1359:: "Once pacification had been accomplished, fascist Italy endeavoured to convert Libya into an Italian province to be referred to popularly as Italy's Fourth Shore. In 1934 Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were divided into four provinces—Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, and Darnah—which were formally linked as a single colony known as Libya, thus officially resurrecting the name that Diocletian had applied nearly 1,500 years earlier. Fezzan, designated as South Tripolitania, remained a military territory. A governor general, called the first consul after 1937, was in overall direction of the colony, assisted by the General Consultative Council, on which Arabs were represented. Traditional tribal councils, formerly sanctioned by the Italian administration, were abolished, and all local officials were thereafter appointed by the governor general. Administrative posts at all levels were held by Italians.An accord with Britain and Egypt obtained the transfer of a corner of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, known as the Sarra Triangle, to Italian control in 1934. The next year, a French-Italian agreement was negotiated that relocated the 1,000-kilometer border between Libya and Chad southward about 100 kilometers across the Aouzou Strip, but this territorial concession to Italy was never ratified by the French legislature. In 1939 Libya was incorporated into metropolitan Italy. During the 1930s, impressive strides were made in improving the country's economic and transportation infrastructure. Italy invested capital and technology in public works projects, extension and modernization of cities, highway and railroad construction, expanded port facilities, and irrigation, but these measures were introduced to benefit the Italian-controlled modern sector of the economy. Italian development policy after World War I had called for capital-intensive "economic colonization" intended to promote the maximum exploitation of the resources available. One of the initial Italian objectives in Libya, however, had been the relief of overpopulation and unemployment in Italy through emigration to the undeveloped colony. With security established, systematic "demographic colonization" was encouraged by Mussolini's government. A project initiated by Libya's governor, Italo Balbo, brought the first 20,000 settlers--the ventimilli--to Libya in a single convoy in October 1938. More settlers followed in 1939, and by 1940 there were approximately 110,000 Italians in Libya, constituting about 12 percent of the total population. Plans envisioned an Italian colony of 500,000 settlers by the 1960s. Libya's best land was allocated to the settlers to be brought under productive cultivation, primarily in olive groves. Settlement was directed by a state corporation, the Libyan Colonization Society, which undertook land reclamation and the building of model villages and offered a grubstake and credit facilities to the settlers it had sponsored. The Italians made modern medical care available for the first time in Libya, improved sanitary conditions in the towns, and undertook to replenish the herds and flocks that had been depleted during the war. But, although Mussolini liked to refer to the Libyans as "Muslim Italians," little more was accomplished that directly improved the living standards of the Arab population."
1119:
over Libya, the
Italian state was fearful of the oncoming influx of settlers returning to Italy as it lacked the capacity to accommodate them. Consequently, only Italians in particular circumstances were permitted by their government to repatriate, and many found themselves stuck. A letter written to the Italian Prime Minister stated that many Italians in Tripolitania had been unable to return due to these circumstances. This same letter describes how some requested the Italian government to send family members back to Tripolitania from Italy as they were split up during the war evacuations. The British helped mediate agreements which concluded that an equal number of people had to move to Tripolitania as those who moved back to Italy. There were, however, still reports of instances in which people made their own way to Tripolitania to join their family, regardless of these agreements.
332:
346:
855:
1041:
803:. The belief in a hierarchy of races meant that the Italians therefore had a 'duty' to colonise African nations. This led to the subjugation of Libyans, as policies before 1922 were dismissed, such as the colonial official's push to "Italianise" its colony's education. For example, they censored Italian culture from the native population, banned education after the sixth grade and terminated teaching Italian in classrooms, replacing it with Arabic. Libyans were only allowed to work as Labourers. The banning of Italian in class was with the intention to 'protect' Italian culture, and exclude Libyans.
466:
68:
2354:
2735:
95:
371:
807:
474:
920:
851:. The Al-Mukhtar resistance notably included a network of spies in Italian enforced towns. It was estimated by Graziani that the native guerrillas numbered around 3.000 and they owned about 20,000 guns. Al-Mukhtar and the Cyrenacians had advantages over the Italians as they knew the terrain, and used the mountains and trails as a trump card. In 1931, Al-Mukhtar engaged in 250 attacks with the Italian army, Italian officials attempted to bribe 'Umar al-Mukhtar, with salary and retirement but were rejected.
657:
580:
1024:". According to Visconti, the extent of the Italian public's understanding of colonisation in Tripolitania and the rest of Libya is either nothing at all, or that they "made the desert bloom" with their various infrastructure projects. However, there has been more coverage of the topic in Italy recently, with the opening of the Italo-African museum in 2021. Overall, scholars agree that there is a "lack of cultural trauma" regarding Italian colonisation in general, including its colonising efforts in
572:
80:
1049:
844:, was able to contain Italians, with a force of 2,00 to 6,000 tribalmen. In December 1925, an agreement between Great Britain cemented Italy's jurisdiction on Jaghbub and Kufra.This made guerrilla attacks more tortuous, as Italians established control by making it impossible for Rida to attack. The Italians did this by constructing fences across the border and patrolling with aircraft and cars. Shaykh Rida was arrested in January 1928 and exiled to Sicily.
1163:
1132:
3078:
523:. The discussion was halted as it was not a priority, however Italy's attention in the congress was focused on Tripoli. Their expansion into Tripoli, which they believed was their right, was reluctantly accepted by other European Powers. The Italian occupation of Tripoli was mentioned within the Italian press during the following years, Tripolitania was expecting Italian arrival.
894:, an Egyptian nationalist, who later became the first secretary general of the Arab League.The Tripolitanian Republic shortly failed after disagreements among rival factions and Italian pressures, however, it showed the first attempt at a republican government in the Arab world as well as the impact of resistance.
599:
with both the
Tripolitanian Republic in June 1919 and Cyrenaica in October 1919. These brought about a compromise by which all Libyans were accorded the right to a joint Libyan-Italian citizenship while each province was to have its own parliament and governing council. The Senussi were largely happy
1000:
continued this legacy of prioritising
Tripolitania when important economic businesses were moved from Cyrenaica to Tripolitania, negatively impacting the region's economy, and when he removed significant leaders from the region from power. Consequently, people in Cyrenaica began to protest, however,
698:
Several reorganizations of the colonial authority had been made necessary because of armed Arab opposition, mainly in
Cyrenaica. Between 1919 (17 May) to 1929 (24 January), the Italian government maintained the two traditional provinces, with separate colonial administrations. A system of controlled
1122:
Due to this inability to easily go back to Italy, alongside a process labelled the "colonial twilight", which refers to the slow process of decolonisation which took place throughout Libya, the
Italian presence was felt for some time. However, it slowly dwindled and moved out of the rural areas and
1118:
The Second World War impacted the
Italian demography in Tripolitania; some moved due to conscription in the Italian army, with their families evacuated back to the Italian homeland, and others were moved from Cyrenaica to Tripolitania by the government. After the war and the loss of Italian control
995:
The legacy of the unification of
Tripolitania and Cyrenaica by the Italians in 1934 and their treatment of these regions throughout their fascist rule has been tied to the regionalism and conflict present in Libya today. The Italian colonial administration prioritised the economy and infrastructure
1102:
A large number of
Italian colonists moved to Tripolitania in the late 1930s. These settlers went primarily to the area of Sahel al-Jefara, in Tripolitania, and to the capital Tripoli. In 1939 there were in all Tripolitania nearly 60,000 Italians, most living in Tripoli (whose population was nearly
862:
Resistance in both
Cyrenaica and Tripolitania was not uniquely based on religious motives but instead was a virtue of the colonial struggle, especially within Cyrenaica, they fought with both religious order and tribal support, the latter being immensely supportive. In 1915, Italian domination was
648:
into
Tripolitania in order to bring stability; they presented a formal document with this request on 28 July 1922. Idris' advisers were divided on whether he should accept the offer or not. Doing so would contravene the al-Rajma Agreement and would damage relations with the Italian government, who
1189:(Cyrenaica was left for later excavations because of the ongoing colonial war against Muslim rebels in that province). A result of the fascist takeover was that all foreign archaeological expeditions were forced out of Libya, and all archeological work was consolidated under a centralised Italian
595:, the Ottoman Empire signed an armistice agreement in which they ceded their claims over Libya to Italy. Italy however was facing serious economic, social, and political problems domestically, and was not prepared to re-launch its military activities in Libya. It issued statutes known as the
628:. As part of the Accord he was given a monthly stipend by the Italian government, who agreed to take responsibility for policing and administration of areas under Senussi control. The Accord also stipulated that Idris must fulfill the requirements of the
1017:, which formed in order to declare independence from the Italian colonists. This anti-western sentiment, according to Ahmida, is passed down through generations across Libya with tales of the hardship and suffering endured during colonisation.
649:
opposed the political unification of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania as being against their interests. Nevertheless, in November 1922 Idris agreed to the proposal. Following the agreement, Idris feared that Italy — under its new Fascist leader
1180:
tool to justify their presence in the region. Before 1911, no archeological research was done in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. By the late 1920s the Italian government had started funding excavations in the main Roman cities of
639:
in August 1920, the Republic descended into civil war. Many tribal leaders in the region recognised that this discord was weakening the region's chances of attaining full autonomy from Italy, and in November 1920 they met in
1200:
colony during the Greek period. The rejection of Phoenician research was partly because of anti-Semitic reasons (the Phoenicians were a Semitic people, distantly related to the Arabs and Jews). Of special interest were the
794:
came to power in 1922, it was agreed that fraternising with local Libyan Leaders was a failure of the previous colonial practice. Instead, the fascists opted for to 'pacify' the local population. Their ideas was based upon
1001:
they were repressed by Gaddafi's government. Various scholars agree that the origins of the recent regional conflicts and animosities in Libya between Tripolitania and Cyrenaica can be found in the Italian administration.
607:
In October 1920, further negotiations between Italy and Cyrenaica resulted in the Accord of al-Rajma, in which Idris was given the title of the Emir of Cyrenaica and permitted to autonomously administer the oases around
1004:
The legacy of Italian colonisation has led to significant anti-western sentiments across Tripolitania and all of Libya which, some scholars argue, were crucial for Gaddafi's legitimacy. Ahmida states that the
741:. His example continued to inspire resistance even after his capture and execution on 16 September 1931. His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism.
429:
in 1918. Although it didn't succeed in setting up a republic, it demonstrated attempts to resist colonial control. The Italian colonisers set up various infrastructure projects, most notably roads and
699:
local assemblies with limited local authority was set up, but was revoked on 9 March 1927. In 1929, Tripoli and Cyrenaica were united as one colonial province. From 1931 to 1932, Italian forces under
1115:"Moslem Italians") including individual freedom, inviolability of home and property, the right to join the military or civil administrations, and the right to freely pursue a career or employment.
958:"Moslem Italians") including individual freedom, inviolability of home and property, the right to join the military or civil administrations, and the right to freely pursue a career or employment.
556:
diplomatic status. Using the British as intermediaries, Idris led the Order into negotiations with the Italians in July 1916. These resulted in two agreements, at al-Zuwaytina in April 1916 and
504:, colonial cavalry troops raised in December 1912. These units were recruited from the Arab-Berber population of Libya following the initial Italian occupation in 1911–12. The Savari, like the
632:
by disbanding the Cyrenaican military units, however he did not comply with this. By the end of 1921, relations between the Senussi Order and the Italian government had again deteriorated.
752:
in the summer of that year. The classical name "Libya" was revived as the official name of the unified colony. Then in 1937 the colony was split administratively into four provinces:
996:
in Tripolitania compared to Cyrenaica. They treated the population with less violence than Cyrenaica, whose population was halved due to forced deportation and concentration camps.
1123:
moved into Tripoli, until 1970. In this year, Gaddafi "expelled" the remaining Italians in Libya, bringing an end to the legacy of the colonial Italian presence in Tripolitania.
3081:
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
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After Cyrenaica's full pacification, the Italian archaeological efforts in the 1930s were more focused on the former Greek colony of Cyrenaica than in Tripolitania, which was a
560:
in April 1917. The latter of these treaties left most of inland Cyrenaica under the control of the Senussi Order. Relations between the Senussi Order and the newly established
425:
Although resistance to the Italian colonisers was less prevalent in Tripolitania than Cyrenaica (which waged significant guerilla warfare), a resistance group did form the
1307:
Winter 1927-8: Launching the "29th Parallel line operations", as a result of coordination between the governments of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, led to the conquest of
3596:
2128:
Habib W. El-Hesnawi, "The Story of the Libyans' Jihad (Resistance) Against Italian Colonialism 1911-1943", Markaz Jihad al Libiyeen dhid al Ghazw al Itali, 1988.
1143:
In Italian Tripolitania, the Italians made significant improvements to the physical infrastructure: The most important were the coastal road between Tripoli and
3654:
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as a problem due to the united force of Cyrenaican tribesmen and merchants. As well as 70 years worth of gathering with the religious and social movement,
3649:
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549:, Ahmed had pursued armed attacks against British military forces stationed in neighbouring Egypt. On taking power, Idris put a stop to these attacks.
182:
837:. As a consequence they were able to forge a unified front that shared an anti-colonial, pan-Islamic ideology that successfully resisted colonialism.
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continued to defend themselves, with the strongest voices of dissent coming from the Cyrenaica. Beginning in the first days of Italian colonization,
3689:
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433:. Archeology was another important feature of the Italian presence in Tripolitania, as they focused efforts in excavations in old Roman cities.
3447:
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were acrimonious. The Senussi attempted to militarily extend their power into eastern Tripolitania, resulting in a pitched battle at
874:
The Italian defeat and engrossment with the war in Europe meant that Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were able to have political agency.
3255:
1151:. Other important infrastructure improvements were the enlargement of the port of Tripoli and the creation of the Tripoli airport.
3644:
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moved to Tripolitania, particularly to Tripoli, and Italian presence was still felt long after the decolonisation process began.
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45% Italian). As a consequence, huge economic improvements arose in all coastal Tripolitania. For example, Italians created the
3669:
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2403:
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declining, with forces being held only within coastal cities.On the 29th of April 1915, they experienced a heavy defeat at the
2078:
Dyson, S.L (2006). In pursuit of ancient pasts: a history of classical archaeology in the 19th and 20h centuries. pp. 182–183.
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2716:
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2160:
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1915: Italian reverses at the battles of Wadi Marsit, and Al Gardabiya, forced them to withdraw and eventually to retire to
2561:
1867:
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905:.Within five days the trial ended with the public hanging of the Al-Mukhtar, Concluding the era of organised resistance.
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829:. Tripolitanian resistance was not as substantial, as various tribes cooperated with Italians. However, Graziani saw
3629:
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2709:
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Instead he established a tacit alliance with the British, which would last for half a century and accord his Order
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In Italy the legacy of the colonisation of Tripolitania is less felt by the public, due to a phenomenon labelled "
3606:
3468:
3160:
2670:
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67:
2060:
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201:
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1010:
653:—would militarily retaliate against the Senussi Order, and so he went into exile in Egypt in December 1922.
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1800:"The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State (review)"
2119:خليفة Kalifa Tillisi, “Mu’jam Ma’arik Al Jihad fi Libia1911-1931”, Dar Ath Thaqafa, Beirut, Lebanon, 1973.
1868:"Between "colonial amnesia" and "victimization biases": Double standards in Italian cultural heritage law"
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Attilio Teruzzi, "Cirenaica Verdi", translated by Kalifa Tillisi, ad Dar al Arabiya lil Kitab, 1991.
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to bring an end to the violence. In January 1922 they agreed to request that Idris extend the Sanui
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2261:
1190:
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A group of villages for Italians and Libyans was created on coastal Tripolitania during the 1930s.
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Despite a major revolt by the Arabs, the Ottoman sultan ceded Libya to the Italians by signing the
241:
2768:
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The Royal Palace of Tripoli, designed by Italian colonial architect Meraviglia-Mantegazza in 1924.
545:, abdicated his position, he was replaced by Idris, who was his cousin. Pressured to do so by the
465:
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3366:
3356:
3215:
2816:
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in 1918 with Ahmad Al-Murayyid of Tarhuna, Abd Al-Nabi Bilkhayr of Warfalla, Sulayman Al-Baruni.
854:
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542:
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1107:, an internationally renowned automobile race. Certain rights were guaranteed to autochthonous
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1980:
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responsibility for the pacification of Libya, due to previous success in the reoccupation of
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477:
A 1-lire airmail stamp, depicting an Arab horseman pointing to an airplane passing overhead.
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2015:
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8:
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1967:
1726:
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By 1934, Libyan indigenous resistance was effectively crushed. The new Italian governor
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1905:
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The Province of Tripoli (the most important in all Italian Libya) was subdivided into:
714:, accepted the commission from Mussolini on the condition that he was allowed to crush
520:
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533:), of the Senussi, led Libyan resistance in various forms through the outbreak of the
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722:. Mussolini reportedly agreed immediately and Graziani intensified the oppression.
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650:
636:
516:
422:. In 1939, Tripolitania was considered a part of the Kingdom of Italy's 4th Shore.
391:
115:
34:
675:. Due to the effective resistance of the Libyan people against Italy's so-called "
398:, that existed from 1911 to 1934. It was part of the territory conquered from the
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3127:
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2624:
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2614:
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364:
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987:, but in February 1947 relinquished all Italian colonies in a Peace Treaty.
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was trending, and after several attempts at regaining power in Tripolitania
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1925:
Forgotten Voices : Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya
1838:
Forgotten Voices : Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya
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Forgotten Voices : Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya
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Forgotten Voices : Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya
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was not initially successful and it was not until the early 1930s that the
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2016:"Colonial Twilight: Italian Settlers and the Long Decolonization of Libya"
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1892:
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Italy tried unsuccessfully to maintain the colony of Tripolitania after
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as part of the celebrations to mark the promulgation of the settlement.
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541:, the Senussi Order fought back against them. When the Order's leader,
1271:) initially under Italian suzerainty, but because of the recapture of
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Arrival of the first Italian locomotive in the harbor of Tripoli, 1912
469:
Italy's representation of the takeover of Ottoman Tripolitania in 1911
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834:
830:
688:
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1304:, most of Tripolitania (except the Sirt desert) is in Italian hands.
1275:(November) by Libyan resistance men, the advance turns into retreat.
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policy, which exclusively benefitted Italian museums and journals.
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capture on the 11th of September 1931, his trial ran personally by
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625:
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1948:
Jedlowski, Paolo (2012). "Memories of the Italian colonial past".
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In December 1934, certain rights were guaranteed to autochthonous
668:
Fighting intensified after the accession to power in Italy of the
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in which the Senussi were forced to withdraw back into Cyrenaica.
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Italy in North Africa : an account of the Tripoli enterprise
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1706:
1704:
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537:. After the Italian army invaded Cyrenaica in 1913 as part of
3478:
1752:
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1438:
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1434:
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railways Tripoli-Zuara, Tripoli-Garian and Tripoli-Tagiura
976:
In early 1943 the region was invaded and occupied by the
3597:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
1645:
Grigoriadis, Theocharis N.; Kassem, Walied (June 2021).
1318:
becomes a unique governor of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.
2181:
Gli italiani in Libia. Vol. 1: Tripoli bel suol d'Amore
1524:
1499:
1487:
840:
Guerrilla warfare in 1924, by Shaykh Rida, brother of
980:; this was the end of the Italian colonial presence.
2176:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987.
1220:
Tourism was further promoted by the creation of the
923:
Celebrations in Tripoli for the arrival of Governor
718:
unencumbered by the restraints of either Italian or
2252:
Banknotes of the Military Authority in Tripolitania
2242:List of colonial governors of Italian Tripolitania
2220:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
1397:. Vol. 2. London : Hodder and Stoughton.
1224:, a racing car event of international importance.
410:included the western northern half of Libya, with
2247:Postage stamps and postal history of Tripolitania
1644:
1608:
3621:
3602:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
943:. In 1934, Italian Tripolitania became part of
414:as its main city. In 1934, it was unified with
3291:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
961:In 1937, northern Tripolitania was split into
737:, organized and, for nearly twenty years, led
3655:States and territories disestablished in 1934
2717:
2292:
1647:"The Regional Origins of the Libyan Conflict"
1613:. New York : Routledge. pp. 48–52.
1324:1934: Tripolitania is incorporated into the
908:
707:campaign. Badoglio's successor in the field,
508:or mounted Libyan police, formed part of the
26:
3685:1934 disestablishments in the Italian Empire
935:were formed in 1911, during the conquest of
635:Following the death of Tripolitanian leader
519:states the discussion of Tripoli during the
485:were formed in 1911, during the conquest of
454:
40:
16:1911–1934 Italian possession in North Africa
1297:, launching the reconquest of Tripolitania.
969:. In 1939 Tripolitania was included in the
3650:States and territories established in 1911
2724:
2710:
2299:
2285:
2215:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1872:International Journal of Cultural Property
1712:
1553:
1537:
1518:
1493:
1477:
1465:
1442:
1157:
1035:
93:
3680:1911 establishments in the Italian Empire
3008:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
2013:
1947:
1891:
1390:
1213:, and the preparation of these sites for
1176:was used by the Italian authorities as a
512:(Royal Corps of Libyan Colonial Troops).
500:. The Italians made extensive use of the
3256:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
3076:
2210:The Ax within: Italian Fascism in Action
2186:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
1865:
1481:
1228:Main military and political developments
1161:
1130:
1047:
1039:
918:
853:
805:
655:
600:with this arrangement and Idris visited
578:
570:
510:Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali della Libia
472:
464:
3690:Former countries of the interwar period
2150:
2098:
2061:Chapter Libya-Tripolitania (in Italian)
1927:. New York: Routledge. pp. 35–36.
1840:. New York: Routledge. pp. 71–76.
1797:
1774:. New York: Routledge. pp. 43–44.
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1549:
1461:
1412:
1331:1939: Tripolitania is made part of the
1267:(August) makes Tripolitania (including
810:Pacification of Tripolitania and Fezzan
394:colony, located in present-day western
3622:
3541:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
2404:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
2194:(revised ed.). Oxford: Oneworld.
1922:
1835:
1769:
1727:"The Italian Empire and the Great War"
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
3039:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
2705:
2280:
2065:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1793:
1791:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
527:Sheikh Sidi Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi
3407:History of Italian colonial railways
2212:. Modern Viewpoints. New York, 1974.
1950:International Social Science Journal
1408:
1406:
1404:
748:created the political entity called
1718:
1575:
897:The resistance came to a stop with
41:
13:
1996:
1854:
1822:
1788:
1735:10.1093/oso/9780198822943.003.0006
1724:
1627:
858:Flag of the Tripolitanian Republic
587:, restored during the Italian rule
14:
3706:
2306:
1413:McClure, William Kidston (1986).
1401:
1126:
3675:1934 disestablishments in Africa
3556:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
3536:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
2733:
2641:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
2567:Muslim Association of the Lictor
2352:
2192:Libya: From Colony to Revolution
847:The resistance was later led by
369:
344:
330:
78:
66:
3607:Postage stamps of Italian Libya
3469:Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
2144:
2131:
2122:
2081:
2054:
2020:Journal of Contemporary History
1985:
1974:
1960:
1941:
1923:Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005).
1916:
1836:Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005).
1770:Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005).
1763:
1609:Abdullatif Ahmida, Ali (2005).
1559:
1394:The memoirs of Francesco Crispi
1346:
1311:, and linking the two colonies.
695:took full control of the area.
679:", Italian colonization of the
3645:Italian colonisation in Africa
3494:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
3332:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
3003:Italian concession of Tientsin
2691:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
2399:Allied administration of Libya
1384:
1373:
1321:1929-1930: Conquest of Fezzan.
1135:Battisti Village, present-day
871:, defeated an Italian column.
772:and administered militarily."
1:
3670:1911 establishments in Africa
3531:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
3521:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
3516:Italian 1st Eritrean Division
3352:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
2600:Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli
2512:Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport
2374:Italian colonization of Libya
1391:Crispi, Francesco (1912–14).
1366:
1097:
1013:in Libya can be found in the
775:
768:. The Fezzan area was called
450:Italian colonization of Libya
3312:Mogadishu under Italian rule
2812:Independent State of Croatia
2216:Vandewalle, Dirk J. (2006).
1293:1922: Italian forces occupy
1252:ends the Italo-Turkish war.
1064:
1060:patrolling in Tripoli, 1914.
7:
3526:1st Libyan Division Sibille
3372:Railway stations in Eritrea
3232:Asmara Presidential Palace
2983:Southern Military Territory
2844:Italian Province of Lubiana
2445:Southern Military Territory
2409:Italian refugees from Libya
2235:
2089:Video of Tripoli Grand Prix
1992:Video of Tripoli Grand Prix
1300:1924: With the conquest of
1009:and anti-western nature of
284:• Tripolitania colony
10:
3711:
3660:Former countries in Africa
3059:Ticino, Valais and Grisons
2832:Principality of the Pindus
2542:Tripoli International Fair
2257:Libyan resistance movement
2183:. Milano, Mondadori, 1997.
2151:Bearman, Jonathan (1986).
2014:Ballinger, Pamela (2016).
1866:Visconti, Arianna (2021).
912:
909:Unification with Cyrenaica
786:Libyan resistance movement
779:
458:
447:
443:
3577:Italian East African lira
3564:
3456:
3415:
3377:Rail transport in Somalia
3344:
3299:
3243:
3200:
3193:
3136:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3016:
2993:
2938:
2857:
2849:Governorate of Montenegro
2782:
2753:
2746:
2633:
2507:Railway stations in Libya
2453:
2417:
2361:
2350:
2314:
2218:A history of modern Libya
1884:10.1017/S0940739121000345
1798:Roumani, Jacques (2011).
1263:1914: Italian advance to
990:
973:of the Kingdom of Italy.
931:Italian Tripolitania and
739:Libyan resistance efforts
481:Italian Tripolitania and
455:Conquest and colonization
309:
305:
292:
282:
269:
256:
237:
233:
223:
219:
207:
195:
191:
181:
177:
165:
161:
151:
139:
125:
111:
101:
92:
62:
57:
21:
3695:Second Italo-Senussi War
3587:Italian Somaliland rupia
3089:Settlers and Irredentism
2916:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
2384:Second Italo-Senussi War
2262:Territorio Sahara Libico
2032:10.1177/0022009415606795
1339:
1335:of the Kingdom of Italy.
903:General Rodolfo Graziani
819:General Rodolfo Graziani
770:Territorio Sahara Libico
436:A significant number of
209:• 1928–1934 (last)
3630:Former Italian colonies
3582:Italian Somaliland lira
3402:Libyan Railway stations
3367:Asmara-Massawa Cableway
3357:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
2596:Pidgin Italian of Libya
2389:Western Desert campaign
1804:The Middle East Journal
1233:1911: Beginning of the
1158:Archaeology and tourism
1036:Colonial administration
892:Abd al-Rahman Azzam Bey
882:was able to create the
867:, when a presumed ally
543:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
539:their invasion of Libya
498:1912 Treaty of Lausanne
145:Colonial administration
3464:Italian African Police
3397:Italian Libya Railways
3276:Fiat Tagliero Building
3096:Settlers and colonists
3082:
2666:Italian African Police
2562:Sciara Sciatt massacre
2502:Italian Libya Railways
2394:North African campaign
2267:Italian Libya Railways
2188:St. John, Ronald Bruce
2174:Libya: A Country Study
1570:Libya: A Country Study
1417:. London : Darf.
1357:Libya: A Country Study
1237:. Italian conquest of
1215:archaeological tourism
1170:
1140:
1061:
1045:
1015:Tripolitanian Republic
928:
884:Tripolitanian Republic
865:battle of Gasr Bu Hadi
859:
811:
665:
588:
576:
562:Tripolitanian Republic
478:
470:
427:Tripolitanian Republic
352:Tripolitanian Republic
27:
3665:Italy–Libya relations
3565:Currencies and Stamps
3166:Istria-Venezia Giulia
3080:
2807:Islands of the Aegean
2155:. London: Zed Books.
1981:Images of old Tripoli
1174:Classical archaeology
1165:
1134:
1051:
1043:
1007:"pan-Islamic culture"
922:
857:
809:
792:Italian Fascist Party
705:punitive pacification
677:pacification campaign
659:
582:
574:
476:
468:
448:Further information:
112:Common languages
28:Tripolitania Italiana
3635:Italian Tripolitania
2582:Auto-Saharan Company
2466:Italian Tripolitania
1260:were ceded to Italy.
1011:Gaddafi's revolution
937:Ottoman Tripolitania
646:Emirate of Cyrenaica
487:Ottoman Tripolitania
388:Italian Tripolitania
338:Ottoman Tripolitania
197:• 1911 (first)
23:Italian Tripolitania
3457:Police and military
3251:Mogadishu Cathedral
2894:Somalia Governorate
2889:Eritrea Governorate
2884:Italian East Africa
2764:Southeastern France
2651:2nd Libyan Division
2646:1st Libyan Division
2495:Fascist imperialism
1968:"Immagini Storiche"
1729:. pp. 99–120.
869:Ramadan al-Suwayhli
260:Italian sovereignty
172:Victor Emmanuel III
3416:Political concepts
3387:Via della Vittoria
3261:Benghazi Cathedral
3224:Governor's Palace
3216:Governor's Palace
3208:Governor's Palace
3083:
2906:Amhara Governorate
2899:British Somaliland
2872:Italian Somaliland
2537:Tripoli Grand Prix
2532:Arch of the Fileni
2527:Via della Vittoria
2179:Del Boca, Angelo.
2170:Chapin Metz, Helen
1663:10.1111/mepo.12560
1651:Middle East Policy
1566:Chapin Metz, Helen
1552:, pp. 14–15;
1355:wrote in her book
1250:Treaty of Lausanne
1222:Tripoli Grand Prix
1171:
1168:Tripoli Grand Prix
1141:
1105:Tripoli Grand Prix
1062:
1046:
929:
860:
812:
666:
660:Medina quarter of
630:Legge Fondamentale
597:Legge Fondamentale
589:
577:
521:Congress of Berlin
479:
471:
273:Ottoman withdrawal
3615:
3614:
3392:Linea dell'Impero
3340:
3339:
3266:Tripoli Cathedral
3189:
3188:
3072:
3071:
3017:Planned expansion
2973:Benghazi Province
2921:Scioa Governorate
2911:Harar Governorate
2699:
2698:
2572:Arab Lictor Youth
2557:Italo-Turkish War
2478:Italian Cyrenaica
2435:Benghazi Province
2430:Misurata Province
2369:Italo-Turkish War
2227:978-0-521-85048-3
2201:978-1-85168-919-4
2162:978-0-86232-434-6
1715:, pp. 22–42.
1484:, pp. 66–67.
1445:, pp. 26–29.
1353:Helen Chapin Metz
1235:Italo-Turkish War
1111:(later called by
954:(later called by
941:Italo-Turkish War
933:Italian Cyrenaica
899:Umar Al-Mukhtar's
890:advisor was also
720:international law
716:Libyan resistance
583:Roman theatre of
491:Italo-Turkish War
483:Italian Cyrenaica
461:Italo-Turkish War
418:in the colony of
416:Italian Cyrenaica
406:in 1911. Italian
404:Italo-Turkish War
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
357:
356:
167:• 1911–1934
134:Roman Catholicism
3702:
3572:Eritrean tallero
3511:Ascari del Cielo
3433:New Roman Empire
3362:Eritrean Railway
3317:Italian Benghazi
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3093:
3092:
2968:Misrata Province
2963:Tripoli Province
2927:Italian Ethiopia
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2661:Ascari del Cielo
2605:Adriano Visconti
2517:Italian Benghazi
2461:Italian settlers
2454:Related articles
2425:Tripoli Province
2356:
2329:Rodolfo Graziani
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2231:
2205:
2166:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2011:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1895:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1683:
1682:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1360:
1350:
1113:Benito Mussolini
1022:colonial amnesia
967:Misrata Province
963:Tripoli Province
956:Benito Mussolini
876:Arab nationalism
849:'Umar Al-Mukhtar
815:Benito Mussolini
801:Social Darwinism
797:racial supremacy
712:Rodolfo Graziani
701:General Badoglio
693:Kingdom of Italy
673:Benito Mussolini
651:Benito Mussolini
637:Ramadan Asswehly
535:Second World War
517:Francesco Crispi
438:Italian settlers
373:
372:
361:
360:
348:
347:
334:
333:
327:
326:
311:
310:
288:12 November 1922
248:
147:
97:
82:
70:
52:
44:
43:
42:طرابلس الإيطالية
38:
30:
19:
18:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3560:
3551:Legione Redenta
3499:Eritrean Ascari
3452:
3411:
3336:
3327:Italian Massaua
3307:Italian Tripoli
3295:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3185:
3132:
3084:
3068:
3012:
2989:
2934:
2867:Italian Eritrea
2853:
2778:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2634:Colonial troops
2629:
2625:Lorenzo Bandini
2620:Franco Califano
2615:Claudio Gentile
2610:Rossana Podestà
2449:
2413:
2362:General History
2357:
2348:
2334:Italo Gariboldi
2310:
2305:
2238:
2228:
2208:Sarti, Durand.
2202:
2163:
2153:Qadhafi's Libya
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2012:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1834:
1823:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1725:Wilcox, Vanda.
1723:
1719:
1713:Vandewalle 2006
1711:
1686:
1643:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1576:
1572:. First Chapter
1564:
1560:
1554:Vandewalle 2006
1548:
1544:
1538:Vandewalle 2006
1536:
1525:
1519:Vandewalle 2006
1517:
1500:
1494:Vandewalle 2006
1492:
1488:
1478:Vandewalle 2006
1476:
1472:
1466:Vandewalle 2006
1460:
1449:
1443:Vandewalle 2006
1441:
1432:
1425:
1411:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1380:Italian Tripoli
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1326:Colony of Libya
1316:Pietro Badoglio
1230:
1160:
1129:
1100:
1067:
1038:
993:
917:
911:
788:
782:Omar al-Mukhtar
778:
515:The memoirs of
463:
457:
452:
446:
370:
345:
331:
298:
294:• Part of
285:
278:18 October 1912
275:
265:5 November 1911
262:
249:
240:
228:Interwar period
214:Pietro Badoglio
210:
198:
168:
143:
132:
118:
88:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
71:
53:
46:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3345:Infrastructure
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Italian Asmara
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3286:Asmara Theatre
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:Derna Province
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2859:Horn of Africa
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:Ionian Islands
2834:
2829:
2827:Hellenic State
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:Italian Empire
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2592:Postage stamps
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:Italian Empire
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:Derna Province
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2344:Giovanni Messe
2341:
2339:Ettore Bastico
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2097:
2080:
2064:
2053:
2026:(4): 826–829.
1995:
1984:
1973:
1959:
1956:(203–204): 35.
1940:
1933:
1915:
1878:(4): 552–553.
1853:
1846:
1821:
1810:(2): 339–341.
1787:
1780:
1762:
1746:
1717:
1684:
1657:(2): 119–129.
1626:
1619:
1574:
1558:
1542:
1523:
1498:
1486:
1480:, p. 27;
1470:
1464:, p. 14;
1447:
1430:
1423:
1400:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1229:
1226:
1203:Roman colonies
1159:
1156:
1128:
1127:Infrastructure
1125:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:Sugh el Giumaa
1081:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1056:and an Arabic
1037:
1034:
992:
989:
927:, January 1934
913:Main article:
910:
907:
777:
774:
591:At the end of
547:Ottoman Empire
456:
453:
445:
442:
400:Ottoman Empire
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
367:
358:
355:
354:
349:
341:
340:
335:
323:
322:
317:
307:
306:
303:
302:
301:1 January 1934
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
257:
254:
253:
252:5 October 1911
250:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
224:Historical era
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
72:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Italian Libya
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Maletti Group
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3504:Somali Ascari
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Spazio vitale
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Greater Italy
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Cinema Impero
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:Italian Libya
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2756:Mediterranean
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Maletti Group
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Frontier Wire
2550:
2548:
2547:Imperial Line
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Italian Libya
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Italian Libya
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1934:9780415949866
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1847:9780415949866
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1781:9780415949866
1777:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1758:The Ax within
1753:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1620:9780415949866
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1556:, p. 29.
1555:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 29.
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1521:, p. 28.
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1496:, p. 27.
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:St. John 2012
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 27.
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:gulf of Sidra
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
948:
946:
945:Italian Libya
942:
938:
934:
926:
921:
916:
915:Italian Libya
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
888:Al-Suwayhil's
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
856:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
804:
802:
798:
793:
787:
783:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:Italian Libya
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
683:provinces of
682:
678:
674:
671:
663:
658:
654:
652:
647:
643:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
603:
598:
594:
586:
581:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
475:
467:
462:
451:
441:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:Italian Libya
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
368:
366:
365:Italian Libya
363:
362:
359:
353:
350:
343:
342:
339:
336:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
296:Italian Libya
291:
287:
281:
277:
274:
268:
264:
261:
255:
251:
247:
243:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
202:R.B.R. d'Olmo
200:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
91:
81:
69:
61:
56:
50:
36:
29:
20:
3617:
3443:Fourth Shore
3428:Mare Nostrum
3210:(Mogadishu)
3201:Governmental
3194:Architecture
2948:Tripolitania
2947:
2925:
2800:World War II
2747:Subdivisions
2587:Fourth Shore
2577:Fort Capuzzo
2465:
2217:
2209:
2191:
2180:
2173:
2152:
2145:Bibliography
2133:
2124:
2083:
2056:
2023:
2019:
1987:
1976:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1893:10807/193723
1875:
1871:
1837:
1807:
1803:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1738:. Retrieved
1720:
1654:
1650:
1610:
1569:
1561:
1550:Bearman 1986
1545:
1489:
1473:
1462:Bearman 1986
1414:
1393:
1386:
1375:
1356:
1348:
1254:Tripolitania
1219:
1207:Leptis Magna
1195:
1183:Leptis Magna
1172:
1153:
1142:
1121:
1117:
1101:
1068:
1019:
1006:
1003:
994:
985:World War II
982:
975:
960:
949:
930:
896:
873:
861:
846:
842:Sayyid Idris
839:
823:Tripolitania
813:
789:
743:
733:, a Senussi
731:Omar Mukhtar
724:
697:
685:Tripolitania
667:
634:
629:
606:
596:
590:
553:
551:
531:King Idris I
525:
514:
509:
495:
480:
435:
424:
408:Tripolitania
387:
386:
320:Succeeded by
319:
314:
85:Coat of arms
3281:Marble Arch
3176:Switzerland
3138:Irredentism
2877:Oltre Giuba
2795:World War I
2324:Italo Balbo
1054:Carabiniere
1052:An Italian
925:Italo Balbo
880:Al-Suwayhil
746:Italo Balbo
593:World War I
315:Preceded by
3624:Categories
3448:Third Rome
3382:Via Balbia
3218:(Tripoli)
3108:Dodecanese
2522:Via Balbia
1740:2023-05-13
1424:1850770921
1367:References
1191:excavation
1178:propaganda
1098:Demography
780:See also:
776:Resistance
566:Bani Walid
459:See also:
402:after the
242:Occupation
140:Government
3234:(Asmara)
3226:(Asmara)
2953:Cyrenaica
2483:Governors
2471:Governors
2418:Provinces
2316:Governors
2272:4th Shore
2048:159856606
2040:0022-0094
1910:246168932
1902:0940-7391
1816:1940-3461
1679:244412853
1671:1061-1924
1333:4th Shore
1258:Cyrenaica
1065:Provinces
971:4th Shore
835:Sanusiyya
831:Cyrenaica
689:Cyrenaica
558:at Akrama
126:Religion
58:1911–1934
3300:Urbanism
3244:Civilian
3161:Dalmatia
3118:Ethiopia
2995:Far East
2817:Dalmatia
2791:Albania
2754:Western
2236:See also
2190:(2012).
1288:Al Khums
1243:Al Khums
1211:Sabratha
1187:Sabratha
1147:and the
1145:Benghazi
1026:Ethiopia
762:Benghazi
703:waged a
670:dictator
664:in 1920s
626:Ajdabiya
585:Sabratha
554:de facto
431:railways
183:Governor
3146:Corsica
3128:Somalia
3113:Eritrea
3103:Albania
3064:Tunisia
3034:Majorca
2784:Balkans
2774:Corsica
2094:YouTube
1756:Sarti.
1295:Misrata
1280:Tripoli
1239:Tripoli
1137:Qirnada
1109:Libyans
1092:Gharyan
1074:Tripoli
1030:Eritrea
998:Gaddafi
952:Libyans
939:in the
758:Misrata
754:Tripoli
727:Libyans
709:General
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