Italo-Turkish War - Knowledge

2041: 890: 215: 5518: 392: 373: 361: 349: 337: 201: 6326: 174: 251: 161: 6138: 186: 319: 307: 287: 275: 263: 1668: 1986: 1549: 2070: 39: 2114: 404: 227: 6026: 1416: 2230: 1879: 3987: 1773: 1541: 1482:. Italy also foresaw that result since Paternò Castello, in a July report to the king and Giolitti, laid out the reasons for and against military action in Libya, and he raised the concern that the Balkan revolt, which would likely follow an Italian attack on Libya, might force Austria-Hungary to take military action in Balkan areas claimed by Italy. 1721:, the Ottomans and the Libyans were estimated at 3,500, but they were being constantly reinforced, and a general assault on the Italian position was expected. The Italian and Turkish forces in Tripoli and Cyrenaica were constantly reinforced since the Ottoman withdrawal to the interior enabled them to reinforce their troops considerably. 2453:, which superseded the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Turkey formally recognised the Italian annexation of the Dodecanese. The population was largely Greek, and by treaty in 1947, the islands eventually became part of Greece. As the Dodecanese were part of Italy, the local population was not affected by the subsequent 2103: 1612:

The first disembarkation of Italian troops occurred on 10 October. Having no prior military experiences and lacking adequate planning for amphibious invasions, the Italian armies poured onto the coasts of Libya, facing numerous problems during their landings and deployments. One of these problems was

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in 1911, demanded an invasion. The Italian press began a large-scale lobbying campaign for an invasion of Libya in late March 1911. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals and well-watered, defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Also, its population was described as hostile to the Ottomans and

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On 29 September 1911, Italy published the declaration of their direct interest towards Libya. Without a proper response, the Italian forces landed on the shores of Libya on 4 October 1911. A considerable number of Italians were living within the Ottoman Empire, mostly inhabiting Istanbul, Izmir, and

2398:"martyrdom" characterised the funerals. The result was to consolidate Catholic war culture among devout Italians, which was soon expanded to include Italian involvement in the Great War (1915–1918). That aggressive spirit was revived by the Fascists in the 1920s to strengthen their popular support. 2361:

took almost all of the territory that Bulgaria had captured in the first war. In the wake of the enormous change in the regional balance of power, Russia switched its primary allegiance in the region from Bulgaria to Serbia and guaranteed Serbian autonomy from any outside military intervention. The

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Although Italy could extend its control to almost all of the 2,000 km of the Libyan coast between April and early August 1912, its ground forces could not venture beyond the protection of the navy's guns and so were limited to a thin coastal strip. In the summer of 1912, Italy began operations

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Technologically and numerically superior Italian forces easily managed to take the shores. However, the Italians still could not penetrate deep inland. The Libyans and Turks, estimated at 15,000, made frequent attacks day and night on the strongly-entrenched Italian garrison in the southern suburbs

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The Italian army was ill-prepared for the war and was not informed of the government's plans for Libya until late September. The army had a shortage of soldiers as the class of 1889 was demobilized before the war started. Military operations started with the bombardment of Tripoli on 3 October. The

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In Italy itself, massive funerals for fallen heroes brought the Catholic Church closer to the government from which it had long been alienated. There emerged a cult of patriotic sacrifice in which the colonial war was celebrated in an aggressive and imperialistic way. The ideology of "crusade" and

2353:(1912–1913) beginning by a Montenegrin attack on 8 October 1912, ten days before the Treaty of Ouchy. The swift and nearly-complete victory of the Balkan League astonished contemporary observers. However, none of the victors were happy with the division of captured territory, which resulted in the 1330:

would have been a counterpart for Italy, which made a secret agreement with the British government in February 1887 via a diplomatic exchange of notes. The agreement stipulated that Italy would support British control in Egypt, and that Britain would likewise support Italian influence in Libya. In

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had Italian troops systematically murder thousands of civilians by moving through local homes and gardens one by one, including by setting fire to a mosque with 100 refugees inside. Although Italian authorities attempted to keep the news of the massacre from getting out, the incident soon became

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With a decree of 5 November 1911, Italy declared its sovereignty over Libya. Although the Italians controlled the coast, many of their troops had been killed in battle and nearly 6,000 Ottoman soldiers remained to face an army of nearly 140,000 Italians. As a result, the Ottomans began using

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broke out shortly before the treaty had been signed. Turkey was in no position to reoccupy the islands while its main armies were engaged in a bitter struggle to preserve its remaining territories in the Balkans. To avoid a Greek invasion of the islands, it was implicitly agreed on that the

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on 15 September 1931. The result of the Italian colonisation for the Libyan population was that by the mid-1930s it had been cut in half due to emigration, famine, and war casualties. The Libyan population in 1950 was at the same level as in 1911, approximately 1.5 million.

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Although some elements of the local population collaborated with the Italians, counterattacks by Ottomans soldiers with the help of local troops confined the Italian army to the coastal region. In fact, by the end of 1912 the Italians had made little progress in conquering

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Thessaloniki, dealing with trade and industry. The sudden declaration of war shocked both the Italian community living in the Empire as well as the Ottoman government. Depending on the mutual friendly relations, the Ottoman Government had sent their Libyan battalions to

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forced the Italians to abandon all occupied territory and to entrench themselves in Tripoli, Derna, and on the coast of Cyrenaica. The Italian control over much of the interior of Libya remained ineffective until the late 1920s when forces under the Generals

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against Turkey was written by November 1911, with a defensive treaty signed in March 1912 and an offensive treaty signed in May 1912 focused on military action against Ottoman-ruled Southeastern Europe. The series of bilateral treaties between

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could look back on the events that led to the First World War and its aftermath and state of the Italian attack, "all subsequent events are nothing more than the evolution of that first aggression." Unlike the British-controlled Egypt, the

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Lacking a considerable navy, the Ottomans were not able to send regular forces to Libya, the Ottoman government supported a great number of young officers to travel to the area in order to rally the locals and coordinate the resistance.

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city was conquered by 1,500 sailors, much to the enthusiasm of the interventionist minority in Italy. Another proposal for a diplomatic settlement was rejected by the Italians, and so the Ottomans decided to defend the province.

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agreed on 14 September to launch a military campaign "before the Austrian and German governments of it". Germany was then actively attempting to mediate between Rome and Constantinople, and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister

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on the coast between Tobruk and Solum to prevent contraband and troops from entering across the Egyptian frontier, and the naval blockaders guarded the coast as well as capturing several sailing ships laden with contraband.

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The Italians believed that a force of 20,000 would be able to take over Libya. The force was able to capture Tripoli, Tobruk, Derna, Bengasi, and Homs between 3 and 21 October. However, the Italians suffered a defeat at

1982:. The Ottoman naval presence at Beirut was completely annihilated and casualties on the Ottoman side were heavy. The Italian Navy gained complete naval dominance of the southern Mediterranean for the rest of the war. 1812:

threatened the Italian line, and the Libyans attempted to surround the Italian troops. Further Italian reinforcements, however, stabilised the situation, and the battle ended in the afternoon with an Italian victory.

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that Italy was "more burdensome than useful as an ally. Against Austria, she harbours a latent hostility that nothing can disarm". The tensions within the Triple Alliance would eventually lead Italy to sign the 1915

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near Derna. The Italians, who were outnumbered but had superior weaponry, held the line. A lack of coordination between the Italian units sent from Derna as reinforcements and the intervention of Ottoman

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An attack of 20,000 Ottoman and local troops was repulsed on 30 November with considerable losses. Shortly afterward, the garrison was reinforced by the 57th infantry regiment from Italy. The battleship

1512:(CUP), on the night of 26–27 September 1911. Through Austro-Hungarian intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war and maintaining a formal Ottoman 1974:

alone suffered 58 killed and 108 wounded. By contrast, the Italian ships took no casualties and also no direct hits from any of the Ottoman warships. Italy had feared that the Ottoman naval forces at

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also arrived from Tobruk. During the night of 14 and 15 December, the Ottomans attacked in great force but were repulsed with aid of the fire from the ships. The Italians lost several field guns.

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and Greece and cause imbalance in the already-fragile situation in the Balkan area. The only other relevant military operation of the summer was an attack of five Italian torpedo boats in the

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and many others. These young officers were to perform important military duties and accomplishments in the First World War, led the Turkish independency war and found the Republic of Turkey.

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The removal of diplomatic obstacles coincided with increasing colonial fervor. In 1908, the Italian Colonial Office was upgraded to a Central Directorate of Colonial Affairs. The nationalist

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with the approval of the other powers, which were eager to end a war that was lasting much longer than expected. Italy occupied twelve islands in the sea, comprising the Ottoman province of

3945:"1911–1912 Turco–Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". Ministry of Culture of Turkey, edited by Turkish Armed Forces-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 3283:"1911–1912 Turco-Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". Ministry of Culture of Turkey, edited by Turkish Armed Forces-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 2210:

Dodecanese would remain under neutral Italian administration until the conclusion of hostilities between the Greeks and the Ottomans, after which the islands would revert to Ottoman rule.

2366:, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist and the resulting Austro-Hungarian plan for military action against Serbia was a major precipitating event of the 1283:, using rifles, were the first to shoot down an airplane. Another use of new technology was a network of wireless telegraphy stations established soon after the initial landings. 3968:"Trablusgarp Savaşı Ve 1911–1912 Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri: Tarblusgarp Savaşı'nda Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'le İlgili Bazı Belgeler", Hale Şıvgın, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2006, 2247:

a month judged sufficient at its beginning, it reached a cost of 80 million a month for a much longer period than was originally estimated. The war cost Italy 1.3 billion

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The corps was consequently enlarged to 100,000 men who had to face 20,000 Libyans and 8,000 Ottomans. The war turned into one of position. Even the Italian utilisation of

2217:(which found Turkey and Italy again on opposing sides), meant that the islands were never returned to the Ottoman Empire. Turkey gave up its claims on the islands in the 2513: 1398:. However, the Italian government did little to realise that opportunity and so knowledge of the Libyan territory and resources remained scarce in the following years. 926: 1544:

Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions on Libyan territory. The Italo-Turkish War was the first in history to feature aerial bombardment by airplanes and airships.

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had a strong influence over public opinion, but it was in opposition and also divided on the issue. It acted ineffectively against military intervention. The future

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Italian diplomats decided to take advantage of the situation to obtain a favourable peace deal. On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty in

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that Britain and France should not interfere with Italy's designs on Libya. Meanwhile, the Russian government urged Italy to act in a "prompt and resolute manner".

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stated to the Italian ambassador on 28 July that he would support Italy, not the Ottomans. On 19 September, Grey instructed Permanent Under-Secretary of State Sir

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Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)

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Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 82

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Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 15

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The Italian government remained committed into 1911 to the maintenance of the Ottoman Empire, which was a close friend of its German ally. Prime Minister

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and the foundation of modern Turkey created a new situation that made the enforcement of the terms of that treaty impossible. In Article 15 of the 1923

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In contrast to its engagement with the Entente powers, Italy largely ignored its military allies in the Triple Alliance. Giolitti and Foreign Minister

2312:, which made up modern-day Libya, was core territory of the Empire, like that of the Balkans. The coalition that had defended the Ottomans during the 1214:), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the 1923 2770:

Realizing how easily the Italians had defeated the Ottomans, the members of the Balkan League attacked the empire before the war with Italy was over

1446:, changed the political calculations. The Italian leadership then decided that it could safely accede to public demands for a colonial project. The 2610: 1629:, with at least 21 officers and 482 soldiers dead. The Italians executed 400 women and 4,000 men through firing squads and hanging in retaliation. 6454: 5761: 5045: 4901: 1832:, attacked the Italian positions on the plateau. The larger Italian fire drove back the Ottoman soldiers, who were surrounded by a battalion of 4586: 4153: 2841: 2657: 3963:

Awaken the archive of a colonial war. Photographs and writings of a French war correspondent during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya (1911–1912)

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in 1912. However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the

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internationally known. The Italians started to show photographs of the massacred Italian soldiers at Sciara Sciat to justify their revenge.

5930: 4959: 4601: 2880: 3965:. With contributions from art historian Caroline Recher, critic Smaranda Olcèse, writer Mathieu Larnaudie and historian Quentin Deluermoz. 3065: 2481:), who has to choose his national identity between his Turkish father and Italian mother after the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 and the 889: 6231: 4954: 1890:

At sea, the Italians enjoyed a clear advantage. The Italian Navy had seven times the tonnage of the Ottoman Navy and was better trained.

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had also joined these officers, granting royal support to the resistance. During the war, Mustafa Kemal Bey, the future founder of the

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After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army the Italians could easily extend their occupation of the country, seizing East Tripolitania,

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repeatedly warned Italy that military action in Libya would threaten the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and create a crisis in the

6064: 5549: 4468: 1497:, who was then still a left-wing Socialist, took a prominent antiwar position. A similar opposition was expressed in Parliament by 1326:

When Italian diplomats hinted about possible opposition to the Anglo-French maneuvers by their government, the French replied that

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The Ottomans would withdraw all military personnel from Trablus and Benghazi vilayets (Libya), but in return, Italy would return

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and air power, both among the earliest in modern warfare, had little effect on the initial outcome. In the first military use of

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Matteo Caponi, "Liturgie funebri e sacrificio patriottico I riti di suffragio per i caduti nella guerra di Libia (1911–1912)."

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during 1913. The outbreak of the First World War with the necessity to bring back the troops to Italy, the proclamation of the

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was too weak to transport troops by sea. The Ottomans organised local Libyans for the defence against the Italian invasion.

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dropped four grenades on Tajura (Arabic: تاجوراء Tājūrā’, or Tajoura) and Ain Zara in the first aerial bombing in history.

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The Italo-Turkish War illustrated to the French and British governments that Italy was more valuable to them inside the

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after a brief bombardment on 4 December 1911, occupied the seashore, and marched towards the hinterlands facing weak

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Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945

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guerrilla tactics. Indeed, some "Young Turk" officers reached Libya and helped organize a guerrilla war with local

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friendly to the Italians, and they predicted that the future invasion would be little more than a "military walk".

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The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning, Waniss Otman, Erling Karlberg, p. 13

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War quarters to coordinate the field on 6 March 1912. The Libyan campaign ground to a stalemate by December 1911.

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and many other Turkish officers managed to reach Libya, traveling under secret identities such as covering as a

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waged bloody pacification campaigns. Resistance petered out only after the execution of the rebel leader

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The resistance in Libya was an important experience for the young officers of the Ottoman Army, such as

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from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman

755: 710: 538: 4763: 2838: 6355: 6164: 5785: 5401: 5067: 5002: 4721: 4667: 4143: 3617: 2508: 2503: 1945:. The Italians blockaded the Red Sea ports of the Ottomans and actively supplied and supported the 1679: 1367: 1034: 840: 770: 598: 593: 533: 528: 5845: 5751: 2786: 2402: 2074: 2044: 1990: 1789: 1730: 914: 377: 52: 6360: 5949: 5890: 5588: 5464: 5454: 5396: 5336: 5182: 5009: 4992: 4684: 4622: 4407: 4375: 4324: 4239: 4197: 3374: 3346:"The Encyclopedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information" 3269: 2391: 1953: 1946: 1793: 1699: 1486: 1028: 998: 980: 974: 735: 588: 573: 563: 5736: 3109: 2301: 6743: 6738: 6708: 6698: 6637: 6493: 6473: 6365: 6256: 6169: 5870: 5800: 5790: 5677: 5255: 5192: 4975: 4800: 4627: 4447: 4427: 4254: 4046: 2374: 1637: 1633: 1356: 950: 902: 583: 6325: 4417: 3747:

P.J. Carabott, "The Temporary Italian Occupation of the Dodecanese: A Prelude to Permanency,"

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in which French military action in Morocco in April 1911 would lead to the establishment of a

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and suffered heavy losses. A later Ottoman attack had the same outcome. Then, operations in

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tells the fictional story of a boy living in the Ottoman city of Selânik (Salonica, today

1788:. Small numbers of Ottoman soldiers and Libyan volunteers were later organized by Captain 8: 6503: 6401: 6115: 6004: 5825: 5706: 5682: 5544: 5539: 5326: 5135: 5089: 5060: 4617: 4422: 4365: 4234: 4162: 4138: 1895: 1849: 1785: 1407: 1379: 908: 815: 795: 760: 641: 255: 30: 6009: 4837: 3834: 3368: 3159: 2434: 2386: 6508: 6498: 6110: 5731: 5697: 5459: 5426: 5391: 5270: 5187: 5165: 5145: 5111: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4773: 4694: 4679: 4319: 4304: 4289: 4249: 4244: 4127: 3535: 3527: 3155: 2651: 2450: 2317: 2218: 2146: 1761: 1591: 1517: 1304: 1215: 1010: 968: 865: 825: 765: 745: 730: 705: 695: 675: 558: 178: 173: 6581: 5662: 4879: 4596: 3066:"Karalahana.com: Turkey's Black Sea region (Pontos) history, culture and travel guide" 2727: 1901: 1692:. The four Italian infantry regiments on the defensive were supported by the cruisers 1348: 6543: 6483: 6449: 6406: 5905: 5885: 5780: 5770: 5667: 5446: 5307: 5275: 5229: 4817: 4783: 4662: 4387: 4309: 4269: 4182: 3998: 3969: 3953: 3891: 3876: 3861: 3846: 3773: 3621: 3539: 3487: 3457: 3423: 3318: 2992: 2982: 2970: 2926: 2899: 2861: 2792: 2759: 2680: 2616: 2539: 2354: 2252: 2063: 1498: 1428: 1420: 1383: 1284: 1264: 1245: 1184: 1052: 1004: 956: 381: 353: 267: 137: 48: 44: 4768: 2474: 2081:

On 23 October 1911, over 500 Italian soldiers were slaughtered by Turkish troops at

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Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, Volume 57, Issue 2

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The invasion of Libya was a costly enterprise for Italy. Instead of the 30 million

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On 3 March 1912, 1,500 Libyan volunteers attacked Italian troops who were building

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Turkish and Italian delegations at Lausanne (1912). From left to right (seating):

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in order to suppress local rebellions, leaving only the military police in Libya.

1229:, seeing how easily Italy defeated the Ottomans and motivated by incipient Balkan 6596: 6591: 6586: 6305: 6201: 5999: 5775: 5657: 5647: 5598: 5554: 5421: 5416: 5084: 4944: 4924: 4657: 4647: 4548: 4133: 4105: 4040: 4019: 3806: 3735: 3586: 3481: 3245: 3142: 3126: 3083: 2946: 2893: 2845: 2486: 2437:, which was never ratified, Italy was supposed to cede all of the islands except 2410: 2367: 2280: 2205:

Subsequent events prevented the return of the Dodecanese to Turkey, however. The

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led the public call for action in Libya and, joined by the nationalist newspaper

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16 May 1912: surrender of the Ottoman garrison in Rhodes to the Italian general

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A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War

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The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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resulted in Mustafa Kemal's victory. With that achievement, he was assigned to

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Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

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to Greece in exchange for a vast Italian zone of influence in southwest

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Turkey's continued involvement in the Balkan Wars, followed shortly by

2102: 2059: 2049: 2003: 1979: 1757: 1750: 1652: 1513: 1199: 1195: 107: 57: 3812:

Baldry, John (1976). "al-Yaman and the Turkish occupation 1849–1914".

3300:-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 2644:"Divided Armies": Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War 2557: 2555: 2193:

The Ottoman government would be responsible for the expenses of these

1956:, two Italian armoured cruisers attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate 1754: 609: 5121: 3888:

Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945

3230:

Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945

1857: 1837: 1829: 1809: 1587: 1556: 1395: 1391: 1259: 1202:. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire in the 1172: 845: 231: 6647: 3523: 3172: 3035: 3033: 2255:

estimated before the war. This ruined ten years of fiscal prudence.

2229: 1323:

respectively, which were both parts of the declining Ottoman state.

482: 4743: 2626: 2588: 2552: 2442: 2334: 2325: 2259: 1957: 1820:

to disband the Arab camp near Derna. The Italian troops occupied a

1817: 1689: 341: 2996: 2433:

remained under Italian military occupation. According to the 1920

1363:, which France and Britain viewed as their main rival in Europe. 1254:

Carlo Piazza, flew over Turkish lines on the world's first aerial

3764:

Geppert, Dominik; Mulligan, William; Rose, Andreas, eds. (2015).

3184: 3030: 2394:, which had it abandon the Triple Alliance and join the Entente. 2358: 2309: 1821: 1642: 1508:

An ultimatum was presented to the Ottoman government, led by the

1351:, ended the historic rivalry between both nations for control of 1340: 1250: 441:

4 battalions Alpini, 7 battalions Ascari and 1 squadron Meharisti

66: 6248: 3905:. Manchester University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 106–115. 2569: 2567: 2239:

and Libyan corpses after the attack against "Ridotta Lombardia".

2163:

Trablus and Benghazi vilayets would have a special status and a

1878: 6652: 4003:

Societa Libraria italiana (Library of Congress). New York, 1911

3986: 3161:

Down East: Another Cargo of Tales Told Under The Old Town Clock

2438: 2338: 2330: 2267: 2263: 2235: 2176: 2157: 2019: 1975: 1883: 1833: 1804: 1781: 1295:

Italian claims to Libya date back to the Ottoman defeat by the

1168: 1164: 77: 4055: 1772: 1540: 3069: 2564: 2271: 2134: 1864:

and extended barely 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from the town.

1845: 1569: 1272: 6079: 1233:, attacked the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, starting the 2171: 2165: 1816:

On 14 September, the Italian command sent three columns of

2160:

and the other Aegean islands that it held to the Ottomans.

1520:, which was under formal Ottoman suzerainty but was under 3858:

Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912

3292:"1911–1912 Turco-Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". 2316:(1853–1856), minimised Ottoman territorial losses at the 1450:

powers were highly supportive. British Foreign Secretary

1394:

in return for Italian support for Russian control of the

4016:"Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era" 1848:. The Italian soldiers were in effect besieged in seven 1343:. The agreement, negotiated by Italian Foreign Minister 4909: 3934:(in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana. 2514:

Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912

1874:

Ottoman fleet organisation during the Italo-Turkish War

3095:

M. Taylan Sorgun, "Bitmeyen Savas", 1972. Memoirs of

2584: 2582: 2295: 1949:, which was also then at war with the Ottoman Empire. 1194:

During the conflict, Italian forces also occupied the

3952:, éd. Créaphis, 2018. 480 pages and 230 photographs. 1516:. That suggestion was comparable to the situation in 3560:, Program in International Relations. Archived from 2190:, the Ottomans would consult the Italian government. 1776:

Italian troops firing on the Turks in Tripoli, 1911.

1575:

Therefore, the Ottomans did not have a full army in

1237:

a few days before the end of the Italo-Turkish War.

3763: 3453:

The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796

3190: 3178: 3124: 3039: 2728:"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive" 2579: 2274:by the Ottomans and the uprising of the Libyans in 2152:The main provisions of the treaty were as follows: 2047:(left) with an Ottoman military officer and Libyan 3796:Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya, 1911–1912 3483:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie 3271:Engagements At Benghasi And Derna In December 1911 2751: 2615:, Mark I. Choate, Harvard University Press, 2008, 2357:(1913) in which Serbia, Greece, the Ottomans, and 1964:, retreated and returned and then sank an Ottoman 1601: 3838:. (1913; reprint: Harvard University Press, 2008) 2424: 1386:in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in 1179:itself. These territories became the colonies of 6675: 3373:. Annapolis: The Advertiser Republican. p. 3337: 2975:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 3890:. (2nd ed.) University of Alabama Press, 2010. 3875:. Chatwell Books, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1976. 2720: 2029: 1586:Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from 3917:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 3416:Gerwarth, Robert; Manela, Erez (3 July 2014). 3415: 2531: 2109:led the Turkish delegation at Lausanne (1912). 2073:Group of Ottoman military officers (including 1978:could be used to threaten the approach to the 1882:Italian cruiser bombarding Ottoman vessels in 6264: 6065: 5500: 4895: 4071: 3475: 3473: 2918: 2895:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 2891: 2455:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2320:(1878) and supported the Ottomans during the 1431:rejected nationalist calls for conflict over 1106: 625: 498: 3479: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 2881:Wireless telegraphy in the Italo-Turkish War 2839:Aviation at the Start of the First World War 477:~10,000 killed in reprisals & executions 3613:Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad 3317:, John Wright, Taylor & Francis, 1981, 2612:Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad 2589:Spencer C. Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts. 1828:. Three days later, the Ottoman commander, 1303:and subsequent disputes thereafter. At the 94:(1 year, 2 weeks and 5 days) 6271: 6257: 6072: 6058: 5507: 5493: 4902: 4888: 4078: 4064: 3508:"Treaty of Peace Between Italy and Turkey" 3470: 3101: 2780: 2778: 2656:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2646:. Princeton University Press. p. 278. 1704:. The Italians rarely attempted a sortie. 1524:control by the British. Giolitti refused. 1335:which accorded freedom of intervention in 1113: 1099: 632: 618: 505: 491: 4043:during Italo-Turkish War at omniatlas.com 3938:Maltese, Paolo. "L'impresa di Libia", in 3606: 3604: 3512:The American Journal of International Law 3308: 3306: 3251: 2669: 2667: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2364:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1650:flight on 23 October 1911. A week later, 1527:Italy declared war on 29 September 1911. 1221:The war is considered a precursor of the 1151:, "War of Libya") was fought between the 382: 4469:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 4010:at Turkey in the First World War website 3636: 3634: 3343: 3154: 2898:. Oxford University Press. p. 311. 2673:Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts: 2228: 2112: 2101: 2068: 2039: 1984: 1877: 1771: 1666: 1547: 1539: 1414: 1248:. On 23 October 1911, an Italian pilot, 6228:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia 3366: 3240: 3238: 3107: 2947:"Alliance System / System of alliances" 2784: 2775: 2381:. In January 1912, the French diplomat 2002:against the Ottoman possessions in the 639: 65:; an Italian Blériot aircraft; Ottoman 6676: 6376:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania 3601: 3449: 3303: 2837:U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: 2664: 2597: 2574:The History of the Italian-Turkish War 2036:Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War 2014:, which feared that it could fuel the 1258:mission, and on 1 November, the first 6252: 6053: 5488: 4883: 4059: 3923: 3845:. Princeton University Press, 2002. 3631: 2969: 2641: 2535:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 1893:In January 1912, the Italian cruiser 613: 512: 486: 5944: 3235: 2429:Because of the First World War, the 2377:than being formally allied with the 1899:, with the Soldato class destroyers 1530: 1331:1902, Italy and France had signed a 1203: 4911:International relations (1814–1919) 4597:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 4500:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 3723:Rivista di storia del cristianesimo 3554:"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912" 3217:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare 3168:: Imperial Publishing. p. 181. 3118: 3053:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare 2925:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 117. 2698:"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912" 2676:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 2591:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 2445:. However, the Greek defeat in the 2296:Europe, Balkans and First World War 2149:, (the Second Treaty of Lausanne). 2121:, Mehmet Nabi Bey, Guido Fusinato, 1535: 92:29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912 55:with an Ottoman officer and Libyan 13: 3871:Crow, Duncan, and Icks, Robert J. 3787: 2811: 2635: 2576:, William Henry Beehler, pp. 13–36 2097: 1456:Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock 14: 6760: 6278: 4101:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 3980: 3191:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 3179:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 3040:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 1840:ceased until the end of the war. 6613:Italian Libyan Colonial Division 6539:Muslim Association of the Lictor 6324: 6136: 6024: 5516: 4049:The End of the Italo-Turkish War 3985: 3919:(Indiana University Press, 1998) 3348:. The Encyclopedia Britannica Co 3344:Chisholm, Hugh (25 March 2018). 2349:was completed in 1912, with the 2145:to distinguish it from the 1923 1867: 1077:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 888: 402: 390: 371: 359: 347: 335: 317: 305: 285: 273: 261: 249: 225: 213: 199: 184: 172: 159: 37: 5965:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913) 4085: 3912:(2014), a major scholarly study 3741: 3728: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3575: 3546: 3500: 3443: 3409: 3384: 3360: 3328: 3286: 3277: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3148: 3135: 3089: 3076: 3058: 3045: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2963: 2939: 2912: 2885: 2874: 2850: 2831: 2805: 2745: 1909:, sank seven Ottoman gunboats ( 1662: 1602:Italian troops landing in Libya 1510:Committee of Union and Progress 1240:The Italo-Turkish War saw some 1187:, which would later merge into 6663:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops 6371:Allied administration of Libya 6121:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 6106:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96 5916:Brussels Conference Act (1890) 5523:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire 4587:Bulgarians deportation program 4158:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 3757: 3334:Tucker, Roberts, 2005, p. 945. 2868:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2758:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. 2690: 2525: 2485:of 1912–1913 (Ömer Seyfettin, 2473:, the renowned Turkish author 2425:Fate of the Dodecanese Islands 2300:In 1924, the Serbian diplomat 2182:Before the appointment of the 1474:, which would destabilise the 451:~20,000 local irregular troops 449:~8,000 regular Turkish troops 1: 6572:Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli 6484:Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport 6346:Italian colonization of Libya 6186:Italian Blockade of Venezuela 5281:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 5235:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 5225:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 4438:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 4014:Johnston, Alan (2011-05-10). 3766:The Wars before the Great War 3456:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3294:Ministry of Culture of Turkey 2755:1913: The Cradle of Modernism 2519: 2464: 2251:, nearly a billion more than 2141:, which is often also called 1952:Then, on 24 February, in the 1370:and the establishment of the 1290: 6238:Occupation of Constantinople 6207:Italian Invasion of Anatolia 5141:Second Industrial Revolution 5015:League of the Three Emperors 4530:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 3873:Encyclopedia of Armored Cars 3450:Duggan, Christopher (2008). 3204:Encyclopedia of Armored Cars 3125:William James Makin (1935). 2814:"The World's First Warplane" 2224: 2175:(judge) would represent the 2030:Irregular war and atrocities 1646:Carlo Piazza flew the first 1317:French occupation of Tunisia 987:Anglo-German naval arms race 61:; Italian troops landing in 7: 6417:Southern Military Territory 6381:Italian refugees from Libya 6096:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887 5171:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 4525:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 2785:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 2752:Jean-Michel Rabaté (2008). 2492: 2457:, and a small community of 1321:British control over Cyprus 10: 6765: 6714:1912 in the Ottoman Empire 6704:1911 in the Ottoman Empire 6514:Tripoli International Fair 6080:Colonial conflicts in the 5220:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 4544:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 3770:Cambridge University Press 3640:Bertarelli (1929), p. 206. 3486:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 2461:has remained to this day. 2033: 1989:Ottoman military officers 1871: 1753:among others. The Ottoman 1605: 1244:, most notably the use of 6729:History of the Dodecanese 6605: 6479:Railway stations in Libya 6425: 6389: 6333: 6322: 6286: 6220: 6194: 6178: 6147: 6132: 6088: 6018: 5929: 5760: 5696: 5612: 5563: 5529: 5379: 5243: 5156: 5041:European balance of power 5033: 4968: 4917: 4864: 4705:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 4610: 4569: 4517: 4508: 4492: 4456: 4395: 4384: 4353: 4222: 4211: 4144:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 4093: 3932:Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII 3930:Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). 3439:– via Google Books. 3419:Empires at War: 1911–1923 3367:Beehler, William (1913). 3356:– via Google Books. 2538:. Routledge. p. 37. 1780:Italian troops landed at 1608:Italian invasion of Libya 1468:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal 1463:Antonino Paternò Castello 1275:, from an early model of 651: 524: 462: 458:~40,000 Turks and Libyans 417: 239: 151: 84: 43:Clockwise from top left: 36: 28: 23: 6356:Second Italo-Senussi War 6165:Second Italo-Senussi War 5332:Venezuela Naval Blockade 5003:Anglo-Russian Convention 4479:Treaty of Constantinople 4371:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 3832:Beehler, William Henry. 3751:, (1993) 4#2 pp 285–312. 3749:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3736:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3618:Harvard University Press 3583:"Uşi (Ouchy) Antlaşması" 3246:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3143:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3084:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 2922:The Libyan War 1911–1912 2504:Battles of Zanzur (1912) 2471:Primo, the Turkish Child 2139:First Treaty of Lausanne 2123:Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey 2107:Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey 1824:and interrupted Ottoman 1792:. The small 22 December 1683:, 26 May – 2 June 1912). 1680:La Domenica del Corriere 1368:Anglo-Russian Convention 1035:Anglo-Russian Convention 915:Second Concert of Europe 6568:Pidgin Italian of Libya 6361:Western Desert campaign 5970:Armenian reforms (1914) 5337:Alaska boundary dispute 5010:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 4993:Franco-Russian Alliance 4549:Balkans campaign of WWI 4198:Albanian revolt of 1912 3860:. Brill, Leiden, 1990. 3826:10.1163/157005876X00227 3734:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3314:Libya: a modern history 3264:William Henry Beehler, 3244:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3141:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3082:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 2532:Erik Goldstein (2005). 2137:in Lausanne called the 1487:Italian Socialist Party 1419:Italian Prime Minister 1271:, on Turkish troops in 1143:, "Tripolitanian War", 999:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 981:First Sino-Japanese War 975:Franco-Russian Alliance 945:Austro–Serbian Alliance 76:; Ottoman prisoners in 6734:Italy–Turkey relations 6638:Italian African Police 6534:Sciara Sciatt massacre 6474:Italian Libya Railways 6366:North African campaign 5841:Hünkar İskelesi (1833) 5256:Unification of Germany 5203:Taft–Katsura agreement 4823:Crown Prince Alexander 4801:Crown Prince Ferdinand 4764:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 4592:Massacres of Civilians 4582:Massacres of Albanians 4535:Sarajevo Assassination 4464:Greek–Serbian Alliance 4457:Diplomacy and politics 4354:Diplomacy and politics 4178:Bulgarian Independence 3072:on September 15, 2012. 2919:Andrea Ungari (2014). 2892:A.J.P. Taylor (1954). 2240: 2130: 2110: 2085:, on the outskirts of 2078: 2054: 1998: 1887: 1777: 1684: 1638:heavier-than-air craft 1560: 1545: 1424: 1347:and French Ambassador 1148: 1140: 1059:Second Moroccan Crisis 903:Unification of Germany 475:8,189 killed in action 468:1,432 killed in action 240:Commanders and leaders 16:1911–1912 war in Libya 6694:Italy–Libya relations 6689:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 6212:Siberian intervention 6170:World War II campaign 6126:World War II Campaign 5955:Constantinople (1913) 5921:Constantinople (1897) 5911:Constantinople (1888) 5901:Constantinople (1881) 5836:Constantinople (1832) 5796:Constantinople (1800) 5747:Küçük Kaynarca (1774) 5727:Constantinople (1736) 5717:Constantinople (1724) 5688:Constantinople (1700) 5628:Constantinople (1590) 5604:Constantinople (1562) 5589:Franco-Ottoman (1536) 5584:Constantinople (1533) 5579:Constantinople (1479) 5574:Constantinople (1454) 5342:First Moroccan Crisis 5056:Spread of nationalism 5020:Eight-Nation Alliance 4849:Other Balkan states: 4690:Eleftherios Venizelos 4366:Albanian Independence 4168:Young Turk Revolution 4052:, September 28, 1912. 3994:at Wikimedia Commons 3558:Mount Holyoke College 3480:Geoff Simons (2003). 2971:Clark, Christopher M. 2791:. Sage. p. 310. 2642:Lyall, Jason (2020). 2232: 2116: 2105: 2091:1911 Tripoli massacre 2072: 2043: 1988: 1943:Battle of Kunfuda Bay 1881: 1860:. The largest was at 1790:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1775: 1677:(from Italian weekly 1670: 1551: 1543: 1418: 1242:technological changes 1041:Young Turk Revolution 1023:First Moroccan Crisis 470:1,948 died of disease 463:Casualties and losses 112:Eastern Mediterranean 6554:Auto-Saharan Company 6438:Italian Tripolitania 6101:Mahdist War in Sudan 5985:Brest-Litovsk (1918) 5347:Algeciras Conference 5327:Annexation of Hawaii 5266:Great Eastern Crisis 5261:Unification of Italy 5251:Formation of Romania 5068:French–German enmity 4700:Pavlos Kountouriotis 3908:Stevenson, Charles. 3886:Hallion, Richard P. 3841:Biddle, Tami Davis, 3396:smallwarsjournal.com 3298:Turkish Armed Forces 3156:Borrettt, William C. 2509:Battle of Sidi Bilal 2307:Ottoman Tripolitania 2302:Miroslav Spalajković 1596:invasion of Ethiopia 1181:Italian Tripolitania 1163:, of which the main 1161:Tripolitania Vilayet 921:Great Eastern Crisis 104:Ottoman Tripolitania 6749:Victor Emmanuel III 6623:2nd Libyan Division 6618:1st Libyan Division 6467:Fascist imperialism 6116:Somaliland campaign 5678:Bakhchisaray (1681) 5412:Philippine–American 5397:First Sino-Japanese 5230:Racconigi agreement 5176:Treaty of Frankfurt 5136:Great Rapprochement 5090:Scramble for Africa 4727:Crown Prince Danilo 4577:Carnegie Commission 4474:Treaty of Bucharest 4163:Macedonian Struggle 4139:Serbo-Bulgarian War 3999:Antonio De Martino. 3942:#167, October 1971. 3915:Vandervort, Bruce. 3856:Childs, Timothy W. 3725:10.2 (2013) 437–459 3589:on 3 September 2010 2856:James D. Crabtree: 2018:of nations such as 1444:French protectorate 1380:Victor Emmanuel III 1359:and thereby weaken 1246:airplanes in combat 909:Franco-Prussian War 861:South Africa (1914) 826:South Africa (1906) 791:South Africa (1899) 761:Matabeleland (1896) 751:South Africa (1895) 731:Matabeleland (1893) 696:Somalia (1888–1924) 691:Equatoria (1886–89) 661:South Africa (1880) 656:South Africa (1879) 643:Scramble for Africa 256:Victor Emmanuel III 31:Scramble for Africa 6509:Tripoli Grand Prix 6504:Arch of the Fileni 6499:Via della Vittoria 6111:Banadir Resistance 6038:Treaties of Turkey 5881:San Stefano (1878) 5851:Balta Liman (1838) 5752:Aynalıkavak (1779) 5722:Ahmet Pasha (1732) 5712:Passarowitz (1718) 5638:Nasuh Pasha (1612) 5271:Congress of Berlin 5188:Reinsurance Treaty 5166:Congress of Vienna 5146:Industrial warfare 5112:Scramble for China 4806:Alexandru Averescu 4774:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 4695:Panagiotis Danglis 4602:Places burned down 4128:Congress of Berlin 4039:2015-03-16 at the 3924:In other languages 3805:2020-10-08 at the 3794:Askew, William C. 3703:Clark, pp. 256–258 3685:Clark, pp. 251–252 3658:Clark, pp. 243–244 3518:(1): 58–62. 1913. 3018:Clark, pp. 245–246 3009:Clark, pp. 244–245 2844:2012-10-09 at the 2708:on 25 October 2021 2679:, ABC-CLIO, 2005, 2451:Treaty of Lausanne 2318:Congress of Berlin 2241: 2219:Treaty of Lausanne 2147:Treaty of Lausanne 2131: 2111: 2079: 2055: 1999: 1888: 1778: 1762:Republic of Turkey 1685: 1592:Italian Somaliland 1561: 1546: 1425: 1315:had agreed to the 1305:Congress of Berlin 1216:Treaty of Lausanne 1141:Trablusgarp Savaşı 1011:Russo-Japanese War 969:Reinsurance Treaty 927:Campaign in Bosnia 880:Events leading to 716:Mashonaland (1890) 424:Mobilisation 1911: 179:Italian Somaliland 142:Dodecanese Islands 6724:Conflicts in 1912 6719:Conflicts in 1911 6684:Italo-Turkish War 6671: 6670: 6544:Arab Lictor Youth 6529:Italo-Turkish War 6450:Italian Cyrenaica 6407:Benghazi Province 6402:Misurata Province 6341:Italo-Turkish War 6246: 6245: 6155:Italo-Turkish War 6047: 6046: 6031:Turkey portal 5831:Adrianople (1829) 5633:Zitvatorok (1606) 5623:Adrianople (1568) 5594:Adrianople (1547) 5482: 5481: 5451:Albanian Revolts 5308:German Naval Laws 5292:Naval arms races 5276:Berlin Conference 5208:Hague Conventions 4877: 4876: 4784:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 4663:Stiliyan Kovachev 4388:Second Balkan War 4361:London Conference 4193:Italo-Turkish War 4183:31 March Incident 4008:Turco-Italian War 3992:Italo-Turkish War 3990:Media related to 3974:978-975-16-0160-5 3958:978-2-35428-141-0 3940:Storia Illustrata 3851:978-0-691-12010-2 3493:978-1-86064-988-2 3463:978-0-618-35367-5 3181:, pp. 42–43. 3128:War Over Ethiopia 2812:Maksel, Rebecca. 2765:978-0-470-69147-2 2702:www.mtholyoke.edu 2487:Primo Türk Çocuğu 2447:Greco–Turkish War 2403:Mustafa Kemal Bey 2355:Second Balkan War 2345:that created the 2262:, the Djebel and 2253:Giovanni Giolitti 2064:guerrilla warfare 1852:on the coasts of 1731:Mustafa Kemal Bey 1613:that the Ottoman 1590:, the capital of 1531:Military campaign 1499:Gaetano Salvemini 1478:and the European 1429:Giovanni Giolitti 1421:Giovanni Giolitti 1384:Racconigi Bargain 1285:Guglielmo Marconi 1225:. Members of the 1133:Turco-Italian War 1123: 1122: 1065:Italo-Turkish War 1053:Racconigi Bargain 957:Berlin Conference 874: 873: 831:Morocco (1907–34) 821:Morocco (1905–06) 816:Tanganyika (1905) 796:Somaliland (1900) 736:Morocco (1893–94) 721:Katanga (1891−92) 686:Madagascar (1883) 607: 606: 516:Italo-Turkish War 481: 480: 434:66 mountain guns 428:14,600 quadrupeds 354:Mehmed Said Pasha 268:Giovanni Giolitti 147: 146: 106:(Ottoman Libya), 24:Italo-Turkish War 6756: 6633:Ascari del Cielo 6577:Adriano Visconti 6489:Italian Benghazi 6433:Italian settlers 6426:Related articles 6397:Tripoli Province 6328: 6301:Rodolfo Graziani 6273: 6266: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6160:Senussi campaign 6140: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6029: 6028: 6027: 5995:Bucharest (1918) 5990:Trebizond (1918) 5811:Bucharest (1812) 5683:Karlowitz (1699) 5545:Selymbria (1411) 5540:Gallipoli (1403) 5521: 5520: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5402:Spanish–American 5322:Fashoda Incident 5198:Treaty of Björkö 5183:Treaty of Berlin 5117:Open Door Policy 5051:Eastern question 4998:Entente Cordiale 4904: 4897: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4843:Božidar Janković 4838:Stepa Stepanović 4710:Viktor Dousmanis 4559:Macedonian front 4554:Serbian campaign 4484:Treaty of Athens 4433:Southern Dobruja 4376:Treaty of London 4215:First Balkan War 4080: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4001:Tripoli italiana 3989: 3948:Schill, Pierre. 3935: 3901:Paris, Michael. 3829: 3783: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3629: 3610:Mark I. 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603: 520: 515: 513: 511: 476: 471: 469: 457: 452: 450: 448: 440: 437: 435: 433: 432:132 field guns 431: 429: 427: 425: 413: 409:Omar al-Mukhtar 403: 401: 391: 389: 372: 370: 360: 358: 348: 346: 336: 334: 328: 324:Luigi Faravelli 318: 316: 306: 304: 296: 286: 284: 274: 272: 262: 260: 248: 226: 224: 214: 212: 200: 198: 191:Italian Eritrea 183: 171: 158: 128: 122:Italian victory 114: 93: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6564:Postage stamps 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6462:Italian Empire 6459: 6458: 6457: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6412:Derna Province 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6316:Giovanni Messe 6313: 6311:Ettore Bastico 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6082:Italian Empire 6077: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Tophane (1886) 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5876:Scutari (1862) 5873: 5868: 5866:Erzurum (1847) 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:Kütahya (1833) 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:Erzurum (1823) 5818: 5816:Algiers (1815) 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5781:Tripoli (1796) 5778: 5773: 5771:Sistova (1791) 5767: 5765: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5673:Żurawno (1676) 5670: 5668:Buczacz (1672) 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5614:Transformation 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5527: 5526: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5434: 5429: 5427:Russo-Japanese 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Anglo-Egyptian 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5366:Bosnian Crisis 5363: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5315:Austro-Italian 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 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The 1269:Giulio Gavotti 1256:reconnaissance 1157:Ottoman Empire 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1047:Bosnian Crisis 1044: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 924: 918: 912: 906: 897: 894: 893: 885: 884: 872: 871: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Morocco (1911) 848: 846:Ouaddai (1909) 843: 841:Morocco (1909) 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 811:Namibia (1904) 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Fashoda (1898) 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 746:Ashanti (1895) 743: 738: 733: 728: 726:Dahomey (1892) 723: 718: 713: 711:Dahomey (1890) 708: 703: 701:Eritrea (1889) 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 666:Tunisia (1881) 663: 658: 652: 649: 648: 637: 636: 629: 622: 614: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 525: 522: 521: 510: 509: 502: 495: 487: 479: 478: 473: 465: 464: 460: 459: 442: 420: 419: 415: 414: 412: 411: 399: 387: 368: 356: 344: 331: 329: 327: 326: 314: 302: 282: 270: 258: 245: 242: 241: 237: 236: 235: 234: 222: 207:Ottoman Empire 195: 194: 193: 181: 154: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 130: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 102: 100: 96: 95: 90: 82: 81: 34: 33: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6761: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744:1912 in Italy 6742: 6740: 6739:1911 in Italy 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6709:1912 in Libya 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:1911 in Libya 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Maletti Group 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Frontier Wire 6522: 6520: 6519:Imperial Line 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351:Italian Libya 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6280:Italian Libya 6274: 6269: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179:South America 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6010:Sèvres (1920) 6008: 6006: 6005:Mudros (1918) 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Athens (1913) 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:London (1913) 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Halepa (1878) 5894: 5892: 5891:Berlin (1878) 5889: 5887: 5886:Cyprus (1878) 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:London (1841) 5859: 5857: 5856:London (1840) 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762:Modernization 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Kerden (1746) 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Vasvár (1664) 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Khotin (1621) 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599:Amasya (1555) 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565:Classical Age 5562: 5556: 5555:Szeged (1444) 5553: 5551: 5550:Venice (1419) 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Italo-Turkish 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Russo-Turkish 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5359:Treaty of Fes 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354:Agadir Crisis 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5025:Balkan League 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4981:Dual Alliance 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4960:United States 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Petar Bojović 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4732:Janko Vukotić 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Constantine I 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Nikola Ivanov 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:First Çatalca 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240:Pente Pigadia 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4203:Balkan League 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4051: 4050: 4047:V. I. Lenin, 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4034:Map of Europe 4032: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3881:0-89009-058-0 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3866:90-04-09025-8 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3781: 3779:9781107478145 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3712:Clark, p. 249 3709: 3700: 3694:Clark, p. 252 3691: 3682: 3676:Clark, p. 250 3673: 3667:Clark, p. 243 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3626:0-674-02784-1 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3564:on 2021-10-25 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3431: 3429:9780191006944 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3347: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3323:0-7099-2727-4 3320: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3193:, p. 43. 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3108:W. Mitchell. 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086:“ pp. 49–55 3085: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3042:, p. 42. 3041: 3036: 3034: 3027:Clark, p. 246 3024: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2952: 2951:thecorner.org 2948: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2685:1-85109-879-8 2682: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2622: 2621:0-674-02784-1 2618: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499:Sciara Sciatt 2497: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Ali Fethi Bey 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Balkan League 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:Sciara Sciatt 2076: 2075:Mustafa Kemal 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045:Mustafa Kemal 2042: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1996: 1992: 1991:Mustafa Kemal 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1868:Naval warfare 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Ali Fethi Bey 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1634:armoured cars 1630: 1628: 1627:Shar al-Shatt 1622: 1620: 1619:Bucknam Pasha 1616: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1503:Leone Caetani 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:Agadir Crisis 1438:However, the 1436: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:secret treaty 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Balkan League 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1189:Italian Libya 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:sub-provinces 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Italo-Turkish 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933:Dual Alliance 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 900: 899: 898: 896: 895: 891: 887: 886: 883: 879: 878: 867: 866:Darfur (1916) 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:Mufilo (1907) 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 806:Angola (1902) 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 645: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 615: 612: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 549:Mechiya Oasis 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 523: 518: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 488: 485: 474: 472:4,250 wounded 467: 466: 461: 455: 446: 443: 438: 436:28 siege guns 430:2,550 wagons 426:89,000 troops 422: 421: 416: 410: 400: 398: 397:Bucknam Pasha 388: 385: 379: 378:Mustafa Kemal 369: 367: 357: 355: 345: 343: 333: 332: 330: 325: 315: 313: 303: 301: 299: 293: 292:Augusto Aubry 283: 281: 271: 269: 259: 257: 252: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 232:Senussi Order 223: 221: 220:Ottoman Libya 211: 210: 209: 208: 196: 192: 187: 182: 180: 175: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 150: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 125: 121: 118: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98: 97: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 64: 60: 59: 54: 53:Mustafa Kemal 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 6559:Fourth Shore 6549:Fort Capuzzo 6528: 6340: 6154: 6148:North Africa 6036: 6022: 6000:Batum (1918) 5975:Sofia (1915) 5945:Ouchy (1912) 5871:Paris (1856) 5806:Çanak (1809) 5801:Paris (1802) 5786:Tunis (1797) 5776:Jassy (1792) 5707:Pruth (1711) 5658:Zuhab (1639) 5648:Serav (1618) 5643:Busza (1617) 5431: 5300: 5296:Anglo-German 5285: 5157:Treaties and 4918:Great powers 4855:Ismail Kemal 4638:Mihail Savov 4633:Stoyan Danev 4611:Participants 4510: 4428:Kresna Gorge 4386: 4255:Kirk Kilisse 4213: 4192: 4149:Cretan State 4048: 4023:. 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