invasion of Ikhshidid Syria (970) under the Kutama general
460:
435:, while Alptakin retained rule of the rest of Syria; whether he accepted a Fatimid suzerainty, as reported by
1844:
1672:
1222:
1096:
1067:
1939:
1657:
989:
906:
339:. His army encountered little resistance and the country was secured by a treaty with the Ikhshidid vizier
1934:
1647:
1539:
1272:
1207:
1156:
423:
family. Jawhar lost many men to the freezing cold and snow, and after a defeat in a bloody battle on the
1849:
1825:
1682:
1447:
1187:
1865:
1837:
1605:
1237:
1112:
1036:
961:
916:
901:
332:
255:
78:
74:
1652:
1394:
265:) chose Jawhar to lead a campaign to restore Fatimid control over the central and western parts of
1969:
1768:
1707:
893:
244:
285:
1954:
1410:
1282:
1227:
1107:
1044:
946:
32:
367:
Jawhar played at least a formal role in the designation of al-Mu'izz's younger son, Nizar, as
1815:
1610:
1467:
1277:
1148:
1101:
1083:
926:
335:(969). He approached Egypt from the direction of Alexandria and marched towards the capital,
1870:
1755:
1677:
1615:
1593:
1292:
1287:
1267:
1202:
1166:
1144:
1116:
396:
340:
233:
Jawhar's father, Abdallah, was a slave, and Jawhar is first mentioned as a slave-soldier (
8:
1929:
1885:
1805:
1357:
1247:
936:
347:
1890:
1780:
1598:
1366:
1352:
1257:
715:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
297:
94:
1730:
1414:
1386:
884:
842:
838:
792:
764:
740:
716:
66:
419:
tribes—the medieval chroniclers speak of 50,000 Bedouin—under the leadership of the
1382:
1372:
1342:
1262:
1161:
1129:
1072:
911:
834:
807:
505:
436:
227:
59:
1790:
972:
782:
758:
734:
281:
23:
1820:
1242:
941:
921:
819:
815:
730:
408:
317:
240:
304:, taking the city by storm on 13 November and capturing its Umayyad governor,
1923:
1637:
1586:
1558:
1554:
1524:
1477:
1338:
1332:
1124:
846:
811:
300:. It was not until a year later, in October 960, that he moved north towards
86:
1880:
1800:
1795:
1510:
1493:
1217:
853:
424:
301:
266:
1810:
1773:
1751:
1725:
1642:
1472:
368:
1576:
1462:
778:
385:
351:
63:
1400:
1362:
1091:
1024:
763:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
754:
432:
420:
416:
293:
123:
1390:
1346:
1252:
1212:
1139:
1135:
1061:
956:
951:
428:
400:
389:
321:
407:, Jawhar sent a letter to Alptakin promising pardon, as well as a
1503:
1328:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1197:
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373:
309:
274:
235:
82:
70:
1906:
1763:
1498:
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270:
159:
1785:
1627:
1581:
1544:
1404:
1232:
404:
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278:
187:
131:
55:
331:
After the
Western borders had been secured, Jawhar led the
215:
89:. After that, he retired from public life until his death.
739:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
784:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
630:
541:
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The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
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685:
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tribe that had allied with the Fatimids' rivals, the
395:
In response to this situation, and on the advice of
377:
308:. With this victory, all of the Maghreb, apart from
202:
174:
146:
110:
37:
642:
553:
520:
682:
667:
594:
388:Bedouin, the intervention of the Turkic commander
1921:
354:of Bahrain. Egypt was left defenceless and was
1950:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
328:a sign of respect for the commander-in-chief.
869:
883:
736:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
461:10th century in Lebanon § The Fatimids
209:
181:
153:
117:
876:
862:
825:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
298:Muhammad ibn al-Fath ibn Maymun ibn Midrar
254:). In 958, al-Mansur's son and successor,
1443:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
833:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 494–495.
239:) and possibly a secretary, to the third
477:
475:
791:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
729:
1922:
288:, defeating and killing their leader,
1876:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
857:
805:
710:
588:
576:
564:
547:
535:
472:
777:
661:
636:
612:
600:
753:
695:
676:
624:
333:Fatimid invasion of Ikhshidid Egypt
292:. He then turned southeast towards
195:
167:
139:
103:
27:
16:Fatimid military officer (died 992)
13:
296:, capturing and killing its ruler
77:, for the 4th Fatimid Imam-Caliph
14:
1981:
1960:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate
1905:
839:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034
760:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
362:
69:general who led the conquest of
1703:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
260:
249:
92:He is variously known with the
1693:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
1688:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
490:
1:
1845:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
1097:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
1057:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
990:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
466:
306:Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Judhami
290:Ya'la ibn Muhammad al-Yafrani
62:and died 28 April 992) was a
50:, "The Sicilian General", or
1658:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
1162:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
615:, pp. 104–108, 147–148.
221:
162:'); and with the titles
7:
1945:People of Byzantine descent
1648:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
1157:Crusader invasions of Egypt
932:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
454:
378:
203:
175:
147:
130:(Arabic: الصقلبي, lit. The
111:
38:
20:Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah
10:
1986:
1826:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
1673:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
1448:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
1223:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
704:
1965:10th-century Shia Muslims
1903:
1866:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
1858:
1750:
1743:
1716:
1626:
1569:
1532:
1523:
1486:
1424:
1321:
1238:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
1186:
1177:
1084:Bedouin alliance uprising
982:
892:
446:
1859:Literature and learning
1850:Shrine of Husayn's Head
1769:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
1708:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1683:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1037:Conquest of Egypt (969)
806:Monés, Hussain (1965).
711:Brett, Michael (2017).
245:al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah
73:, and subsequently the
1838:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
1570:Branches and offshoots
1283:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
1228:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
962:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
947:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
917:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
808:"D̲j̲awhar al-Ṣiḳillī"
502:Ancyclopaedia of Islam
256:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
79:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
1816:Fatimid Great Palaces
1653:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
1468:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
1278:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
1273:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
1102:Mustansirite Hardship
1041:Expansion into Syria
1012:2nd invasion of Egypt
1006:1st invasion of Egypt
957:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
952:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
927:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
907:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
39:Jawhar ibn ʿAbd Allāh
1268:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
1167:Battle of the Blacks
967:al-Adid li-Din Allah
498:"Djawhar al-Ṣiḳillī"
286:Caliphate of Córdoba
1940:10th-century births
1886:al-Azhar University
1248:al-Afdal Shahanshah
1079:Muffarij b. Daghfal
1031:Conquest of Morocco
1018:2nd Sicilian revolt
1000:1st Sicilian revolt
937:al-Mustansir Billah
639:, pp. 147–148.
627:, pp. 342–346.
550:, pp. 494–495.
1935:People from Sicily
1891:House of Knowledge
1258:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
942:al-Musta'li Billah
713:The Fatimid Empire
48:al-Qaid al-Siqilli
44:Jawhar al Siqilli
42:, better known as
1917:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1871:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
1739:
1738:
1731:Baghdad Manifesto
1678:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
1663:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1519:
1518:
1358:Sharifs of Medina
1293:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
1288:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
1203:Ya'qub ibn Killis
1138:and accession of
885:Fatimid Caliphate
746:978-0-521-61636-2
722:978-1-4744-2151-5
591:, pp. 91–83.
579:, pp. 77–80.
484:Jawhar al-Siqilli
439:, or not, he was
397:Ya'qub ibn Killis
341:Abu Ja'far Muslim
320:to the Caliph in
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75:conquest of Egypt
36:
28:جوهر بن عبد الله
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1909:
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1747:
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1353:Sharifs of Mecca
1322:Vassal dynasties
1263:Bahram al-Armani
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1183:
1130:Siege of Ascalon
912:al-Mansur Billah
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1735:
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1631:and theologians
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1622:
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902:al-Mahdi Billah
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508:. 24 April 2012
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369:designated heir
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81:. He served as
58:"; born in the
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698:, p. 349.
681:
679:, p. 348.
666:
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641:
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603:, p. 117.
593:
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409:robe of honour
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318:Atlantic Ocean
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252: 946–953
241:Fatimid caliph
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1638:Hamdan Qarmat
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1614:
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1587:Hamza ibn Ali
1585:
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1478:Qadi al-Fadil
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1128:
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1125:First Crusade
1123:
1118:
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1077:Uprisings of
1076:
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1059:
1056:
1052:
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1026:
1023:Rebellion of
1022:
1019:
1016:
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995:Establishment
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798:3-406-48654-1
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770:0-521-59984-9
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443:independent.
442:
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363:Last campaign
360:
357:
353:
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344:
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329:
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319:
315:
311:
307:
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72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
25:
21:
1881:al-Musabbihi
1801:Bab al-Futuh
1796:Aqmar Mosque
1756:architecture
1717:Anti-Fatimid
1628:Missionaries
1511:Fatimid navy
1494:Fatimid army
1452:
1218:Sitt al-Mulk
1180:and military
1045:Alexandretta
971:
894:Imam-Caliphs
830:
823:
788:
783:
759:
735:
712:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
543:
510:. Retrieved
501:
492:
483:
450:
440:
425:Yarkon River
414:
394:
366:
345:
330:
326:
267:North Africa
234:
232:
225:
191:
163:
135:
127:
99:
93:
91:
51:
47:
43:
19:
18:
1811:Bab Zuweila
1806:Bab al-Nasr
1774:Skifa Kahla
1726:Akhu Muhsin
1643:Ibn Hawshab
1550:Esotericism
1473:al-Basasiri
1191:and regents
820:Schacht, J.
816:Pellat, Ch.
779:Halm, Heinz
190:') and
64:Shia Muslim
1930:992 deaths
1924:Categories
1668:Abu Tammam
1577:Qarmatians
1525:Isma'ilism
1463:Manjutakin
1178:Government
1134:Regime of
1106:Revolt of
1090:Revolt of
829:Volume II:
755:Gil, Moshe
589:Brett 2017
577:Brett 2017
565:Monés 1965
548:Monés 1965
536:Monés 1965
467:References
386:Banu Uqayl
384:) and the
352:Qarmatians
128:al-Saqlabi
112:al-Ṣiqillī
100:al-Siqilli
52:al-Saqlabi
1781:Mansuriya
1599:Assassins
1533:Doctrines
1430:governors
1426:Officials
1401:Banu Kanz
1387:Hamdanids
1383:Sulayhids
1373:Mirdasids
1367:Palestine
1363:Jarrahids
1343:Hammadids
1208:Ibn Ammar
1092:Abu Rakwa
1064:(974–978)
1033:(958–960)
1027:(943–947)
1025:Abu Yazid
1020:(937–941)
1014:(919–921)
1008:(914–915)
1002:(913–917)
847:495469475
812:Lewis, B.
757:(1997) .
662:Halm 2003
637:Halm 2003
613:Halm 2003
601:Halm 2003
417:Banu Tayy
294:Sijilmasa
222:Biography
214:'the
194:(Arabic:
188:Secretary
186:'the
166:(Arabic:
158:'the
138:(Arabic:
122:'The
102:(Arabic:
33:romanized
1719:movement
1698:Abdallah
1606:Musta'li
1487:Military
1435:generals
1391:Zurayids
1347:Ifriqiya
1253:Kutayfat
1213:Barjawan
1140:al-Hafiz
1136:Kutayfat
1113:Musta'li
1062:Alptakin
822:(eds.).
781:(2003).
733:(2007).
696:Gil 1997
677:Gil 1997
625:Gil 1997
455:See also
441:de facto
421:Jarrahid
401:Tiberias
390:Alptakin
322:Ifriqiya
282:Umayyads
218:').
204:al-Qāʾid
192:al-Qa'id
176:al-Kātib
168:الكَاتِب
164:al-Katib
126:'),
124:Sicilian
1764:Mahdiya
1744:Culture
1611:Tayyibi
1540:Imamate
1504:Ghilman
1329:Kalbids
1313:Saladin
1308:Shirkuh
1303:Dirgham
1198:Jawdhar
1188:Viziers
1149:Tayyibi
983:History
973:Dynasty
705:Sources
512:June 7,
429:Ascalon
403:. From
374:al-Aziz
356:invaded
310:Tangier
284:of the
216:General
212:
184:
156:
148:al-Rūmī
136:al-Rumi
120:
83:viceroy
71:Maghreb
67:Fatimid
54:, "The
35::
1616:Hafizi
1594:Nizari
1499:Kutama
1458:Bakjur
1453:Jawhar
1415:Multan
1389:, and
1377:Aleppo
1339:Zirids
1333:Sicily
1298:Shawar
1151:schism
1145:Hafizi
1119:schism
1117:Nizari
1073:Apamea
1068:Aleppo
887:topics
845:
818:&
795:
767:
743:
719:
380:ahdath
337:Fustat
275:Berber
271:Zenata
236:ghulām
196:القائد
140:الرومي
104:الصقلي
24:Arabic
1911:Media
1786:Cairo
1582:Druze
1559:Zahir
1555:Batin
1545:Hujja
1405:Nubia
1395:Yemen
1233:Rasad
1108:Nizar
1047:(971)
810:. In
787:[
447:Death
405:Ramla
314:Ceuta
160:Roman
95:nisba
87:Cairo
1754:and
1557:and
1433:and
1411:Lodi
1341:and
1053:and
843:OCLC
793:ISBN
765:ISBN
741:ISBN
717:ISBN
514:2023
433:Gaza
312:and
279:Arab
273:, a
210:lit.
182:lit.
154:lit.
132:Slav
118:lit.
56:Slav
1752:Art
1055:2nd
1051:1st
835:doi
831:C–G
302:Fez
134:),
1926::
1428:,
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841:.
827:.
814:;
684:^
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474:^
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261:r.
250:r.
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749:.
725:.
516:.
258:(
247:(
22:(
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