253:
245:
403:, in which the water moves over the field in furrows between ridges on which the crop is planted. The water infiltrates into the soil from the furrows. The furrows can be made both in sloping and flat land. In steep sloping land they are preferably laid out at a mild slope at an angle with the topographic
671:
Of the total irrigated area worldwide 38% is equipped for irrigation with groundwater, especially in India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) and the United States of
America (17 million ha). Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545 km/year. Groundwater use in
265:
380:
one may make relative small (possibly circular) basins around the trees. Basin irrigation can be used both in flat areas and sloping lands. In the latter case, terraces have to be made. The spectacular terraces pictured were made by hand, a tedious job, and they are an amazing world heritage.
352:, in which the water is set up on the soil surface quickly on leveled plots and given time to infiltrate. The basins are surrounded by borders to retain the water. Basins can be used for any crop. The combination of basins with furrows without slope is applied for relatively large plants like
688:
The irrigated area occupies worldwide about 16% of the total agricultural area, but the crop yield is roughly 40% of the total yield. Hence, the productivity of irrigated land is 3.6 times that of unirrigated land. The monetary value of the yield of irrigated crops is some 6.6 times that of
311:), which may occur in hilly regions in dry zones where small rivers produce spate floods; ditches and bunds are built to guide the water to the fields to be irrigated; the number of fields irrigated at each flood event depends on the duration and intensity of the flood. The
780:. In: Annual Report 1982, pp. 23-34. ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Reprinted in Water International 9 (1984), pp. 106- 111. Elsevier Sequoia, Amsterdam. Also reprinted in Water Research Journal (1983) 139, pp. 53-60. Download from :
346:, in which the water moves over a graded strip of land with a mild slope and the water infiltrates into the soil while the wetting front advances. Borders are made along the strip to prevent the water of spreading out to neighboring fields.
328:, which may occur in dry zones in larger river plains, where the river has high discharges during a short season only. Bunds are constructed to retain the river floods and the lands are being planted to crops when the floods recede (
431:
From 1955 to 1975 the annual growth of the irrigated area was almost 3%. From 1970 to 1982 the growth rate was some 2% per year, and from 1983 to 1994 about 1.3% per year. The growth rate of irrigated area is decreasing.
423:
as the water on the surface does not come to a stand still and the stream entering the field has to be cut back before the wetting front reaches the end of the field to avoid runoff losses.
598:
Irrigation schemes in the world use about 3 500 km water per year, of which 74% is evaporated by the crops. This is some 80% of all water used by mankind (4 400 km per year).
289:
In relative rare cases one uses labor-intensive methods like irrigation with watering-cans and by filling dug-in porous pots (pitcher irrigation) from where the water enters the soil by
389:) is often irrigated continuously whereby the water flows from one field to the other, making sure that the rice plants remain submerged. The main reason of the submergence is
419:, because the entire surface of the cropped area is wetted, whereas with furrow irrigation, the surface of the ridges remain dry. The irrigation of sloping fields is called
312:
851:. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 - 34 . Download from web page :
610:, where irrigation water is most needed. Compared to the 8 600 km of annual river discharge in the drier climates only, the yearly water use for irrigation is 40%
296:
Surface irrigation can be divided into the following types, based on the method by which water is spread over the field after it has been admitted through the inlet:
941:
802:. Published in Annual Report 1986, p. 8 – 19. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line:
1400:
600:
The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources (14 000 km) and 9% of all annual river discharges in the
1466:
1220:
1339:
435:
The following table shows the irrigation development in the world between 1955 and 1983, distinguishing developed from developing countries:
1268:
1248:
934:
1487:
1436:
1299:
1551:
1426:
1314:
752:
192:
1503:
1461:
1278:
1446:
1385:
1334:
1263:
927:
1538:
1513:
1451:
1395:
1359:
1329:
824:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1390:
1304:
286:
is felt by permitting the river water to enter ditches at high tide and allowing it to infiltrate from there into the soil
1523:
1354:
1324:
1253:
1213:
989:
741:
720:
Improvement of tidal irrigation, drainage and reclamation of salinized land under date palms in Abadan Island, Iran
343:
873:
877:
278:
whereby the water infiltrates into the soil below the soil surface from pipes or ditches. This category includes
1582:
1206:
912:
1349:
1022:
606:
River discharges occur for the major part in regions with humid climates, far removed from the regions with
1065:
1294:
400:
349:
1344:
1198:
1093:
394:
241:. However, the exploitation of aquifers can also be combined with surface irrigation at field level.
1572:
1070:
677:
868:
S. Siebert, J. Burke, J. M. Faures, K. Frenken, J. Hoogeveen, P. Döll, and F. T. Portmann (2010).
1482:
1441:
1150:
1528:
1103:
319:
1508:
1369:
1160:
1155:
984:
590:
The developed countries witnessed a relatively greater increase than the developing nations.
1518:
1456:
740:. In: Stanley W. Trimble (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Water Science, Vol I, p. 678-683. On line:
673:
8:
1577:
1309:
756:
233:, for the major part in the USA. The source of irrigation water in these cases often is
1533:
1319:
1060:
1027:
964:
822:. In: The earth's carrying capacity, Some related reviews and analysis. On line :
601:
207:
907:
897:
252:
1124:
1098:
1055:
1032:
1017:
707:
International
Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Download PDF file :
268:
244:
43:
1088:
974:
301:
279:
828:
1258:
1229:
969:
230:
226:
206:
of the application methods of irrigation water at field level is of the category
60:
Only the countries with more than 10 million ha of irrigated land are mentioned.
919:
689:
unirrigated crops. In irrigated land one grows crops with higher market values.
1047:
849:
Effectiveness and Social/Environmental
Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review
784:
337:
31:
1566:
1364:
1273:
1134:
1037:
1012:
275:
58:
The appended table gives an overview of irrigated areas in the world in 2003
1129:
803:
607:
408:
404:
390:
858:
726:
1108:
1080:
672:
irrigation leads in places to exploitation of groundwater at rates above
386:
234:
1228:
852:
1233:
956:
723:
361:
184:
156:
148:
21:
17:
855:
781:
290:
152:
1187:
1170:
999:
708:
264:
141:
89:
47:
778:
Modern interferences in traditional water resources in
Baluchistan
1165:
377:
307:
238:
211:
180:
176:
172:
225:, expensive hydraulic pressure techniques and pipe systems like
179:(3.0), Italy (2.8), France (2.6), Japan (2.6), Australia (2.6),
369:
365:
353:
257:
222:
160:
137:
132:
There are 4 countries with 5 to 10 million ha irrigated land:
1007:
373:
357:
198:
168:
118:
147:
The 16 countries with 2 to 5 million ha irrigated land are:
722:. 20 pp. Consultancy report. Download from web page :
415:
The first four forms of irrigation come in the category of
382:
376:), one uses basins with corrugations drawn in the soil. In
283:
164:
133:
99:
893:
794:
R.J. Oosterbaan, L.F. Kortenhorst, and L.H.Sprey, 1987.
896:'s global information system on water and agriculture:
393:, but the rice needs to be of a variety that tolerates
913:
ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/aquastat/GMIAv401lowres.pdf
908:
http://www.tropentag.de/2006/abstracts/full/211.pdf
870:
Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory
949:
221:, the majority is irrigated by methods requiring
1564:
210:, whereby the water is spread over the field by
1214:
935:
282:used in the lower part of rivers where the
1221:
1207:
942:
928:
783:, under nr. 10, or directly as PDF :
683:
199:Area per application method at field level
1173:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
857:, under nr. 6, or directly as PDF :
385:grown in the flooded basins of terraces (
1552:List of countries by irrigated land area
263:
251:
243:
193:List of countries by irrigated land area
129:(*) Including India, China and Pakistan
814:
812:
810:
1565:
800:of the Okavango Inland Delta, Botswana
703:
701:
274:In relatively small areas one applies
1202:
923:
730:
904:Irrigation maps of the world :
807:
874:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
698:
13:
825:"Chapter 1 -- Irrigation Overview"
818:Bruce Sundquist, 2007. Chapter 1-
14:
1594:
884:
53:
990:Irrigation environmental impacts
796:Flood-recession cropping in the
709:http://www.icid.org/imp_data.pdf
248:Basin irrigation for a rice crop
38:of it at scheme level aiming at
24:of agricultural lands worldwide.
876:. See also the PDF file :
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
426:
862:
854:, under nr 10, or from :
842:
788:
770:
745:
713:
653:Irrigation as a percentage (%)
1:
1023:Drainage system (agriculture)
950:Agricultural water management
753:"Library on spate irrigation"
692:
26:Irrigation is the artificial
1066:Hydrological transport model
725:, or directly as PDF :
636:Quantity of water in km/year
593:
7:
340:inland delta are an example
10:
1599:
1230:Water resources management
1094:Groundwater energy balance
42:at field level to enhance
1547:
1496:
1475:
1409:
1378:
1287:
1241:
1180:
1144:Agro-hydro-salinity group
1143:
1117:
1079:
1046:
998:
955:
448:
445:
442:
440:
1171:SahysMod polygonal model
1166:SaltMod integrated model
1071:Runoff model (reservoir)
678:depletion of groundwater
368:by broadcast, like some
330:flood recession cropping
256:Terraced rice fields in
1151:Hydrology (agriculture)
684:Economical significance
344:border-strip irrigation
1104:Hydraulic conductivity
736:Wynn R. Walker, 2007.
350:level-basin irrigation
326:flood-plain irrigation
271:
261:
249:
1583:Hydraulic engineering
1161:Leaching model (soil)
1156:Soil salinity control
985:Irrigation management
980:Irrigation statistics
267:
255:
247:
155:(4.5), Russia (4.5),
136:(7.7), Mexico (6.3),
68:Area (10 ha)
1048:Surface water/runoff
674:groundwater recharge
497:Developing countries
305:(in Pakistan called
227:sprinkler irrigation
159:(4.3), Spain (3.8),
1519:Brazil - irrigation
1125:Acid sulphate soils
1000:Subsurface drainage
820:Irrigation overview
738:Irrigation: Surface
608:(semi)arid climates
474:Developed countries
466: 10 ha
460: 10 ha
454: 10 ha
1432:Dominican Republic
1061:Hydrological model
1028:Watertable control
965:Surface irrigation
602:hydrological cycle
272:
262:
250:
208:surface irrigation
1560:
1559:
1196:
1195:
1099:Groundwater model
1056:Contour trenching
1038:Drainage by wells
1033:Drainage research
1018:Drainage equation
669:
668:
588:
587:
401:furrow irrigation
269:Furrow irrigation
260:province, China.
217:Of the remaining
127:
126:
1590:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1089:Groundwater flow
975:Tidal irrigation
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
890:Further reading
879:
866:
860:
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
827:. Archived from
816:
805:
792:
786:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
755:. Archived from
749:
743:
734:
728:
717:
711:
705:
613:
612:
520:World total (WT)
438:
437:
417:flood-irrigation
302:spate irrigation
280:tidal irrigation
63:
62:
34:followed by the
30:of water from a
16:This page shows
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1573:Land management
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1543:
1514:Brazil - supply
1492:
1471:
1405:
1374:
1283:
1237:
1227:
1197:
1192:
1176:
1139:
1113:
1075:
1042:
994:
970:Drip irrigation
951:
948:
887:
882:
867:
863:
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843:
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832:
823:
817:
808:
793:
789:
775:
771:
762:
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746:
735:
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718:
714:
706:
699:
695:
686:
627:
619:
605:
599:
596:
429:
421:flow irrigation
284:tidal influence
231:drip irrigation
201:
59:
56:
44:crop production
25:
12:
11:
5:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
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1536:
1531:
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1521:
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1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
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1490:
1485:
1479:
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1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
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1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1401:United Kingdom
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
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1184:
1182:
1181:Related topics
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885:External links
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543:India+Pakistan
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54:Irrigated area
52:
9:
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3:
2:
1595:
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1497:South America
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1410:North America
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1402:
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1123:
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1120:
1118:Problem soils
1116:
1110:
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1100:
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1084:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Tile drainage
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
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976:
973:
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945:
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938:
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895:
892:
891:
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878:
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871:
865:
859:
856:
853:
850:
845:
831:on 2012-02-17
830:
826:
821:
815:
813:
811:
804:
801:
797:
791:
785:
782:
779:
773:
759:on 2009-12-15
758:
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739:
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721:
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710:
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702:
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675:
664:
661:
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655:
652:
651:
647:
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641:
638:
635:
634:
631:total supply
630:
625:
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617:
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614:
611:
609:
603:
591:
583:
580:
577:
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571:
568:
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479:
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468:
465:
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459:
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452:
439:
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424:
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418:
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406:
405:contour lines
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
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375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
322:is an example
321:
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315:
310:
309:
304:
303:
299:
298:
297:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
276:subirrigation
270:
266:
259:
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246:
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240:
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232:
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220:
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205:
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158:
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150:
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143:
139:
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130:
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120:
117:
116:
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110:United States
109:
108:
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101:
98:
97:
93:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
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65:
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61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
23:
19:
1365:Turkmenistan
1345:Saudi Arabia
1269:South Africa
1249:Burkina Faso
1135:Saline soils
1130:Alkali soils
979:
869:
864:
848:
844:
833:. Retrieved
829:the original
819:
799:
795:
790:
777:
776:ILRI, 1982.
772:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
747:
737:
732:
719:
715:
687:
680:reservoirs.
670:
597:
589:
434:
430:
427:Areal growth
420:
416:
414:
409:soil erosion
395:waterlogging
391:weed control
372:(especially
364:. For crops
333:
329:
325:
313:
306:
300:
295:
288:
273:
218:
216:
203:
202:
146:
131:
128:
57:
39:
36:distribution
35:
27:
15:
1488:New Zealand
1437:El Salvador
1340:Philippines
1295:Afghanistan
1081:Groundwater
618:irrigation
320:Balochistan
235:groundwater
183:(2.3), and
140:(5.1), and
50:is scarce.
40:application
28:abstraction
18:statistical
1578:Irrigation
1567:Categories
1427:Costa Rica
1300:Bangladesh
1236:by country
1234:irrigation
1109:Watertable
957:Irrigation
835:2012-02-17
763:2010-08-21
693:References
469:% of 1955
362:sugar cane
185:Kazakhstan
157:Uzbekistan
149:Bangladesh
22:irrigation
1504:Argentina
1483:Australia
1462:Nicaragua
1442:Guatemala
1350:Sri Lanka
1315:Indonesia
628:resources
594:Water use
449:Increase
407:to avoid
293:suction.
291:capillary
191:See also
153:Indonesia
1529:Colombia
1447:Honduras
1335:Pakistan
1279:Tanzania
1188:Sand dam
898:AQUASTAT
798:molapo's
623:all uses
378:orchards
338:Okavango
239:aquifers
142:Thailand
90:Pakistan
48:rainfall
20:data on
1539:Uruguay
1509:Bolivia
1476:Oceania
1452:Jamaica
1386:Belgium
1370:Vietnam
1264:Morocco
648:40 000
626:usable
463:% of WT
457:% of WT
387:paddies
370:cereals
336:in the
334:molapos
332:). The
314:sailaba
308:Rod Koh
212:gravity
181:Ukraine
177:Vietnam
175:(3.0),
173:Romania
171:(3.4),
167:(3.5),
163:(3.5),
151:(4.7),
144:(5.0).
1457:Mexico
1422:Canada
1417:Belize
1396:Russia
1379:Europe
1360:Turkey
1330:Israel
1242:Africa
872:. In:
645:14 000
354:cotton
316:system
258:Yunnan
223:energy
187:(2.1)
161:Brazil
138:Turkey
32:source
1524:Chile
1391:Italy
1355:Syria
1310:India
1305:China
1274:Sudan
1254:Egypt
1008:Ditch
642:4 400
639:3 500
566:China
374:wheat
358:maize
237:from
169:Egypt
119:World
81:China
73:India
46:when
1534:Peru
1325:Iraq
1320:Iran
1288:Asia
1259:Mali
1232:and
676:and
492:118
446:1983
443:1955
383:Rice
366:sown
360:and
229:and
165:Iraq
134:Iran
123:277
105:188
100:Asia
894:FAO
659:100
620:use
584:45
561:67
538:76
532:100
529:213
526:100
523:121
515:63
506:152
318:in
204:94%
113:22
102:(*)
94:19
84:54
76:57
1569::
809:^
700:^
665:9
662:25
656:80
604:.
581:14
578:21
575:45
572:26
569:31
558:22
555:26
552:55
549:27
546:33
535:92
512:59
509:71
503:77
500:93
489:33
486:29
483:61
480:23
477:28
356:,
219:6%
214:.
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
943:e
936:t
929:v
838:.
766:.
411:.
397:.
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