Islamic Cairo - Knowledge

884: 1557:. Later, during the late 11th century, the Fatimid vizier Badr al-Gamali ordered a reconstruction of the walls primarily out of stone and further outward than before to expand the space within Cairo's walls. Construction began in 1087. The architectural elements of the walls were informed by Badr al-Gamali's Armenian background, and were innovative in the context of Islamic military architecture in Egypt. The walls are composed of three vertical levels. The lower level was elevated above the street and contained the vestibules of the gates, which were accessible by ramps. The second level contained halls that connected different galleries and rooms. The third level was the terrace level, protected by parapets, where, near gates, belvederes were built for the caliph and his court to use. Although it was previously thought that the entirety of Badr al-Gamali's walls were built in stone, more recent archeological findings have confirmed that at least part of the eastern wall was built out of mudbrick, while the gates were built in stone. Since 1999, the preserved northern section of Fatimid walls has been cleared of debris and part of a local urban regeneration. 36: 1626:

Badr al-Gamali between 1087 and 1092 about two hundred meters from the original site and was given its new name. Similarly, Bab al-Futuh was originally called Bab al-Iqbal, or "the Gate of Prosperity," and was later renamed Bab al-Futuh by Badr al-Gamali. Bab al-Nasr is flanked by two towers of square shape, with shield insignias carved into the stone, while Bab al-Futuh is flanked by round towers. The vaulted stone ceilings inside Bab al-Nasr are innovative in design, with the helicoidal vaults being the first of their kind in this architectural context. The façade of Bab al-Nasr has a frieze containing Kufic inscriptions in white marble, including a foundation inscription and the Shi'a version of the

1133: 394: 1390: 1728: 1193: 975: 1561: 191: 1848:(also known as the Blue Mosque). Another project completed in 2021 has restored the 18th-century Sabil-kuttab of Ruqayya Dudu in the Suq al-Silah area. In 2021 the Egyptian government began a new push to renovate the old city, including the areas around the historic city gates, partly with the aim to boost tourism. The effort would also involve restoring buildings that are not officially listed as monuments and pedestrianizing some zones. In some cases the owners or tenants of certain buildings have been relocated elsewhere while restoration is ongoing. 1605: 635: 3529: 773:) and passed between the palaces via Bayn al-Qasrayn. Under the Fatimids, however, Cairo was a royal city which was closed to the common people and inhabited only by the Caliph's family, state officials, army regiments, and other people necessary to the operations of the regime and its city. Fustat remained for some time the main economic and urban center of Egypt. It was only later that Cairo grew to absorb other local cities, including Fustat, but the year 969 is sometimes considered the "founding year" of the current city. 1546: 1302: 541: 907:) further south, outside the walled city, which would house Egypt's rulers and state administration for many centuries thereafter. This ended Cairo's status as an exclusive palace-city and started a process by which the city became an economic center inhabited by common Egyptians and open to foreign travelers. Over the subsequent centuries, Cairo developed into a full-scale urban center. The decline of Fustat over the same period paved the way for its ascendance. The Ayyubid sultans and their 712: 3211: 995: 4469: 1641: 4192: 1686:("Gate of Success"). It would have replaced the earlier 10th-century Fatimid gate in this area. Archeologists discovered a number of ancient stones with Pharaonic inscriptions that were re-used in the gate's construction. It was likely replaced by an Ayyubid-era gate built in front of it, but as of 2008 this had not yet been excavated. Another gate further north, near the northeast corner of the walls, was known as 1235: 3199: 867:, worried that the unfortified city of Fustat would be used as a base from which to besiege Cairo, ordered its evacuation and then set the city ablaze. While historians debate the extent of the destruction (as Fustat appears to have continued to exist after this), the burning of Fustat nonetheless marks a pivotal moment in the decline of that city, which was later eclipsed by Cairo itself. Eventually, 198: 4198: 883: 1588:, a writer from the later Mamluk period, reports several details about the construction. In 1185–6, the wall around Fustat was being built. In 1192, a trench was being built for the eastern fortifications, by which time some of the eastern wall and its towers were probably in place. Work continued after Salah ad-Din's death under his successors, 1154:, and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. During this period, local elites fought ceaselessly among themselves for political power and influence; some of them of Ottoman origin, others from the Mamluk caste which continued to exist as part of the country's elites despite the demise of the Mamluk sultanate. 950:. Between 1250 and 1517, the throne passed from one mamluk to another in a system of succession that was generally non-hereditary, but also frequently violent and chaotic. Nonetheless, the Mamluk Empire continued many aspects of the Ayyubid Empire before it, and was responsible for repelling the advance of the 1831:

geared towards tourists while imparting few benefits on the surrounding community. Around the same period, another initiative launched by the AKTC focused on revitalizing the Al-Darb al-Ahmar neighbourhood following the construction of the nearby al-Azhar Park. This project aimed for a more bottom-up

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which was representative of the Fatimid caliphate's religious beliefs. Bab al-Futuh features no inscriptions on the gate itself, but an inscription can be seen nearby to the east, on the wall salient around the northern minaret of the al-Hakim Mosque. Inside Bab al-Futuh, through its eastern flanking

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Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh are both are on the northern section of the wall, about two hundred yards from each other. Bab al-Nasr, which translates to "the Gate of Victory," was originally called Bab al-Izz, meaning "the Gate of Glory," when constructed by Gawhar al-Siqilli. It was reconstructed by

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The third surviving gate, Bab Zuwayla, sits in the southern section of the wall. Badr al-Gamali rebuilt the original Bab Zuwayla further south than Gawhar al-Siqilli's original gate. A neighboring mosque, the mosque of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, has two minarets that sit on top of the two towers that flank

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Many gates existed along the walls of Fatimid Cairo, but only three remain today: Bab al-Nasr, Bab al-Futuh, and Bab Zuwayla (with "Bab" translating to "gate"). A restoration project from 2001 to 2003 successfully restored the three gates and parts of the northern wall between Bab al-Nasr and Bab

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at the time. Despite being a largely military caste, the Mamluks were prolific builders and sponsors of religious and civic buildings. An extensive number of Cairo's historical monuments date from their era, including many of the most impressive. The city also prospered from the control of trade

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The founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, Salah ad-Din, restored and/or reconstructed the Fatimid walls and gates in 1170 or 1171. He reconstructed parts of the Fatimid walls, including the eastern wall. In 1176, he then began embarked on a project to radically expand the city's fortifications. This

602:, built between 876 and 879. Ibn Tulun died in 884 and his sons ruled for a few more decades until 905 when the Abbasids sent an army to reestablish direct control and burned al-Qata'i to the ground, sparing only the mosque. After this, Egypt was ruled for a while by another dynasty, the 1584:(the main city and earlier capital of Egypt a short distance to the southwest). The entirety of the envisioned course of the wall was never quite completed, but long stretches of the wall were built, including the section to the north of the Citadel and a section near Fustat in south. 1357:

is the foremost center of Islamic learning in the world and one of Egypt's largest universities with campuses across the country. The mosque itself retains significant Fatimid elements but has been added to and expanded in subsequent centuries, notably by the Mamluk sultans

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Examples of more recent restoration projects include the rehabilitation of the 14th-century Mosque of Amir al-Maridani in Al-Darb al-Ahmar, which began in 2018 and whose first phase was completed in 2021, led in part by the AKTC with additional funding from the

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of Cairo developed, forming its main economic zone of international trade and commercial activity. As the main street became saturated with shops and space for further development there ran out, new commercial structures were built further east, close to

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which set out the function, operations, and funding sources of the many religious/civic establishments built by the ruling elite. They were typically drawn up to define complex religious or civic buildings which combined various functions (e.g. mosque,

1023:(1293–1341, including interregnums), Cairo reached its apogee in terms of population and wealth. A commonly-cited estimate of the population towards the end of his reign, although difficult to evaluate, gives a figure of about 500,000, making Cairo the 1815:(HCRP) which aimed to restore 149 historic monuments. In the following years numerous restorations were completed under the supervision of the HCRP in the area between Bab Zuweila and Bab Futuh, especially around al-Mu'izz street. A restoration of 1171:

in Cairo continued to be heavily influenced and derived from the local Mamluk-era traditions rather than presenting a clear break with the past. Some individuals, such as Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda al-Qazdaghli, a mamluk official among the

2553: 525:, made his last stand in Egypt but was killed on August 1, 750. Thereafter Egypt, and Fustat, passed under Abbasid control. The Abbasids marked their new rule in Egypt by founding a new administrative capital called 1681:

most likely corresponded to another gate a short distance to the northeast. The latter gate, originally discovered in the 1950s, dates from Badr al-Gamali's time and, according to an inscription, was also called

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became a privileged site for the construction of religious complexes, royal mausoleums, and commercial establishments, usually sponsored by the sultan or members of the ruling class. This is also where the major

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that housed the caliphs, their household, and the state's institutions. Two main palaces were completed: an eastern one (the largest of the two) and a western one, between which was an important plaza known as

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influence in Alexandria, and Alexandria's vulnerability to Byzantine counteroffensives arriving by sea (which did indeed occur). Perhaps even more importantly, the location of Fustat at the intersection of

1408:, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa, 577:

independent ruler, while still acknowledging the Abbasid caliph's symbolic authority. He grew so influential that the caliph later allowed him to also take control of Syria in 878. During this period of

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Much of this historic area suffers from neglect and decay, in this, one of the poorest and most overcrowded areas of the Egyptian capital. In addition, thefts of Islamic monuments and artifacts in the

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One of the eastern gates of the city, part of the Ayyubid reconstruction of the walls, was also uncovered in 1998 and subsequently studied and restored. It has a complex defensive layout including a

1707:(Saladin) began the construction of an extensive Citadel in 1176 to serve as Egypt's seat of power, with construction finishing under his successors. It is located on a promontory of the nearby 1176:

in the 18th century, were prolific architectural patrons. Many old bourgeois or aristocratic mansions that have been preserved in Cairo today date from the Ottoman period, as do a number of

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today. This left the old historic districts of Cairo, including the walled city, relatively neglected. Even the Citadel lost its status as the royal residence when Isma'il moved to the new

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al-Futuh. During the Fatimid period there were many gardens along the walls. A chain of gardens ran past Bab al-Nasr and the garden of al-Mukhtar al-Saqlabi existed outside Bab al-Futuh.

692:. In 970, under instructions from al-Mu'izz, Jawhar planned, founded, and constructed a new city to serve as the residence and center of power for the Fatimid Caliphs. The city was named 1167:. While the Ottoman governors were not major patrons of architecture like the Mamluks, Cairo nonetheless continued to develop and new neighbourhoods did grow outside the old city walls. 1530:

in Arabic, which adjoin the historic city. The cemeteries date back to the foundation of Fustat, but many of the most prominent and famous mausoleum structures are from the Mamluk era.

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The city was located northeast of Fustat and of the previous administrative capitals built by Ibn Tulun and the Abbasids. Jawhar organized the new city so that at its center were the

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Fustat quickly grew to become Egypt's main city, port, and economic center, with Alexandria becoming more of a provincial city. In 661 the Islamic world came under the control of the

3068: 1992: 871:(Saladin), a Zengid commander who was given the position of al-'Adid's vizier in Cairo, declared the end and dismantlement of the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171. Cairo thus returned to 1277:. Along with this enterprise, he also undertook the construction of a vast new city in European style to the north and west of the historic center of Cairo. The new city emulated 903:, which ruled over Egypt and Syria and carried forward the fight against the Crusaders. He also embarked on the construction of an ambitious new fortified Citadel (the current 1711:

overlooking the city. The Citadel remained the residence of the rulers of Egypt until the late 19th century, and was repeatedly transformed under subsequent rulers. Notably,

1285:, with grand boulevards and squares being part of the planning and layout. Although never fully completed to the extent of Isma'il's vision, this new city composes much of 3121: 1800:

enforcement allowed traditional houses to be replaced with high-rise buildings. Thefts and illegal constructions have since decreased, but environmental problems remain.

441:), southwest of the later site of Cairo proper (see below). The choice of this location may have been due to several factors, including its slightly closer proximity to 1553:

When Cairo was founded as a palace-city in 969 by the Fatimid Caliphate, Gawhar al-Siqilli, a Fatimid general, led the construction of the city's original walls out of

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Nothing of this city remains today, but the foundation of new administrative capitals just outside the main city became a recurring pattern in the history of the area.

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up to the present day and thus possibly contributed to confusion over the identification of the Ayyubid gate uncovered in 1998, with which it shares a similar layout.

1596:. In 1200, orders went out to dig the remaining course of the wall. More sections of the wall were completed by 1218, but by 1238 work was apparently still ongoing. 622:

during the later part of this period, may have influenced the future Fatimids' choice of location for their capital, since one of Kafur's great gardens along the

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The name "Islamic" Cairo refers not to a greater prominence of Muslims in the area but rather to the city's rich history and heritage since its foundation in the

4379: 1416:), water distribution centers (sabils), and mausoleum for themselves and their families. Among the best-known examples of Mamluk monuments in Cairo are the huge 4431: 3044: 1827:

organisation. By 2010, about 100 of the 149 monuments designated by the HCRP had been restored. The HCRP has also been criticized, however, for creating an

863:, while at the same time attempting to collude with the latter to keep the Zengids in check. In 1168, as the Crusaders marched on Cairo, the Fatimid vizier 3885: 1832:

approach to improve the community's urban fabric and the socioeconomic situation of residents, as well as involving more public and private participation.

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Cairo continued to be a major economic center and one of the empire's most important cities. It remained the principal staging point for the pilgrimage (

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s) to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy. The most famous and best-preserved example is the

1116:, depending on exact function) where the two lower floors were typically for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were 753:

and as a center of learning and teaching, and is today considered one of the oldest universities in the world. The city's main street, known today as

529:, slightly northeast of Fustat, under the initiative of their governor Abu 'Aun. The city was completed with the foundation of a grand mosque (called 2928: 1100:) and which were often funded with revenues from urban commercial buildings or rural agricultural estates. By the late 15th century Cairo also had 153: 3661: 1857: 1228: 1803:

Various efforts to restore historic Cairo have been ongoing in recent decades, with the involvement of both Egyptian government authorities and

478:(located just south of Cairo today) had done. (The pattern of founding new garrison cities inland was also one that was repeated throughout the 429:

to serve as the administrative capital and military garrison center of Egypt. The new city was located near a Roman-Byzantine fortress known as

2984: 1820: 1077:, still present today, progressively developed. One important factor in the development of Cairo's urban character was the growing number of 1048:

in the mid-14th century. Cairo's population declined and took centuries to recover, but it remained the major metropolis of the Middle East.

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with their own buildings. The Al-Azhar Mosque was converted to a Sunni institution, and today it is the foremost center for the study of the

3171: 3017:"Implementing the World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy in Egypt: An opportunity for collective engagement in heritage conservation" 1637:

the Bab Zuwayla. Similar to Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh, Bab Zuwayla was also adjacent to gardens, namely the gardens of Qanṭara al-Kharq.

3076: 470:(the Nile Valley further south) made it a strategic place from which to control a country that was centered on the Nile river, much as the 4372: 780:, Tunisia, in 972 and arrived in Cairo in June 973. The Fatimid Empire quickly grew powerful enough to stand as a threat to the rival 3499: 3453: 3378: 2910: 1024: 1227:

made Cairo the capital of an independent empire that lasted from 1805 to 1882. The city then came under British control until Egypt

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and the Darb al-Asfar street in front of it was also completed in 1999 by independent Egyptian conservators with funding from the

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and of a 20 kilometer-long wall to connect and protect both Cairo (referring to the former royal city of the Fatimid caliphs) and

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and commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais. Another example of historic commercial architecture is the 17th-century

4539: 4519: 4365: 3706: 190: 4488: 3028: 2996: 2632: 788:(1036–1094), the longest of any Muslim ruler, the Fatimid Empire reached its peak but also began its decline. A few strong 4514: 3871: 3616: 3433: 3413: 3388: 2874: 1437: 1001: 808:

rule. The late 11th century was also a time of major events and developments in the region. It was at this time that the

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doorway, is the tomb of an unidentified figure, and through its western flanking doorway is a long vaulted chamber.

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was completely refurbished. Many of its disused Mamluk monuments were demolished to make way for his new mosque (the

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and eventually became powerful enough to assume control of the state for themselves in a political crisis during the

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Revitalizing City Districts: Transformation Partnership for Urban Design and Architecture in Historic City Districts

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and by Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda in the 18th century. Other extant monuments from the Fatimid era include the large

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Map of historic Cairo, overlaid with present road network, with most of the main surviving monuments indicated.

35: 3741: 3651: 3358: 1804: 1453: 942:) and raised to serve in the army of the sultan. They became a mainstay of the Ayyubid military under Sultan 1198: 106: 4534: 3666: 3418: 3363: 1262: 146: 3528: 3214: 1132: 801: 776:

Al-Mu'izz, and with him the administrative apparatus of the Fatimid Caliphate, left his former capital of

280: 4524: 3671: 3438: 3408: 3235: 3146:"Historic Cairo regains its ancient glory - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 1425: 1326:

is the oldest mosque to retain its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture, from the

704:), the "Victorious City of al-Mu'izz", later simply called "al-Qahira", which gave us the modern name of 2781:"Annales héliopolitaines et fragments de Sésostris I réemployés dans la porte de Bâb al-Tawfiq au Caire" 1389: 1278: 3833: 3656: 3631: 3621: 1876: 1808: 1515: 1421: 1363: 789: 642: 380:

and fountains" and "the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century."

25: 2855: 2430:"La muraille ayyoubide du Caire : les fouilles archéologiques de Bâb al-Barqiyya à Bâb al-Mahrûq" 2159: 938:. The mamluks were soldiers who were purchased as young slaves (often from various regions of Central 804:

in stone, with monumental gates, the remains of which still stand today and were expanded under later

606:, who ruled as Abbasid governors between 935 and 969. Some of their constructions, particularly under 4529: 3736: 3368: 2232:

Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle

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In the 12th century the weakness of the Fatimids became so severe that under the last Fatmid Caliph,

678: 671: 276: 248: 3097: 3979: 3721: 3641: 3581: 3514: 3494: 3330: 1793: 1523: 1457: 1441: 1405: 1192: 1084: 935: 908: 727: 402: 358: 284: 268: 130: 79: 393: 4544: 4509: 3848: 3777: 3428: 3393: 1433: 1397: 1393: 1315: 1040:. After the reign of al-Nasir, however, Egypt and Cairo were struck by repeated epidemics of the 571:

during a long crisis of Abbasid power. He became governor of Egypt in 868 but quickly became its

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rule (under Ibn Tulun and his sons), Egypt became an independent state for the first time since

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was established in 30 BC. Ibn Tulun founded his own new administrative capital in 870, called

4290: 3808: 3787: 3716: 3711: 3484: 3403: 3383: 1712: 1660: 1647:(possibly the historic Bab al-Jadid), an Ayyubid gate rediscovered during excavations in 1998 1549:

Part of the preserved Fatimid northern wall near Bab al-Futuh, built in the late 11th century

1338:. It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful. 1242: 1224: 920: 735: 1522:, and others. Some of these shrines are located within the vast cemetery areas known as the 4420: 4312: 3843: 3746: 3565: 1841: 1771: 1560: 1258: 1212: 1168: 860: 549: 338: 330: 934:

In 1250 the Ayyubid dynasty faltered and power transitioned to a regime controlled by the

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One of the most important and lasting institutions founded in the Fatimid period was the

1323: 955: 792:, acting on behalf of the caliphs, managed to revive the empire's power on occasion. The 785: 599: 545: 373: 242: 67: 4110: 4087: 3965: 3696: 3504: 3021:

World Heritage and Sustainable Development: New Directions in World Heritage Management

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rule, and a new chapter in the history of Egypt, and of Cairo's urban history, opened.

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Islamic Cairo is also the location of several important religious shrines such as the

4449: 4295: 4115: 3906: 3838: 3767: 3423: 3353: 3024: 2992: 2727: 2716:"A Note on the Shield-Shaped Ornamental Bosses on the Façade of Bāb al-Nasr in Cairo" 2700: 2680: 2628: 2573: 2529: 2399: 2389: 2315: 1489: 1404:

The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the

1066: 1037: 1020: 856: 719: 689: 653: 607: 603: 518: 510: 442: 414: 75: 48: 1774:, now part of the al-Khayamiyya area whose name comes from the decorative textiles ( 891:, founded in 1176 and further developed by other rulers after him. The 19th-century 4324: 4309: 4209: 4165: 3943: 3560: 3509: 3443: 3122:"Rescuing our monuments: Restoration in Islamic Cairo - Heritage - Al-Ahram Weekly" 2672: 2565: 2519: 2509: 2184: 1789: 1604: 1577: 1565: 1473: 1266: 1238: 1177: 1121: 1097: 1041: 498:.) The foundation of Fustat was also accompanied by the foundation of Egypt's (and 430: 422: 376:, as "one of the world's oldest Islamic cities, with its famous mosques, madrasas, 322: 315: 288: 634: 3984: 3813: 3772: 3596: 3489: 3474: 3398: 3348: 3338: 3320: 3294: 3274: 2878: 1845: 1828: 1816: 1763: 1731: 1665: 1644: 1449: 1445: 1371: 1367: 1342: 1074: 1062: 959: 947: 900: 837: 805: 746: 741: 715: 697: 560: 221: 4357: 1301: 4413: 4172: 4067: 4044: 3601: 3479: 3266: 2514: 2497: 1837: 1616: 1493: 1375: 1286: 1147: 943: 845: 813: 797: 645: 623: 564: 540: 475: 334: 272: 90: 2869: 2676: 2569: 2107:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

1545: 548:, built in the 9th century. It is a rare and outstanding example of preserved 4503: 4455: 4444: 3895: 3828: 3818: 3555: 3469: 2731: 2684: 2577: 2533: 2403: 1699: 1652: 1569: 1497: 1290: 1250: 1009: 985: 951: 904: 888: 829: 821: 809: 657: 471: 406: 354: 326: 168: 155: 71: 2909:

Wilton-Steer, Harry Johnstone, photography by Christopher (March 21, 2018).

2622: 4474: 4342: 4062: 4037: 4015: 3938: 3606: 3373: 3315: 3289: 3279: 2987:. In Abouelfadl, Hebatalla; ElKerdany, Dalila; Wessling, Christoph (eds.). 1747: 1469: 1379: 1330:. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of 1052: 1033: 766: 758: 638: 629: 590:, just northwest of al-Askar. It included a new grand palace (still called 587: 533:) in 786, and included a palace for the governor's residence, known as the 450: 418: 377: 342: 3210: 2459: 1719:

which still dominates the city's skyline from its elevated vantage point.

1257:) and other palaces. Muhammad Ali's dynasty also introduced a more purely 994: 4272: 4143: 4002: 3299: 2230:

Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999).

1429: 1184:(a combination of water distribution kiosk and Qur'anic reading school). 1173: 1045: 912: 872: 817: 781: 770: 750: 711: 594:), a hippodrome or military parade ground, amenities such as a hospital ( 583: 506:, which has been much rebuilt over the centuries but still exists today. 467: 459: 311: 2911:"Alive with artisans: Cairo's al-Darb al-Ahmar district – a photo essay" 2692: 2660: 1792:

district threaten their long-term preservation. In the aftermath of the

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The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture

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became a sudden and serious threat to Egypt. New Muslim rulers such as

825: 660: 595: 463: 410: 3045:"Al-Tunbagha Al-Maridani Mosque restored - Heritage - Al-Ahram Weekly" 2385:

The monuments of historic Cairo : a map and descriptive catalogue

1127: 855:, they requested help from the Zengids to protect themselves from the 4154: 4092: 4008: 3996: 3991: 3923: 2881:

Al-Ahram Weekly, Nevine El-Aref, 26 June – 2 July 2008 Issue No. 903.

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periods), the Arab conquerors decided to establish a new city called

388: 296: 62: 2019: 119: 4403: 4226: 4160: 4148: 4032: 3973: 3960: 3928: 3918: 2807:"Bab al-Tawfiq: une porte du Caire fatimide oubliée par l'histoire" 2806: 2780: 2758:"Bab al-Tawfiq: une porte du Caire fatimide oubliée par l'histoire" 2757: 2593:"Bab al-Tawfiq: une porte du Caire fatimide oubliée par l'histoire" 2592: 2460:"The Fatimid and Ayyubid Eastern Walls of Cairo: missing fragments" 2429: 1759: 1708: 1593: 1554: 667: 615: 579: 573: 526: 514: 483: 413:

was the capital of Egypt at that time (and had been throughout the

350: 337:. This area holds one of the largest and densest concentrations of 4191: 1640: 1187: 4426: 4249: 4125: 4072: 3948: 2665:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2498:"Stonecutting and Early Stereotomy in the Fatimid Walls of Cairo" 1704: 1628: 1504: 1409: 1359: 1331: 1270: 1151: 1117: 1093: 939: 868: 852: 723: 685: 568: 487: 346: 3220: 812:

took over much of the eastern Islamic world. The arrival of the

4231: 4221: 4077: 4021: 3954: 3198: 2440:. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale (IFAO): 288. 2294:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

2015: 1824: 1797: 1581: 1461: 1319: 1234: 1181: 1088: 963: 928: 864: 777: 682: 619: 611: 598:), and a great mosque which survives to this day, known as the 499: 426: 365: 3069:"Glories of Cairo's medieval past revealed - Spotlight - AKDN" 2785:

Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (IFAO)

1980:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 1273:

between 1864 and 1879, oversaw the construction of the modern

4392: 4267: 4120: 3933: 3903: 2554:"Fāṭimid gardens: archaeological and historical perspectives" 2496:

Salcedo-Galera, Macarena; García-Baño, Ricardo (2022-09-01).

1508: 1477: 1413: 1164: 1028: 924: 705: 674: 446: 292: 264: 4197: 1396:

buildings and the market street in between them, painted by

848:

took charge of the overall offensive against the Crusaders.

4206: 1884:(in Arabic). National Organisation for Urban Harmony. 2022. 1767: 1758:, which nowadays also hosts regular performances by the Al- 1735: 1656: 1511: 1335: 1159: 1079: 1070: 1057: 553: 495: 491: 434: 3893: 1673:("New Gate"), one of the three eastern gates mentioned by 3172:"Egypt forges new plan to restore Cairo's historic heart" 2627:. Translated by Wood, Willard. Harvard University Press. 2495: 1844:

and the AKTC completed a restoration of the 14th-century

1350: 745:("Between the Two Palaces"). The city's main mosque, the 567:

military commander who had served the Abbasid caliphs in

3627:

Madrasa of Amir Sunqur Sa'di (Mausoleum of Hasan Sadaqa)

2247:

L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517

2229: 2210:

The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years

1353:

for the title of oldest university in the world. Today,

630:

The founding of al-Qahira (Cairo) and the Fatimid period

1878:

The Boundaries and Preservation Codes of Historic Cairo

1796:

theft increased among historic monuments and a lack of

2558:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2552:

Pradines, Stephane; Khan, Sher Rahmat (October 2016).

2350:

Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis

4464: 919:

Fatimids, progressively demolished and replaced the

879:

Cairo's ascendance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

824:" which reversed the advance of the Fatimids and of 765:

or Qasaba, ran from one of the northern city gates (

235: 2952:"Egypt struggles to restore historic Cairo's glory" 2308:

Traditional Islamic principles of built environment

2234:. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1722: 1611:, one of the preserved Fatimid gates, dated to 1087 1128:

Cairo as a provincial capital of the Ottoman Empire

1428:(whose twin minarets were built above the gate of 641:, one of the northern gates of Cairo built by the 401:The history of Cairo begins, in essence, with the 389:The foundation of Fustat and the early Islamic era 4387: 3019:. In Larsen, Peter Bille; Logan, William (eds.). 2279:. Vol. I. Taylor & Francis. p. 342. 899:Salah ad-Din's reign marked the beginning of the 626:was incorporated into the later Fatimid palaces. 4501: 2352:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 2296:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 1742:The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built 357:, and fortifications dating from throughout the 16:Part of central Cairo around the old walled city 3662:Mosque and Mausoleum of Amir Ahmad al-Mihmandar 3424:Madrasa-Mausoleum of as-Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyub 2857:Ancient Cairo: Preserving a Historical Heritage 2024:, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017 1978:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 1858:List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States 1669:, it is possible that it was actually known as 1296: 1188:Cairo under Muhammad Ali Pasha and the Khedives 800:(in office from 1073–1094) notably rebuilt the 681:. Their army, composed mostly of North African 325:, while distinguishing it from with the nearby 279:rule, namely: the central parts within the old 2347: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1492:(whose shrine is believed to hold the head of 1051:Under the Ayyubids and the later Mamluks, the 784:Abbasid Caliphate. During the reign of Caliph 310:'Misr al-Qadima') which dates back to 4373: 3879: 3236: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 1821:Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development 1345:, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the 2927:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2908: 2551: 2157: 1811:(AKTC). In 1998 the government launched the 2778: 2274: 1762:Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe. The famous 1507:, one of the primary schools of thought in 1136:Traditional residences in Cairo fronted by 820:, was a long-term factor in the so-called " 305: 4432:Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae 4380: 4366: 3886: 3872: 3444:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay 3243: 3229: 2388:. The American University in Cairo Press. 2259: 2027: 1564:Part of the Ayyubid eastern wall, between 34: 3844:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street) 3566:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street) 3500:Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay 3454:Mosque-Sabil of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar 2523: 2513: 2264:. Princeton University Press. p. 37. 2127:. The American University in Cairo Press. 2125:Ibn Tulun: His Lost City and Great Mosque 1576:project included the construction of the 1483: 1265:style of the time. One of his grandsons, 828:factions in the Middle East. In 1099 the 2982: 2804: 2779:Régen, Isabelle; Postel, Lilian (2005). 2755: 2590: 2427: 2348:El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007). 2262:Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious 2147:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1975: 1726: 1639: 1603: 1559: 1544: 1388: 1328:classical period of Islamic civilization 1314:While the first mosque in Egypt was the 1300: 1233: 1191: 1131: 882: 710: 633: 539: 392: 3014: 2620: 2305: 2158:Irene Beeson (September–October 1969). 2104: 397:The excavated remains of Fustat in 2009 206:Location of Islamic Cairo in Nile Delta 4502: 3707:Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh) 3434:Mosque of Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar 2751: 2749: 2713: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2122: 1783: 1468:) from earlier buildings built by the 1083:establishments, especially during the 761:) but historically referred to as the 4489:List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt 4361: 3867: 3224: 3010: 3008: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2827: 2800: 2798: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2288: 2286: 2207: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2134: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1087:. Waqfs were charitable trusts under 1019:Under the reign of the Mamluk sultan 958:) and for putting a final end to the 677:in 969 CE during the reign of Caliph 345:. It is characterized by hundreds of 197: 3169: 2244: 2118: 2116: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 915:eager to erase the influence of the 3414:Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay 3389:Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay 3098:"Jama'a Al -Aqsunqur (Blue Mosque)" 2892:"Al-Darb Al-Ahmar District Mosques" 2821: 2746: 2707: 2658: 2641: 2607: 2540: 2474: 2444: 2356: 2216: 2185:"Fāṭimid Dynasty | Islamic dynasty" 1738:or bazaar center of medieval Cairo. 1450:complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun 1444:, and the trio of monuments in the 701: 300: 225: 13: 3005: 2969: 2935: 2795: 2410: 2341: 2283: 2131: 1990: 1813:Historic Cairo Restoration Project 1533: 1438:funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay 1241:of Isma'il Pasha, commissioned by 1223:officer in the Ottoman army named 1219:from 1798 to 1801, after which an 267:, Egypt, that were built from the 14: 4561: 3783:Egyptian National Military Museum 3752:Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli 3250: 3191: 2113: 2091: 1912: 895:is visible overlooking its walls. 889:Citadel of Salah ad-Din (Saladin) 521:in 750. The last Umayyad caliph, 403:conquest of Egypt by Muslim Arabs 263:), refers mostly to the areas of 4467: 4196: 4190: 3617:Madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha'ban 3575:Mosques and religious structures 3527: 3331:Mosques and religious structures 3316:al-Muizz Street (Qasabah Street) 3209: 3197: 2917:– via www.theguardian.com. 1723:Markets and commercial buildings 1104:mixed-use buildings (known as a 993: 973: 196: 189: 3727:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan 3667:Mosque of Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi 3647:Mausoleum of Tarabay al-Sharifi 3449:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq 3163: 3138: 3114: 3090: 3061: 3037: 2902: 2884: 2863: 2849: 2836: 2772: 2584: 2328: 2299: 2292:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. 2277:Encyclopedia of African History 2268: 2253: 2238: 2201: 2177: 2151: 1993:"Islamic Cairo in Cairo, Egypt" 1196:Detailed map of Cairo from the 749:, was founded in 972 as both a 517:, until their overthrow by the 449:, the fear of strong remaining 3702:Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi 3682:Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi 3592:Amir Khayrbak Funerary Complex 2009: 1984: 1888: 1869: 1805:non-governmental organisations 1418:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan 1249:Under Muhammad Ali's rule the 982:Madrasa-mosque of Sultan Hasan 954:in 1260 (most famously at the 482:, with other examples such as 141:523.66 ha (1,294.0 acres) 1: 4540:Archaeological sites in Egypt 4520:World Heritage Sites in Egypt 3652:Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu 3597:Aqsunqur Mosque (Blue Mosque) 3359:Mosque of Almalik al-Jukandar 2985:"Revitalization of Old Cairo" 1863: 1540: 1259:Ottoman style of architecture 1203: 810:Great Seljuk (Turkish) Empire 111:Cultural: (i), (v), (vi) 85:Al-Imam ash-Shaf'i Necropolis 4456:Wadi El Hitan (Whale Valley) 3980:City of the Dead (al-Qarafa) 3637:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i 3419:Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad 3364:Madrasa of Tatar al-Hijaziya 3217:travel guide from Wikivoyage 3170:Werr, Patrick (2021-09-29). 3015:Bakhoum, Dina Ishak (2018). 2991:. Springer. pp. 68–69. 2983:Wessling, Christoph (2017). 2109:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1900:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1840:. Between 2009 and 2015 the 1454:Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad 1426:Mosque of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad 1297:Historic sites and monuments 1229:was granted its independence 931:in the Sunni Islamic world. 726:were added later during the 513:, based in their capital at 405:in 640, under the commander 374:World Cultural Heritage site 7: 3672:Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar 3439:Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad 3409:Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq 2842:O'Neill, Zora et al. 2012. 2805:Pradines, Stephane (2008). 2756:Pradines, Stephane (2008). 2591:Pradines, Stephane (2008). 2428:Pradines, Stephane (2002). 2334:O'Neill, Zora et al. 2012. 2275:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 1976:Williams, Caroline (2018). 1851: 1146:Egypt was conquered by the 275:in the 19th century during 236: 10: 4566: 4515:Districts of Greater Cairo 3657:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani 3632:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 3622:Madrasa of Uljay al-Yusufi 3394:Complex of Sultan al-Ghuri 2661:"Al Kāhirah and Its Gates" 2515:10.1007/s00004-022-00611-1 2260:Abu-Lughod, Janet (1971). 1809:Aga Khan Trust for Culture 1697: 1693: 1663:. Initially identified as 1614: 1422:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani 1309: 383: 27:UNESCO World Heritage Site 4550:Open-air museums in Egypt 4484: 4462: 4399: 4333: 4320: 4308: 4281: 4258: 4240: 4217: 4205: 4188: 4134: 4101: 4053: 3914: 3902: 3894:Districts and suburbs of 3796: 3760: 3687:Mosque of Mahmud al-Kurdi 3574: 3543: 3536: 3525: 3462: 3399:Complex of Sultan Qalawun 3379:Church of the Virgin Mary 3329: 3308: 3265: 3258: 2828:Rabat, Nasser O. (1995). 2677:10.1017/S0035869X00018232 2570:10.1017/S0041977X16000586 2458:Warner, Nicholas (1999). 2382:Warner, Nicholas (2005). 1780:) still being sold here. 1496:), the Mausoleum of Imam 1025:largest city in the world 694:al-Mu'izziyya al-Qaahirah 688:, was led by the general 504:Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As 184: 169:30.0460028°N 31.2627167°E 145: 137: 125: 115: 105: 68:Mosque of Ahmed Ibn Tulun 55: 42: 33: 24: 3722:Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib 3712:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha 3642:Mausoleum of Amir Qawsun 3582:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 3515:Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay 3495:Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda 3384:Complex of Amir Qurqumas 3295:Gates of Khan al-Khalili 2714:Shalem, Avinoam (1996). 2621:Raymond, André (2000) . 2306:Mortada, Hisham (2003). 1599: 1520:Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa 1458:Madrasa of Sultan Barquq 1002:Sultan Qaytbay's complex 769:) to the southern gate ( 648:in the late 11th century 3849:Sabil-Kuttab of Qaytbay 3834:Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad 3429:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab 2208:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 2189:Encyclopedia Britannica 2143:Brett, Michael (2017). 1896:"Historic Cairo – Maps" 1846:Mosque of Amir Aqsunqur 1715:built the 19th-century 1677:. If so, then the name 1516:Tomb of Sayyida Ruqayya 1460:. Some mosques include 1434:Sultan Al-Ghuri complex 1316:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As 1215:'s French army briefly 1199:Description de l'Égypte 273:city's modern expansion 3824:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct 3742:Sayyidah Zainab Mosque 3737:Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque 3692:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 3612:Madrasa of Sarghatmish 3369:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 2846:(11th edition), p. 81. 2464:Annales islamologiques 2434:Annales Islamologiques 2338:(11th edition), p. 87. 2123:Swelim, Tarek (2015). 2105:Kennedy, Hugh (2007). 2084:Raymond, André. 1993. 1739: 1717:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1648: 1612: 1572: 1550: 1484:Shrines and mausoleums 1401: 1384:Mosque of Salih Tala'i 1306: 1255:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1246: 1209: 1143: 896: 893:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 755:Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 731: 649: 557: 502:'s) first mosque, the 398: 287:, the area around the 174:30.0460028; 31.2627167 4310:Shubra El Kheima city 3809:Bayt al-Razzaz Palace 3788:Gayer-Anderson Museum 3717:Mosque of Taghribirdi 3485:Hammam of Sultan Inal 3404:Khanqah of Baybars II 2502:Nexus Network Journal 2160:"Cairo, a Millennial" 1730: 1643: 1607: 1563: 1548: 1512:Islamic jurisprudence 1392: 1304: 1261:, mainly in the late 1237: 1195: 1135: 921:great Fatimid palaces 911:successors, who were 886: 714: 637: 543: 433:on the shores of the 396: 339:historic architecture 323:early period of Islam 4437:Saint Catherine Area 4421:Giza pyramid complex 4389:World Heritage Sites 4313:Qalyubia Governorate 3747:Sultaniyya Mausoleum 3206:at Wikimedia Commons 3102:World Monuments Fund 2896:World Monuments Fund 2844:Lonely Planet: Egypt 2336:Lonely Planet: Egypt 2245:Clot, André (1996). 2166:. pp. 24, 26–30 1842:World Monuments Fund 1772:Qasaba of Radwan Bay 1655:and a bridge over a 1448:area comprising the 1169:Ottoman architecture 1142:windows (1867 photo) 1067:shrine of al-Hussein 1044:, starting with the 550:Abbasid architecture 359:Islamic era of Egypt 271:in 641 CE until the 261:al-Qāhira tārīkhiyya 4535:Arabic architecture 3804:Amir Alin Aq Palace 3732:Sayeda Aisha Mosque 3677:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 3551:Salah al-Din Square 3343:Al-Azhar University 2659:Kay, H. C. (1882). 1784:Preservation status 1355:al-Azhar University 1324:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 1032:routes between the 1012:, late 15th century 1010:Burji Mamluk period 986:Bahri Mamluk period 956:Battle of Ain Jalut 666:which was based in 600:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 546:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 314:and includes major 285:historic cemeteries 259:(القاهرة التاريخية 165: / 97:Qayitbay Necropolis 21: 4525:Districts of Cairo 4417:and its Necropolis 3697:Mosque of Qani-Bay 3505:Wikala of al-Ghuri 3150:www.al-monitor.com 2877:2013-06-05 at the 2164:Saudi Aramco World 2145:The Fatimid Empire 1740: 1713:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1649: 1613: 1573: 1568:neighbourhood and 1551: 1464:(often columns or 1402: 1368:Mosque of al-Hakim 1343:Mosque of al-Azhar 1307: 1247: 1243:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1225:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1210: 1144: 988:, mid-14th century 897: 816:, who were mainly 747:Mosque of al-Azhar 732: 650: 558: 399: 78:Nucleus of Cairo, 19: 4497: 4496: 4452: 4443: 4425: 4418: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4304: 4303: 4186: 4185: 3907:Cairo Governorate 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3839:Palace of Yashbak 3768:Al-Gawhara Palace 3523: 3522: 3354:Al-Hussein Mosque 3202:Media related to 3030:978-1-351-60888-6 2998:978-3-319-46289-9 2634:978-0-674-00316-3 1490:al-Hussein Mosque 1442:Northern Cemetery 1021:al-Nasir Muhammad 1006:Northern Cemetery 857:King of Jerusalem 718:, founded by the 690:Jawhar al-Siqilli 614:(originally from 608:Abu al-Misk Kafur 309: 246: 234: 215: 214: 49:Cairo Governorate 4557: 4530:History of Cairo 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4447: 4441: 4423: 4416: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4325:Shubra El Kheima 4318: 4317: 4215: 4214: 4210:Giza Governorate 4200: 4194: 4166:Fifth Settlement 3944:Al-Darb al-Ahmar 3912: 3911: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3587:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 3561:Al-Darb al-Ahmar 3541: 3540: 3531: 3510:Wikala of Qawsun 3263: 3262: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3075:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3012: 3003: 3002: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860:, Qantara, 2006. 2853: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2656: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2549: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2517: 2493: 2472: 2471: 2455: 2442: 2441: 2425: 2408: 2407: 2379: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2314:. p. viii. 2303: 2297: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2089: 2082: 2025: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1991:Planet, Lonely. 1988: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1873: 1790:Al-Darb al-Ahmar 1750:; also known as 1578:Citadel of Cairo 1566:al-Darb al-Ahmar 1524:City of the Dead 1500:(founder of the 1283:reforms of Paris 1281:'s 19th-century 1251:Citadel of Cairo 1208: 1205: 997: 977: 905:Citadel of Cairo 703: 472:Ancient Egyptian 437:(now located in 327:Ancient Egyptian 316:Coptic Christian 307: 304: 302: 289:Citadel of Cairo 277:Khedive Ismail's 251:Cairo'), or 241: 239: 237:Qāhira al-Muʿizz 229: 227: 200: 199: 193: 180: 179: 177: 176: 175: 170: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 91:Sayyidah Nafisah 38: 28: 22: 18: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4395: 4386: 4356: 4347: 4329: 4300: 4277: 4254: 4236: 4201: 4195: 4182: 4130: 4097: 4049: 3985:Manshiyat Naser 3898: 3892: 3862: 3853: 3814:Bayt al-Sinnari 3792: 3778:Carriage Museum 3773:Amir Taz Palace 3756: 3570: 3532: 3519: 3490:Khan el-Khalili 3475:Bayt al-Suhaymi 3458: 3349:Al-Hakim Mosque 3339:Al-Azhar Mosque 3325: 3321:Bayn al-Qasrayn 3304: 3275:Bab al-Barqiyya 3254: 3249: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3152:. December 2021 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2981: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2936: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2879:Wayback Machine 2868: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2826: 2822: 2817:(1–2): 143–170. 2803: 2796: 2777: 2773: 2768:(1–2): 143–170. 2754: 2747: 2712: 2708: 2657: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2608: 2603:(1–2): 143–170. 2589: 2585: 2550: 2541: 2494: 2475: 2456: 2445: 2426: 2411: 2396: 2380: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2273: 2269: 2258: 2254: 2243: 2239: 2228: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2132: 2121: 2114: 2103: 2092: 2083: 2028: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1989: 1985: 1974: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1854: 1829:open-air museum 1786: 1764:Khan al-Khalili 1756:Wikala al-Ghuri 1732:Khan el-Khalili 1725: 1702: 1696: 1679:Bab al-Barqiyya 1666:Bab al-Barqiyya 1645:Bab al-Barqiyya 1619: 1602: 1543: 1536: 1534:Walls and gates 1486: 1446:Bayn al-Qasrayn 1372:al-Aqmar mosque 1312: 1299: 1263:Ottoman Baroque 1206: 1190: 1150:in 1517, under 1130: 1075:Khan al-Khalili 1063:al-Azhar Mosque 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 998: 990: 989: 980:The monumental 978: 960:Crusader states 948:Seventh Crusade 901:Ayyubid dynasty 881: 844:of the Turkish 838:Crusader states 759:al-Mu'zz street 742:Bayn al-Qasrayn 716:Al-Azhar Mosque 702:المعزية القاهرة 632: 618:) who ruled as 561:Ahmad Ibn Tulun 531:Jami' al-'Askar 407:'Amr ibn al-'As 391: 386: 269:Muslim conquest 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 203: 202: 201: 173: 171: 167: 164: 159: 156: 154: 152: 151: 101: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4545:Islam in Cairo 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4510:Medieval Cairo 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4291:6th of October 4287: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4173:New Heliopolis 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4068:Downtown Cairo 4065: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4011: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 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473–502. 2539: 2508:(3): 657–672. 2473: 2443: 2409: 2394: 2355: 2340: 2327: 2320: 2298: 2282: 2267: 2252: 2237: 2215: 2200: 2176: 2150: 2130: 2112: 2090: 2026: 2008: 1983: 1911: 1887: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1838:European Union 1817:Bay al-Suhaymi 1785: 1782: 1724: 1721: 1709:Muqattam Hills 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1617:Gates of Cairo 1601: 1598: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1494:Husayn ibn Ali 1485: 1482: 1376:Juyushi Mosque 1311: 1308: 1298: 1295: 1287:Downtown Cairo 1217:occupied Egypt 1189: 1186: 1148:Ottoman Empire 1129: 1126: 999: 992: 991: 979: 972: 971: 970: 969: 968: 880: 877: 846:Zengid dynasty 836:, and the new 802:walls of Cairo 798:Badr al-Jamali 646:Badr al-Jamali 643:Fatimid vizier 631: 628: 535:Dar al-'Imara. 480:Arab conquests 390: 387: 385: 382: 370:Historic Cairo 257:Historic Cairo 253:Medieval Cairo 213: 212: 205: 204: 195: 194: 188: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 149: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 109: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 87: 82: 65: 59: 57: 53: 52: 46: 40: 39: 31: 30: 20:Historic Cairo 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4476: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409:Islamic Cairo 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4335:Newly planned 4332: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4283:Newly planned 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4136:Newly planned 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083:Islamic Cairo 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:Greater Cairo 3889: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3829:Hosh al-Basha 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3819:Cairo Citadel 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556:Saliba Street 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3537:Southern part 3535: 3530: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3470:Al-Azhar Park 3468: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3259:Northern part 3257: 3253: 3252:Islamic Cairo 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3216: 3215:Islamic Cairo 3212: 3208: 3205: 3204:Islamic Cairo 3200: 3196: 3195: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3079:on 2022-10-31 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3023:. Routledge. 3022: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871:Unholy Thefts 2866: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2832:. E.J. Brill. 2831: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2395:977-424-841-4 2391: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2321:0-7007-1700-5 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2204: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2021:Decision Text 2017: 2012: 1998: 1997:Lonely Planet 1994: 1987: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1794:2011 uprising 1791: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:caravanserais 1745: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700:Cairo Citadel 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684:Bab al-Tawfiq 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:bent entrance 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1570:al-Azhar Park 1567: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:Mamluk period 1399: 1398:David Roberts 1395: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:, mausoleum, 1095: 1090: 1086: 1085:Mamluk period 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1053:Qasaba avenue 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Mediterranean 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1011: 1007: 1003: 996: 987: 983: 976: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Sunni Muslims 910: 906: 902: 894: 890: 885: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:First Crusade 827: 823: 822:Sunni Revival 819: 818:Sunni Muslims 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:Friday mosque 748: 744: 743: 737: 736:Great Palaces 729: 728:Mamluk period 725: 722:in 972. (The 721: 717: 713: 709: 707: 699: 695: 691: 687: 684: 680: 676: 673: 669: 665: 662: 659: 655: 647: 644: 640: 636: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592:Dar al-'Imara 589: 585: 581: 576: 575: 570: 566: 562: 555: 551: 547: 542: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 395: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 355:caravanserais 352: 348: 344: 343:Islamic world 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255:, officially 254: 250: 244: 238: 232: 223: 219: 218:Islamic Cairo 192: 183: 178: 160:31°15′45.78″E 157:30°02′45.61″N 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 110: 108: 104: 98: 95: 92: 88: 86: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 58: 54: 50: 47: 45: 41: 37: 32: 29: 23: 4475:Egypt portal 4408: 4334: 4296:Sheikh Zayed 4282: 4259: 4241: 4153: 4135: 4102: 4082: 4063:Coptic Cairo 4054: 4038:Rod El Farag 4020: 4016:El Sakkakini 4003:Rhoda Island 4001: 3972: 3953: 3607:Lulua Mosque 3544:Main streets 3374:Aqmar Mosque 3309:Main streets 3290:Bab al-Wazir 3280:Bab al-Futuh 3251: 3179:. Retrieved 3175: 3165: 3154:. Retrieved 3149: 3140: 3129:. Retrieved 3126:Ahram Online 3125: 3116: 3105:. Retrieved 3101: 3092: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3072: 3063: 3052:. Retrieved 3049:Ahram Online 3048: 3039: 3020: 2988: 2960:. Retrieved 2958:. 2018-06-11 2955: 2915:The Guardian 2914: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2870: 2865: 2856: 2851: 2843: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2668: 2664: 2623: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2561: 2557: 2505: 2501: 2467: 2463: 2437: 2433: 2384: 2349: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2307: 2301: 2293: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2209: 2203: 2192:. Retrieved 2188: 2179: 2168:. Retrieved 2153: 2144: 2124: 2106: 2085: 2020: 2011: 2000:. Retrieved 1996: 1986: 1977: 1903:. Retrieved 1899: 1890: 1877: 1871: 1834: 1807:such as the 1802: 1787: 1775: 1766:is a famous 1751: 1743: 1741: 1734:, the major 1705:Salah ad-Din 1703: 1688:Bab al-Jadid 1687: 1683: 1678: 1671:Bab al-Jadid 1670: 1664: 1650: 1635: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1574: 1552: 1537: 1527: 1487: 1403: 1380:Lulua Mosque 1340: 1313: 1291:Abdin Palace 1248: 1211: 1197: 1158: 1156: 1145: 1137: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1078: 1069:, where the 1050: 1034:Indian Ocean 1018: 1000:The dome of 933: 898: 869:Salah ad-Din 850: 786:al-Mustansir 775: 767:Bab al-Futuh 762: 754: 740: 733: 693: 651: 639:Bab al-Futuh 624:Khalij canal 591: 572: 559: 534: 530: 508: 400: 369: 363: 353:, mansions, 320: 260: 256: 252: 217: 216: 4273:Mohandessin 4111:Garden City 4088:El Matareya 3966:15th of May 3300:Bab Zuweila 3285:Bāb al-Naşr 2525:10317/12232 2212:. Scribner. 1609:Bab al-Nasr 1430:Bab Zuwayla 1207: 1802 1174:Janissaries 1163:) route to 1139:mashrabiyya 1089:Islamic law 1065:and to the 1046:Black Death 929:Islamic law 771:Bab Zuweila 757:Street (or 670:(Tunisia), 468:Upper Egypt 460:Lower Egypt 455:Hellenistic 409:. Although 368:proclaimed 318:monuments. 312:Roman times 301:مصر القديمة 291:, parts of 249:Al-Mu'izz's 226:قاهرة المعز 172: / 147:Coordinates 126:Inscription 72:The Citadel 4504:Categories 4450:Necropolis 4242:Historical 4178:El Shorouk 4116:Heliopolis 4055:Historical 3904:Cairo city 3341:(see also 3181:2022-10-31 3156:2022-10-31 3131:2022-10-31 3107:2022-10-31 3083:2022-10-31 3054:2022-10-31 2962:2022-10-31 2791:: 229–293. 2470:: 283–296. 2194:2019-11-16 2170:2007-08-09 2002:2019-11-18 1905:2023-02-19 1864:References 1777:khayamiyya 1675:al-Maqrizi 1615:See also: 1586:Al-Maqrizi 1541:City walls 1498:al-Shafi'i 1474:Byzantines 1456:, and the 1382:, and the 1347:Qarawiyyin 1275:Suez Canal 842:Nur al-Din 610:, a black 604:Ikhshidids 596:bimaristan 584:Roman rule 464:Nile Delta 411:Alexandria 283:city, the 129:1979 (3rd 93:Necropolis 80:Necropolis 74:Area, The 4448:with its 4207:Giza city 4155:New Cairo 4093:Old Cairo 4009:El Manial 3997:El Qobbah 3992:Nasr City 3924:Ain Shams 2923:cite news 2811:Le Muséon 2762:Le Muséon 2732:0571-1371 2726:: 55–64. 2701:164159559 2685:0035-869X 2597:Le Muséon 2578:0041-977X 2534:1522-4600 2404:929659618 2312:Routledge 2249:. Perrin. 2088:. 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