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631:, has challenged this view: "the evidence suggests that the crisis took the course it did because Izvolsky lied in the most extravagant fashion in order to save his job and reputation. The Russian foreign minister had made two serious errors of judgement that London would support his demand for the opening of the Turkish Straits to Russian warships - he grossly underestimated the impact of the annexation on Russian nationalist opinion - - he got wind of the press response in St Petersburg, he realized his error, panicked, and began to construct himself as Aehrenthal's dupe." The years following the annexation crisis, with an atmosphere of increased 'chauvinist popular emotion' and with a sense of humiliation in a sphere of vital interest, saw the Russians launch a substantial programme of military investment.
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at whatever moment she shall deem opportune', and the claim was repeated intermittently in Austro-Russian agreements. This was not contested by Russia, but St
Petersburg maintained the right to impose conditions. Izvolsky, with the support of Tsar Nicholas II proposed that the annexation of
592:, occasioned a major European crisis. Izvolsky denied having reached any agreement with Aehrenthal. He subsequently denied any foreknowledge of Aehrenthal's intentions and tried unsuccessfully to have a meeting called to deal with the status of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The
493:
with Russia's traditional foes - Great
Britain and Japan. He had to face vigorous opposition from several directions, notably from the public opinion and the hard-liners in the military, who demanded a revanchist war against Japan and a military advance into
612:
suggested, there was the possibility of an
Austrian war on Serbia and the further direct possibility that the Germans would release the documents proving Izvolsky's connivance in the original annexation deal. Izvolsky backed down at once. Reviled by Russian
576:
on
September 16, 1908, and there agreed to support Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in exchange for Austria-Hungary's assent to the opening of the Straits to Russia; and to support such an opening, at any subsequent diplomatic conference.
1037:
Taylor, Carol D. "The troubled entente: Alexander
Izvolsky and Russia's diplomatic relations with France and Great Britain, 1906–1910" (PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Albany; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
48:
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during the Russo-Japanese War with a proposal of alliance, he made it a primary aim of his policy when he became
Foreign Minister, feeling that Russia, weakened by the war with Japan, needed another ally besides
1339:
1834:
482:, Izvolsky was determined to give Russia a decade of peace. He believed that it was Russia's interest to disengage from the conundrum of European politics and to concentrate on internal reforms. A
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Bosnia-Herzegovina be exchanged for Austro-Hungarian support for improved
Russian access to the Turkish Straits. Izvolsky met with the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, Baron (later Count)
1829:
1045:
In the
Twilight of Empire. Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman. Vol. 2: From Foreign Minister in Waiting to de facto Chancellor
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Another primary objective was to realize Russia's long-standing goal of opening (i.e., permitting free transit, without prior conditions; and in exclusive right to Russia) the
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of 1908–1909 the Powers did not accept the opening of the
Straits. Izvolsky, publicly humiliated and destroyed by the debacle, resigned as Foreign Minister in 1910.
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on
November 16, 1919. In keeping with his wishes, a funeral service was read over his body by a Protestant minister. His children, however, also arranged for a
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with honours, and shortly thereafter married Countess von Toll, whose family had far-reaching connections at court. Through these connections, he joined the
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Shortly before his death, Isvolsky sat up and, greatly to their shock, he told his two children, "If I die, I do not wish to be buried in the
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548:(known jointly as the "Straits") to Russian warships, giving Russia free passage to the Mediterranean and making it possible to use the
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over appointments to the Church Hierarchy. After emigrating to France, he was ordained to the Orthodox priesthood and became an
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His daughter, though shocked, later attributed her father's words to, "the long-repressed bitterness he had felt, at seeing the
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arrange a trip to St. Petersburg in 1902 in an effort to defuse increasing tensions. The efforts incurred the wrath of Tsar
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for "betraying" the Serbs, who felt Bosnia should be theirs, the embittered Izvolsky was eventually dismissed from office.
63:
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Kocho-Williams, Alastair, and Alastair Kocho-Williams. "Before the Bolsheviks: The Last Years of Tsarist Diplomacy." in
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from 1903. From that posting, he continued to press for a diplomatic settlement with Japan before and during the
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Historiography has traditionally laid most blame for the annexation crisis at Aehrenthal's door. The historian
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not just in the coastal defense of her Black Sea territory; but also in support of her global interests.
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Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.87; David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War, Oxford 1996, pp. 162-63
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Upon becoming ambassador in Paris in 1910, Izvolsky devoted his energies to strengthening Russia's
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Following the resignation of Aleksandr Izvolsky, Sazonov became foreign minister in 1910.
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426:(from 1899). In Tokyo, Izvolsky urged a peaceful accommodation with the rising power of
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Izvolsky came from an aristocratic family of Russian descent. He graduated from the
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Bolsover, G. H. "Izvol'sky and Reform of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs."
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and became a prominent scholar and leader of the ecumenical movement, first as a
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No Time to Grieve: An Autobiographical Journey from Russia to Paris to New York
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No Time to Grieve: An Autobiographical Journey from Russia to Paris to New York
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950:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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of great charm whose influence at court was impeded by her ignorance of the
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of the Orthodox Hierarchy to the Tsar, and the corrupting influence of
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Kerensky, Alexander. "Izvolsky's Personal Diplomatic Correspondence."
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until he resigned, allegedly in protest over the growing influence of
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to be offered for Isvolsky at the local Russian Orthodox Cathedral. A
489:
In the realm of more practical politics, Izvolsky advocated a gradual
1108:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO (published 2019). p. 512.
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662:, Izvolsky resigned but remained in Paris, where he was succeeded by
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demanded that the Russians at last recognize the annexation and urge
486:, he undertook the reform and modernization of the Foreign Ministry.
435:
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pp 187–294; Russia's Izwolsky pp 285–365 and Austria's Aehrenthal.
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on 5 October 1908, secured through alterations of the terms of the
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681:. Let your mother's Protestant pastor read the funeral prayers."
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1835:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
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and the United Kingdom and encouraging Russian rearmament. When
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in 1908 in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the
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348:
247:
1230:
990:
The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon
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431:
423:
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Schmitt, Bernadotte E. "The Bosnian Annexation Crisis (I)."
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Alexander Izvolsky married Countess Marguerite von Toll, a
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In the wake of the disastrous Russian-Japanese War and the
559:
of 1881, Austria-Hungary had asserted the right 'to annex
1830:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
722:
His brother — Piotr Petrovich Izvolski (1863—1928) — was
1058:
Izvolsky, A.P. Recollections of a Foreign Minister. 1920
961:
Izvolsky, A.P. Recollections of a Foreign Minister. 1920
608:to do likewise. If they did not, German Chancellor
873:Izvolsky was depicted in the 1974 BBC mini-series
1721:
904:long chapters on Britain's Landsdowne; France's
624:however, in his 2012 study of the causes of the
363:during the years leading to the outbreak of the
1145:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
921:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1755:Converts to Lutheranism from Eastern Orthodoxy
937:
410:Izvolsky served as Russia's ambassador to the
1765:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
1333:
555:In one of the secret articles of the renewed
1780:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Denmark
1770:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Bavaria
1063:Newspaper clippings about Alexander Izvolsky
668:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
449:, and Izvolsky found himself transferred to
355:diplomat remembered as a major architect of
1820:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
1775:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to France
651:broke out, he is reputed to have remarked,
202:18 November 1899 – 12 October 1902
148:Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Denmark
1785:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Japan
1340:
1326:
106:Ambassador of the Russian Empire to France
47:
1300:Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Japan
1156:Christopher Clark, the Sleepwalkers, p.83
510:of 1907 to improve relations with Japan.
467:
190:Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Japan
1139:
1137:
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498:. His allies in the government included
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160:24 October 1902 – 20 April 1906
1760:Foreign ministers of the Russian Empire
1105:World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide
14:
1722:
1098:
938:Blennerhassett, William Lewis (1922).
915:
864:Honorary Grand Cross, 6 September 1907
596:in diplomacy was resolved only by the
464:between April 1906 and November 1910.
383:to Russian warships. In the resultant
76:11 May 1906 – 11 October 1910
64:Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire
1321:
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1019:The Slavonic and East European Review
1009:Russian and Soviet Diplomacy, 1900–39
999:The Slavonic and East European Review
980:The Slavonic and East European Review
941:"Isvolsky, Alexander Petrovich"
898:Before the war: studies in diplomacy
1790:Politicians from the Russian Empire
1029:The annexation of Bosnia: 1908-1909
954:Fay, Sidney B. (1928, repr. 1966).
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710:was also offered for Isvolsky by a
24:
1795:Memoirists from the Russian Empire
972:
329:Count Alexander Petrovich Izvolsky
25:
1846:
1815:White Russian emigrants to France
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580:Aehrenthal's announcement of the
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351:– 16 August 1919 in Paris) was a
1805:People of the Russo-Japanese War
1750:Nobility from the Russian Empire
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524:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
341:Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Изво́льский
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1102:, ed. (10 May 2019). "Russia".
513:Having been approached by King
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851:Order of the Paulownia Flowers
438:. He assisted Japanese former
13:
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1810:Russian people of World War I
1374:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov
1205:Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.86
1165:Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.85
886:
840:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
769:and later as a member of the
759:Russian Greek Catholic Church
634:
1825:Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum alumni
1512:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
1196:Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p85
1027:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly.
956:The Origins of the World War
853:Grand Cordon, 26 August 1907
557:League of the Three Emperors
118:1910 – 3 March 1917
27:Russian diplomat (1856–1919)
7:
1745:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
1349:Foreign ministers of Russia
1067:20th Century Press Archives
944:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
695:Alexander Isvolsky died at
600:of March 1909 in which the
316:
10:
1851:
1268:Foreign Minister of Russia
967:Izvolsky and the World War
965:Stieve, Friedrich (1926).
749:. Their son fought in the
714:and friend of the family.
533:
480:Russian Revolution of 1905
471:
347:6 March] 1856 in
307:Diplomat, Foreign Minister
171:Alexander von Benckendorff
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1542:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
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879:. He was played by actor
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674:before his last illness.
566:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
484:constitutional monarchist
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1239:Helene Iswolsky (1985),
1223:Helene Iswolsky (1985),
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829:Order of the White Eagle
771:Catholic Worker Movement
743:Baltic German noblewoman
522:, which resulted in the
508:Russo-Japanese Agreement
1800:Russian anti-communists
1462:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1001:16.47 (1938): 386-392.
947:Encyclopædia Britannica
923:. The Scarecrow Press.
796:Order of St. Stanislaus
679:Russian Orthodox Church
643:alliance with both the
414:, followed by posts in
1664:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh
1587:Provisional Government
1527:Karl Robert Nesselrode
1507:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1492:Nikita Petrovich Panin
1472:Nikita Ivanovich Panin
1021:9.26 (1930): 312-334.
757:was received into the
588:at the expense of the
561:Bosnia and Herzegovina
468:Anglo-Russian alliance
460:He served as Russia's
377:Bosnia and Herzegovina
245:6 March] 1856
1031:(Cambridge UP, 1937)
862:Royal Victorian Order
712:Roman Catholic priest
655:("This is my war!").
645:French Third Republic
474:Anglo-Russian Entente
397:Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
391:Early life and career
343:, 18 March [
298:Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
1600:Mikhail Tereshchenko
1522:Ioannis Kapodistrias
1482:Alexander Bezborodko
1047:(Böhlau Wien, 2020).
982:63.1 (1985): 21-40.
818:Order of St Vladimir
773:and close friend of
670:and wrote a book of
41:Александр Извольский
1740:Writers from Moscow
1676:Eduard Shevardnadze
1659:Eduard Shevardnadze
1532:Alexander Gorchakov
1502:Alexander Vorontsov
1457:Aleksey Tcherkassky
1414:Yemelyan Ukraintsev
1261:Vladimir Lambsdorff
686:abject subservience
666:. He advocated for
660:February Revolution
506:. He concluded the
407:became his patron.
241:18 March [
87:Vladimir Lambsdorff
1686:Russian Federation
1639:Vyacheslav Molotov
1562:Alexander Izvolsky
1517:Nikolay Rumyantsev
1467:Mikhailo Vorontsov
1253:Political offices
1100:Tucker, Spencer C.
992:(Routledge, 2016).
910:Bernhard von Bülow
906:Théophile Delcassé
820:, 1st degree, 1908
598:St Petersburg note
504:Vladimir Kokovtsov
455:Russo-Japanese War
252:Moscow Governorate
34:Alexander Izvolsky
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1577:Nikolai Pokrovsky
1557:Vladimir Lamsdorf
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1361:Tsardom of Russia
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1307:Succeeded by
1285:Diplomatic posts
1275:Succeeded by
1187:, p.83 Paris 1936
807:Order of St. Anne
753:. Their daughter
622:Christopher Clark
405:Lobanov-Rostovsky
375:'s annexation of
371:, he assented to
357:Russia's alliance
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129:Aleksandr Nelidov
16:(Redirected from
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1699:Yevgeny Primakov
1644:Andrey Vyshinsky
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1547:Nikolay Shishkin
1447:Gavrila Golovkin
1399:Artamon Matveyev
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653:C'est ma guerre!
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586:Treaty of Berlin
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369:Foreign Minister
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536:Bosnian Crisis
534:Main article:
531:
530:Bosnian crisis
528:
500:Pyotr Stolypin
472:Main article:
469:
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457:of 1904–1905.
440:Prime Minister
428:Imperial Japan
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385:Bosnian Crisis
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1670:Boris Pankin
1668:
1624:Leon Trotsky
1616:Soviet Union
1561:
1537:Nikolay Girs
1389:Almaz Ivanov
1353:Soviet Union
1298:
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1184:
1183:N. Shebeko,
1179:
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1119:. Retrieved
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908:; Germany's
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763:White émigré
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721:
708:Requiem Mass
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615:pan-Slavists
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443:Itō Hirobumi
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367:in 1914. As
332:
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267:(1919-08-16)
220:Succeeded by
197:
178:Succeeded by
155:
136:Succeeded by
113:
94:Succeeded by
71:
1735:1919 deaths
1730:1856 births
1704:Igor Ivanov
1310:Roman Rosen
1293:Roman Rosen
1243:, page 135.
1174:Clark, p.85
1121:25 February
1089:Gooch 1936.
894:G. P. Gooch
775:Dorothy Day
751:Dardanelles
649:World War I
641:anti-German
546:Dardanelles
496:Afghanistan
447:Nicholas II
282:Nationality
224:Roman Rozen
213:Roman Rozen
208:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
124:Preceded by
82:Preceded by
1724:Categories
1304:1899–1902
1272:1906–1910
887:References
736:archpriest
705:Tridentine
658:After the
635:Later life
582:annexation
572:castle of
515:Edward VII
451:Copenhagen
304:Occupation
293:Alma mater
701:Panikhida
568:, at the
436:Manchuria
198:In office
156:In office
114:In office
72:In office
1351:and the
1185:Sovenirs
1143:Kowner,
919:(2006).
697:Biarritz
690:Rasputin
570:Moravian
544:and the
542:Bosporus
416:Belgrade
333:Iswolsky
272:Biarritz
18:Izvolsky
1069:of the
1065:in the
777:in the
726:of the
672:memoirs
602:Germans
594:impasse
574:Buchlov
412:Vatican
353:Russian
337:Russian
286:Russian
1112:
1033:online
1023:online
1013:online
984:online
927:
902:online
842:, 1914
831:, 1910
785:Awards
718:Family
606:Serbia
520:France
422:, and
420:Munich
349:Moscow
317:awards
312:Awards
276:France
248:Moscow
1077:Notes
1003:onlne
767:Paris
610:Bülow
432:Korea
430:over
424:Tokyo
359:with
1614:the
1123:2021
1110:ISBN
925:ISBN
502:and
434:and
345:O.S.
315:see
262:Died
243:O.S.
238:Born
1612:and
1071:ZBW
765:in
692:."
331:or
1726::
1232:^
1134:^
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896:)
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526:.
418:,
339::
274:,
254:,
250:,
1341:e
1334:t
1327:v
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335:(
20:)
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