985:
1250:
127:
810:
ascent, while the other cities were still experiencing the long gestation that would lead them to their autonomy and to follow up on their seafaring vocation. After the 11th century, Amalfi and Gaeta declined rapidly, while Genoa and Venice became the most powerful republics. Pisa followed and experienced its most flourishing period in the 13th century, and Ancona and Ragusa allied to resist
Venetian power. Following the 14th century, while Pisa declined to the point of losing its autonomy, Venice and Genoa continued to dominate navigation, followed by Ragusa and Ancona, which experienced their golden age in the 15th century. In the 16th century, with Ancona's loss of autonomy, only the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Ragusa remained, which still experienced great moments of splendor until the mid-17th century, followed by over a century of slow decline that ended with the
4504:
2003:
1086:
Genoa, Ancona, Pisa" and the "Settlement of the great
Italian Navy". For the second class, at the beginning of the year, the teacher was arranged to recall the period in which the maritime republics grew and flourished. Every time the school programs were renewed, the study of the phenomenon of the maritime republics was always confirmed. In 1875, the ministerial indication was also followed up in the history program for technical institutes. That year, Carlo O. Galli claimed in a scholastic textbook that "among all the peoples of Europe, the one who in the Middle Ages rose first to great power" in navigation was the Italian people, and he attributed this to the independence enjoyed by "the maritime republics of Italy, among which Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Ancona, Venice, Naples and Gaeta deserve more mention".
1082:, established immediately after the achievement of national unity and therefore only in 1861, there were heated contrasts between the various pre-unification navies: Sardinian, Tuscan, papal and Neapolitan. The exaltation of the seafaring spirit that united the maritime republics made it possible to highlight a common historical basis and overcome divisions. This necessitated the removal of ancient rivalries; in this regard, of great significance was the return of chains that had closed Pisa's port, which had been stolen by Genoa during the medieval fights. Their return in 1860 was a sign of fraternal affection and of the now indissoluble union between the two cities, as can be read on the plaque affixed after the return.
1073:, in particular to those aspects that seemed to prefigure national glory and the struggle for independence. The phenomenon of the "maritime republics" was then reinterpreted, freed from negative prejudice and placed side by side with the glorious history of the medieval communes; thus it also established itself on a popular level. Celebrating history, the Italian maritime cities did not consider their mutual struggles so much as their common seafaring enterprise. In fact, in the post-unification cultural climate, it was considered essential for the formation of the modern Italian people to remember that within the maritime republics and municipalities arose the industriousness that inaugurated the new civilization.
3111:
888:
7207:
4496:
1741:
4239:, without the Byzantine sovereign being called into question. Venice acquired power from the development of commercial relations with the Byzantine Empire, of which it was formally still part, to remain even later on as an ally in the fight against the Arabs and Normans. The definitive break with Constantinople came only with the war of 1122-1126, when the doge Domenico Michiel declared war on the Eastern Empire following his refusal to renew the commercial privileges already guaranteed to his Venetian vassal as a reward for the help offered in the war against the Normans in 1082. This war led to complete independence, in law and in fact, institutionalized in 1143 with the
1166:
7231:
1951:
4680:
5940:
1050:
952:
1629:
4532:
3119:
4173:
3744:
1809:
3448:
5453:
1792:
1773:
865:
7165:
924:
1869:
5232:
1440:
1732:
1620:
3732:
7195:
1980:
1838:
1687:
1401:
4956:
1818:
4691:
3724:
1369:
1544:
7127:
3417:
2027:
sometimes complementary, sometimes overlapping competences, which over the centuries showed a decided tendency to change - not without a certain degree of instability - and to centralize power. Thus the government became the privilege of the merchant nobility in Venice (from 1297) and the duke in Amalfi (from 945). However, even Gaeta, which never had a republican order, and Amalfi, which became a duchy in 945, are also called maritime republics, as the term republic should not be understood in its modern meaning: until
4195:
1551:
7219:
7152:
5053:
3968:
1878:
47:
4707:
5193:
1035:
4699:
1360:
1603:
1274:, combined with hazardous mainland trading routes, enabled the development of major commercial routes along the Mediterranean coast. The growing autonomy acquired by some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this development. As many as six of these cities — Amalfi, Venice, Gaeta, Genoa, Ancona, and Ragusa — began their own history of autonomy and trade after being almost destroyed by terrible looting, or were founded by refugees from devastated lands. These cities, exposed to
1941:
3436:
5061:
5369:
38:
1097:, which was widely circulated and described the military exploits of the maritime cities in chronological order of origin and decay, from Amalfi to Pisa, Genoa and Ancona to Venice. In 1899, historian Camillo Manfroni wrote on Italy's maritime history, identifying the period of the maritime republics as that history's most glorious phase. At the end of the 19th century, the history of the maritime republics was thus consolidated and consigned to the 20th century.
4972:
4184:
8790:
3949:
4165:
7181:
4142:
5723:
3988:
1715:
1449:
7139:
3976:
3425:
3713:
4964:
4512:
1924:
1527:
8779:
5900:
recent studies consider the
Venetian period of Ragusa not a real subjection, but a sort of protectorate. Furthermore, in 1277 the Venetians attacked the port of Ancona, however suffering a resounding defeat: thus a new war began, which ended in 1281 with the Treaty of Ravenna. The 14th century saw the end of the Venetian domination of Ragusa in 1358, which was thus able to reconfirm its ancient alliance with Ancona.
662:
5673:
5079:
5069:
2050:
only one to dominate territories very far from the coast, up to occupying eastern
Lombardy. Amalfi, Gaeta, Ancona, Ragusa and Noli, on the other hand, extended their dominion only to a part of the territory of their region, configuring themselves as city-states; however, all the republics had their own colonies and warehouses in the main Mediterranean ports, except Noli, which used those of the Genoese.
2046:, but with the Crusades thousands of inhabitants of the seaside cities poured into the East, creating warehouses, colonies and commercial establishments. They exercised great political influence at the local level: Italian merchants set up trade associations in their business centers with the aim of obtaining jurisdictional, fiscal and customs privileges from foreign governments.
4661:
4520:
2121:
power, territorial possessions, and periods of temporary subjection to foreign powers. A different colour has been used for Noli to indicate the period of its incomplete independence. The dates placed at the beginning and at the end of each time line respectively indicate the year in which autonomy began and ended; any intermediate date indicates the year in which
1314:. The forms of independence that were created in these cities were varied, and the modern approach to considering political relations, which clearly distinguishes between administrative autonomy and political freedom, makes it difficult to orient itself among them. For this reason, in the table below there are two dates relating to independence: one refers to the
3690:. After the Norman conquest, the decline was not immediate, becoming in the meantime a seaport of the Norman-Swabian state. However, the commercial basin of Amalfi was reduced to the western Mediterranean and gradually the city was supplanted, locally by Naples and Salerno, and at the Mediterranean level by Pisa, Venice and Genoa.
4948:
4754:. Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometres (16 miles) north to a small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. It has been claimed that a second raid by the Slavs in 656 resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum. Slavs settled along the coast in the 7th century. The city remained under
4477:
5247:. The Genoese occupied it in 1255, sacked the Venetian neighbourhood and sank the ships docked there. Venice first agreed to an alliance with Pisa regarding their common interests in Syria and Palestine, but then counter-attacked, destroying the fortified monastery. The flight of the Genoese and of the baron
3694:
4929:
5034:
5899:
In the 13th century, the tensions continued: Venice took possession of Ragusa in 1205 and therefore directed its destinies for more than a century, slowing down its maritime expansion. Ragusa reacted by developing a dense network of commercial relations with the interior of the Balkan peninsula. Some
5172:
Relationships between the maritime republics arose from their nature as states dedicated to navigation and maritime commerce. These relationships were often expressed as political or economic agreements aimed at shared profit from a trade route or mutual non-interference. In the first centuries, when
2053:
If the absence of a strong central authority had been the premise for the birth of the merchant republics, their end was vice versa due to the affirmation of a powerful centralized state. Usually independence could last as long as trade was able to ensure prosperity and wealth, but when these ceased,
2049:
Only Venice, Genoa and Pisa had territorial expansion overseas, i.e. they possessed large regions and numerous islands along the
Mediterranean coasts. Genoa and Venice also came to dominate their entire region and part of the neighboring ones, becoming capitals of regional states. Venice was then the
5177:
saw Genoa, Gaeta, Pisa and Amalfi aligned side by side. But this situation was short-lived: after a few decades, the competition for the control of the commercial routes with the East and in the
Mediterranean unleashed bloody fratricidal wars and a real selection among the maritime republics. Amalfi
4769:
In the 7th century, Ragusa began to develop active trade in the eastern
Mediterranean. Starting from the 11th century, it established itself as a mercantile city, especially in the Adriatic, and began its alliance with Ancona, necessary to resist the Venetian tendency to consider the Adriatic as its
3655:
from Amalfi. Despite the tenacious tradition that originated, a correct reading of Biondo's passage reveals that Flavio Gioia never existed, and that the glory of the Amalfi people was not that of inventing the compass (actually imported from China), but of having been the first to spread its use in
1306:, which isolated it and allowed it to devote itself undisturbed to maritime traffic. This led to a gradual administrative autonomy and, in some cases, to total independence from the central powers, which for some time were no longer able to control the peripheral provinces: the Byzantine Empire, the
1085:
In 1860, the study of the maritime republics as a unitary phenomenon was introduced in the school curriculum, further popularizing the concept. From that year forward, the high school program required students to address the "causes of the rapid resurgence of
Italian maritime trade - Amalfi, Venice,
5607:
There was a pause in the conflict on
Frederick's fourth descent into Italy, but it resumed soon after his departure. Peace was reached on 6 November 1175 with the return of the Holy Roman Emperor to Italy. The agreement favoured Genoa, expanding its overseas territories. Pisa and Genoa took part in
4591:
In the defense of its freedom, Ancona emerged victorious several times, such as in the siege of 1173, in which
Germanic imperial troops surrounded the city from the sea while Venetian ships occupied the port. There was an eclipse of freedom in the period from 1348 to 1383; the city was conquered by
1105:
The number "four", which still often occurs today associated with maritime republics, is, as can be seen, not original: the short list of maritime republics was limited to two (Genoa and Venice) or three cities (Genoa, Venice and Pisa); the long list included Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona, Amalfi and
4828:
Ragusa, basing its prosperity on maritime trade, became the major power in the southern Adriatic. It reached its apogee in the 16th century, thanks to convenient tax exemptions for goods and an extensive network of warehouses. The mint of Ragusa, active from 1088 to 1803, issued coins with various
2026:
families. The governments were therefore an expression of the merchant class, which constituted the backbone of their power. For this reason, these cities are sometimes referred to with the more generic term of "merchant republic". They were endowed with an articulated system of magistracies, with
5794:, third Duke of Apulia, in October 1126 the administrators of Amalfi reached a profitable commercial agreement with neighbouring Pisa, to collaborate in the protection of their common interests in the Tyrrhenian. This agreement was the outcome of a decades-old friendship with the Tuscan republic.
5113:
Just ten years after its founding, the consuls of the newborn municipality decided to ally themselves with the nearby and much more powerful Republic of Genoa: in 1202 Noli became its protectorate, a condition that would last for its entire existence. This made Noli an anomalous maritime republic
5014:
Due to the importance of maritime traffic, the duchy adopted a peculiar organization, in which the power of the duke was limited by the weight of the aristocracy and of a people that was becoming ever stronger, more conscious and more prosperous. Freed from a Saracen siege in 846 with the help of
781:
Uniformly scattered across the Italian peninsula, the maritime republics were important not only for the history of navigation and commerce: in addition to precious goods otherwise unobtainable in Europe, new artistic ideas and news concerning distant countries also spread. From the 10th century,
5141:
But the prosperity of Noli was linked to the Crusades: when these ended, its geographical position, so useful in the 13th century, proved unsuitable for the traffic of greater cabotage of 15th-century ships. The people of Noli, cut off from maritime trade, ceased all mercantile activity and they
809:
Over the centuries, the maritime republics — both the best known and the lesser known but not always less important — experienced fluctuating fortunes. In the 9th and 10th centuries, this phenomenon began with Amalfi and Gaeta, which soon reached their heyday. Meanwhile, Venice began its gradual
5797:
However, Amalfi had no army of its own to protect its commercial interests. Therefore Amalfian ships are not often reported to have been engaged in military action against other maritime republics. In fact it was the Pisan army that broke the pact with Amalfi, by attacking the coastal city on 4
5208:
The relationship between Genoa and Venice was almost continuously competitive and hostile, both economically and militarily. Until the beginning of the 13th century, hostilities were limited to rare acts of piracy and isolated skirmishes. In 1218 Venice and Genoa reached an agreement to end the
2120:
The following table compares the different duration of the maritime republics, their golden periods (indicated with more intense colours), and the periods of rise and decline (more or less light colours), determined by the wars won or lost, the commercial colonies in the Mediterranean, economic
1025:
in the siege of 1173, which the city obtained against the imperial troops of Federico Barbarossa; that victory entered the national imagination as an anticipation of the struggles of Italian patriots against foreign rulers. The episode, however, was included in the municipal epic and not in the
5896:, among other measures, regulated the relations between the forces participating in the siege of Ancona. About twenty years later, in 1195, ships from Pisa and Ancona attempted to free navigation in the Adriatic from Venetian control, but were put to flight and chased as far as Constantinople.
5872:
Although Venice and Ancona had been allied against the Saracens in the 11th century, the commercial competition of Venice on one side and Ancona with Ragusa on the other soon prevailed, since all three cities overlooked the Adriatic Sea. On more than one occasion it came to open confrontation:
4566:
The Republic of Ancona is distinct in that it never attacked another maritime city, continuously needed to defend itself, was totally devoted to navigation, and was completely uninterested in territorial expansion. Above all, it had to beware of the aims of the Holy Roman Empire (from which it
3474:, during a war against the Byzantines, conquered the city, and deported the population. When he died in a palace conspiracy, the Amalfi people rebelled, drove out the Lombard garrison and formed the free republic of Amalfi. The people of Amalfi were governed by a republican order governed by
5594:
This reignited Genoa's resentment and rivalry, which once again developed into open conflict with clashes of mixed fortunes. Genoa, weakened by factional clashes and wars for control of the Oltregiogo, suffered a series of naval defeats. To remedy this, it made an alliance with Lucca in the
5561:
The papal concessions to the Pisan archbishop greatly increased the Tuscan republic's fame throughout the Mediterranean, but at the same time aroused Genoese envy, which soon developed into clashes for the control of Corsica. Genoa attacked Pisa twice in 1066 and 1070, but was defeated.
5117:
The small republic experienced a period of flourishing expansion throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, in which it built many new towers, built a wall and extended its borders to the neighboring towns of Orco, Mallare, Segno and Vadocittà. A strongly Guelph city, it adhered to the
5565:
The war resumed in 1119 when the Genoese attacked some Pisan galleys, beginning a bloody war on sea and land. It lasted until 1133, interrupted by several truces that were sometimes observed and sometimes violated. The clashes were brought to an end by sharing authority over the
5947:
In 1955, to commemorate the glorious deeds of the four best-known maritime republics, the municipal administrations of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi and Pisa decided to establish the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics, a rowing competition preceded by a historical procession.
5350:, which put an end to the war, caused opposing effects: Genoa, defeated once and for all, was able to keep Cyprus, but took the road of a decline which lasted until the 16th century; Venice, exhausted victor, had to come to terms with its rival's allies and cede Dalmatia to
4555:, but gradually acquired autonomy until it became fully independent in the 11th century. Although hampered by Venice, which intended to monopolize the Adriatic, Ancona maintained its independence and economic prosperity thanks to its alliances with the Byzantine Empire, the
3173:
From the East, the maritime republics imported a vast range of goods unobtainable in Europe, which they then resold in other cities of Italy and central and northern Europe, creating a commercial triangle between the Arab East, the Byzantine Empire, and Italy. Until the
5443:
Genoa and Pisa had many exchanges given their proximity. Initially, relations were one of collaboration and alliance in dealing with the looming and increasingly threatening Muslim expansion. Later, however, rivalries flared up and dominated the western Mediterranean.
5951:
The event takes place annually between the end of May and the beginning of July, and is hosted on a rotating basis in the aforementioned cities. To date, the team with the most victories according to the roll of honor is Venice, followed by Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa.
5924:
from 1202 to the end of its independence, a choice that allowed it not to be crushed by the immense superiority of its neighbour, albeit with some conditioning in foreign policy. Noli reciprocated the protection by helping Genoa in its wars against Pisa and Venice.
4138:, a mathematician from Pisa, well expresses the profitable relationship between commerce, navigation and culture typical of the maritime republics; he reworked and disseminated Arab scientific knowledge in Europe, including ten-digit numbering, and the use of zero.
1133:
resumed the previous long list of maritime republics: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona, Gaeta, and the Dalmatian Ragusa. Noli's status as a small maritime republic would only come into focus in later decades after previously being affirmed only at an academic level.
5774:
affairs, and in 1206 Pisa and Venice concluded a treaty in which they reaffirmed the respective zones of influence. Despite their friendship, Venice did not assist Pisa in its crisis, resulting in the loss of an ally and the strengthening of its rival Genoa.
5702:
The Battle of Meloria greatly reduced the power of the Pisan Republic, which never regained its leading role in the western Mediterranean. Pisa had lost thousands of young men in the battle, causing a population collapse. About fifty years later, Pisan lord
5880:'s imperial army to besiege Ancona. The Venetians blocked Ancona's port, while the imperial troops surrounded the city from the ground. After a few months of dramatic resistance, the Anconitans, supported by the Byzantines, managed to send a small squad to
1117:
In the 1930s, a list made up of four names was consolidated: Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. This finally led to the inclusion of the symbols of the four cities in the Italian Navy's flag. The flag, approved in 1941, would not be adopted until 1947 due to
1109:
Crucial for the diffusion of the list of four maritime republics was a publication by Captain Umberto Moretti, who was tasked by the Royal Navy in 1904 with documenting the maritime history of Amalfi. The volume was released under the significant title
5786:
Amalfi had already lost complete autonomy beginning in the second half of the 11th century, although it continued running its commercial routes and enjoyed a large degree of administrative autonomy, at least in this period. Under the protection of the
5849:, in which they destroyed the large Arab-Berber colony of Garigliano and blocked Muslim expansion in Italy. Finally, in 1087, Amalfi and Gaeta combined their fleets with those of Pisa, Genoa and Salerno and successfully attacked the Tunisian port of
738:, enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity brought about by their maritime activities. The term, coined during the 19th century, generally refers to four Italian cities, whose coats of arms have been shown since 1947 on the flags of the
5767:. Relationships between Pisa and Venice were not always characterized by rivalry and antagonism. Over the centuries, the two republics signed several agreements concerning their zones of influence and action, to avoid hindering each other.
5173:
they had not yet become strong enough to oppose each other, the maritime republics were often allied in order to free their routes from Saracen corsairs: such allegiances include Genoa and Pisa, Venice and Ancona, and Amalfi and Pisa. The
5105:
and above all enormous wealth, with which it was able to gradually buy the various marquis rights from the Marquises of the Carretto House, on whom it depended. Noli gained complete independence in 1192, made official four years later by
5497:
The many disputes, even the armed ones, were set aside in 1087 when they reunited to fight their common enemy. In the summer of the same year, a massive fleet composed of two hundred galleys from Genoa and Pisa, with some from Gaeta,
2065:; Genoa and Ragusa also had a very long history, from the 1000s to the Napoleonic Age; Noli lasted as long, but stopped trading as early as the 15th century. However, Pisa and Ancona had a long life, remaining independent until the
5810:, who controlled Amalfi. That war ended in favour of Roger II, who gained recognition of his rights over the territories of South Italy, but it was a severe blow for Amalfi, which lost both its fleet and its political autonomy.
5434:
Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire later made many Genoese and Venetian colonies capitulate and forced the two republics to seek a new destiny: Genoa found it in nascent international finance, and Venice in terrestrial expansion.
5873:
Venice, aware of its greater economic and military power, disliked competition from other maritime cities in the Adriatic. To resist Venetian rule, Ancona and Ragusa made multiple and lasting alliances, almost a federation.
2088:
11th century: By adding Ancona, Genoa, Pisa and Ragusa in the first decades, there are seven maritime republics; however, the century also saw the end of Amalfi's independence (1031) and the beginning of Noli's maritime
5603:
now stands. The alliance between Lucca and Genoa would be renewed at other times, but the tower was then destroyed by the Pisans in 1170 during another series of clashes, in which Florence also intervened to help Pisa.
5646:, offered to escort the French, Spanish and Lombard prelates to defend them from the Ghibellines, with the help of Venice and the papacy. But the imperial fleet, assisted by that of Pisa, destroyed them between the
5864:. The Islamic countries were the main trading partners of the two duchies and they could, depending on the circumstances, be useful for preserving the duchies' independence against the Greek or the German emperor.
4026:
Originally, Pisa was governed by a Viscount, whose power was limited by the Bishop. In the 11th century, entering into the struggles between these two powers, the city, governed by a Council of Elders, acquired a
5582:
came to Italy to oppose the power of the Italian cities, Genoa gave its support to the imperial cause, although with slight reservations, while Pisa made its support conditional on the emperor taking part in the
1282:
autonomously, coupling the exercise of maritime trade with that of their armed protection. Thus, in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, they were able to go on the offensive, obtaining numerous victories over the
5026:. For the following sixty years, independent dukes alternated with Capuan vassals. In 1100, new Norman dukes freed the city and kept it independent until 1135, when the last duke, Richard III, bequeathed it to
3858:. The republic was weakened by the state's own arrangement, which, based on private agreements between the main families, led to incredibly short and unstable governments and very frequent factional strife.
4580:. The maritime laws of Ancona were the Statutes of the Sea, gradually formed during the 12th century and keeping in mind the main medieval maritime codes. Its territory was between the Adriatic, the rivers
5266:, a puppet state of the Venetians that ruled the city. Genoa therefore replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories. The Battle of Curzola in 1298 saw the capture of Admiral
3350:. Although an artistic current common to all of them and exclusive to them cannot be described, a characterizing trait was the mixture of elements of the various Mediterranean artistic traditions, mainly
3341:
The maritime republics' great prosperity deriving from trade had a significant impact on the history of art, to the point that five of them (Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa and Ragusa) are today included in
5494:. Once that was achieved, disputes soon broke out over control of the conquered territories. Due to the limited forces available, the alliance was unable to occupy the large Tyrrhenian island for long.
3776:
Meanwhile, its alliance with Pisa allowed the liberation of the western Mediterranean from Saracen pirates. The fortunes of the municipality increased considerably thanks to its participation in the
4123:
and in 1494 reconstituted itself as an autonomous republic, restoring its own currency and magistracy. However, after 16 years of serious war, Florence managed to reconquer it definitively in 1509.
3757:
had revived at the dawn of the 10th century when, following the city's destruction by the Saracens, its inhabitants returned to the sea. In the mid-10th century, entering the dispute between
1114:. From that moment on, the name of Amalfi definitively joined that of the other republics in the short list, shifting the imbalance towards the centre-north of the country with its presence.
782:
they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in reestablishing contacts between
3640:
The far-sighted dukes of Amalfi were able to safeguard their power over the centuries, allying themselves, depending on the circumstances, with the Byzantines, the Pope, or the Muslims.
1015:
In Italy, up until the unification, this determined a negative judgment on the maritime cities, because their history of mutual struggles appeared in stark contrast to the spirit of the
1000:
was coined by nineteenth-century historiography, almost coinciding with the end of the last of them: none of these states had ever defined itself as a maritime republic. Swiss historian
5142:
became fishermen. This is another peculiarity of the history of Noli: from 1400 onward, it ceased to be a seafaring state, while retaining its independence for another four centuries.
4100:. Unlike Genoa, Pisa needed to control a hinterland, which saw the rival cities of Lucca and Florence nearby: this subtracted forces from their navy and brought the republic to ruin.
5704:
3682:, summoned by the Amalfi people against Salerno, conquered the duchy. Amalfi remained substantially autonomous and often rebelled against the regents until 1100, when the last duke
3892:, because it found itself under the influence of the main neighboring powers, first the French and the Spanish, then the Austrians and the Savoys. The republic collapsed following
4817:. The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest. The last Venetian
5778:
Between 1494 and 1509, during the siege of Pisa by Florence, Venice went to rescue of the Pisans, following a policy of safeguarding Italian territory from foreign intervention.
5553:
from the Muslims. As a sign of gratitude, the pope granted many privileges to the two republics. The Pisan archbishop was granted primacy over Sardinia, in addition to Corsica.
3861:
Following the plagues and foreign dominations of the 14th and 15th centuries, the city experienced a second apogee upon regaining self-government in 1528 through the efforts of
3842:
The 14th century marked a serious economic, political and social crisis for Genoa, which, weakened by internal strife, lost Sardinia to the Aragonese, was defeated by Venice at
126:
3920:
5834:
is considered by some eminent historians to be the first real military league between Italian states and the greatest victory of a Christian fleet over the Muslims until the
5114:
compared to the others: it never minted its own money nor had independent warehouses, relying on the Genoese for these assets, while maintaining total internal independence.
4840:
in 1526, Ragusa passed under the formal supremacy of the sultan, obliging itself to pay him a symbolic annual tribute, a move which allowed it to safeguard its independence.
4296:. Venice thus reached the peak of its power, dominating commercial traffic between Europe and the East: it had warehouses throughout the eastern Mediterranean and was called
5403:
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire after the fall of Constantinople jeopardized the eastern trade of the two republics. Therefore, they abandoned their rivalry to join the
5262:, formed by the Byzantines who were driven out of Constantinople by the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade and aimed to take it back. In 1261, the Nicaeans overthrew the
3621:, and in terms of population (probably 80,000 inhabitants) and prosperity, the only one able to compete with the great Arab metropolises: it minted its own gold coin, the
4261:
Institutionally, Venice was governed by an oligarchy of the main merchant families, under the presidency of the doge and numerous articulated magistracies, including the
1008:. In Sismondi's text, the maritime republics were seen as cities dedicated above all to fighting each other over issues related to their commercial expansion, unlike the
6382:"BRINDISI DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA CARLO AZEGLIO CIAMPI IN OCCASIONE DEL PRANZO DI STATO IN ONORE DI SUA MAESTA' LA REGINA ELISABETTA II E DEL DUCA DI EDIMBURGO"
7254:
5740:. The two republics had moved late: five months after the Crusader conquest of Jerusalem, they had not even reached the Holy Land, but were wintering in the waters of
5304:
to attack the Genoese city of Alghero in Sardinia: the battle of the Lojera was the greatest Genoese defeat at the time. The Genoese regrouped in 1354 at the islet of
5481:
5411:. Most of the Christian fleet consisted of Venetian ships, around 100 galleys. Genoa sailed under the Spanish flag, as the Republic of Genoa lent all its ships to
4991:, who inaugurated the Docibile dynasty. By the 10th century, the city would reach the acme of economic, political and artistic power, to the point of being called
4634:
influences and was one of the cradles of the Adriatic Renaissance, in which the rediscovery of classical art was accompanied by formal continuity with Gothic art.
2095:
15th century: With Pisa's loss of independence and the end of Noli's maritime activity, four maritime republics remain, namely Ancona, Genoa, Ragusa, and Venice.
1053:
The chains of the port of Pisa, removed by the Genoese after the battle of Meloria and returned as a sign of Italian brotherhood in two different moments of the
6209:
5856:
The two republics always maintained excellent relations with the Islamic countries despite the repression of privateering, as the Saracens were not subjects of
2112:
984:
5093:: its particular geographical position in fact made it an important port for the construction of ships and the transport of men and provisions directed to the
4910:), and Italian, were among the common languages. Since it was mainly used in speech, it is poorly documented. Its use started declining in the 15th century.
4379:
Artistically, Venice had European resonance for centuries: in the Middle Ages by fusing Romanesque, Gothic and Byzantine styles in its architecture; in the
5595:
mid-1160s: in exchange for a land attack against Pisa in combination with a naval one, the Genoese would build the Motrone Tower for the Luccans along the
4003:
The Republic of Pisa was born in the 11th century. In this historical period, Pisa intensified its trade in the Mediterranean Sea, allied itself with the
5770:
On 13 October 1180, the Doge of Venice and a representative of the Pisan consuls signed an agreement for the reciprocal non-interference in Adriatic and
6617:
Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; Or Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria
4081:
Pisa reached the peak of its splendor between the 12th and 13th centuries, when its ships controlled the western Mediterranean and was able to express
3897:
1911:
1508:
778:, are also considered maritime republics; in certain historical periods, they had no secondary importance compared to some of the better known cities.
4469:, whose place of birth is uncertain (Gaeta, Castiglione Chiavarese or Savona), but who acquired Venetian citizenship, was the first European to reach
5748:, commander of the Pisan fleet, was defeated by the Venetian bishop Eugenio Contarini, thus ensuring the Venetian monopoly of trade with Byzantium.
9636:
3659:
The close bond that tied the city of Amalfi to the East is also testified by the art that flourished in the centuries of independence and in which
1249:
7849:
5288:
The Genoese expansion in the Black Sea led to the outbreak of a new conflict with Venice, whose fleet, allied with the Eastern Empire and led by
1299:
maritime powers, with which a complex relationship of competition and collaboration was established for the control of the Mediterranean routes.
460:
6098:
With 751, the year of the Exarchate of Ravenna's collapse, the gradual process that led to Venice's independence began; in 840, the year of the
3147:, which had not been used for centuries, were minted, new exchange and accounting practices were developed, and thus international finance and
4902:
that was spoken on the Dalmatian coast following the end of the Roman Empire, with elements of old Slavic vernacular, commonly referred to as
4111:
coast, and made peace with Genoa. However, in 1406, the city was besieged by the Milanese, Florentines, Genoese and French and annexed to the
9631:
7881:
5254:
Just one year later, the three maritime powers clashed in an unequal struggle in the waters facing Saint-Jean d'Acre. Almost all the Genoese
5153:, which condemned Noli to a long decline destined to last until the end of independence, which took place in 1797 with the annexation to the
1302:
Each of the cities was favored by its geographical position, far from the main routes of passage of the armies and protected by mountains or
484:
5818:
Amalfi and Gaeta were often allied, along with other southern states, to counter the Saracen corsairs. In 846, together with the duchies of
5714:
signed treaties with Genoa. In spite of these, the Genoese assisted the Florentines in the 1406 siege of Pisa, spelling the republic's end.
5400:. Due to the rivalry of the Italian States, two great coalitions were formed, and foreign intervention in the peninsula steadily increased.
8512:
7864:
7104:
472:
6825:
5346:
to Venice. But the Venetians managed to set up a new fleet and in turn besiege the Genoese in Chioggia, who were forced to surrender. The
305:
8826:
5826:, they defeated the Muslims for the first time in the Battle of Licosa. In 849, the two cities joined the Campania League (together with
5015:
Naples and Amalfi, Gaeta defeated the Muslims at Ostia in 849 and on the Garigliano in 915; it also availed itself of their help against
4503:
5209:
piracy and to safeguard each other. Genoa was guaranteed the right to trade in the eastern imperial lands, a new and profitable market.
8476:
7406:
7249:
5934:
5681:
5312:. The following year, the two republics stipulated a not-too-onerous peace, undertaking not to send ships to the Tana for three years.
5222:
2098:
16th—-18th century: With Ancona's loss of autonomy, the three longest-lived maritime republics remain active: Genoa, Ragusa and Venice.
1123:
690:
633:
6911:
5003:, which was widely diffused in the Italian markets. Gaeta controlled an area roughly corresponding to the western part of the current
4269:(1297), with which those who did not belong to the most important merchant families were excluded from the government. In Venice, the
2105:
2104:
8610:
5695:, were forced to retreat to the port of Pisa. Prisoners taken by the Genoese were in the order of thousands. Among them was the poet
17:
4870:
came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the
2109:
8517:
4300:(The Most Serene). By the end of the 14th century, Venice had become one of the richest states on the continent: its currency, the
4062:, thanks to which it was able to establish numerous warehouses in the Holy Land. Pisa was always the most fervent supporter of the
3670:
Towards the middle of the 11th century, the power of the duchy began to fade: in 1039, due to internal strife, it was conquered by
2081:
As highlighted in the following chronological table, the number of maritime republics has changed over the centuries, as follows:
9594:
8082:
5546:
2107:
5908:
Relations between the two maritime republics of central Italy varied greatly depending on the circumstances: they fought in the
5300:. The two clashed again in the 1352 Battle of the Bosphorus, with an indecisive outcome. In 1353, the Venetians allied with the
2103:
7294:
5488:
from the coasts of Sardinia, where it had settled temporarily between 1015 and 1016, threatening the survival of the Sardinian
4574:
officially defined it as a republic in 1447. The currency of Ancona, accepted in all Mediterranean commercial squares, was the
2042:
offered the opportunity to expand trade. Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona and Ragusa were already engaged in trade with the
3170:: the maps of the 14th and 15th centuries that are still in use today all belong to the schools of Genoa, Venice, and Ancona.
2106:
2002:
9651:
9399:
8760:
7923:
6965:
6534:
6519:
5131:
3664:
3175:
5687:
From 1282 to 1284, Genoa and Pisa reverted to fighting each other. The decisive episode of these clashes was the long naval
4058:. At the same time, Pisa's economic and political power increased considerably with the commercial rights acquired with the
9666:
9646:
8557:
7832:
7640:
4353:. Venice was therefore the largest of the maritime republics, as well as the most powerful state on the Italian peninsula.
1903:
1767:
1582:
1502:
290:
3139:; their history is intertwined both with the launch of European expansion towards the East and with the origins of modern
2110:
9341:
7886:
7749:
5515:
4280:(1202-1204) allowed Venice to conquer the most commercially important seaside resorts of the Byzantine Empire, including
3374:
2054:
an economic decline was triggered, ending with the annexation, not necessarily violent, to a strong and organized state.
1261:
6062:
To France from 1499 to 1506. After a period of extreme political weakness, Andrea Doria re-established autonomy in 1528.
4847:
which almost completely destroyed it, and to the increase in the tribute to be paid to the Sublime Porta, set at 12,500
4821:
left, apparently in a hurry. Although under the Visegrád agreement Dubrovnik was formally under the jurisdiction of the
4601:
2108:
1001:
9641:
9195:
8605:
8190:
7817:
7650:
7411:
6796:
6766:
6600:
6591:
5709:
4921:. Ragusa is the only former maritime republic city not to be part of the Italian state: its modern-day territory is in
3135:
The maritime republics reestablished contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, which were almost interrupted after the
638:
344:
4600:
and by serious fires. It then passed under the control of the Church in 1353 through the work of the warrior cardinal
59:'s coat of arms (left) features the coats of arms of the best known maritime republics (from top left and clockwise):
7837:
7812:
7655:
6857:
6667:
6217:
5699:, who met Marco Polo (captured during the Battle of Curzola) and wrote down the adventures of the Venetian explorer.
5567:
4608:
that kept Ancona submissive was destroyed by a popular furor, and the ancient regime of autonomy was re-established.
4159:
2070:
348:
6165:
To Venice from 1205 to 1207, from 1211 to 1215, and from 1217 to 1230. To the Despotate of Epirus from 1230 to 1232.
9326:
8921:
8209:
7490:
7376:
7097:
5971:
5639:
5248:
5123:
4729:
3136:
603:
6437:
9351:
8954:
8819:
8333:
8245:
8092:
8087:
7918:
7786:
7259:
6831:
5877:
5756:
5587:. In 1162 and 1163, Frederick I granted Pisa great privileges, such as control of the Tyrrhenian coast as far as
5431:
was fought from midday on 7 October 1571 until the following dawn and ended in victory for the Christian League.
5022:
In 1032, following a dynastic crisis, the Docibiles, who had reigned up to that moment, had to cede Gaeta to the
4373:
505:
3515:
in the 10th century. In the 11th century, Amalfi reached the height of its maritime power and had warehouses in
9138:
8971:
8909:
8281:
7869:
7346:
6739:
6690:
6640:
5803:
4619:
placed Ancona under the direct administration of the Church with an astute manoeuvre, and attempts to regain a
683:
573:
228:
6337:
Medioevo latino, bollettino bibliografico della cultura europea da Boezio a Erasmo (secoli VI – XV), volume 28
3633:, date back to that time; in Jerusalem, the noble merchant Mauro Pantaleone built the hospital from which the
3503:. Amalfitan merchants wrested the Mediterranean trade monopoly from the Arabs and founded mercantile bases in
9424:
9346:
9255:
8532:
8363:
8250:
7781:
7776:
4711:
4266:
3110:
1093:, founder of the Italian Naval League and better known as a writer under the pseudonym Jack la Bolina, wrote
887:
478:
420:
415:
399:
6450:
6271:, Casa Editrice Sansoni, Firenze & Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara (p. 31); Pietro Zampetti, in
5841:
But the definitive victory over the Muslims came in 915, when Amalfi and Gaeta formed the Roman League with
5485:
8291:
8230:
8215:
8067:
7928:
7381:
5609:
5107:
4813:
sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from the Hungarian court at
4032:
3905:
1897:
608:
541:
6980:
La prima repubblica marinara d'Italia: Amalfi: con uno studio critico sulla scoperta della bussola nautica
6566:
4979:
The Duchy of Gaeta acquired administrative autonomy from the Byzantine Empire in 839, under the co-hypati
9626:
9469:
9434:
9305:
9300:
8916:
8635:
8353:
8199:
7981:
7891:
7791:
7677:
7645:
7330:
7090:
6129:
To the Principality of Capua from 1032 to 1039. To Salerno from 1040 to 1045. To Capua from 1058 to 1061.
5996:
5764:
4039:
3938:
2092:
12th—-14th century: With the end of Gaeta's independence (1137), there are six active maritime republics.
1165:
654:
495:
5845:, Naples, Capua, Salerno, Benevento, the Kingdom of Italy and the Byzantine Empire and won the decisive
5691:
on 6 August 1284. The Genoese emerged victorious, while the Pisan galleys, receiving no assistance from
5672:
4495:
2057:
The longevity of the various maritime republics was quite varied: Venice had the longest life, from the
1740:
1628:
9514:
9361:
9356:
8812:
8690:
8318:
8138:
8045:
8018:
7953:
7827:
7361:
7287:
5791:
5097:. By participating in the Crusades, Noli obtained numerous privileges from the Christian sovereigns of
4452:
3869:. This definition was not due to maritime trade, but to the impressive banking penetration lent by the
3792:
3686:
was deposed by the Normans. This left Amalfi only an administrative autonomy, later revoked in 1131 by
3683:
588:
547:
6356:
5251:, ruler of the Christian principality of Syria, concluded the first phase of the punitive expedition.
1291:
in 849. The traffic of these cities reached Africa and Asia, effectively inserting itself between the
9661:
9656:
9392:
9331:
9085:
9046:
8720:
8486:
8409:
8373:
7391:
7356:
7351:
5830:, Naples and Sorrento) to defend the port of Ostia and therefore Rome from the Saracen invasion. The
5692:
5187:
4852:
4844:
4679:
4461:
4425:
4346:
4092:, which marked the beginning of Pisan decline; Pisa ceded Corsica to Genoa in 1299, and in 1324, the
3128:
1989:
676:
618:
583:
578:
106:
5939:
5334:, which triggered the Venetians' reaction. After an initial success, the Venetians were defeated in
2018:
From an institutional point of view, in line with their municipal origins, the maritime cities were
822:
The table below shows the periods of activity of the various maritime republics over the centuries.
8735:
8725:
8705:
8675:
8630:
8328:
8170:
8102:
8072:
8052:
7933:
7609:
7574:
7371:
5688:
5677:
5667:
5377:
5267:
4720:
4623:
freedom were bloodily repressed. However, economic prosperity lasted until the end of the century.
4356:
Venice's dominance in the eastern Mediterranean in the following centuries, despite the victory of
4089:
3796:
3500:
1042:
598:
333:
191:
76:
6946:, edizioni Biblioteca di storia patria, (Ente per la diffusione e l'educazione storica), Rome 1967
5424:
1049:
794:, which had been interrupted during the early Middle Ages. They also had an essential role in the
9336:
8994:
8615:
8378:
8235:
8205:
8180:
8097:
8057:
7996:
7895:
7660:
7630:
7064:
Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica marinara tra Medioevo ed età Moderna
5655:
5643:
5625:
5503:
5174:
5098:
4063:
3717:
3587:
3114:
Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Grazioso Benincasa (1482), of Ancona's cartographic school
1212:
1090:
491:
363:
280:
6892:
History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V
5258:
were sunk and 1,700 fighters and sailors were killed. The Genoese responded by allying with the
1940:
1543:
951:
9160:
8989:
8313:
8301:
8077:
8062:
7754:
7396:
5579:
5347:
5178:
would be sacked by Pisa, which would be destroyed by Genoa, which would be defeated by Venice.
4612:
4093:
3118:
1696:
623:
5736:
The first clash between Pisa and Venice was triggered by competition for participation in the
4364:
and by the shifting of trade to the Atlantic. Thus began a slow decline, culminating with the
3743:
2028:
9599:
9509:
9429:
9240:
9105:
8620:
8547:
8527:
8441:
8390:
8148:
8128:
7938:
7532:
7500:
7386:
7366:
7280:
5991:
5966:
5542:
5389:
5244:
5023:
4855:
assigned the city to France: the city was occupied by French troops in 1806, and entered the
4787:
4660:
4605:
4187:
4120:
3992:
3671:
3485:
3335:
1199:
Autonomy, economics, politics, and culture essentially based on navigation and maritime trade
613:
593:
515:
152:
5452:
4551:
was devastated by the Saracens in 839; slowly recovering, around 1000 it became part of the
4345:
made up of overseas possessions, including Istria, Dalmatia (except Ragusa), almost all the
1021:. The only exception was considered the very difficult and finally victorious resistance of
9534:
9385:
9295:
9290:
9230:
9165:
9070:
8471:
8286:
8175:
8153:
7807:
7705:
7589:
7457:
6906:
6886:
6655:
5846:
5730:
5102:
4988:
4980:
4899:
4891:
4797:
forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia. The city accepted the mild hegemony of King
4312:
4219:
4112:
4043:
3942:
3934:
3874:
3870:
3828:
3758:
3607:
3544:
3249:
3198:
2085:
9th—10th century: There are only three maritime republics, namely Amalfi, Gaeta and Venice.
1718:
1664:
1606:
1487:
1138:
1070:
803:
431:
222:
146:
4770:
exclusive domain. The republic's territory consisted of a very thin coastal strip between
4531:
1254:
1169:
The maritime republics built the ships they needed in their own arsenals. Pictured is the
864:
75:. On the right is a map with the locations and coats of arms of the maritime republics of
8:
9569:
9459:
9260:
9190:
9133:
9050:
8876:
8755:
8745:
8700:
8466:
8431:
8426:
8143:
7764:
7700:
7620:
5961:
5760:
5696:
5511:
5393:
4918:
4641:, who sailed in search of evidence of the past and is therefore considered the father of
4536:
4172:
4047:
3930:
3913:
3747:
3634:
3471:
3447:
3370:
3347:
2010:
1012:, which instead fought together against the Empire courageously defending their freedom.
393:
381:
358:
260:
6890:
4843:
With the 17th century, a slow decline began for the Republic of Ragusa, mainly due to a
4833:
4038:
In 1016, an alliance of Pisa and Genoa defeated the Saracens, conquered Corsica and the
3578:
at San Salvatore in 872. Furthermore, for only three years (from 831 to 833), the dukes
3158:
were also encouraged; important in this regard was the improvement and diffusion of the
923:
9489:
9464:
9366:
9270:
9054:
9006:
8904:
8894:
8851:
8843:
8730:
8715:
8695:
8552:
8493:
8446:
8368:
8225:
8195:
8185:
8160:
8133:
8040:
8033:
7969:
7725:
7437:
7236:
7211:
7170:
6553:
5909:
5807:
5412:
5404:
5351:
5309:
5283:
5231:
5218:
5027:
5004:
4984:
4879:
4856:
4810:
4798:
4759:
4674:
4650:
4638:
4593:
4560:
4556:
4490:
4177:
4155:
4075:
3909:
3687:
3381:
descend, at least in part, from the colonies of the maritime republics, as well as the
3378:
3214:
3013:
2742:
2647:
2355:
2006:
1934:
1868:
1808:
1725:
1613:
1414:
1279:
1022:
989:
965:
957:
944:
940:
931:
912:
908:
895:
880:
775:
759:
755:
294:
88:
84:
72:
60:
6937:
Storia del commercio dei popoli latini del Mediterraneo sino alla fine delle Crociate,
6324:
The Italian Riviera: Its Scenery, Customs, and Food, with Notes Upon the Maritime Alps
5161:
4007:'s nascent power, and clashed several times with the Saracen ships, defeating them in
3731:
3178:
they were therefore essential nodes of trade between Europe and the other continents.
1791:
1772:
9589:
9245:
9220:
9200:
9180:
9170:
9060:
9042:
9011:
8944:
8861:
8835:
8680:
8670:
8542:
8456:
8421:
8348:
8338:
8116:
7986:
7900:
7730:
7710:
7684:
7672:
7467:
7462:
7447:
7442:
7427:
7144:
6961:
6853:
6792:
6762:
6735:
6686:
6663:
6636:
6596:
6586:
6530:
6515:
5835:
5823:
5613:
5428:
5397:
5373:
5363:
5226:
5154:
5135:
4907:
4883:
4871:
4726:
4552:
4369:
4357:
4240:
4168:
The Basin of San Marco in a painting by Francesco Guardi, painted in the 18th century
4004:
3901:
3812:
3800:
3754:
3707:
3675:
3579:
3567:
3495:
As early as the end of the 9th century, the duchy developed extensive trade with the
2450:
1927:
1855:
1731:
1679:
1619:
1530:
1433:
1426:
1307:
1145:... The Italy of the maritime republics ... reopened the ways of the world to Europe.
961:
935:
899:
763:
747:
499:
309:
141:
92:
64:
5289:
4736:) was founded, probably in the 7th century, by the inhabitants of the Roman city of
4690:
4085:
in the field of art, a mixture of Western, Eastern, Islamic and classical elements.
3723:
1979:
1837:
1686:
1439:
1400:
1004:
introduced the expression and focused on the corresponding concept in his 1807 work
9579:
9499:
9454:
9449:
9439:
9235:
9150:
9095:
9065:
9016:
8976:
8959:
8949:
8884:
8856:
8750:
8572:
8522:
8503:
8498:
8451:
8358:
8296:
8276:
8264:
8220:
8023:
8003:
7991:
7854:
7735:
7452:
7315:
7307:
7223:
7157:
6311:
La repubblica di Noli e l'importanza dei porti minori del Mediterraneo nel Medioevo
5981:
5893:
5745:
5726:
5647:
5550:
5507:
5259:
5192:
5047:
4895:
4887:
4867:
4851:. Ragusa survived its Venetian rival, which was conquered by Napoleon in 1797. The
4829:
denominations, which followed the ups and downs of the republic's formal dominion.
4779:
4755:
4616:
4597:
4567:
suffered three sieges), of Venice (in the course of five wars), and of the Papacy.
4524:
4448:
4441:
4412:
4396:
4232:
4215:
4199:
4082:
4055:
3962:
3781:
3769:
independence in 958, which was then made official in 1096 with the creation of the
3583:
3532:
3496:
3440:
3366:
3235:
2925:
2552:
2058:
1983:
1862:
1841:
1690:
1537:
1410:
1404:
1296:
1292:
1170:
1009:
916:
903:
767:
751:
720:
708:
115:
80:
68:
7822:
7015:
Storia della Repubblica di Pisa: le quattro stagioni di una meravigliosa avventura
6381:
6156:
From the 15th century onward, the Republic of Noli ceased its maritime activities.
4515:
The Palazzo degli Anziani, seat of the municipal bodies, built in the 13th century
27:
Sea-based city-states on the Italian peninsula and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages
9275:
9250:
9038:
9021:
8866:
8660:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8537:
8461:
8323:
7842:
7740:
7625:
7525:
7432:
7131:
6786:
6756:
6729:
6680:
6630:
6582:
5831:
5819:
5631:
5538:
5457:
5420:
5416:
5321:
5301:
5127:
5008:
4794:
4741:
4416:
4408:
4342:
4262:
4258:
and placing those regions and their principal townships under Venetian dominion.
4224:
4207:
4008:
3980:
3847:
3736:
3679:
3603:
3563:
3463:
3455:
3416:
3411:
3382:
3275:
1669:
1368:
1353:
1288:
872:
743:
535:
338:
6102:, Venice was already capable of autonomously signing agreements with the Empire.
5502:
and Amalfi, set sail for the Mediterranean coast of Africa. The fleet mounted a
5145:
Commercial isolation was added to continuous wars with the neighboring towns of
4527:(expanded in the 13th century) and the Arch of Trajan (built in the 2nd century)
4337:
3163:
9564:
9539:
9504:
9494:
9479:
9225:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9185:
9175:
9090:
9033:
8926:
8889:
8793:
8740:
8710:
8655:
8562:
8436:
8383:
8343:
8013:
8008:
7859:
7759:
7715:
7667:
7615:
7569:
7537:
7495:
7472:
7199:
5881:
5771:
5635:
5584:
5385:
5297:
5119:
5052:
5016:
4955:
4942:
4875:
4837:
4822:
4654:
4646:
4637:
Ancona's contribution to maritime exploration and trade is well represented by
4627:
4571:
4437:
4361:
4308:
4277:
4229:
4051:
3996:
3967:
3855:
3762:
3595:
3516:
3504:
3489:
3359:
3319:
3253:
3167:
3148:
2830:
2062:
1877:
1817:
1802:
1550:
876:
466:
270:
250:
185:
5164:, an explorer of the African coasts, was born in Noli, but this is debatable.
4913:
The wealth of artistic testimonies of the Republic of Ragusa is recognized by
4706:
4194:
3919:
The artistic importance of Genoa has been recognized by UNESCO by listing the
2022:
republics, generally governed, in a more or less declared manner, by the main
46:
9620:
9559:
9321:
9120:
8665:
8306:
7876:
7564:
7542:
7401:
5986:
5788:
5737:
5588:
5530:
5526:
5150:
5072:
4996:
4698:
4631:
4433:
4400:
4301:
4141:
4088:
Pisa's rivalry with Genoa sharpened in the 13th century and led to the naval
3777:
3660:
3644:
3626:
3559:
3351:
2032:
1645:
1387:
1222:
1034:
728:
628:
179:
158:
7069:
6263:, vol. Marche, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara 1982 (p. 74); AA.VV.
5384:
Around the mid-15th century, Genoa stipulated an alliance with Florence and
5239:
The first major conflict between the two republics broke out in the city of
9549:
9280:
9110:
8981:
8899:
8783:
8590:
8395:
8165:
7769:
7635:
7584:
7559:
5921:
5263:
5240:
5197:
4684:
4544:
4324:
4247:
4127:
4116:
3862:
3832:
3652:
3508:
3223:
2035:, "republic" was synonymous with "State", and was not opposed to monarchy.
1795:
1776:
1602:
1311:
1181:
1119:
1078:
1017:
739:
666:
387:
216:
172:
56:
3435:
1359:
1221:
Use of its own currency accepted throughout the Mediterranean and its own
9554:
9408:
9265:
9143:
9128:
9100:
8936:
8685:
8625:
8595:
7948:
7579:
5842:
5827:
5799:
5651:
5408:
5368:
4995:. Gaeta traded with the most important Italian cities, had consulates in
4745:
4380:
4222:'s collapse in 751. Progress was made in 840 with the stipulation of the
3630:
3618:
3512:
3429:
3355:
3239:
2066:
1271:
1066:
817:
735:
528:
441:
196:
9444:
5308:
in the Peloponnese, but were unable to take advantage of the victorious
4971:
4802:
4783:
4476:
4183:
9574:
9519:
9419:
9028:
7943:
7552:
6307:
Dinamiche territoriali e commerciali nella Noli signorile e comunale...
5271:
5235:
A Venetian galley during the Battle of Curzola (19th century engraving)
5204:
of the two most powerful and rival maritime republics: Genoa and Venice
4947:
4928:
4806:
4642:
4539:(built in the 15th century), seat of merchant meetings and negotiations
4466:
4456:
4392:
4164:
3948:
3791:
The apogee of Genoese fortunes came in the 13th century, following the
3693:
3540:
3386:
3267:
3155:
3140:
3123:
2129:
independence. The notes refer to periods of temporary loss of freedom.
799:
521:
7180:
6478:
Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower
5060:
5033:
4657:
school of Ancona, one of the most important of the fifteenth century.
4134:
floods, was located north of the current city of Livorno. The life of
3458:, the first maritime republic to reach a leading importance, acquired
37:
9584:
9544:
9524:
9474:
9075:
7082:
5889:
5600:
5534:
5490:
5464:, built by the Republic of Pisa as a defence against Saracene pirates
5305:
5094:
4737:
4733:
4570:
Ancona had its period of greatest splendor in the 15th century, when
4429:
4388:
4236:
4214:
in the 5th century, began a gradual process of independence from the
4135:
3933:. The indissoluble link between Genoa and navigation is testified by
3816:
3785:
3331:
3261:
3186:
3144:
2019:
1122:. In 1955, the four cities represented in the navy flag inspired the
731:
208:
202:
8804:
6275:, vol. Marche, edited by Neri Pozza, Editrice L'Espresso, Rome, 1980
6071:
Austrian occupation in 1746, which ended following a popular revolt.
5722:
4368:
conquest of 1797, which reduced it to a city-state dependent on the
4304:, was minted in gold and was one of the most influential in Europe.
3987:
9529:
9285:
9080:
8600:
8585:
8580:
8481:
7515:
7510:
6712:
The Treaty of Viségrad: the Foundation of the Republic of Dubrovnik
6290:
Arte in Italia: guida ai luoghi ed alle opere dell'Italia artistica
5976:
5912:, but allied themselves against Venice twice, in 1195 and in 1257.
5477:
5473:
5339:
5201:
5090:
4825:, the city successfully resisted both the royal and ban authority.
4576:
4365:
4328:
4255:
4107:, maintaining its independence and essentially the dominion of the
4104:
4071:
4059:
3893:
3882:
3804:
3390:
3315:
3206:
3202:
2039:
2023:
1754:
1472:
1253:
Galley carrying pilgrims to the Holy Land - from the travelogue of
1234:
1227:
1192:
811:
795:
771:
404:
6788:
Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe
6758:
Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe
3975:
3643:
On the basis of an erroneous reading of a passage by the humanist
3424:
3122:
The harvesting of pepper; from the 15th century French edition of
2076:
1714:
1208:
Establishment of a city-state that would eventually expand further
1141:
summed up the maritime republics' historic role with these words:
9155:
8966:
7547:
7272:
7001:
Storia della repubblica di Genova: dalla sua origine sino al 1814
6339:, Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007, (p. 1338); Giuseppe Gallo,
5885:
5519:
5499:
5331:
5212:
4963:
4922:
4775:
4763:
4511:
4404:
4332:
4108:
4016:
3843:
3824:
3820:
3648:
3614:
3591:
3575:
3548:
3520:
3297:
3279:
3257:
3210:
3159:
1284:
1203:
1186:
1038:
6292:, Electa, 1983 (p. 243); Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis,
5357:
5274:, and despite Genoa's victory, both rivals were left exhausted.
5078:
5068:
4307:
Between the 14th and 18th centuries, Venice, in response to the
4103:
In the fourteenth century, Pisa passed from a municipality to a
3881:, were tied to loans from Genoese bankers and its currency, the
3712:
3629:, a code of maritime law which remained in force throughout the
3622:
3574:, donated by the Byzantines as a reward for having defeated the
1923:
1526:
1448:
1382:
9377:
8240:
6815:, Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1964
6267:, edited by Valerio Lugoni, Aristea, Milano; Guido Piovene, in
5861:
5850:
5806:, aided by the republics of Genoa and Pisa, against the Norman
5751:
Subsequently, the Venetian fleet contributed to the capture of
5741:
5469:
5327:
5293:
5255:
5146:
4914:
4585:
4548:
4470:
4447:
Among the most important Venetian navigators and travelers are
4421:
4384:
4350:
4320:
4316:
4251:
4097:
4020:
4012:
3851:
3836:
3727:
Panorama of Genoa and its port in a nineteenth-century aquatint
3599:
3536:
3524:
3343:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3231:
3194:
3190:
2069:. Amalfi and Gaeta were instead the first to fall, having been
2043:
1303:
1275:
1267:
1238:
791:
783:
6551:, publisher: Biblioteca di storia patria, Rome, 1967 (chapter
6035:
To France from 1396 to 1409. To the Visconti from 1421 to 1436
2102:
7520:
7303:
6595:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 665.
5928:
5752:
5343:
4863:
4848:
4818:
4581:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4067:
3878:
3625:, which was current in all the main Mediterranean ports; the
3571:
3552:
3528:
3476:
3394:
3327:
3323:
3293:
3289:
3227:
3219:
1649:
6996:
Artemisia Progetti Editoriali, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 84, 91
4507:
Panorama of Ancona from the sea, painted in the 16th century
3166:. Navigation owes much to the maritime republics as regards
8028:
7505:
7050:
Ancona repubblica marinara, Federico Barbarossa e le Marche
5857:
5461:
5335:
5167:
5086:
4814:
4771:
4211:
4131:
3873:, which made it an authentic world economic power: several
3285:
3271:
3245:
1278:
raids and neglected by central powers, organized their own
787:
6410:, Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 2013. ISBN 9788858655887.
5326:
Towards the end of the 14th century, the Genoese occupied
4273:, one of the first navigation codes, was written in 1256.
4074:: its currency, the aquiline, always bore the name of the
1218:
Presence of foreign warehouses and consuls in its own port
974:
6341:
La Repubblica di Genova tra nobili e popolari (1257–1528)
4588:
and Aspio, and defended by the twenty castles of Ancona.
4519:
4360:, was threatened and compromised by the expansion of the
3467:
3451:
Interior of the Amalfi Arsenal, built in the 11th century
6852:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39-40.
5661:
4758:
domination until 1204, with the exception of periods of
4246:
Around the year 1000, Venice began its expansion in the
3803:(1298)). "The Superb", a name for the city derived from
1006:
History of the Italian Republics of the Middle Centuries
3162:
by the Amalfi people and the Venetian invention of the
3143:
as a mercantile and financial system. In these cities,
3105:
798:
and produced renowned explorers and navigators such as
6951:
Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia
6874:
Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia
6288:
Touring Editore, 1981 (p. 743); Giovanna Bergamaschi,
5541:
asked Pisans and Genoese to organize a crusade in the
5415:. The imposing Christian League fleet gathered in the
5292:, attempted to drive the Genoese from their colony of
5056:
The Noli flag bears the Cross of San Giovanni Battista
4959:
The Gaetan flag consists of quartered gules and argent
2115:
1177:
Elements that characterized a maritime republic were:
818:
Periodization of the history of the maritime republics
6120:
Under the direct rule of the Church from 1353 to 1383
4801:. On 27 May 1358, the final agreement was reached at
4649:, and finally by navigator and maritime cartographer
3865:, to the point that the following century was called
3773:, a union of merchants and feudal lords of the area.
1061:
In the first decades after Italian unification, post-
6216:(in Italian). Ministero della Difesa. Archived from
1244:
7787:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
6239:
The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas
5556:
4250:, defeating the pirates who occupied the coasts of
3904:in 1797, it was annexed to France in 1805 with the
6514:, publisher: Seminar Press, London-New York, 1972
5892:, who drove out the Venetian-imperial troops. The
4702:Church of San Salvatore, built in the 16th century
4145:Maximum expansion of Pisa in the Mediterranean Sea
3400:
6876:– Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998, p. 255
6423:, publisher Consorzio Venezia nuova, 2003, p. 63.
4683:The Ragusan flag bears the image and initials of
3885:, became one of the most important in the world.
1202:Possession of a fleet of ships, built in its own
9618:
6708:Višegradski ugovor – temelj Dubrovačke Republike
6017:To the Principality of Salerno from 1039 to 1052
5608:the campaign commanded by Frederick's successor
4878:. The population spoke the local variant of the
4866:was used in official documents of the Republic.
4774:and Oštra, also including the islands of Mljet,
3888:However, the republic was then only independent
2974:
2972:
2970:
988:Nautical chart of the Eastern Mediterranean, by
6705:
6576:
6574:
6451:"Genova "la Superba": l'origine del soprannome"
6436:, publisher Guida Editori, 1991 (Google books,
6434:Geografia, cartografia e storia del Mezzogiorno
6265:Meravigliosa Italia, Enciclopedia delle regioni
4459:, famous for his account of his trip to China,
3811:(1358) in which he described it, dominated the
3674:, who would be expelled in 1052 by his brother
2077:Number of maritime republics over the centuries
1975:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom)
1764:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of liberty)
1579:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom)
6313:, Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2004 (p. 9)
5744:, where they came to battle in December 1099.
5447:
5354:, but managed to recover in the 15th century.
5213:War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99
4987:. They were supposedly deposed towards 875 by
4790:that rivalled Venice in the eastern Adriatic.
4066:cause, thus opposing the Guelphs Genoa, Noli,
1467:Griphus ut has angit, sic hostes Ianua frangit
9393:
8820:
7288:
7098:
7074:
6580:
6567:World Vexilology and Heraldry: Italy – Centre
5423:to clash with the Turkish fleet commanded by
5358:Land battles and gathering in the Holy League
4999:, had its own laws and its own currency, the
4975:The Castle of Itri, built by Duke Docibilis I
4917:, which has declared its historical center a
4740:(modern Cavtat) after its destruction by the
3088:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3033:
2840:
2789:
2771:
2762:
2727:
2666:
2657:
2610:
2572:
2537:
2475:
2466:
2365:
758:. In addition to the four best known cities,
684:
6571:
6245:(p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024.
5867:
3086:
3074:
3072:
3070:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
1318:freedom acquired, the other to that of law.
6581:Krekić, Bariša; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991).
5943:The four boats participating in the Regatta
4967:The Church of San Michele Arcangelo in Itri
4898:, are all based. Old Ragusan, a variant of
4718:
3739:, built between the 12th and 14th centuries
3042:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2870:
2775:
2773:
2725:
2670:
2668:
2608:
2581:
2535:
2533:
2486:
2484:
2395:
9400:
9386:
8827:
8813:
7295:
7281:
7250:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
7105:
7091:
7029:La repubblica del leone: Storia di Venezia
6953:, Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998.
6939:Unione tipografico-editrice Torinese, 1915
6512:Dubrovnik (Ragusa): A Classical City-state
5935:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
5929:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
5638:in Rome to confirm the excommunication of
5525:That same victorious expedition persuaded
5160:According to some scholars, the navigator
5134:in 1239 and the donation of the island of
4031:autonomy, which was then made official by
3780:, which procured great privileges for the
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
2955:
2868:
2866:
2849:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2393:
2391:
2374:
1827:code: part of the Statutes of Gaeta (1356)
1124:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
691:
677:
6784:
6754:
6723:
6721:
6714:]. Golden marketing. pp. 99–100.
6504:
6502:
6500:
5798:August 1135 during the war waged by Pope
5007:and for some years had dominion over the
3617:, Amalfi was the most prosperous city of
3244:Perfumes and odorous substances to burn:
1908:15th century (end of maritime activities)
1266:The economic recovery that took place in
7052:; Città di Castello, Arti grafiche, 1972
6847:
6785:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007).
6780:
6778:
6755:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007).
5938:
5721:
5671:
5451:
5367:
5230:
5191:
5168:Relations between the maritime republics
5077:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5032:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4927:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4678:
4659:
4530:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4475:
4193:
4182:
4171:
4163:
4140:
3986:
3974:
3966:
3947:
3742:
3730:
3722:
3711:
3692:
3598:from Saracen pirates, defeating them at
3558:Amalfi's land borders extended from the
3446:
3434:
3423:
3415:
3181:Among the most important products were:
3117:
3109:
1960:Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro
1248:
1164:
1048:
1033:
983:
9637:19th-century disestablishments in Italy
6811:Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis,
6529:, publisher: Saqi Books, 2006. p. 127,
6309:, in: Mauro Darchi, Francesca Bandini,
6255:
6253:
6251:
6089:Briefly reconstituted from 1494 to 1509
5884:. They enlisted the aid of troops from
4832:In the face of Hungary's defeat in the
4311:'s aggressive policy, conquered a vast
3809:Itinerarium breve de Ianua ad Ierusalem
1846:1140 (annexation to the Norman Kingdom)
1478:Regulae et ordinamenta officii gazariae
1458:Respublica superiorem non recognoscens;
975:Conceptualization of maritime republics
14:
9619:
7112:
7062:Sergio Anselmi e Antonio Di Vittorio,
6727:
6718:
6678:
6628:
6497:
6175:
6173:
6171:
5200:(as well as the 10,000 lira) bore the
3750:, once the seat of the homonymous bank
3594:. The Amalfi fleet helped to free the
1587:1406 (military occupation of Florence)
9381:
8834:
8808:
7276:
7086:
7073:
6885:
6805:
6775:
6609:
5662:Battle of Meloria and the end of Pisa
5658:marked the apex of Ghibelline power.
5537:would be possible. Around the 1110s,
5277:
5132:Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli
4882:, the same dialect upon which modern
4786:peninsula. Ragusa was one of the few
4596:in 1348, when it was weakened by the
3488:assumed power and proclaimed himself
3420:Amalfi's flag bears the Maltese cross
3393:and the extinct Italian community of
1885:code: Statutes of Noli (12th century)
1673:), 1122-1126 (Venetian-Byzantine War)
1560:Urbis me dignum pisane noscite signum
9632:10th-century establishments in Italy
7833:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
6850:Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291
6660:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571
6351:
6349:
6248:
5506:on 6 August 1087. On 21 April 1092,
4626:Ancona preserves monuments in which
3566:, while to the west it bordered the
3106:Importance of the maritime republics
1910:1797 (end of the republic, with the
1112:The First Maritime Republic of Italy
9425:Austronesian maritime trade network
9342:History of the Mediterranean region
6210:"La Bandiera della Marina Militare"
6168:
6111:To the Malatestas from 1348 to 1353
5876:In 1173, Venice joined forces with
5813:
5619:
5504:successful offensive against Mahdia
5181:
4993:The Little Venice of the Tyrrhenian
4766:(1081–1085, 1172, 1189–1190) rule.
4645:, by Benvenuto Stracca, founder of
2116:Rises, golden periods, and declines
1891:: 1192 (birth of the free commune);
1563:currency: aquilino or grosso pisano
1262:History of the Mediterranean region
1045:which saw Genoa's victory over Pisa
1029:
24:
7302:
6912:The History of the Siege of Ancona
6592:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
6475:
6343:, edizioni De Ferrari, 1997, p. 44
6326:, Doubleday, Doran, 1927 (p. 159).
5903:
5781:
5717:
5642:; Genoa, then in the hands of the
5549:was very successful and freed the
5419:under the command of the Spaniard
5315:
5223:Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)
4115:. During Florence's crisis in the
3912:decreed Genoa's annexation to the
3795:and the double victory over Pisa (
1949:
1939:
1896:: 1196 (confirmation of rights by
1876:
1867:
1816:
1807:
1739:
1730:
1618:
1549:
1447:
1438:
1367:
1358:
1160:
979:
922:
886:
863:
25:
9678:
6958:Storia delle Repubbliche marinare
6346:
6080:To the Visconti from 1399 to 1402
6026:To the Visconti from 1353 to 1356
5915:
5468:Saracen armies had advanced into
5438:
4809:Ivan Saraka. The city recognized
4615:, which weakened trade. In 1532,
4419:; in the eighteenth century with
4160:History of the Republic of Venice
3443:, constructed in the 11th century
1636:Pax tibi, Marce, evangelista meus
1333:Motto, currency and maritime code
1245:Origins, affirmation and duration
9407:
9327:Bibliography of European history
8922:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
8789:
8788:
8777:
7229:
7217:
7205:
7193:
7179:
7163:
7150:
7137:
7125:
6960:, Odoya, Bologna 2010, 240 pp.,
6706:Janeković Römer, Zdenka (2003).
6147:Protectorate of Genoa since 1202
5972:List of historic states of Italy
5755:while Dagobert became the first
5557:First war between Pisa and Genoa
4730:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
4611:Ancona's decline began with the
4054:; a century later they took the
3667:influences harmoniously merged.
3137:fall of the Western Roman Empire
2001:
1978:
1922:
1836:
1790:
1781:1532 (papal military occupation)
1771:
1758:code: Statutes of the Sea (1387)
1713:
1685:
1627:
1601:
1542:
1525:
1409:1131 (following the war between
1399:
1002:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
950:
660:
125:
45:
36:
9352:History of Western civilization
8955:Christianity in the Middle Ages
8518:Orders, decorations, and medals
7003:, Tipografia d'Y. Gravier, 1836
6924:
6900:
6879:
6866:
6841:
6748:
6699:
6672:
6649:
6622:
6615:Andrew Archibald Paton (1861).
6560:
6541:
6484:
6469:
6443:
6426:
6413:
6406:Indro Montanelli, Mario Cervi,
6400:
6182:
6159:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
5705:Fazio Novello della Gherardesca
5392:. Meanwhile, Venice sided with
3850:and subjected several times to
3819:and controlled a large part of
3484:were in charge until 945, when
3401:History of individual republics
1963:currency: various denominations
1663:: acquired gradually after the
1378:Descendit ex patribus romanorum
1322:
1100:
742:and the Italian Merchant Navy:
79:: Venice, Genoa, Amalfi, Pisa,
9196:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
9139:Christianity in the modern era
8910:Christianity in late antiquity
6848:Marshall, Christopher (1994).
6374:
6329:
6316:
6299:
6278:
6232:
6202:
5804:Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor
5264:Latin Empire of Constantinople
5130:with the establishment of the
4050:, and acquired control of the
1917:maritime republic: 2 centuries
1833:: 839 (acquisition of liberty)
1486:: 958 (with the concession of
1396:: 839 (acquisition of liberty)
1155:
1067:rediscovery of the Middle Ages
229:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
13:
1:
9347:History of the European Union
7036:Storia documentata di Venezia
6992:Aldo Padovano; Felice Volpe,
6791:. Logos Verlag. p. 235.
6761:. Logos Verlag. p. 240.
6388:(in Italian). 16 October 2000
6195:
5573:
5472:, and were trying to conquer
5396:, who occupied the throne of
5338:by the Genoese, who occupied
5196:From 1947 to 1963, the 5,000
5126:and was rewarded for this by
4932:Expansion and trade of Ragusa
4748:
4664:Expansion and trade of Ancona
4480:Expansion and trade of Venice
4267:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio
3697:Expansion and trade of Amalfi
1287:, starting with the historic
1129:Armando Lodolini's 1967 book
339:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
9652:History of the Mediterranean
6662:Vol. 2, (Diane Publishing),
5757:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
5482:Genoa and Pisa joined forces
5037:Expansion and trade of Gaeta
4440:, and writer and adventurer
4176:The Venetian flag bears the
3952:Expansion and trade of Genoa
2135:
2134:
400:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
7:
9667:Former monarchies of Europe
9647:Medieval history of Croatia
9306:Russian invasion of Ukraine
8917:Crisis of the Third Century
8558:Water supply and sanitation
7982:Italian geographical region
7850:Monarchy and the World Wars
7792:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
7678:War of the Sicilian Vespers
7331:Timeline of Italian history
6994:La grande storia di Genova,
6734:. Saqi Books. p. 247.
6457:(in Italian). 23 March 2015
5955:
5765:Christian King of Jerusalem
5448:Allies against the Saracens
4374:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
4372:, until the union with the
4202:, built in the 14th century
4190:, built in the 11th century
3999:, built in the 12th century
3983:, built in the 14th century
3939:Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi
1211:Presence of warehouses and
1137:In 2000, Italian president
1095:General History of the Navy
10:
9683:
9362:Military history of Europe
9357:Maritime history of Europe
8477:Inventions and discoveries
7887:Fall of the Fascist regime
7870:Fourth War of Independence
7828:Expedition of the Thousand
7818:Second War of Independence
6685:. Saqi Books. p. 61.
6635:. Saqi Books. p. 24.
6361:World History Encyclopedia
6357:"Trade in Medieval Europe"
6138:To Capua from 1068 to 1092
6053:To Milan from 1466 to 1499
5932:
5665:
5623:
5518:and placed the bishops of
5361:
5319:
5281:
5216:
5185:
5089:'s fortune began with the
5045:
4940:
4853:Peace of Pressburg of 1805
4672:
4559:, and especially with the
4488:
4407:period with the composers
4153:
3960:
3941:, and most prominently by
3793:Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)
3705:
3409:
3369:living in Greece, Turkey,
3154:Technological advances in
1750:Ancon dorica civitas fidei
1259:
9642:Economic history of Italy
9415:
9332:Genetic history of Europe
9314:
9119:
8935:
8875:
8842:
8773:
8571:
8417:
8408:
8272:
8263:
8251:Security and intelligence
8124:
8115:
7977:
7968:
7911:
7838:Third War of Independence
7813:First War of Independence
7800:
7693:
7602:
7483:
7420:
7339:
7323:
7314:
7245:
7188:
7177:
7120:
7080:
7075:Links to related articles
6835:, Touring Club Italiano.
5868:Venice, Ancona and Ragusa
5729:sailing in a ship flying
4668:
4484:
4462:The Travels of Marco Polo
4335:; this was joined by the
4235:and the Germanic emperor
4149:
3867:El siglo de los Genoveses
3590:, including the whole of
3439:The bronze portal of the
3405:
3129:The Travels of Marco Polo
1965:code: two volumes of the
1667:'s collapse in 751, 840 (
949:
885:
862:
734:which, starting from the
243:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
18:Italian maritime republic
9595:Varangians to the Greeks
7929:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
7924:Institutional referendum
7255:Coat of Arms of the Navy
6004:
5668:Battle of Meloria (1284)
5570:between the two cities.
5516:metropolitan archdiocese
5378:National Maritime Museum
4936:
4721:De Administrando Imperio
4313:dominion of the mainland
4119:, Pisa revolted against
4090:Battle of Meloria (1284)
3797:Battle of Meloria (1284)
3701:
3586:also had control of the
3428:Amalfi in a painting by
2071:conquered by the Normans
1345:Duration of independence
1237:and/or the crackdown on
1131:The Republics of the Sea
334:Italy in the Middle Ages
192:Roman expansion in Italy
9435:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
9337:History of Christianity
8452:Emigration and diaspora
7661:Guelphs and Ghibellines
7646:the Sardinian Judicates
7038:editore Naratovich 1854
6956:Marc'Antonio Bragadin,
6944:Le repubbliche del mare
6813:Gaeta, Formia, Minturno
6549:Le repubbliche del mare
6294:Gaeta, Formia, Minturno
6284:Touring Club Italiano,
6273:Itinerari dell'Espresso
5626:Battle of Giglio (1241)
5484:to banish the fleet of
5376:in a painting from the
5175:Mahdia campaign of 1087
5041:
4206:Venice, founded by the
4130:, now filled in by the
3956:
3924:and the complex of the
3906:second Italian campaign
3651:was long attributed to
3647:, the invention of the
3588:Principality of Salerno
3336:gold and silver threads
2125:independence passed to
1091:Augusto Vittorio Vecchi
542:European migrant crisis
492:Italian Social Republic
407:Italy (1801–1814)
364:Guelphs and Ghibellines
9161:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
8334:Science and technology
8282:Italian regions by GDP
8083:Marine protected areas
7755:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
6728:Harris, Robin (2006).
6679:Harris, Robin (2006).
6629:Harris, Robin (2006).
6408:L'Italia del millennio
5944:
5878:Frederick I Barbarossa
5733:
5684:
5580:Frederick I Barbarossa
5465:
5381:
5296:, but was repelled by
5243:over ownership of the
5236:
5205:
5083:
5075:
5065:
5057:
5038:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4933:
4859:of the French Empire.
4805:between Louis and the
4762:(1000–1030) and later
4719:
4714:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4665:
4613:fall of Constantinople
4540:
4528:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4481:
4203:
4191:
4180:
4169:
4146:
4096:saw Sardinia ceded to
4094:Battle of Lucocisterna
4000:
3984:
3972:
3953:
3898:first Italian campaign
3751:
3740:
3728:
3720:
3698:
3462:independence from the
3452:
3444:
3432:
3421:
3132:
3115:
1954:
1945:
1881:
1872:
1821:
1812:
1744:
1735:
1697:Treaty of Campo Formio
1623:
1554:
1462:Pe Zena e pe San Zòrzo
1452:
1443:
1372:
1363:
1257:
1215:in Mediterranean ports
1174:
1153:
1058:
1046:
993:
927:
891:
868:
725:repubbliche mercantili
724:
712:
225:(286 AD–476 AD)
155:(12th–6th c. BC)
149:(18th–3rd c. BC)
9600:Way of the Patriarchs
9510:Polynesian navigation
9430:Canadian canoe routes
9241:Industrial Revolution
8533:Public administration
7641:the Holy Roman Empire
6432:Giovanni Brancaccio,
6386:Palazzo del Quirinale
5992:Aristocratic republic
5967:Dalmatian city-states
5942:
5725:
5675:
5543:western Mediterranean
5522:under its authority.
5455:
5390:Charles VII of France
5371:
5245:Saint Sabas monastery
5234:
5195:
5188:Venetian–Genoese Wars
5081:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5036:
5024:Principality of Capua
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4931:
4788:Dalmatian city-states
4732:, Ragusa (now called
4709:
4701:
4693:
4682:
4663:
4655:nautical cartographic
4604:. In 1383, the papal
4534:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4479:
4288:(1209), and to reach
4197:
4186:
4175:
4167:
4144:
4121:Piero the Unfortunate
3990:
3978:
3970:
3951:
3746:
3734:
3726:
3715:
3696:
3672:Guaimar IV of Salerno
3450:
3438:
3427:
3419:
3121:
3113:
2073:in the 12th century.
1953:
1943:
1919:republic: 6 centuries
1880:
1871:
1820:
1811:
1743:
1734:
1622:
1553:
1451:
1442:
1371:
1362:
1336:Start of independence
1260:Further information:
1252:
1233:Participation in the
1168:
1143:
1057:: in 1848 and in 1860
1052:
1041:, the theatre of the
1037:
987:
926:
890:
867:
485:Italy in World War II
188:(509 BC–27 BC)
182:(753 BC–509 BC)
161:(8th–3rd c. BC)
153:Etruscan civilization
9535:Sepik Coast exchange
9296:European debt crisis
9291:European integration
9231:Age of Enlightenment
9071:Republic of Florence
8761:World Heritage Sites
8216:Council of Ministers
7954:Coronavirus pandemic
7352:Currency and coinage
6907:Boncompagno da Signa
6731:Dubrovnik, A History
6682:Dubrovnik, A History
6656:Kenneth Meyer Setton
6632:Dubrovnik, A History
6527:Dubrovnik: A History
6188:To Venice until 1358
5847:Battle of Garigliano
5802:and the new emperor
5599:, in the area where
5348:1381 Treaty of Turin
5082:Palazzo della Loggia
4780:Elaphiti archipelago
4694:Prospectus of Ragusa
4653:, key figure of the
4426:Giambattista Tiepolo
4220:Exarchate of Ravenna
4113:Republic of Florence
3943:Christopher Columbus
3935:Lancelotto Malocello
3931:World Heritage Sites
3871:Bank of Saint George
3829:Judicate of Logudoro
3718:Saint George's Cross
3348:World Heritage Sites
3176:discovery of America
3168:nautical cartography
1719:Archduchy of Austria
1665:Exarchate of Ravenna
1607:Republic of Florence
1488:Berengar II of Italy
1150:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
1139:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
1089:In 1895, the sailor
1071:romantic nationalism
1065:patriotism fueled a
804:Christopher Columbus
713:repubbliche marinare
579:Currency and coinage
518:(1970s–1980s)
473:Italy in World War I
384:(14th–16th c.)
219:(27 BC–286 AD)
147:Nuragic civilization
9570:Trans-Saharan trade
9460:Incense trade route
9261:Revolutions of 1848
9191:Early modern France
8972:Anglo-Saxon England
8877:Classical antiquity
8292:Automotive industry
8231:Metropolitan cities
7777:Early Modern period
7750:Kingdom of Sardinia
7701:Italian city-states
6510:Francis F. Carter,
6492:A History of Venice
6480:. Hurst; 1 edition.
6305:Giovanni Murialdo,
6220:on 27 December 2013
5962:Italian city-states
5920:Noli was a Genoese
5697:Rustichello da Pisa
5512:archdiocese of Pisa
5394:Alfonso V of Aragon
5380:, Greenwich, London
4951:Prospectus of Gaeta
4919:World Heritage Site
4537:Loggia dei Mercanti
4271:Capitulare nauticum
4040:Sardinian judicates
3914:Kingdom of Sardinia
3875:European monarchies
3748:Palazzo San Giorgio
3716:Genoa's flag bears
3635:Knights Hospitaller
3472:Sicard of Benevento
3367:Italian communities
2011:First French Empire
1705:: circa 9 centuries
1655:Capitolare nauticum
1342:End of independence
382:Italian Renaissance
359:Italian city-states
9627:Maritime republics
9490:Maritime Silk Road
9485:Maritime republics
9465:Indian Ocean trade
9367:Crusading movement
9271:Russian Revolution
9106:Hundred Years' War
9002:Maritime republics
8905:Early Christianity
8895:Hellenistic period
8852:Paleolithic Europe
8354:Telecommunications
7721:Maritime republics
7237:Republic of Ragusa
7212:Republic of Ancona
7171:Republic of Venice
7114:Maritime republics
7057:Republic of Ragusa
7043:Republic of Ancona
7022:Republic of Venice
6942:Armando Lodolini,
6930:Maritime republics
6587:Kazhdan, Alexander
6547:Armando Lodolini,
6476:Walton, Nicholas.
6421:La galea ritrovata
6261:Conoscere l'Italia
5945:
5910:War of Saint Sabas
5808:Roger II of Sicily
5734:
5685:
5676:Lithograph of the
5650:and the island of
5480:. To resist them,
5466:
5382:
5310:Battle of Sapienza
5284:War of the Straits
5278:War of the Straits
5249:Philip of Montfort
5237:
5219:War of Saint Sabas
5206:
5084:
5076:
5066:
5058:
5039:
5028:Roger II of Sicily
5005:Province of Latina
4985:Marinus I of Gaeta
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4934:
4880:Shtokavian dialect
4857:Illyrian Provinces
4799:Louis I of Hungary
4715:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4675:Republic of Ragusa
4666:
4651:Grazioso Benincasa
4639:Cyriacus of Ancona
4594:House of Malatesta
4561:Republic of Ragusa
4557:Kingdom of Hungary
4541:
4529:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4491:Republic of Ancona
4482:
4383:with the painters
4265:; notable was the
4218:starting with the
4204:
4192:
4188:St Mark's Basilica
4181:
4178:Lion of Saint Mark
4170:
4156:Republic of Venice
4147:
4001:
3985:
3973:
3954:
3910:Congress of Vienna
3752:
3741:
3729:
3721:
3699:
3688:Roger II of Sicily
3606:(849), and on the
3480:, under which the
3453:
3445:
3433:
3422:
3133:
3116:
2007:Illyrian Provinces
1990:Peace of Pressburg
1955:
1946:
1882:
1873:
1822:
1813:
1745:
1736:
1624:
1555:
1453:
1444:
1415:Roger II of Sicily
1373:
1364:
1270:starting with the
1258:
1175:
1059:
1047:
998:maritime republics
994:
990:Grazioso Benincasa
928:
892:
869:
717:merchant republics
705:maritime republics
355:Maritime republics
341:(6th–8th c.)
295:Carolingian Empire
9614:
9613:
9608:
9607:
9590:Volga trade route
9515:Rome-India routes
9375:
9374:
9301:COVID-19 pandemic
9246:French Revolution
9221:Habsburg monarchy
9201:Cossack Hetmanate
9181:Portuguese Empire
9171:Absolute monarchy
9166:Thirty Years' War
9061:Holy Roman Empire
8986:Bulgarian Empire
8945:Early Middle Ages
8862:Bronze Age Europe
8836:History of Europe
8802:
8801:
8769:
8768:
8404:
8403:
8339:Southern question
8259:
8258:
8191:Political parties
8139:Foreign relations
8111:
8110:
7964:
7963:
7685:Kingdom of Naples
7673:Kingdom of Sicily
7270:
7269:
7145:Republic of Genoa
7048:Various authors,
7034:Samuele Romanin,
6987:Republic of Genoa
6978:Umberto Moretti,
6966:978-88-6288-082-4
6535:978-0-86356-959-3
6520:978-0-12-812950-0
6044:To France in 1460
5836:Battle of Lepanto
5731:St George's cross
5689:battle of Meloria
5678:Battle of Meloria
5614:Kingdom of Sicily
5568:Corsican dioceses
5486:Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī
5429:Battle of Lepanto
5425:Kapudan Ali Pasha
5374:Battle of Lepanto
5364:Battle of Lepanto
5241:Saint-Jean d'Acre
5227:Battle of Curzola
5155:Ligurian Republic
4872:Venetian language
4727:Byzantine emperor
4717:According to the
4553:Holy Roman Empire
4499:The Anconan Cross
4241:Commune of Venice
4005:Kingdom of Sicily
3926:Palazzi dei Rolli
3902:Ligurian Republic
3813:Mediterranean Sea
3801:Battle of Curzola
3782:Genoese colonists
3771:Compagna Communis
3708:Republic of Genoa
3637:would originate.
3568:Duchy of Sorrento
3314:Luxury products:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3039:
3004:
2961:
2876:
2855:
2846:
2805:
2768:
2733:
2688:
2663:
2616:
2591:
2578:
2543:
2494:
2481:
2472:
2401:
2380:
2371:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2154:
2146:
2016:
2015:
1928:Ligurian Republic
1856:Kingdom of Sicily
1825:currency: follaro
1680:Commune of Venice
1571:Breve curia maris
1531:Ligurian Republic
1497:Compagna Communis
1495:: 1096 (with the
1427:Kingdom of Sicily
1348:Succeeding state
1308:Holy Roman Empire
1255:Conrad Grünenberg
1010:medieval communes
972:
971:
701:
700:
548:COVID-19 pandemic
544:(2014–2016)
538:(2007–2009)
532:(1992–2001)
524:(1986–1992)
502:(1943–1945)
500:Italian Civil War
487:(1940–1945)
481:(1922–1943)
475:(1914–1918)
469:(1882–1960)
463:(1861–1946)
435:(1815–1871)
396:(1545–1648)
390:(1494–1559)
351:in southern Italy
319:
318:
310:Holy Roman Empire
142:Prehistoric Italy
16:(Redirected from
9674:
9662:Former republics
9657:Maritime history
9580:Triangular trade
9455:Hiri trade cycle
9450:Hanseatic League
9440:Grand Trunk Road
9402:
9395:
9388:
9379:
9378:
9236:Great Divergence
9151:Age of Discovery
9096:Late Middle Ages
9066:High Middle Ages
8977:Byzantine Empire
8960:Christianization
8950:Migration Period
8885:Classical Greece
8857:Neolithic Europe
8829:
8822:
8815:
8806:
8805:
8792:
8791:
8784:Italy portal
8781:
8780:
8721:National symbols
8415:
8414:
8270:
8269:
8122:
8121:
7975:
7974:
7855:Kingdom of Italy
7782:Napoleonic Italy
7321:
7320:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7274:
7273:
7263:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7224:Republic of Noli
7222:
7221:
7220:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7183:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7158:Republic of Pisa
7156:
7154:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7084:
7083:
7071:
7070:
7017:, Giardini, 1961
7013:Gino Benvenuti,
7008:Republic of Pisa
6982:, A. Forni, 1998
6918:
6917:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6883:
6877:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6818:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6725:
6716:
6715:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6676:
6670:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6626:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6578:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6545:
6539:
6506:
6495:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6447:
6441:
6430:
6424:
6419:Graziano Arici,
6417:
6411:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6353:
6344:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6303:
6297:
6282:
6276:
6259:Peris Persi, in
6257:
6246:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6206:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6166:
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6103:
6096:
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6054:
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6045:
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6036:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6000:
5982:Hanseatic League
5894:Treaty of Venice
5814:Amalfi and Gaeta
5746:Dagobert of Pisa
5713:
5656:Battle of Giglio
5648:Isola del Giglio
5620:Battle of Giglio
5551:Balearic Islands
5533:to liberate the
5508:Pope Gregory VII
5260:Empire of Nicaea
5182:Venice and Genoa
5064:Panorama di Noli
5048:Republic of Noli
4834:Battle of Mohács
4753:
4750:
4724:
4617:Pope Clement VII
4543:Included in the
4525:Ancona Cathedral
4449:Alvise Cadamosto
4442:Giacomo Casanova
4413:Giuseppe Tartini
4233:Pietro Tradonico
4216:Byzantine Empire
4083:Pisan Romanesque
4056:Balearic Islands
3963:Republic of Pisa
3827:, the Sardinian
3684:Marinus Sebastus
3570:; it also owned
3533:Tripoli of Syria
3497:Byzantine Empire
3441:Amalfi Cathedral
3093:
3090:
3038:
3035:
3003:
3000:
2960:
2957:
2875:
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2323:
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2255:
2250:
2246:
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2238:
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2221:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
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2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2059:High Middle Ages
2005:
1984:Byzantine Empire
1982:
1967:Liber Statutorum
1952:
1926:
1912:Italian Campaign
1904:Kingdom of Italy
1842:Byzantine Empire
1840:
1794:
1775:
1768:Kingdom of Italy
1717:
1691:Byzantine Empire
1689:
1631:
1605:
1583:Kingdom of Italy
1567:Constitutum usus
1546:
1529:
1509:Italian Campaign
1503:Kingdom of Italy
1411:Pope Innocent II
1405:Byzantine Empire
1403:
1321:
1320:
1171:Venetian Arsenal
1151:
1030:Post-unification
954:
825:
824:
727:), were Italian
693:
686:
679:
667:Italy portal
665:
664:
663:
394:Catholic revival
247:
246:
129:
119:
101:
100:
49:
40:
21:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9500:Penarikan Route
9411:
9406:
9376:
9371:
9310:
9276:Interwar period
9251:Napoleonic Wars
9115:
9086:Mongol invasion
9039:Crown of Aragon
8931:
8871:
8867:Iron Age Europe
8838:
8833:
8803:
8798:
8778:
8765:
8736:Public holidays
8567:
8513:Life expectancy
8400:
8255:
8171:Law enforcement
8107:
7960:
7907:
7896:Social Republic
7860:Colonial Empire
7843:Capture of Rome
7796:
7689:
7598:
7491:Ancient peoples
7479:
7416:
7377:Historic states
7335:
7310:
7301:
7271:
7266:
7257:
7241:
7230:
7228:
7218:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7184:
7175:
7164:
7162:
7151:
7149:
7138:
7136:
7132:Duchy of Amalfi
7126:
7124:
7116:
7111:
7076:
7066:, Cacucci, 1990
7031:, Bompiani 2002
6973:Duchy of Amalfi
6935:Adolf Schaube,
6927:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6905:
6901:
6884:
6880:
6872:G. Benvenuti –
6871:
6867:
6860:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6816:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6783:
6776:
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6753:
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6704:
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6673:
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6623:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6561:
6546:
6542:
6507:
6498:
6490:J. J. Norwich,
6489:
6485:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6431:
6427:
6418:
6414:
6405:
6401:
6391:
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6380:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6334:
6330:
6321:
6317:
6304:
6300:
6283:
6279:
6258:
6249:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6214:Marina Militare
6208:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6100:Pactum Lotharii
6097:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6007:
5994:
5958:
5937:
5931:
5918:
5906:
5904:Pisa and Ancona
5870:
5832:Battle of Ostia
5816:
5784:
5782:Amalfi and Pisa
5720:
5718:Venice and Pisa
5707:
5670:
5664:
5632:Pope Gregory IX
5628:
5622:
5576:
5559:
5539:Pope Paschal II
5514:to the rank of
5458:Marciana Marina
5450:
5441:
5421:John of Austria
5417:Gulf of Lepanto
5366:
5360:
5324:
5322:War of Chioggia
5318:
5316:War of Chioggia
5286:
5280:
5229:
5217:Main articles:
5215:
5190:
5184:
5170:
5162:António de Noli
5128:Pope Gregory IX
5050:
5044:
5009:Pontine Islands
4945:
4939:
4845:1667 earthquake
4795:Treaty of Zadar
4751:
4712:Rector's Palace
4677:
4671:
4602:Gil de Albornoz
4493:
4487:
4453:Sebastian Cabot
4451:, cartographer
4417:Tomaso Albinoni
4409:Antonio Vivaldi
4343:colonial empire
4225:Pactum Lotharii
4162:
4154:Main articles:
4152:
4019:(1064), and in
4009:Reggio Calabria
3981:Pisa Baptistery
3971:The Pisan cross
3965:
3959:
3908:. In 1815, the
3900:: becoming the
3848:Chioggia (1379)
3835:, and southern
3737:Genoa Cathedral
3710:
3704:
3680:Robert Guiscard
3613:At the dawn of
3564:Vietri sul Mare
3464:Duchy of Naples
3414:
3412:Duchy of Amalfi
3408:
3403:
3383:language island
3108:
3091:
3036:
3012:
3001:
2958:
2924:
2873:
2852:
2843:
2829:
2802:
2765:
2741:
2730:
2685:
2660:
2646:
2613:
2588:
2575:
2551:
2540:
2491:
2478:
2469:
2449:
2398:
2377:
2368:
2354:
2346:
2329:
2312:
2295:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2227:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2079:
1988:1808 (with the
1964:
1962:
1950:
1918:
1909:
1892:
1826:
1770:
1757:
1752:
1710:: 6.5 centuries
1706:
1674:
1670:Pactum Lotharii
1652:
1643:
1641:Viva San Marco!
1639:
1594:
1564:
1562:
1518:
1507:1797 (with the
1491:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1385:
1380:
1339:Preceding state
1289:Battle of Ostia
1264:
1247:
1163:
1161:Characteristics
1158:
1152:
1149:
1103:
1032:
1026:seafaring one.
996:The expression
982:
980:Pre-unification
977:
955:
939:
929:
907:
893:
870:
820:
715:), also called
697:
661:
659:
657:
648:
647:
646:
644:
604:Historic states
568:
560:
559:
536:Great Recession
467:Colonial Empire
456:
448:
447:
446:
427:
377:
369:
368:
329:
321:
320:
244:
236:
235:
175:
165:
164:
137:
117:
110:
99:
98:
97:
96:
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9680:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9565:Tea Horse Road
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9540:Siberian Route
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9505:Manila galleon
9502:
9497:
9495:Old Salt Route
9492:
9487:
9482:
9480:Lapita culture
9477:
9472:
9470:King's Highway
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9405:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9318:
9316:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9226:Russian Empire
9223:
9218:
9216:British Empire
9213:
9211:Dutch Republic
9208:
9206:Swedish Empire
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9186:Spanish Empire
9183:
9178:
9176:Ottoman Empire
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9131:
9125:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9091:Serbian Empire
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8952:
8947:
8941:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8927:Late antiquity
8924:
8919:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8890:Roman Republic
8887:
8881:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8832:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8809:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8796:
8786:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
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8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8577:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8344:Stock exchange
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8246:Municipalities
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8206:Prime Minister
8203:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8093:Regional parks
8090:
8088:National parks
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7997:Climate change
7989:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7857:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7762:
7760:Duchy of Savoy
7757:
7752:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7670:
7668:Lombard League
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7590:Western Empire
7582:
7577:
7575:Roman conquest
7572:
7567:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7496:Italic peoples
7487:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7252:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7200:Duchy of Gaeta
7189:
7186:
7185:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7160:
7147:
7134:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7027:Alvise Zorzi,
7024:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7004:
6999:Carlo Varese,
6997:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6954:
6949:G. Benvenuti,
6947:
6940:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6899:
6895:. Vol. I.
6878:
6865:
6858:
6840:
6804:
6798:978-3832516444
6797:
6774:
6768:978-3832516444
6767:
6747:
6740:
6717:
6698:
6691:
6671:
6648:
6641:
6621:
6608:
6602:978-0195046526
6601:
6570:
6559:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6525:Robin Harris,
6523:
6496:
6483:
6468:
6442:
6425:
6412:
6399:
6373:
6345:
6328:
6315:
6298:
6277:
6247:
6231:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6181:
6167:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6064:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5954:
5933:Main article:
5930:
5927:
5917:
5916:Noli and Genoa
5914:
5905:
5902:
5882:Emilia-Romagna
5869:
5866:
5815:
5812:
5783:
5780:
5719:
5716:
5666:Main article:
5663:
5660:
5624:Main article:
5621:
5618:
5585:siege of Milan
5575:
5572:
5558:
5555:
5547:The expedition
5456:Watchtower in
5449:
5446:
5440:
5439:Genoa and Pisa
5437:
5362:Main article:
5359:
5356:
5320:Main article:
5317:
5314:
5298:Paganino Doria
5290:Niccolò Pisani
5282:Main article:
5279:
5276:
5268:Andrea Dandolo
5214:
5211:
5186:Main article:
5183:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5120:Lombard League
5046:Main article:
5043:
5040:
5017:Pope John VIII
4943:Duchy of Gaeta
4941:Main article:
4938:
4935:
4876:Tuscan dialect
4838:Ottoman Empire
4823:ban of Croatia
4673:Main article:
4670:
4667:
4647:commercial law
4572:Pope Eugene IV
4489:Main article:
4486:
4483:
4438:Antonio Canova
4362:Ottoman Empire
4309:Duchy of Milan
4298:La Serenissima
4278:Fourth Crusade
4151:
4148:
4052:Tyrrhenian Sea
3997:Pisa Cathedral
3961:Main article:
3958:
3955:
3856:Duchy of Milan
3799:) and Venice (
3765:, it obtained
3763:Otto the Great
3706:Main article:
3703:
3700:
3596:Tyrrhenian Sea
3517:Constantinople
3505:Southern Italy
3410:Main article:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3339:
3338:
3320:precious coral
3312:
3282:
3264:
3242:
3217:
3149:commercial law
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2117:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2063:Napoleonic era
2014:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1765:
1759:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1658:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1481:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1390:(11th century)
1374:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1102:
1099:
1031:
1028:
981:
978:
976:
973:
970:
969:
948:
920:
884:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
819:
816:
729:thalassocratic
699:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
670:
669:
650:
649:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
545:
539:
533:
525:
513:
503:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:
438:
437:
436:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
410:
409:
408:
402:
397:
391:
385:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
352:
342:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:962–1801
313:
302:
301:
298:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
253:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
223:Western Empire
220:
214:
213:
212:
199:
194:
183:
176:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
122:
121:
112:
111:
104:
77:medieval Italy
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9679:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9560:Brouwer Route
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9414:
9410:
9403:
9398:
9396:
9391:
9389:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9322:Art of Europe
9320:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9121:Modern period
9118:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8874:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8795:
8787:
8785:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7939:Years of Lead
7937:
7935:
7934:Economic Boom
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:Fascist Italy
7875:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7823:Niçard exodus
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7543:Magna Graecia
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7286:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7261:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7238:
7227:
7225:
7215:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7182:
7172:
7161:
7159:
7148:
7146:
7135:
7133:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6887:Comyn, Robert
6882:
6875:
6869:
6861:
6859:9780521477420
6855:
6851:
6844:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6814:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6751:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6675:
6669:
6668:0-87169-127-2
6665:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6625:
6618:
6612:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6563:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6494:, p. 176–180.
6493:
6487:
6479:
6472:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6409:
6403:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6325:
6322:Bohun Lynch,
6319:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6185:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6108:
6101:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6010:
5998:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Thalassocracy
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5926:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5763:as the first
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5738:First Crusade
5732:
5728:
5724:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5693:Count Ugolino
5690:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5589:Civitavecchia
5586:
5581:
5578:When Emperor
5571:
5569:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5529:that a large
5528:
5527:Pope Urban II
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5510:elevated the
5509:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:Finale Ligure
5148:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5074:
5073:San Paragorio
5070:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4793:In 1358, the
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4434:Carlo Goldoni
4432:, playwright
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:Greek islands
4344:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4200:Doge's Palace
4196:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3993:Leaning Tower
3989:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3778:First Crusade
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:Flavio Biondo
3641:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:Amalfian Laws
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3470:. That year,
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3095:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2689:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2592:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2495:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:: 8 centuries
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:senza_cornice
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:: 3 centuries
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:: 5 centuries
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:: 1141-1143 (
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:: 3 centuries
1597:
1593:: 4 centuries
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:: 7 centuries
1521:
1517:: 8 centuries
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:: 3 centuries
1422:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:Amalfian Laws
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:maritime laws
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
986:
968:
967:
963:
959:
953:
947:
946:
942:
937:
933:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
889:
883:
882:
878:
874:
866:
861:
858:19th century
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
815:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
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773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
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553:
549:
546:
543:
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537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
519:
517:
516:Years of Lead
514:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
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398:
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389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
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350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
325:
324:
314:
311:
307:
304:
303:
300:774–962
299:
296:
292:
289:
288:
285:568–774
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:435–534
274:
272:
269:
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265:493–553
264:
262:
259:
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255:476–493
254:
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159:Magna Graecia
157:
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145:
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139:
133:
132:
128:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
108:
103:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
48:
39:
30:
19:
9550:Spanish Road
9484:
9409:Trade routes
9281:World War II
9134:Early modern
9111:Kalmar Union
9001:
8982:Papal States
8900:Roman Empire
8621:Architecture
8591:Quattrocento
8548:Social class
8528:Prostitution
8442:Demographics
8364:Trade unions
8307:Central Bank
8149:Human rights
8129:Constitution
7912:Contemporary
7882:World War II
7770:Italian Wars
7720:
7694:Early modern
7636:Papal States
7614:Italy under
7560:Ancient Rome
7113:
7063:
7049:
7035:
7028:
7014:
7000:
6993:
6979:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6925:Bibliography
6916:(in English)
6910:
6902:
6891:
6881:
6873:
6868:
6849:
6843:
6837:(in Italian)
6830:
6824:
6820:
6817:(in Italian)
6812:
6807:
6787:
6757:
6750:
6730:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6681:
6674:
6659:
6651:
6631:
6624:
6616:
6611:
6590:
6562:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6526:
6511:
6491:
6486:
6477:
6471:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:Genova Today
6454:
6445:
6433:
6428:
6420:
6415:
6407:
6402:
6390:. Retrieved
6385:
6376:
6364:. Retrieved
6360:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6222:. Retrieved
6218:the original
6213:
6204:
6184:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6107:
6099:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
5950:
5946:
5922:protectorate
5919:
5907:
5898:
5875:
5871:
5855:
5840:
5817:
5796:
5785:
5777:
5769:
5759:and crowned
5750:
5735:
5701:
5686:
5640:Frederick II
5629:
5612:against the
5606:
5596:
5593:
5577:
5564:
5560:
5524:
5496:
5489:
5467:
5442:
5433:
5402:
5388:, headed by
5383:
5325:
5287:
5253:
5238:
5207:
5171:
5159:
5144:
5140:
5124:Frederick II
5116:
5112:
5085:
5021:
5013:
5000:
4992:
4978:
4912:
4903:
4862:Originally,
4861:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4792:
4768:
4716:
4685:Saint Blaise
4636:
4630:blends with
4625:
4620:
4610:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4545:Papal States
4542:
4460:
4446:
4420:
4378:
4355:
4338:Stato da Màr
4336:
4325:Julian March
4315:, including
4306:
4297:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4248:Adriatic Sea
4245:
4228:between the
4223:
4210:fleeing the
4205:
4128:Porto Pisano
4126:The ancient
4125:
4117:Italian Wars
4102:
4087:
4080:
4037:
4028:
4025:
4002:
3925:
3922:Strade Nuove
3921:
3918:
3889:
3887:
3866:
3863:Andrea Doria
3860:
3841:
3833:North Aegean
3808:
3790:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3753:
3669:
3658:
3653:Flavio Gioja
3642:
3639:
3612:
3557:
3509:North Africa
3494:
3482:praefecturii
3481:
3475:
3459:
3454:
3364:
3340:
3224:black pepper
3180:
3172:
3164:great galley
3153:
3134:
3127:
3089:
3034:
2999:
2956:
2871:
2850:
2841:
2800:
2763:
2728:
2683:
2658:
2611:
2586:
2573:
2538:
2489:
2476:
2467:
2396:
2375:
2366:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2080:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2017:
1995:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1893:
1888:
1849:
1830:
1796:Papal States
1784:
1777:Papal States
1761:
1749:
1707:
1702:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1640:
1635:
1595:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1519:
1514:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1420:
1393:
1377:
1327:Coat of arms
1315:
1312:Papal States
1301:
1265:
1191:
1185:
1182:Independence
1176:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1120:World War II
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:20th century
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:Regia Marina
1077:
1075:
1069:linked to a
1063:Risorgimento
1062:
1060:
1055:Risorgimento
1054:
1018:Risorgimento
1016:
1014:
1005:
997:
995:
956:
930:
894:
871:
855:18th century
852:17th century
849:16th century
846:15th century
843:14th century
840:13th century
837:12th century
834:11th century
831:10th century
821:
808:
780:
740:Italian Navy
716:
704:
702:
653:
643:
551:
550:(2020–
527:
509:
508:(1946–
432:Risorgimento
430:
388:Italian Wars
376:Early modern
354:
207:
201:
173:Ancient Rome
57:Italian Navy
29:
9555:Spice Route
9266:World War I
9256:Nationalism
9144:Reformation
9129:Renaissance
9101:Black Death
9034:Kievan Rus'
8937:Middle Ages
8686:Italophilia
8646:Coat of arm
8596:Cinquecento
8472:Immigration
8422:Aristocracy
8287:Agriculture
8181:Nationality
8154:LGBT rights
8068:Earthquakes
7949:Mani pulite
7865:World War I
7808:Unification
7801:Late modern
7765:Renaissance
7610:Middle Ages
7603:Middle Ages
7580:Roman Italy
7347:Citizenship
7258: [
6832:Guide Rosse
6619:, Brockhaus
6583:"Dubrovnik"
5995: [
5843:Pope John X
5828:Pope Leo IV
5800:Innocent II
5708: [
5652:Montecristo
5409:Pope Pius V
5407:created by
5405:Holy League
4989:Docibilus I
4981:Constantine
4892:Montenegrin
4547:since 774,
4436:, sculptor
4381:Renaissance
4284:(1207) and
4015:(1034), in
4011:(1005), in
3854:and to the
3846:(1353) and
3759:Berengar II
3678:. In 1073,
3665:Arab-Norman
3631:Middle Ages
3619:Longobardia
3560:Sarno River
3513:Middle East
3486:Mastalus II
3430:John Ruskin
3389:dialect in
3365:The modern
3346:'s list of
3288:, Egyptian
3240:white sugar
3185:Medicines:
3151:were born.
2067:Renaissance
2029:Machiavelli
1569:(1160) and
1272:9th century
1156:Description
1043:1284 battle
828:9th century
736:Middle Ages
732:port cities
574:Citizenship
529:Mani pulite
442:Young Italy
261:Ostrogothic
197:Roman Italy
116:History of
9621:Categories
9575:Trepanging
9520:Royal Road
9420:Amber Road
9029:Viking Age
8844:Prehistory
8756:Traditions
8746:Television
8731:Philosophy
8696:Literature
8636:Cathedrals
8606:Settecento
8467:Healthcare
8432:Corruption
8427:Censorship
8186:Parliament
8144:Government
7944:Maxi Trial
7892:Resistance
7621:Ostrogoths
7553:Messapians
7438:Villanovan
7428:Prehistory
7421:Prehistory
6823:, chapter
6741:0863563325
6692:0863563325
6642:0863563325
6269:Tuttitalia
6196:References
5792:William II
5772:Tyrrhenian
5574:Second war
5272:Marco Polo
4807:Archbishop
4782:, and the
4752: 615
4643:archeology
4628:Romanesque
4467:John Cabot
4457:Marco Polo
4393:Tintoretto
4366:Napoleonic
4064:Ghibelline
3929:among the
3877:, such as
3608:Garigliano
3602:(846), at
3541:Alexandria
3387:Tabarchino
3362:elements.
3360:Romanesque
3284:Textiles:
3254:sandalwood
3215:astragalus
3156:navigation
3145:gold coins
3141:capitalism
3124:Marco Polo
2020:oligarchic
1753:currency:
1644:currency:
1471:currency:
1381:currency:
1310:, and the
1230:government
1228:Republican
814:invasion.
812:Napoleonic
800:Marco Polo
770:, and, in
522:Maxi Trial
405:Napoleonic
9585:Via Maris
9545:Silk Road
9525:Salt road
9475:Kula ring
9076:Feudalism
9047:Catalonia
8716:Mythology
8691:Libraries
8611:Ottocento
8553:Terrorism
8494:Languages
8447:Education
8369:Transport
8319:Companies
8226:Provinces
8196:President
8161:Judiciary
8134:Elections
8046:Volcanoes
8041:Volcanism
8034:Apennines
8019:Mountains
7987:Peninsula
7970:Geography
7901:Civil War
7626:Byzantium
7533:Etruscans
7468:Canegrate
7463:Golasecca
7448:Rinaldone
7443:Terramare
7433:Neolithic
6392:15 August
6335:AA. VV.,
6179:To Venice
5890:Bertinoro
5634:called a
5630:In 1241,
5601:Viareggio
5597:via Regia
5535:Holy Land
5491:giudicati
5413:Philip II
5342:and laid
5306:Sapientza
5302:Aragonese
5103:Jerusalem
5095:Holy Land
4900:Dalmatian
4811:Hungarian
4756:Byzantine
4738:Epidaurum
4734:Dubrovnik
4632:Byzantine
4430:Canaletto
4422:vedutisti
4403:; in the
4389:Giorgione
4376:in 1848.
4370:Habsburgs
4237:Lothair I
4136:Fibonacci
4035:in 1081.
3817:Black Sea
3786:Holy Land
3661:Byzantine
3545:Ptolemais
3375:Gibraltar
3352:Byzantine
3332:porcelain
3316:gemstones
3262:ambergris
3187:aloe vera
2959:1192 1196
2853:Wiki wiki
2479:Wiki wiki
2378:Wiki wiki
1293:Byzantine
496:Partisans
251:Odoacer's
209:Optimates
203:Populares
9530:Sea lane
9445:Hærvejen
9315:See also
9286:Cold War
9081:Crusades
9051:Valencia
8794:Category
8681:Internet
8671:Folklore
8601:Seicento
8586:Trecento
8581:Duecento
8543:Religion
8504:Regional
8482:Italians
8457:Gambling
8349:Taxation
8176:Military
8117:Politics
7919:Republic
7706:Florence
7631:Lombards
7570:Republic
7516:Samnites
7511:Picentes
7453:Apennine
7412:Railways
7392:Military
7340:By topic
7324:Overview
7308:articles
6897:(p. 249)
6889:(1851).
6658:(1978).
5977:Outremer
5956:See also
5824:Sorrento
5727:Dagobert
5682:Armanino
5610:Henry VI
5478:Sardinia
5474:Calabria
5340:Chioggia
5202:allegory
5136:Bergeggi
5122:against
5108:Henry VI
5091:Crusades
4997:Barberia
4908:Illyrian
4884:Croatian
4874:and the
4803:Visegrád
4784:Pelješac
4760:Venetian
4621:de facto
4577:agontano
4329:Lombardy
4256:Dalmatia
4105:lordship
4072:Florence
4060:Crusades
4044:Cagliari
4033:Henry IV
4029:de facto
4023:(1087).
3995:and the
3894:Napoleon
3883:genovino
3815:and the
3807:'s work
3805:Petrarch
3767:de facto
3656:Europe.
3576:Saracens
3521:Laodicea
3511:and the
3460:de facto
3391:Sardinia
3236:cinnamon
3207:cardamom
3203:laudanum
2123:de facto
2089:history.
2040:Crusades
2024:merchant
1996:de facto
1973:de facto
1898:Henry VI
1889:de facto
1850:de facto
1831:de facto
1785:de facto
1762:de facto
1755:agontano
1703:de facto
1661:de facto
1634:mottos:
1591:de facto
1577:de facto
1515:de facto
1484:de facto
1473:genovino
1456:mottos:
1421:de facto
1394:de facto
1316:de facto
1285:Saracens
1235:Crusades
1193:de facto
1148:—
796:Crusades
772:Dalmatia
655:Timeline
619:Military
567:By topic
506:Republic
490:Fascist
461:Monarchy
416:Republic
328:Medieval
306:Germanic
291:Frankish
186:Republic
107:a series
105:Part of
9156:Baroque
9055:Majorca
8967:Francia
8751:Theatre
8726:Palaces
8706:Museums
8676:Gardens
8661:Fashion
8651:Cuisine
8631:Castles
8573:Culture
8523:Poverty
8499:Italian
8410:Society
8391:Welfare
8359:Tourism
8329:Exports
8297:Banking
8277:Economy
8265:Economy
8221:Regions
8103:Valleys
8073:Islands
8053:Beaches
8024:Prealps
8004:Geology
7992:Climate
7656:Normans
7616:Odoacer
7565:Kingdom
7548:Ligures
7484:Ancient
7458:Nuragic
7407:Postage
7382:Judaism
7372:Genetic
7362:Fashion
7357:Economy
7316:History
6589:(ed.).
6461:31 July
6224:29 July
5886:Ferrara
5862:caliphs
5761:Godfrey
5644:Guelphs
5636:council
5531:crusade
5520:Corsica
5500:Salerno
5352:Hungary
5332:Tenedos
5256:galleys
5099:Antioch
5001:follaro
4923:Croatia
4904:ilirski
4896:Serbian
4888:Bosnian
4868:Italian
4836:to the
4776:Lastovo
4725:of the
4405:Baroque
4397:Bellini
4358:Lepanto
4333:Brescia
4076:emperor
4048:Gallura
4017:Palermo
3890:de jure
3844:Alghero
3825:Corsica
3821:Liguria
3784:in the
3676:John II
3649:compass
3615:AD 1000
3610:(915).
3592:Lucania
3580:Manso I
3549:Baghdad
3477:comites
3385:of the
3371:Lebanon
3356:Islamic
3310:carpets
3298:brocade
3280:varnish
3276:carmine
3258:incense
3211:rhubarb
3199:camphor
3160:compass
2127:de jure
2061:to the
2009:of the
1958:motto:
1894:de jure
1748:motti:
1708:de jure
1676:de jure
1596:de jure
1565:codes:
1558:motto:
1520:de jure
1493:de jure
1480:(1441)
1376:motto:
1304:lagoons
1297:Islamic
1280:defence
1213:consuls
1204:arsenal
1187:de jure
1106:Gaeta.
1076:In the
1039:Meloria
721:Italian
709:Italian
639:Railway
634:Postage
609:Judaism
599:Genetic
589:Fashion
584:Economy
552:present
510:present
479:Fascism
421:Kingdom
349:Normans
281:Lombard
180:Kingdom
9043:Aragon
9022:Amalfi
9007:Venice
8995:Second
8782:
8656:Design
8641:Cinema
8616:Anthem
8538:Racism
8487:People
8462:Health
8324:Energy
8314:Brands
8241:Comune
8236:Cities
8098:Rivers
8058:Canals
7741:Amalfi
7726:Venice
7585:Empire
7526:Veneti
7501:Latins
7473:Latial
7306:
7234:
7168:
7155:
7142:
6964:
6856:
6795:
6765:
6738:
6689:
6666:
6639:
6599:
6554:Ancona
6533:
6518:
6366:2 June
6243:Ancona
5851:Mahdia
5820:Naples
5789:Norman
5742:Rhodes
5654:. The
5470:Sicily
5427:. The
5398:Naples
5328:Cyprus
5294:Galata
5225:, and
5147:Savona
4915:UNESCO
4849:ducats
4778:, the
4764:Norman
4669:Ragusa
4598:plague
4586:Musone
4549:Ancona
4485:Ancona
4471:Canada
4455:, and
4385:Titian
4351:Cyprus
4331:up to
4327:, and
4323:, the
4321:Friuli
4317:Veneto
4302:sequin
4263:Senate
4252:Istria
4208:Veneti
4150:Venice
4109:Tuscan
4098:Aragon
4021:Mahdia
3852:France
3837:Crimea
3831:, the
3600:Licosa
3584:John I
3551:, and
3537:Cyprus
3525:Beirut
3456:Amalfi
3406:Amalfi
3379:Crimea
3377:, and
3344:UNESCO
3324:pearls
3306:damask
3302:velvet
3268:indigo
3266:Dyes:
3250:mastic
3232:nutmeg
3228:cloves
3220:Spices
3195:ginger
3191:balsam
3014:Ragusa
2743:Ancona
2648:Venice
2356:Amalfi
2044:Levant
1969:(1272)
1935:Ragusa
1726:Ancona
1695:1797 (
1657:(1225)
1653:code:
1646:sequin
1614:Venice
1573:(1297)
1476:code:
1386:code:
1354:Amalfi
1276:pirate
1268:Europe
1239:piracy
1023:Ancona
992:(1466)
966:Ragusa
958:Venice
945:Ragusa
941:Ancona
932:Venice
913:Ragusa
909:Ancona
896:Venice
881:Venice
873:Amalfi
792:Africa
790:, and
784:Europe
776:Ragusa
760:Ancona
756:Venice
754:, and
744:Amalfi
455:Modern
271:Vandal
217:Empire
109:on the
89:Ragusa
85:Ancona
73:Amalfi
71:, and
61:Venice
9012:Genoa
8990:First
8741:Sport
8711:Music
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