2328:. This theory presumes that Irish-Catholic culture was of little value, to be rejected with such ease. Nicolson (1985) argues that neither theory is valid. He says that in the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle – Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, and, while Irish Catholics cooperated in labour organizations for the sake of their families' future, they never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies.
300:
161:
1259:, with its two main tenets, anti-Catholicism and loyalty to Britain, flourished in Ontario. Largely coincident with Protestant Irish settlement, its role pervaded the political, social and community as well as religious lives of its followers. Spatially, Orange lodges were founded as Irish Protestant settlement spread north and west from its original focus on the Lake Ontario plain. Although the number of active members, and thus their influence, may have been overestimated, the Orange influence was considerable and comparable to the Catholic influence in Quebec.
1266:, resulting in a violent confrontation between the Irish and the Scots. St. Patrick's Day processions in Toronto were often disrupted by tensions, that boiled over to the extent that the parade was cancelled permanently by the mayor in 1878 and not re-instituted until 110 years later in 1988. The Jubilee Riots of 1875 jarred Toronto in a time when sectarian tensions ran at their highest. Irish Catholics in Toronto were an embattled minority among a Protestant population that included a large Irish Protestant contingent strongly committed to the Orange Order.
1709:
1637:
1950:
3179:
relatively privileged group. The most visible manifestations of intergenerational Irish ethnicity – the
Catholic Church and the Orange Order – served as vehicles for recreating Irish culture on the prairies and as forums for ethnic fusion, which integrated people of Irish origin with settlers of other nationalities. The Irish were thus a vital force for cohesion in an ethnically diverse frontier society, but also a source of major tension with elements that did not share their vision of how the province of Saskatchewan should evolve.
2695:, held elective office and became the natural leaders of their augmented Irish community after the arrival of the famine immigrants. The early Irish came to the Miramichi because it was easy to get to with lumber ships stopping in Ireland before returning to Chatham and Newcastle, and because it provided economic opportunities, especially in the lumber industry. They were commonly Irish speakers, and in the eighteen thirties and eighteen forties there were many Irish-speaking communities along the New Brunswick and Maine frontier.
2645:
3202:
2218:, Canada West, which happened after 1846. Most of the immigrants were attracted to North Hastings by free land grants beginning in 1856. Three Irish settlements were established in North Hastings: Umfraville, Doyle's Corner, and O'Brien Settlement. The Irish were primarily Roman Catholic. Crop failures in 1867 halted the road program near the Irish settlements, and departing settlers afterward outnumbered new arrivals. By 1870, only the successful settlers, most of whom were farmers who raised grazing animals, remained.
2634:
1673:
215:
2037:
283:
1385:
2866:
2761:, the Irish language survived as a community language in New Brunswick into the twentieth century. The 1901 census specifically enquired as to the mother tongue of the respondents, defining it as a language commonly spoken in the home. There were several individuals and a scattering of families in the census who described Irish as their first language and as being spoken at home. In other respects the respondents had less in common, some being Catholic and some Protestant.
266:
3026:
Anglican Church of Canada at 26.1% of the total population (132,680 members), the United Church of Canada at 17.0% (86,420 members), and the
Salvation Army at 7.9% (39,955 members), with other Protestant denominations in much smaller numbers. The Pentecostal Church made up 6.7% of the population with 33,840 members. Non-Christians made up only 2.7% of the total population, with the majority of those respondents indicating "no religion" (2.5% of the total population).
1601:
3216:
2427:." After the Troubles began, various Canadian loyalist organisations sprang to life to provide the 'besieged' Protestants with the resources to arm themselves. Between 1979 and 1986, loyalist paramilitaries received 100 machine guns and many rifles, grenade launchers, magnum revolvers, and hundreds of thousands of rounds of ammunition from Canadian sources. These weapons were a boost to the loyalist armed campaign and contributed to the many numbers of Catholic
1529:
1565:
198:
232:
249:
1493:
2876:
1889:
36:
955:
908:
1349:
1781:
1421:
700:
1457:
1745:
2156:, increasing numbers of Irish, a growing proportion of them Catholic, were venturing to Canada to obtain work on projects such as canals, roads, early railroads and in the lumber industry. The labourers were known as ‘navvies’ and built much of the early infrastructure in the province. Settlement schemes offering cheap (or free) land brought over farming families, with many being from Munster (particularly counties
1817:
2297:. He contended that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison, the American Irish in the Northeast and Midwest were dominantly Catholic, urban dwelling, and ghettoized. There was however, the existence of Irish-centric ghettos in Toronto (
2051:
434:. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived from 1825 to 1970, and at least half of those in the period from 1831 to 1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario. About one-third were Catholic in 1931 and two-thirds Protestant.
2691:, received a significant Irish immigration in the years before the famine. These settlers tended to be better off and better educated than the later arrivals, who came out of desperation. Though coming after the Scottish and the French Acadians, they made their way in this new land, intermarrying with the Catholic Highland Scots, and to a lesser extent, with the Acadians. Some, like
3691:
3306:
2373:
motive was to advance the cause of Irish
Catholics in Canada and abroad; he had significant support from the Vatican. He opposed the French Canadian Catholics, especially by opposing bilingual education. French Canadians did not participate in Fallon's efforts to support the war effort and became more marginalized in Ontario politics and society.
3395:
3661:
3363:
1869:
intermarry with the
Catholic French-speakers. Considering that many other Canadians throughout Canada likewise have Irish roots, in addition to those who may simply identify as Canadian, the total number of Canadians with some Irish ancestry extrapolated would include a significant proportion of the Canadian population.
4304:
but important meeting places: some of their owners helped to provide shelter for ira men on the run. And as in the 1860s, the key activities of Irish republicans in Canada were fundraising, arms running, and publicizing the cause. Montreal, Toronto, and southern
Ontario were focal points, just as they had been for the
3127:
the 1880s of Quaker philanthropist James Hack Tuke as well as those of Thomas
Connolly, the Irish emigration agent for the Canadian government. The Irish press continued to warn potential emigrants of the dangers and hardships of life in Canada and encouraged would-be emigrants to settle instead in the United States.
2839:, on the lots inherited by Father John MacDonald from his father Captain John MacDonald. From the 1830s through 1848, 3,000 people emigrated from County Monaghan to PEI in what became known as the Monaghan settlements, forming the largest group of Irish to arrive on the Island in the first half of the 19th century.
448:. According to the 2021 census, in terms of religion, 2,437,810 (55%) of Irish Canadians identified as Christian at the census compared to 1,905,155 identifying as secular or non-religious (43%). 1,228,640 (28%) identified as Roman Catholic and 1,190,000 (27%) identified as belonging to a Protestant denomination.
2332:
the First World War. They broke out of the ghetto and lived in all of
Toronto's neighbourhoods. Starting as unskilled labourers, they used high levels of education to move up and were well represented among the lower middle class. Most dramatically, they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate.
3134:
had two distinct components: those who came via eastern Canada or the United States, and those who came directly from
Ireland. Many of the Irish-Canadians who came west were fairly well assimilated, in that they spoke English and understood British customs and law, and tended to be regarded as a part
3064:
area. Halifax, founded in 1749, was estimated to be about 16% Irish
Catholic in 1767 and about 9% by the end of the 18th century. Although the harsh laws enacted against them were generally not enforced, Irish Catholics had no legal rights in the early history of the city. Catholic membership in the
3021:
According to the 2001 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in
Newfoundland and Labrador is English (39.4%), followed by Irish (39.7%), Scottish (6.0%), French (5.5%), and First Nations (3.2%). While half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian", 38% report their ethnicity
2659:
has often been called "Canada's Irish City". In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland arrived to Saint John. Those
2285:
which eventually extending into Northern Ontario along with railroad building and mining. There was a strong Irish rural presence in Ontario in comparison to their brethren in the northern US, but they were also numerous in the towns and cities. Later generations of these poorer immigrants were among
2221:
In the 1840s the major challenge for the Catholic Church was keeping the loyalty of the very poor Catholic arrivals during marches. The fear was that Protestants might use their material needs as a wedge for evangelicalization. In response the Church built a network of charitable institutions such as
3178:
About 10% of the population of Saskatchewan during 1850–1930 were Irish-born or of Irish origin. Cottrell (1999) examines the social, economic, political, religious, and ideological impact of the Irish diaspora on pioneer society and suggests that both individually and collectively, the Irish were a
3126:
politicians anticipated that the assisted migrations of Irish settlers would lead to the establishment of a 'New Ireland' on Canada's prairies, or at least raise the profile of the country's potential as a suitable destination for immigrants, neither happened. Sheppard (1990) looks at the efforts in
3113:
inhabitants, Acadian French, Lowland Scots, Irish, Loyalists from New England, and English have all contributed to a history which has included cultural, religious, and political conflict as well as cooperation and synthesis. The Highland Scots became the largest community in the early 19th century,
3029:
According to the Statistics Canada 2006 census, 21.5% of Newfoundlanders claim Irish ancestry (other major groups in the province include 43.2% English, 7% Scottish, and 6.1% French). In 2006, Statistics Canada have listed the following ethnic origins in Newfoundland; 216,340 English, 107,390 Irish,
2930:
To Newfoundland, the Irish gave the still-familiar family names of southeast Ireland: Walsh, Power, Murphy, Ryan, Whelan, Phelan, O'Brien, Kelly, Hanlon, Neville, Bambrick, Halley, Houlihan, Hogan, Dillon, Byrne, Quigley, Burke, and FitzGerald. Irish place names are less common, many of the island's
2331:
McGowan argues that between 1890 and 1920, the city's Catholics experienced major social, ideological, and economic changes that allowed them to integrate into Toronto society and shake off their second-class status. The Irish Catholics (in contrast to the French) strongly supported Canada's role in
824:
The Catholic Irish and Protestant (Orange) Irish were often in conflict from the 1840s. In Ontario, the Irish fought with the French for control of the Catholic Church, with the Irish successful. In that instance, the Irish sided with the Protestants to oppose the demand for French-language Catholic
774:
of Ireland (1845–52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded
4376:
found that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was also fundraising in Canada, but authorities at first did nothing because collecting cash was considered a nonviolent pursuit that was not a threat to Canada. The British government, however, put pressure on Ottawa to take action, since the money raised
4303:
would assume a renewed presence in Canadian life, largely hidden from public view but no less significant for that. As in the 1860s, recent immigrants played a dominant but by no means exclusive role in Irish Canadian revolutionary republicanism. As in the 1860s, Irish republican pubs were informal
3052:
descent. William Sommerville (1800–1878) was ordained in the Irish Reformed Presbyterian Church and in 1831 was sent as a missionary to New Brunswick. There, with missionary Alexander Clarke, he formed the Reformed Presbytery of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1832 before becoming minister of the
2777:
from Northern Ireland). In the latter half of the 20th century, this sectarianism diminished and was ultimately destroyed recently after two events occurred. First, the Catholic and Protestant school boards were merged into one secular institution; second, the practice of electing two MLAs for each
2679:
By 1850, the Irish Catholic community constituted Saint John's largest ethnic group. In the census of 1851, over half the heads of households in the city registered themselves as natives of Ireland. By 1871, 55 per cent of Saint John's residents were Irish natives or children of Irish-born fathers.
2359:
Some writers have assumed that the Irish in 19th-century North America were impoverished. DiMatteo (1992), using evidence from probate records in 1892, shows this is untrue. Irish-born and Canadian-born Irish accumulated wealth in a similar way, and that being Irish was not an economic disadvantage
2289:
Redclift (2003) concluded that many of the one million migrants, mainly of British and Irish origin, who arrived in Canada in the mid-19th century benefited from the availability of land and absence of social barriers to mobility. This enabled them to think and feel like citizens of the new country
2238:
at points along the American border, which arose suspicions by Protestants of Catholics' sympathies toward the Fenian cause. The Irish population essentially defined the Catholic population in Toronto until 1890, when German and French Catholics were welcomed to the city by the Irish, but the Irish
1868:
The graph excludes those who have only some Irish ancestry. Historian and journalist Louis-Guy Lemieux claims that about 40% of Quebecers have Irish ancestry on at least one side of their family tree. Shunned by Protestant English-speakers, it was not uncommon for Catholic Irish to settle among and
886:
raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of refugees arrived at these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them
3174:
resolution of the religious schools issue, any eastern Irish-Canadians moving west blended in totally with the majority society. The small group of Irish-born who arrived in the second half of the 20th century tended to be urban professionals, a stark contrast to the agrarian pioneers who had come
2898:
for locals of Irish birth or ancestry, regardless of religious persuasion. The BIS was founded as a charitable, fraternal, middle-class social organization, on the principles of "benevolence and philanthropy", and had as its original objective to provide the necessary skills which would enable the
2702:
became the destination of thousands of Irish immigrants in the form of refugees fleeing the famines during the mid-19th century as the timber cargo vessels provided cheap passage when returning empty to the colony. Quarantine hospitals were located on islands at the mouth of the colony's two major
2363:
By 1901 Ontario Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians were among the most likely to own homes, while Anglicans did only moderately well, despite their traditional association with Canada's elite. French-speaking Catholics in Ontario achieved wealth and status less readily than Protestants and
4229:
The only other source of arms outside the United States that warrants inclusion here is Canada, because of several attempts in that country to supply arms and finance to both Loyalist and Republican paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland. The first evidence of this supportive activity was
2910:), while British Protestants, mainly from the West Country, settled in small fishing communities. Over time, the Irish Catholics became wealthier than their Protestant neighbours, which gave incentive for Protestant Newfoundlanders to join the Orange Order. In 1903, Sir William Coaker founded the
2258:
resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. Orange Order parades ended in rioting with Catholics, many Irish-speaking, fighting against increased marginalization trapped in Irish ghettos at York Point and North End areas such as Portland Point. Nativist Protestants had secured
2372:
Ciani (2008) concludes that support of World War I fostered an identity among Irish Catholics as loyal citizens and helped integrate them into the social fabric of the nation. Rev. Michael Fallon, the Catholic bishop of London, sided with the Protestants against the French Catholics. His primary
802:, which housed the immigration reception station. Thousands died or arrived sick and were treated in the hospital (equipped for less than one hundred patients) in the summer of 1847; in fact, many ships that reached Grosse-Île had lost the bulk of their passengers and crew, and much more died in
3033:
Most of the Irish migration to Newfoundland was pre-famine (late 18th century and early 19th century), and two centuries of isolation have led many of Irish descent in Newfoundland to consider their ethnic identity "Newfoundlander", and not "Irish", although they are aware of the cultural links
3025:
Accordingly, the largest single religious denomination by number of adherents according to the 2001 census was the Roman Catholic Church, at 36.9% of the province's population (187,405 members). The major Protestant denominations make up 59.7% of the population, with the largest group being the
2683:
In 1967, at Reed's Point at the foot of Prince William Street, St. Patrick's Square was created to honour citizens of Irish heritage. The square overlooks Partridge Island, and a replica of the island's Celtic Cross stands in the square. Then in 1997 the park was refurbished by the city with a
2664:
raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees arrived. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from
2344:
in 1867, Catholics were granted a separate school board. Through the late 19th and early 20th century, Irish immigration to Ontario continued but a slower pace, much of it family reunification. Out-migration of Irish in Ontario (along with others) occurred during this period following economic
2207:, in addition to many other smaller communities across southern Ontario. Quarantine facilities were hastily constructed to accommodate them. Nurses, doctors, priests, nuns, compatriots, some politicians and ordinary citizens aided them. Thousands died in Ontario that summer alone, mostly from
2439:
Today, the impact of the heavy 19th-century Irish immigration to Ontario is evident as those who report Irish extraction in the province number close to 2 million people or almost half the total Canadians who claim Irish ancestry. In 2004, March 17 was proclaimed "Irish Heritage Day" by the
3163:
was executed, inflaming sectarian tensions in the east. At this time and during the course of the following decades, many of the Catholic Irish were fighting for separate Catholic schools in the west, but sometimes clashed with the Francophone element of the Catholic community during the
2805:
The first waves of Irish immigrants took place between 1763 and 1880. when ten thousand Irish immigrants arrived on the Island. From 1800 to 1850, "10,000 immigrants from every county in Ireland" had settled in Prince Edward Island and represented 25% of the Island population by 1850.
3364:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"
3307:"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data"
4770:
2886:
The large Irish Catholic element in Newfoundland in the 19th century played a major role in Newfoundland history, and developed a strong local culture of their own. They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish "Orange" element.
2927:. Newfoundland then joined Canada by a 52–48% margin, and with an influx of Protestants into St. John's after the closure of the east coast cod fishery in the 1990s, the main issues have become one of Rural vs. Urban interests rather than anything ethnic or religious.
1251:
resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. The city was shaped by Irish ghettos at York Point, and suppression of poor, Irish-speaking peoples rights lead to decades of turmoil. The division would continue to shape Saint John in years to come.
2931:
more prominent landmarks having already been named by early French and English explorers. Nevertheless, Newfoundland's Ballyhack, Cappahayden, Kilbride, St. Bride's, Port Kirwan, Waterford Valley, Windgap and Skibereen all point to Irish antecedents.
2809:
The British divided St John's Island, following 1763, was divided into dozens of lots that were granted to "influential individuals in Britain" with conditions for land ownership including the settlement of each lot by 1787 by British Protestants.
3088:
but abandoned since the 19th century for better farmland in places like Erinville/Salmon River Lake). In this area Irish last names are prevalent and an Irish influence is apparent in the accent, the traditional music of the area, food, religion
2222:
hospitals, schools, boarding homes, and orphanages, to meet the need and keep people inside the faith. The Catholic church was less successful in dealing with tensions between its French and the Irish clergy; eventually the Irish took control.
2384:, Irish Canadians nevertheless responded to the conflict. In August 1969, some 150 Irish Canadians in Toronto announced that they intended to send money, which could be used to buy guns if necessary, to the Catholic women and children of the
877:
In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into
2824:, what became known as the century-long "land question", originated with Patterson's failure as administrator of a colony whose lands were owned by a monopoly of British absentee proprietors who demanded rent from their Island tenants.
2392:(PIRA) cause. Much of the IRA support in Canada was based in Montreal, Toronto, and southern Ontario. Canadian IRA supporters raised money to secretly purchase weapons, most notably the detonators used in Canadian mining sites, for the
2356:, a brotherhood of Irishmen and women of both Catholic and Protestant faiths. The society promoted Irish Canadian culture, but it was forbidden for members to speak of Irish politics when meeting. Today, the Society is still operating.
3419:
4774:
2276:
corridor often in rural areas, allowing many to farm the relatively cheap, arable land of southern Ontario. Employment opportunities in the cities, in Toronto but elsewhere, occupations included construction, liquor processing (see
2345:
downturns, available new land and mining booms in the US or the Canadian West. The reverse is true of those with Irish descent who migrated to Ontario from the Maritimes and Newfoundland seeking work, mostly since World War II.
2259:
their dominance over the city's political systems at the peak of the famine, which saw the New Brunswick city's demographics completely changed with waves of immigration. In three years alone, 1844 to 1847, 30,000 Irish came to
2680:
However, the city was split with tensions between Irish Catholics and Unionist Protestants. From the 1840s onward, Sectarian riots were rampant in the city with many poor, Irish-speaking immigrants clustered at York Point.
5245:
Horner, Dan. "‘If the Evil Now Growing around Us Be Not Staid’: Montreal and Liverpool Confront the Irish Famine Migration as a Transnational Crisis in Urban Governance." Histoire Sociale/Social History 46, no. 92 (2013):
2360:
by the 1890s. Immigrants from earlier decades may well have experienced greater economic difficulties, but in general the Irish in Ontario in the 1890s enjoyed levels of wealth commensurate with the rest of the populace.
2364:
Irish Catholics. Although differences in attainment existed between people of different religious denominations, the difference between Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants in urban Canada was relatively insignificant.
3396:"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data"
3108:
Murdoch (1998) notes that the popular image of Cape Breton Island as a last bastion of Scottish Highland and specifically Gaelic culture distorts the complex history of the island since the 16th century. The original
3053:
West Cornwallis congregation in Grafton, Nova Scotia, in 1833. Although a strict Covenanter, Sommerville initially ministered to Presbyterians generally over a very extensive district. Presbyterian centres included
806:
on or near the island. From Grosse-Île, most survivors were sent to Quebec City and Montreal, where the existing Irish community grew. The orphaned children were adopted into Quebec families and accordingly became
3065:
legislature was nonexistent until near the end of the century. In 1829 Lawrence O'Connor Doyle, of Irish parentage, became the first of his faith to become a lawyer and helped to overcome opposition to the Irish.
3662:"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)"
2684:
memorial marked by the city's St. Patrick's Society and Famine 150 which was unveiled by Hon. Mary Robinson, president of Ireland. The St. Patrick's Society of Saint John, founded in 1819, is still active today.
2271:
An economic boom and growth in the years after their arrival allowed many Irish men to obtain steady employment on the rapidly expanding railroad network, settlements developed or expanded along or close to the
5102:
5076:
2922:
was held in Newfoundland as to its political future; the Irish Catholics mainly supported a return to independence for Newfoundland as it existed before 1934, while the Protestants mainly supported joining the
2813:
From 1767 through 1810 English speaking Irish Protestants were brought to the colony as colonial pioneers to establish the British system of government with its institutions and laws. The Irish-born Captain
2317:, a holdout against public housing and urban renewal, up to the 1970s. This was also the case in other Canadian cities with significant Irish Catholic populations such as Montreal, Ottawa and Saint John.
891:, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.
3692:"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data"
2914:
in an Orange Hall in Herring Neck. Furthermore, during the term of Commission of Government (1934–1949), the Orange Lodge was one of only a handful of "democratic" organizations that existed in the
1244:
Tensions between the Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics were widespread in Canada in the 19th century, with many episodes of violence and anger, especially in Atlantic Canada and Ontario.
4340:
Supporters of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) smuggled detonators from Canadian mining operations for use in the indiscriminate bombings that wracked Northern Ireland for years.
4230:
seen in August 1969 with an announcement by some 150 Toronto Irish-Canadians that they intended sending money, which could be used to buy guns if necessary, to the women and children of the
2419:. Sociologist Steve Bruce described the support networks in Canada as "the main source of support for loyalism outside the United Kingdom . . . Ontario is to Ulster Protestants what
4663:
850:
After Confederation, Irish Catholics faced more hostility, especially from Protestant Irish in Ontario, which was under the political sway of the already entrenched anti-Catholic
3550:"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 – national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 – série nationale : population. Ethnic origin"
2179:
and subsequent settlement along its route. Alongside French-Canadians, thousands of Irish laboured in difficult conditions and terrain. Hundreds, if not thousands, died from
3522:"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I – partie 3. Introduction to volume I (part 3)"
2022:
to serve Montreal's mostly Irish English-speaking Catholic community in 1896. Saint Mary's Hospital was founded in the 1920s and continues to serve Montreal's present-day
874:
of the time. As the Irish became more prosperous and newer groups arrived on Canada's shores, tensions subsided through the remainder the latter part of the 19th century.
2720:
2251:) and House of Providence created by Irish Catholic groups strengthened the Irish identity, transforming the Irish presence in the city into one of influence and power.
2934:
Along with traditional names, the Irish brought their native tongue. Newfoundland is the only place outside Europe with its own distinctive name in the Irish language,
2754:
continues to host a large annual Irish festival. Indeed, Miramichi is one of the most Irish communities in North America, second possibly only to Saint John or Boston.
811:, both linguistically and culturally. At the same time, ships with the starving also docked at Partridge Island, New Brunswick in similarly desperate circumstances.
4884:
officially use the name "British Isles Origins" for the various nationalities and ethnicities that are in the region. See 2016, 2011, or 2006 censuses as examples
743:
Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides
2230:
Toronto had similar numbers of both Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics. Riots or conflicts repeatedly broke out from 1858 to 1878, such as during the annual
2234:
parade or during various religious processions, which culminated in the Jubilee Riots of 1875. These tensions had increased following the organized but failed
441:, when far more Catholics than Protestants arrived. Even larger numbers of Catholics headed to the United States; others went to Great Britain and Australia.
2798:
of 1845–1852, in which a million Irish died and another million emigrated, the majority of Irish immigrants had already arrived on Prince Edward Island. One
2195:, had a large impact on Ontario. At its peak in the summer of 1847, boatloads of sick migrants arrived in desperate circumstances on steamers from Quebec to
767:, were arrival points. Not all remained; many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Few returned to Ireland.
3949:
Rosalyn Trigger, "Irish Politics on Parade: The Clergy, National Societies, and St. Patrick's Day Processions in Nineteenth-Century Montreal and Toronto,"
2735:
valleys. The difficulty of farming these regions, however, saw many Irish immigrant families moving to the colony's major cities within a generation or to
5242:
Leitch, Gillian Irene. "Community and Identity in Nineteenth Century Montreal: The Founding of Saint Patrick's Church." University of Ottawa Canada, 2009.
4549:
2129:
From the times of early European settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Irish had been coming to Ontario, in small numbers and in the service of
4087:
Michael R. Redclift, "Community and the Establishment of Social Order on the Canadian Frontier in the 1840s and 1850s: An English Immigrant's Account,"
821:
In comparison with the Irish who went to the United States or Britain, many Irish arrivals in Canada settled in rural areas, in addition to the cities.
3494:"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I – partie 2. Ethnic groups"
1983:
outbreak of 1847–48. The Irish Commemorative Stone or "Black Rock", as it is commonly known, was erected by bridge workers to commemorate the tragedy.
5088:
4488:
843:. In 1868, he was assassinated in Ottawa. Historians are not sure who the murderer was, or what his motivations were. One theory is that a Fenian,
2447:
Ontario sustains a network of Irish language enthusiasts, many of whom see the language as part of their ethnic heritage. Ontario is also home to
882:. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the
4048:
Murray Nicholson, "The Growth of Roman Catholic Institutions in the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841–90," in Terrence Murphy and Gerald Stortz, eds,
6527:
2281:), Great Lakes shipping, and manufacturing. Women generally entered into domestic service. In more remote areas, employment centred around the
3018:–a far-flung but semi-Irish colony with the potential for political chaos. Seven Irishman were hanged by the crown because of the uprising.
2672:
After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in
2969:
religion, the prevalence of Irish music – even the dialect and accent of the people – are so reminiscent of rural Ireland that Irish author
2899:
poor to better themselves. Today the society is still active in Newfoundland and is the oldest philanthropic organization in North America.
5266:
5067:
4178:
Peter Baskerville, "Did Religion Matter? Religion and Wealth in Urban Canada at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Exploratory Study,"
2660:
who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the
818:(now Ontario) and provided a cheap labor pool and colonization of land in a rapidly expanding economy in the decades after their arrival.
2353:
1975:, living in a tent city at the foot of the bridge. Here, workers unearthed a mass grave of 6,000 Irish immigrants who had died at nearby
5199:
5051:
Jenkins, W. "Between the Lodge and the Meeting-House: Mapping Irish Protestant Identities and Social Worlds in late Victorian Toronto,"
4674:
2247:
held the chair of English until his death in 1980), three hospitals, and the most significant charitable organizations in the city (the
6552:
6490:
2393:
6698:
5293:
2750:
saw large numbers of Irish migrants, changing the nature and character of both municipalities. Today, all of the amalgamated city of
4291:(ira), and thirty years of a conflict that would result in more than 3,600 deaths and fail to achieve the republican objective of a
6415:
2903:
4955:
Cottrell, Michael. "St. Patrick's Day parades in nineteenth-century Toronto: Study of immigrant adjustment and elite control." In
3042:
About one Nova Scotian in four is of Irish descent, and there are good tracing facilities for genealogists and family historians.
2458:
With the downturn of Ireland's economy in 2010, many Irish people came to Canada looking for work, or to pre-arranged employment.
3989:
4522:
5326:
4284:
4260:
3239:
2946:
was of Munster derivation and was still in use by older people into the first half of the twentieth century. It has influenced
2240:
835:
in 1867. An Irish Republican in his early years, he would moderate his view in later years and become a passionate advocate of
724:
After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from counties
100:
5209:
5181:
5158:
5119:
5042:
4644:
4442:
2818:
was the first Governor of St John's Island from 1769 until he was removed from office by Whitehall in 1787. According to the
2168:
organized land settlements of Catholic tenant farmers in the 1820s to areas of rural Eastern Ontario, which helped establish
2455:), an area which hosts cultural activities for Irish speakers and learners and has been recognized by the Irish government.
72:
6693:
6532:
6517:
5642:
4404:
4365:
4333:
4268:
4222:
2637:
2514:
2260:
847:, was the assassin, attacking McGee for his recent anti-Raid statements. Others argue that Whelan was used as a scapegoat.
3737:
2448:
2137:
in 1763, Protestant Irish, both Irish Anglicans and Ulster-Scottish Presbyterians, had been migrating over the decades to
5065:
Jenkins, W. "Patrolmen and Peelers: Immigration, Urban Culture, and the 'Irish Police' in Canada and the United States,"
2478:
2007:
1284:
1276:
4918:
Cadigan, Sean T. (1991). "Paternalism and Politics: Sir Francis Bond Head, the Orange Order, and the Election of 1836".
6557:
6537:
5302:
4607:
2860:
2791:
2388:. After the outbreak of the conflict, the Irish Republican Clubs were established in America and Canada to support the
2064:
The Irish would also settle in large numbers in Quebec City and establish communities in rural Quebec, particularly in
79:
5261:
4949:
Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto 1850–1895
6703:
6512:
6117:
4461:
The Call of the Wild Geese: An Ethnography of Diasporic Irish Language Revitalization in Southern and Eastern Ontario
4288:
3822:
3795:
2389:
1936:
986:
Note2: 1996–present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
939:
Note2: 1996–present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
740:. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal.
691:
Note2: 1996–present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
119:
3420:"Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts"
2324:
caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common
1918:
1262:
In Montreal in 1853, the Orange Order organized speeches by the fiercely anti-Catholic and anti-Irish former priest
6621:
6542:
6485:
4709:
3917:
2820:
2728:
2614:
2400:
1910:
53:
6616:
6480:
2911:
2708:
2666:
888:
86:
3899:
Cecil Houston and William J. Smyth, "The Orange Order and the Expansion of the Frontier in Ontario, 1830–1900,"
3076:, such as the Erinville (meaning Irishville) /Salmon River Lake/Ogden/Bantry district (Bantry being named after
778:
Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were
6377:
3244:
3054:
2989:
2248:
2165:
1914:
982:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
935:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
717:
The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from
687:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
335:
57:
17:
5133:
4557:
2313:) at the fringes of urban development, at least for the first few decades after the famine and in the case of
2006:. With the help of Quebec's Catholic Church, they would establish their own churches, schools, and hospitals.
6470:
5994:
5286:
4980:
4373:
737:
4690:
With some funding from the Community Museums Association of Prince Edward Island's Museum Development Grant.
4191:
Adrian Ciani, "'An Imperialist Irishman': Bishop Michael Fallon, the Diocese of London and the Great War,"
3846:
68:
6408:
5316:
4377:
in Canada was financing the purchase of weapons. Canadian-made detonators were turning up inside IRA bombs.
3234:
3139:. However, this picture was complicated by the religious division. Many of the original "English" Canadian
2618:
2239:
were still 90% of the Catholic population. However, various powerful initiatives such as the foundation of
1967:
Irish established communities in both urban and rural Quebec. Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in
2835:, Ireland accompanied by Father John MacDonald who had recruited them, arrived on the Island to settle in
6567:
6502:
4481:
4396:
4325:
2981:
2895:
2815:
1976:
4459:
2076:
where there was an active timber industry. However, most would move on to larger North American cities.
3886:
2461:
There are many communities in Ontario that are named after places and last names of Ireland, including
2408:
2282:
1972:
1953:
4731:
Johanne Devlin Trew, "The Forgotten Irish? Contested sites and narratives of nation in Newfoundland".
6579:
5871:
3165:
3147:
were fervent Irish Loyalist Protestants, and members of the Orange Order. They clashed with Catholic
2723:), where many would ultimately die. Those who survived settled on marginal agricultural lands in the
2704:
2673:
2656:
2598:
2255:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1640:
1248:
879:
764:
304:
299:
967:
920:
6670:
6547:
5500:
5279:
5262:
The Shamrock and the Maple Leaf: Irish-Canadian Documentary Heritage at Library and Archives Canada
4860:
Michael Cottrell, "The Irish in Saskatchewan, 1850–1930: A Study Of Intergenerational Ethnicity",
4287:, the loyalist reaction, riots in the streets, the entry of the British Army, the emergence of the
3881:
3160:
3008:
2915:
2891:
2751:
2716:
2649:
2486:
2107:
2080:
1899:
808:
2902:
Newfoundland Irish Catholics, mainly from the southeast of Ireland, settled in the cities (mainly
2214:
How permanent a settlement was depended on circumstances. A case in point is Irish immigration to
6666:
6475:
6401:
6350:
5856:
5521:
5321:
4909:
Small Differences: Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants, 1815–1922: An International Perspective
4847:
George Sheppard, "Starvation, Moral Ruin and a Frozen Grave: An Irish View of Victorian Canada",
3188:
3000:
2142:
2003:
1903:
832:
703:
46:
4599:
4593:
3633:
3605:
3577:
3549:
3521:
3493:
2293:
Akenson (1984) argued that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the
839:. He was instrumental in enshrining educational rights for Catholics as a minority group in the
6562:
6301:
5827:
5637:
3277:
2993:
2938:, "the land of fish". Eastern Newfoundland was one of the few places outside Ireland where the
2924:
2869:
2795:
2747:
2724:
2712:
2688:
2661:
2416:
2404:
2341:
2054:
883:
855:
828:
771:
438:
403:
4390:
3812:
3785:
3334:
1986:
The Irish would go on to settle permanently in the close-knit working-class neighbourhoods of
6626:
6600:
6453:
6382:
6338:
6205:
5984:
5952:
5904:
5817:
5809:
5360:
5215:
4231:
2977:
2848:
2590:
2530:
2385:
2325:
2169:
2134:
1712:
840:
93:
3867:
Scott W. See, "'An Unprecedented Influx': Nativism and Irish Famine Immigration To Canada,"
3003:. The uprising in St. John's was significant in that it was the first occasion on which the
732:, increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the
6654:
6372:
6246:
6200:
6159:
6091:
5924:
5914:
5889:
5861:
5759:
5721:
5698:
5688:
5678:
5526:
5399:
4050:
Creed and Culture: The Place of English-Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society, 1750 – 1930
2947:
2856:
2770:
2506:
2302:
2273:
2231:
2030:
1987:
1676:
844:
756:
364:
4704:
4015:
8:
6674:
6185:
6137:
6132:
6101:
6055:
5942:
5899:
5879:
5844:
5794:
5789:
5772:
5693:
5673:
5663:
5658:
5617:
5607:
5429:
4296:
4214:
3156:
3049:
2880:
2774:
2586:
2574:
2522:
2510:
2490:
2462:
2441:
2428:
2278:
2095:
867:
791:
383:
5103:
Creed and Culture. The Place of English-Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society 1750–1930
4961:
A nation of immigrants: women, workers, and communities in Canadian history, 1840s–1960s
4713:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto and Université Laval
3990:"Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine | Multicultural Canada"
3453:
430:
heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in
160:
6364:
6306:
6220:
6210:
6190:
6175:
6149:
6040:
6025:
5979:
5974:
5947:
5884:
5839:
5779:
5683:
5632:
5622:
5586:
5547:
5542:
5505:
5482:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5424:
5377:
5345:
5170:
5031:
4935:
4633:
4613:
3102:
3073:
3061:
2943:
2852:
2758:
2732:
2542:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2192:
2040:
1263:
851:
799:
445:
391:
5338:
4760:, "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora", Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
3993:
2973:
has described Newfoundland as "the most Irish place in the world outside of Ireland".
6649:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6215:
6180:
6154:
6142:
6127:
6096:
6070:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5989:
5894:
5849:
5799:
5767:
5668:
5627:
5591:
5372:
5367:
5271:
5205:
5177:
5154:
5115:
5038:
4939:
4878:
4640:
4603:
4438:
4400:
4361:
4357:
4329:
4264:
4218:
3818:
3791:
3424:
3263:
3229:
3131:
3098:
2622:
2606:
2594:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2444:
in recognition of the immense Irish contribution to the development of the Province.
2412:
2310:
2298:
2200:
2110:
2092:
1949:
679:
387:
354:
3847:"Trouble in the North End: The Geography of Social Violence in Saint John 1840–1860"
3148:
3007:
in Newfoundland deliberately challenged the authority of the state, and because the
2348:
In 1877, a breakthrough in Irish Canadian Protestant-Catholic relations occurred in
2286:
those who rose to prominence in unions, business, judiciary, the arts and politics.
1708:
1636:
6574:
6522:
6443:
6333:
6323:
6256:
6122:
6065:
6060:
6050:
5967:
5962:
5784:
5734:
5729:
5557:
5477:
5460:
5450:
5434:
5350:
4956:
4927:
4881:
4280:
3144:
3060:
Catholic Irish settlement in Nova Scotia was traditionally restricted to the urban
3014:
3011:
feared that it might not be the last. It earned for Newfoundland a reputation as a
2907:
2644:
2578:
2566:
2558:
2526:
2518:
2498:
2321:
2244:
2157:
2118:
2073:
2069:
1388:
725:
319:
219:
214:
2999:
was the only one to occur which the British administration linked directly to the
2133:, as missionaries, soldiers, geographers and fur trappers. After the creation of
963:
916:
6507:
6465:
6458:
6438:
6318:
6311:
6195:
6075:
6045:
5957:
5937:
5832:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5712:
5612:
5409:
5382:
5012:
What Determines Family Size? Irish Farming Families in Nineteenth-Century Ontario
5000:
4992:
4948:
4912:
4900:
4492:
4300:
4128:
The Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887–1922
4076:
Michael Power: The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier
4063:
Governing Charities: Church and State in Toronto: Catholic Archdiocese, 1850–1950
3454:"Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration – ARCHIVED"
3258:
2828:
2773:
had been divided between Irish Catholics and British Protestants (which included
2736:
2633:
2602:
2570:
2562:
2494:
2424:
2381:
2349:
2306:
2215:
2084:
2065:
1878:
863:
706:
399:
395:
327:
139:
5256:
5095:
Irish Settlements in Eastern Canada: A Study of Cultural Transfer and Adaptation
5077:
The Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto 1887–1922
5011:
6633:
6497:
6424:
6345:
5932:
5909:
5822:
5552:
5389:
4757:
4292:
3253:
3221:
3136:
3101:
there are other villages of Irish provenance, and still others can be found on
3094:
3090:
2970:
2939:
2692:
2582:
2554:
2474:
2294:
2114:
2036:
2033:
Parade in Montreal is one of the oldest in North America, dating back to 1824.
1961:
1672:
859:
779:
729:
415:
147:
4967:
Currie, Philip (1995). "Toronto Orangeism and the Irish Question, 1911–1916".
2199:(soon to be Ottawa), and to ports of call on Lake Ontario, chief amongst them
6687:
6595:
3207:
2836:
2699:
2669:, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour.
2610:
2314:
2117:. The Irish constitute the second largest ethnic group in the province after
1604:
836:
760:
358:
287:
282:
4504:
4154:
City of London, Ontario, Canada: The Pioneer Period and the London of To-day
5134:"The Orange Order and Social Violence in Mid-nineteenth Century Saint John"
4276:
3268:
3069:
3046:
3004:
2985:
2377:
2235:
2176:
2138:
2099:
1532:
1384:
1256:
1247:
In New Brunswick, from 1840 to the 1860s sectarian violence was rampant in
871:
748:
744:
427:
379:
350:
5033:
The sash Canada wore: A historical geography of the Orange Order in Canada
4931:
4617:
4392:
Irish Canadian Conflict and the Struggle for Irish Independence, 1912–1925
5128:(Halifax: International Education Centre, Saint Mary's University, 1981);
4821:
Terrence M. Punch, "The Irish Catholic, Halifax's First Minority Group,"
4165:
Livio Dimatteo, "The Wealth of the Irish in Nineteenth-Century Ontario,"
3081:
3022:
as "Newfoundlander" in a 2003 Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey.
2865:
2799:
2161:
2153:
2103:
2088:
2044:
1999:
1995:
1568:
978:
Canadians of Irish descent percentage of the total population (1871–2016)
815:
752:
733:
718:
270:
265:
5234:
5151:
Riots in New Brunswick: Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s
5060:
Between Raid and Rebellion: The Irish in Buffalo and Toronto, 1867–1916.
4234:. Thereafter the networks of the US-based Irish Northern Aid Committee (
3772:
Riots in New Brunswick: Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s
1600:
4746:
Conflict and culture in Irish-Newfoundland Roman Catholicism, 1829–1850
4598:. Studies in Ethnic History. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp.
4354:
Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World
4113:
Murray W. Nicolson, "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?"
4035:
Pauline Ryan, "A Study of Irish Immigration to North Hastings County,"
3152:
3110:
3077:
2919:
2130:
1528:
1303:
814:
A large number of the families that survived continued on to settle in
803:
4808:
Eldon Hay, "Cornwallis Covenanter: The Reverend William Sommerville,"
2942:
was spoken by a majority of the population as their primary language.
1564:
962:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
915:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
5023:
Irish Emigration and Canadian Settlement. Patterns, Links and Letters
3880:
Willeen G. Keogh, "Contested Terrains: Ethnic and Gendered Spaces in
2996:
2502:
2452:
423:
4322:
Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence
1888:
35:
6328:
5355:
3170:
3140:
3123:
3030:
34,920 Scottish, 30,545 French, 23,940 North American Indian etc.
2966:
2058:
1968:
1957:
1496:
1492:
699:
5267:
Irish-Canadian Documentary Heritage at Library and Archives Canada
2875:
2083:
have some Irish ancestry. Examples from political leaders include
1780:
1420:
1348:
6393:
3085:
2204:
2180:
2019:
1816:
1784:
1456:
1424:
1352:
431:
236:
231:
202:
197:
5190:
Toner, Peter M. "The Origins of the New Brunswick Irish, 1851,"
4981:
Irish Famine Immigration and the Social Structure of Canada West
4595:
Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island
4435:
The Catholic Church and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968–1998
2320:
Likewise the new labour historians believe that the rise of the
1744:
5226:(Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1989), short overview
4523:"Saint John St. Patrick's Society clings to men-only tradition"
4305:
4257:
Canadian Spy Story: Irish Revolutionaries and the Secret Police
4235:
2832:
2778:
provincial riding (one Catholic and one Protestant) was ended.
2740:
2420:
2380:(1969–1998) in Northern Ireland, although not as responsive as
2208:
2196:
2146:
1991:
1980:
1460:
795:
253:
248:
2965:
The family names, the features and colouring, the predominant
2050:
166:
Irish Canadians as percent of population by province/territory
5333:
5087:(1999) 1334pp covering all major groups; Irish on pp 734–83;
1748:
3105:, in places such as New Waterford, Rocky Bay and Glace Bay.
858:", written and composed by Scottish immigrant and Orangeman
4911:(Mcgill-Queen's Studies in the History of Religion) (1991)
2399:
At the same time, Irish Canadians also provided a role for
4834:
Steve Murdoch, "Cape Breton: Canada's 'Highland' Island?"
1971:
during the 1840s and were hired as labourers to build the
4771:"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts – Newfoundland and Labrador"
4238:) and the Irish Republican Clubs were extended to Canada.
4195:(Canadian Catholic Historical Association) 2008 74: 73–94
437:
The Irish immigrants were majority Protestant before the
5110:
O’Driscoll, Robert & Reynolds, Lorna (eds.) (1988).
5028:
4550:"Culture – The Irish Language in New Brunswick – ICCANB"
866:
outlook typical of the time with its disdainful view of
5025:(University of Toronto Press, 1990), geographical study
931:
Canadians of Irish descent total population (1871–2016)
5301:
4751:
4211:
Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency)
3690:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23).
3660:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-04).
3632:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3604:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3576:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3548:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3520:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3492:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3452:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1999-07-29).
3447:
3445:
3443:
3394:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-01).
3362:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23).
3305:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17).
4143:(University of Toronto Press, 1999) pp 745–47, 764–67
2894:(BIS) was founded as a philanthropic organization in
27:
Canadian citizens with full or partial Irish heritage
4773:. Statistics Canada. October 6, 2010. Archived from
3814:
Thomas D'Arcy McGee: The Extreme Moderate, 1857–1868
3783:
3689:
3659:
3631:
3603:
3575:
3547:
3519:
3491:
3451:
3393:
3361:
3304:
3197:
3114:
and their heritage has survived in diminished form.
2266:
2254:
From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in
4698:
4696:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
3606:"1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada"
3470:
3440:
3045:Many Nova Scotians who claim Irish ancestry are of
2175:The Irish were instrumental in the building of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5169:
5126:Irish Halifax: The Immigrant Generation, 1815–1859
5030:
4632:
4319:
3599:
3597:
782:, with many knowing no other language on arrival.
4810:Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society
4657:
4655:
4432:
4388:
3738:"J.A. Gallagher, "The Irish Immigration of 1847""
3685:
3683:
3681:
3655:
3653:
3627:
3625:
3571:
3569:
3543:
3541:
3515:
3513:
790:The great majority of Irish Catholics arrived in
6685:
4693:
4572:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
1239:
4254:
3810:
3594:
4963:(University of Toronto Press. 1998) pp: 35–54.
4901:The Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History
4652:
4505:"Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia"
4475:
3911:
3909:
3678:
3650:
3622:
3566:
3538:
3510:
2790:, Brendan O'Grady, a history professor at the
2290:in a way denied them back in the old country.
2263:, a quarantine station in the city's harbour.
6409:
5287:
5029:Houston, Cecil J.; Smyth, William J. (1980).
4993:Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach
4985:Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology
3578:"Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups"
3380:
3348:
3289:
4351:
2827:In May 1830 the first ship of families from
1269:
4872:
4763:
4457:
3906:
1917:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6416:
6402:
5294:
5280:
5176:. Toronto, New York, McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
5100:Murphy, Terrence, and Gerald Stortz, eds.
4959:, Paula Draper and Robert Ventresca eds.,
4664:"Early Immigration – Prince Edward Island"
4464:(MA thesis). University of Western Ontario
4102:Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History
3977:Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History
3759:Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History
3718:(Fredericton, NB: New Ireland Press, 1991)
3182:
159:
5071:28, no, 2 and 29, no, 1 (2002/03): 10–29.
5021:Houston, Cecil J., and William J. Smyth.
4624:
4539:O’Driscoll & Reynolds (1988), p. 712.
4205:
4203:
4201:
3966:(Les éditions du Septentrion, 2006) p. 9.
3727:O’Driscoll & Reynolds (1988), p. 711.
1937:Learn how and when to remove this message
831:, an Irish-Montreal journalist, became a
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
5153:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
4795:Terrence M. Punch, "Finding Our Irish,"
3992:. Multiculturalcanada.ca. Archived from
3634:"1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin"
2962:past-tense construction, for instance).
2874:
2864:
2643:
2632:
2049:
2035:
1948:
698:
5107:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993)
4996:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988)
4917:
4904:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984)
4702:
4591:
4437:. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
4065:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001)
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3716:The Irish in Atlantic Canada, 1780–1900
3072:village settlements throughout most of
2764:
444:Irish Canadians comprise a subgroup of
14:
6686:
5197:
5167:
4966:
4661:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4198:
3915:
3844:
3240:Irish Montreal before the Great Famine
2106:(born Georges-Henri Dore), and former
472:
6397:
5275:
5112:The Untold story: The Irish in Canada
3155:'s provisional government during the
2225:
2012:Montreal's English-speaking Catholics
5114:, Volume II. Celtic Arts of Canada.
5062:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University.
4639:, New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset,
4630:
4592:O’Grady, Brendan (August 17, 2004).
3918:"The Jubilee Riots in Toronto, 1875"
3831:
2186:
1915:adding citations to reliable sources
1882:
948:
901:
439:Irish famine years of the late 1840s
190:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5148:
5131:
5097:(University of Toronto Press, 1974)
4243:
4016:"Rideau Canal Waterway – Memorials"
3869:American Review Of Canadian Studies
751:(Quebec), the Maritime colonies of
24:
6423:
5303:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
4891:
4482:"Canada to have first Gaeltacht."
4419:McDonald, Henry & Cusack, Jim
4389:Robert McLaughlin (January 2013).
4295:. Under these circumstances, both
4013:
3784:Francess G. Halpenny, ed. (1990).
2861:Music of Newfoundland and Labrador
2792:University of Prince Edward Island
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
467:
426:citizens who have full or partial
25:
6715:
5250:
5068:Canadian Journal of Irish Studies
4707:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
4673:. Summerside, PEI. Archived from
4352:Stewart Bell (28 February 2008).
4289:Provisional Irish Republican Army
3761:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1984)
2988:had taken the secret oath of the
2648:Irish Memorial on Middle Island,
2449:Gaeltacht Bhuan Mheiriceá Thuaidh
2390:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2267:Economic mobility and integration
999:Irish Canadian Population History
736:and formed a significant part of
185:of the Canadian population (2016)
6699:Canadian people of Irish descent
5085:Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples
5005:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
4823:Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly
4710:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
4285:civil rights movement of 1967-68
4255:David A. Wilson (May 30, 2022).
4180:Histoire Sociale: Social History
4141:Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples
3951:Histoire Sociale: Social History
3787:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
3214:
3200:
2980:occurred during April 1800, in
2821:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2698:Long a timber-exporting colony,
2628:
2417:Orange Lodges across the country
2335:
1887:
1815:
1779:
1743:
1707:
1671:
1635:
1599:
1563:
1527:
1491:
1455:
1419:
1383:
1347:
953:
906:
712:
298:
281:
264:
247:
230:
213:
196:
34:
5037:. University of Toronto Press.
5003:," in Paul Robert Magocsi, ed.
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4802:
4789:
4738:
4725:
4542:
4533:
4515:
4497:
4451:
4426:
4413:
4382:
4345:
4313:
4261:McGill–Queen's University Press
4185:
4172:
4159:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4007:
3982:
3969:
3956:
3943:
3901:Journal of Historical Geography
3893:
3874:
3861:
3804:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3730:
3721:
3708:
2842:
2367:
2352:. This was the founding of the
2010:was founded in 1847 and served
45:needs additional citations for
5198:Wilson, David A., ed. (2007).
3412:
3339:
3323:
3245:List of Ireland-related topics
3093:) and lingering traces of the
3055:Colchester County, Nova Scotia
3037:
2990:Society of the United Irishmen
2950:both lexically (in words like
2802:landed on the Island in 1847.
2451:(the Permanent North American
2249:Society of St. Vincent de Paul
13:
1:
5172:Orangeism: The Canadian Phase
5053:Social and Cultural Geography
4797:Nova Scotia Historical Review
4748:(University of Ottawa, 1997.)
4217:. 17 April 2015. p. 20.
3774:(Univ of Toronto Press, 1993)
3283:
2906:and parts of the surrounding
2411:), owing to its considerable
1240:Protestantism and Catholicism
993:
894:
785:
775:docks in Liverpool and Cork.
738:The Great Migration of Canada
4635:Ireland: History of a Nation
4089:Family and Community History
3168:. After World War I and the
2912:Fisherman's Protective Union
2794:for fifty years, before the
2781:
2193:Great Irish Hunger 1845–1849
7:
6694:European diaspora in Canada
5231:Irish Nationalism in Canada
5192:Journal of Canadian Studies
4491:September 27, 2007, at the
4397:University of Toronto Press
4326:University of Toronto Press
4320:Dennis G. Molinaro (2021).
4275:And so matters stood until
4232:(Catholic) Bogside in Derry
3331:Irish nationalism in Canada
3193:
3117:
2024:English-speaking population
1234:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1020:
870:. This only amplified with
862:, reflects the pro-British
10:
6720:
5643:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
5257:The Irish Canadian Society
5201:The Orange Order in Canada
4920:Canadian Historical Review
4433:Margaret M. Scull (2019).
3964:Grandes familles du Québec
3916:Galvin, Martin A. (1959).
3887:Canadian Historical Review
3845:Winder, Gordon M. (2000).
3186:
2846:
2434:
2415:population in Ontario and
2409:Ulster Defence Association
2283:Ottawa Valley timber trade
2124:
1876:
721:traveled to Newfoundland.
451:
6663:
6642:
6609:
6588:
6580:Irish Traveller Americans
6431:
6363:
6267:
6229:
6168:
6110:
6084:
6033:
6024:
5923:
5870:
5808:
5758:
5720:
5711:
5652:Central and South America
5651:
5600:
5579:
5572:
5535:
5514:
5493:
5443:
5417:
5408:
5309:
5168:Senior, Hereward (1972).
5058:Jenkins, William (2013).
5016:Journal of Family History
4671:Wyatt Heritage Properties
3817:. MQUP. pp. 381–83.
3790:. Springer. p. 332.
3166:Manitoba Schools Question
2958:) and grammatically (the
2256:Saint John, New Brunswick
1872:
1641:Newfoundland and Labrador
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1270:Geographical distribution
887:from Ireland, arrived at
880:Saint John, New Brunswick
676:
485:—
378:
373:
346:
341:
318:
313:
305:Newfoundland and Labrador
296:
279:
262:
245:
228:
211:
194:
189:
177:
172:
158:
6704:Irish diaspora in Canada
4744:John Edward FitzGerald,
4662:Campbell, Marlene (nd).
3882:The Harbour Grace Affray
3811:David A. Wilson (2011).
3235:Canada–Ireland relations
2982:St. John's, Newfoundland
2916:Dominion of Newfoundland
2896:St. John's, Newfoundland
2892:Benevolent Irish Society
2354:Irish Benevolent Society
6118:Nordic and Scandinavian
5235:excerpt and text search
5194:23 #1-2 (1988): 104–119
5089:excerpt and text search
4913:excerpt and text search
4703:Baglole, Harry (1979).
3757:Donald Harman Akenson,
3345:Elliott (1999) pp 764–5
3189:List of Irish Canadians
3183:Notable Irish Canadians
3130:Irish migration to the
3122:While some influential
3001:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2786:According to professor
2401:loyalist paramilitaries
2152:In the years after the
2143:United Empire Loyalists
2004:Goose Village, Montreal
833:Father of Confederation
704:Father of Confederation
5229:Wilson, David A., ed.
5149:See, Scott W. (1993).
5132:See, Scott W. (1983).
4167:Social Science History
3714:Thomas P. Power, ed.,
3278:Coat of Arms of Canada
3068:There were also rural
2994:Colony of Newfoundland
2925:Canadian Confederation
2883:
2872:
2870:Newfoundland Tricolour
2748:Chatham, New Brunswick
2725:Miramichi River valley
2689:Miramichi River valley
2653:
2641:
2405:Ulster Volunteer Force
2342:Canadian Confederation
2172:as a regional centre.
2061:
2047:
2008:St. Patrick's Basilica
1964:
1956:under construction in
1277:province and territory
1012:% of total population
856:The Maple Leaf Forever
709:
419:
404:Scotch-Irish Canadians
151:
143:
5204:. Four Courts Press.
5010:Hedican, Edward J. "
4932:10.3138/CHR-072-03-02
4882:demi-decadal censuses
4864:; 1999 24(2): 185–209
3953:2004 37(74): 159–199.
2978:United Irish Uprising
2879:Official flag of the
2878:
2868:
2849:Irish Newfoundlanders
2831:, in the province of
2647:
2640:in Saint John Harbour
2636:
2326:working-class culture
2241:St. Michael's College
2216:North Hastings County
2135:British North America
2053:
2039:
1960:, as photographed by
1952:
1713:Northwest Territories
841:Canadian Constitution
702:
374:Related ethnic groups
4907:Akenson, Donald H.
4898:Akenson, Donald H.
4631:Ross, David (2002),
4399:. pp. 197–198.
4215:Taylor & Francis
4115:Urban History Review
2948:Newfoundland English
2857:Newfoundland English
2771:Prince Edward Island
2765:Prince Edward Island
2665:Ireland, arrived at
2274:Grand Trunk Railroad
2014:for over a century.
1988:Pointe-Saint-Charles
1911:improve this section
1677:Prince Edward Island
845:Patrick James Whelan
757:Prince Edward Island
336:Irish (historically)
54:improve this article
6675:Flight of the Earls
5224:The Irish in Canada
5018:2006 31(4): 315–334
4999:Elliott, Bruce C. "
4990:Elliott, Bruce S.
4979:Duncan, Kenneth. "
4735:27#2 (2005): 43–77.
4705:"Patterson, Walter"
4297:Irish republicanism
4193:CCHA Study Sessions
4169:1996 20(2): 209–234
4152:Archibald Bremner,
3962:Louis-Guy Lemieux,
3871:2000 30(4): 429–453
3696:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3666:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3638:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3610:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3582:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3554:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3526:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3498:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3458:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3400:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3368:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3311:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3157:Red River Rebellion
2881:Republic of Ireland
2442:Ontario Legislature
2429:civilian casualties
2279:Distillery District
2055:Saint Patrick's Day
2018:was founded by the
1280:
1275:Irish Canadians by
1002:
868:Irish Republicanism
829:Thomas D'Arcy McGee
460:
155:
5346:Canadian ethnicity
5124:Punch, Terence M.
4812:1995 37(2): 99–116
4360:. pp. 31–32.
4182:2001 34(67): 61–95
3903:1978 4(3): 251–264
3159:, and as a result
3103:Cape Breton Island
3074:Guysborough County
2944:Newfoundland Irish
2884:
2873:
2853:Newfoundland Irish
2733:Kennebecasis River
2654:
2642:
2394:IRA armed campaign
2226:Sectarian tensions
2062:
2048:
2041:Montreal Shamrocks
1965:
1285:Province/Territory
1274:
1264:Alessandro Gavazzi
998:
800:St. Lawrence River
710:
459:Population History
456:
446:European Canadians
392:Scottish Canadians
135:
6681:
6680:
6667:Military diaspora
6391:
6390:
6359:
6358:
6020:
6019:
5707:
5706:
5568:
5567:
5222:Wilson, David A.
5211:978-1-84682-077-9
5183:978-0-07-092998-2
5160:978-0-8020-7770-7
5120:978-0-9217-4500-6
5093:Mannion, John J.
5083:Magocsi, Paul R.
5044:978-0-8020-5493-7
5001:Irish Protestants
4879:Statistics Canada
4836:Northern Scotland
4825:1980 10(1): 23–39
4680:on March 31, 2020
4646:978-1-84205-164-1
4527:CBC New Brunswick
4458:Giles, Jonathan.
4444:978-0-1925-8118-1
4421:UVF – The Endgame
4139:Paul R. Magocsi,
4126:Mark G. McGowan,
4117:1985 14(1): 37–45
4091:2003 6(2): 97–106
4074:Mark G. McGowan,
4052:(1993) pp 152–170
4039:1991 83(1): 23–37
3890:2009 90(1): 29–70
3425:Statistics Canada
3329:David A. Wilson,
3269:Irish (ethnicity)
3264:Irish Australians
3230:British Canadians
3132:Prairie Provinces
3099:Antigonish County
3034:between the two.
2413:Ulster Protestant
2232:St. Patrick's Day
2187:Famine in Ireland
2145:or directly from
2111:Louis St. Laurent
2031:St. Patrick's Day
1947:
1946:
1939:
1866:
1865:
1232:
1231:
975:
974:
928:
927:
697:
696:
680:Statistics Canada
409:
408:
388:English Canadians
355:Roman Catholicism
144:Irlando-Canadiens
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Irish Canadians"
16:(Redirected from
6711:
6665:Related topics:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6169:Southeast Europe
6031:
6030:
5718:
5717:
5577:
5576:
5415:
5414:
5351:French Canadians
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5219:
5214:. Archived from
5187:
5175:
5164:
5145:
5048:
5036:
4987:12 (1965): 19–40
4976:
4957:Franca Iacovetta
4943:
4885:
4876:
4865:
4858:
4852:
4851:1990 70(5): 6–14
4845:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4806:
4800:
4799:1986 6(1): 41–62
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4589:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4556:. Archived from
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4406:9-7814-4261-0972
4386:
4380:
4379:
4367:9-7804-7015-6223
4349:
4343:
4342:
4335:9-7814-8752-3718
4317:
4311:
4310:
4281:Northern Ireland
4270:9-7802-2801-3617
4252:
4241:
4240:
4224:9-7813-1744-8945
4207:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4061:Paula Maurutto,
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3781:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3687:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3302:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3145:Red River Colony
2984:where up to 400
2908:Avalon Peninsula
2816:Walter Patterson
2729:Saint John River
2709:Partridge Island
2667:Partridge Island
2638:Partridge Island
2599:Quinn Settlement
2386:Bogside in Derry
2322:Knights of Labor
2261:Partridge Island
2245:Marshall McLuhan
2119:French Canadians
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1891:
1883:
1819:
1783:
1747:
1711:
1675:
1639:
1603:
1567:
1531:
1495:
1459:
1423:
1389:British Columbia
1387:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1281:
1273:
1003:
997:
988:
957:
956:
949:
941:
910:
909:
902:
889:Partridge Island
693:
474:
469:
461:
455:
420:Gael-Cheanadaigh
303:
302:
286:
285:
269:
268:
252:
251:
235:
234:
220:British Columbia
218:
217:
201:
200:
173:Total population
163:
156:
152:Gael-Cheanadaigh
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6659:
6638:
6617:Mainland Europe
6605:
6584:
6427:
6422:
6392:
6387:
6355:
6263:
6230:Southern Europe
6225:
6164:
6111:Northern Europe
6106:
6080:
6016:
5919:
5866:
5804:
5754:
5703:
5647:
5596:
5564:
5531:
5515:Southern Africa
5510:
5489:
5439:
5404:
5395:Irish Canadians
5305:
5300:
5253:
5239:
5212:
5184:
5161:
5074:McGowan, M, G.
5055:(2003) 4:75–98.
5045:
4969:Ontario History
4894:
4892:Further reading
4889:
4888:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4777:on June 5, 2011
4769:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4694:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4629:
4625:
4610:
4590:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4554:Newirelandnb.ca
4548:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:Wayback Machine
4480:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4328:. p. 229.
4318:
4314:
4301:Ulster loyalism
4271:
4263:. p. 243.
4253:
4244:
4225:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4037:Ontario History
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3857:(2 Spring): 27.
3843:
3832:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3679:
3670:
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3658:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3490:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3259:Irish Americans
3220:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3120:
3050:Ulster-Scottish
3040:
2863:
2847:Main articles:
2845:
2829:County Monaghan
2784:
2767:
2746:Saint John and
2737:Portland, Maine
2652:, New Brunswick
2631:
2437:
2425:Irish Catholics
2382:Irish Americans
2370:
2350:London, Ontario
2338:
2307:Trinity Niagara
2269:
2243:in 1852 (where
2228:
2189:
2127:
2108:Prime Ministers
2085:Laurence Cannon
1973:Victoria Bridge
1954:Victoria Bridge
1943:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1908:
1892:
1881:
1879:Irish Quebecers
1875:
1272:
1242:
1237:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
989:
984:
980:
979:
976:
971:
958:
954:
944:
943:
942:
937:
933:
932:
929:
924:
911:
907:
897:
864:Ulster loyalism
794:, an island in
788:
715:
689:
685:
684:
683:
458:
454:
412:Irish Canadians
400:Irish Americans
396:Welsh Canadians
369:
297:
280:
263:
246:
229:
212:
195:
181:
168:
167:
154:
146:
137:
136:Irish Canadians
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6717:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6679:
6678:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6425:Irish diaspora
6421:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6271:
6269:
6268:Western Europe
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6085:Eastern Europe
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6034:Central Europe
6028:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5872:Southeast Asia
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5501:South Sudanese
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5418:Horn of Africa
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5400:Black Loyalist
5397:
5392:
5390:Newfoundlander
5387:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5251:External links
5249:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5220:
5218:on 2009-02-25.
5210:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5165:
5159:
5146:
5129:
5122:
5108:
5098:
5091:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5026:
5019:
5008:
5007:(1999), 763–83
4997:
4988:
4977:
4964:
4953:
4946:Clarke, B. P.
4944:
4926:(3): 319–347.
4915:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4853:
4840:
4838:1998 18: 31–42
4827:
4814:
4801:
4788:
4762:
4758:Tim Pat Coogan
4750:
4737:
4724:
4692:
4651:
4645:
4623:
4609:978-0773527683
4608:
4571:
4560:on 18 May 2015
4541:
4532:
4514:
4496:
4484:Irish Emigrant
4474:
4450:
4443:
4425:
4412:
4405:
4381:
4366:
4344:
4334:
4312:
4293:united Ireland
4269:
4242:
4223:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4028:
4006:
3981:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3905:
3892:
3873:
3860:
3830:
3823:
3803:
3796:
3776:
3770:Scott W. See,
3763:
3750:
3740:. Umanitoba.ca
3729:
3720:
3707:
3677:
3649:
3621:
3593:
3565:
3537:
3509:
3469:
3439:
3428:. May 10, 2023
3411:
3379:
3347:
3338:
3322:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Irish diaspora
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:Ireland portal
3211:
3195:
3192:
3187:Main article:
3184:
3181:
3137:English Canada
3119:
3116:
3095:Irish language
3091:Roman Catholic
3039:
3036:
3013:Transatlantic
2971:Tim Pat Coogan
2940:Irish language
2936:Talamh an Éisc
2844:
2841:
2783:
2780:
2766:
2763:
2693:Martin Cranney
2630:
2627:
2615:South Monaghan
2436:
2433:
2369:
2366:
2337:
2334:
2268:
2265:
2227:
2224:
2188:
2185:
2166:Peter Robinson
2126:
2123:
2115:Brian Mulroney
2096:Daniel Johnson
2016:Loyola College
1977:Windmill Point
1962:William Notman
1945:
1944:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
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1613:
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1607:
1596:
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1589:
1586:
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1199:
1194:
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1038:
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1022:
1019:
1014:
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1010:
1007:
995:
992:
977:
973:
972:
961:
959:
952:
947:
946:
945:
930:
926:
925:
914:
912:
905:
900:
899:
898:
896:
893:
860:Alexander Muir
854:. The anthem "
787:
784:
780:Irish speakers
714:
711:
695:
694:
674:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
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623:
619:
618:
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612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
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582:
579:
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568:
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563:
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553:
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549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
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531:
530:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:
470:
465:
457:Irish Canadian
453:
450:
407:
406:
376:
375:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
347:
344:
343:
339:
338:
316:
315:
311:
310:
307:
294:
293:
290:
277:
276:
273:
260:
259:
256:
243:
242:
239:
226:
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222:
209:
208:
205:
192:
191:
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186:
175:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
138:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Irish-Canadian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6716:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6622:Great Britain
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6508:United States
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6384:
6383:New Zealander
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
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5599:
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5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:North America
5578:
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5551:
5550:
5549:
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5522:South African
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5322:First Nations
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4975:(4): 397–409.
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4862:Prairie Forum
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4014:Watson, Ken.
4010:
3996:on 2010-12-31
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3208:Canada portal
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2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2918:. In 1948, a
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:In 1806, The
2888:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2837:Fort Augustus
2834:
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2817:
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2807:
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2801:
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2789:
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2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
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2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:Middle Island
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2700:New Brunswick
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2639:
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2629:New Brunswick
2626:
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2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
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2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
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2544:
2540:
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2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
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2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
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2450:
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2426:
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2402:
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2391:
2387:
2383:
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2374:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2336:Confederation
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2315:Trefann Court
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
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2264:
2262:
2257:
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2250:
2246:
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2202:
2198:
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2182:
2178:
2173:
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2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
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2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:, the former
2090:
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2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1930:
1927:November 2021
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:This section
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1605:New Brunswick
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1570:
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1004:
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968:MediaWiki.org
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922:
921:MediaWiki.org
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853:
848:
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842:
838:
837:Confederation
834:
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826:
822:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
781:
776:
773:
768:
766:
763:, especially
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761:New Brunswick
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
713:Early arrival
708:
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688:
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681:
675:
671:
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657:
654:
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583:
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550:
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522:
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510:
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495:
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489:
488:
484:
481:
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477:
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463:
462:
449:
447:
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440:
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429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
366:
363:
360:
359:Protestantism
356:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
306:
301:
295:
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288:New Brunswick
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261:
257:
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244:
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124:
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113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6563:Scotch-Irish
6553:Philadelphia
6533:Indianapolis
6454:Newfoundland
6448:
6351:Luxembourger
6302:Scotch-Irish
5828:Anglo-Indian
5722:Central Asia
5638:Puerto Rican
5444:North Africa
5394:
5230:
5223:
5216:the original
5200:
5191:
5171:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5125:
5111:
5101:
5094:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5032:
5022:
5015:
5004:
4991:
4984:
4972:
4968:
4960:
4947:
4923:
4919:
4908:
4899:
4874:
4861:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4835:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:the original
4765:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4717:September 7,
4715:. Retrieved
4708:
4684:September 7,
4682:. Retrieved
4675:the original
4670:
4634:
4626:
4594:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:the original
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4483:
4477:
4466:. Retrieved
4460:
4453:
4434:
4428:
4420:
4415:
4391:
4384:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4321:
4315:
4277:the Troubles
4274:
4256:
4228:
4210:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4009:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3984:
3979:(1984) ch 1
3976:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3935:September 8,
3933:. Retrieved
3928:
3924:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3813:
3806:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3742:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:
3641:. Retrieved
3637:
3613:. Retrieved
3609:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:
3557:. Retrieved
3553:
3529:. Retrieved
3525:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:
3430:. Retrieved
3423:
3414:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3341:
3330:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:
3177:
3169:
3161:Thomas Scott
3129:
3121:
3107:
3067:
3059:
3047:Presbyterian
3044:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3012:
2975:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2843:Newfoundland
2826:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2796:Great Famine
2787:
2785:
2775:Ulster Scots
2768:
2759:Newfoundland
2756:
2745:
2697:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2662:Great Famine
2655:
2531:Keenansville
2460:
2457:
2446:
2438:
2403:(mostly the
2398:
2378:the Troubles
2375:
2371:
2368:20th century
2362:
2358:
2347:
2339:
2330:
2319:
2295:American one
2292:
2288:
2270:
2253:
2236:Fenian Raids
2229:
2220:
2213:
2190:
2177:Rideau Canal
2174:
2170:Peterborough
2151:
2139:Upper Canada
2128:
2100:Jean Charest
2079:Today, many
2078:
2063:
2028:
1985:
1966:
1933:
1924:
1909:Please help
1897:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1533:Saskatchewan
1279:(2001–2016)
1261:
1257:Orange Order
1254:
1246:
1243:
985:
981:
938:
934:
884:Great Famine
876:
872:Fenian Raids
852:Orange Order
849:
827:
823:
820:
813:
789:
777:
772:Great Famine
769:
749:Lower Canada
745:Upper Canada
742:
723:
716:
707:D'Arcy McGee
690:
686:
677:
443:
436:
411:
410:
384:Ulster-Scots
351:Christianity
331:
323:
182:
178:
132:Ethnic group
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6655:New Zealand
6528:Holyoke, MA
6491:Saint Kitts
6486:Puerto Rico
6206:Montenegrin
5985:Azerbaijani
5953:Palestinian
5905:Singaporean
5818:Bangladeshi
5536:West Africa
5494:East Africa
5144:(1): 68–92.
4733:Ethnologies
4156:(1900) p 69
3925:CCHA Report
3082:County Cork
3038:Nova Scotia
2800:coffin ship
2769:For years,
2727:and in the
2507:Enniskillen
2303:Cabbagetown
2154:War of 1812
2104:Georges Dor
2089:Claude Ryan
2045:Stanley Cup
2000:Griffintown
1996:Saint-Henri
1569:Nova Scotia
1009:Population
964:Phabricator
917:Phabricator
816:Canada West
792:Grosse Isle
770:During the
753:Nova Scotia
747:(Ontario),
734:War of 1812
271:Nova Scotia
6688:Categories
6671:Wild Geese
6538:Louisville
6481:Montserrat
6373:Australian
6247:Portuguese
6201:Macedonian
6160:Lithuanian
6092:Belarusian
5915:Vietnamese
5890:Indonesian
5862:Sri Lankan
5810:South Asia
5699:Venezuelan
5689:Salvadoran
5679:Guatemalan
5527:Zimbabwean
5317:Indigenous
5138:Acadiensis
4781:January 1,
4618:j.ctt7ztq9
4509:lib.unb.ca
4468:2017-08-20
4423:, page 119
4000:2011-01-28
3851:Acadiensis
3744:2011-01-28
3701:2022-09-19
3671:2022-09-19
3643:2022-09-19
3615:2022-09-19
3587:2022-09-19
3559:2022-09-19
3531:2022-09-19
3503:2022-09-19
3463:2022-09-23
3432:January 3,
3405:2022-09-19
3373:2022-09-19
3316:2022-09-19
3284:References
3153:Louis Riel
3078:Bantry Bay
2920:referendum
2904:St. John's
2705:Saint John
2674:Saint John
2657:Saint John
2587:New Dublin
2575:Mullifarry
2523:Irish Lake
2511:Erinsville
2491:Donnybrook
2463:Ballinafad
2141:, some as
2131:New France
2057:Parade in
2043:with 1899
1375:1,761,280
1369:1,988,940
1363:2,069,110
1357:2,095,465
1249:Saint John
1225:4,627,000
1213:4,544,870
1201:4,354,155
1189:3,822,660
1177:3,767,610
1165:3,783,355
1153:3,622,290
1141:1,151,955
1129:1,581,730
1117:1,753,351
1105:1,439,635
1093:1,267,702
1081:1,230,808
1069:1,107,803
1057:1,074,738
1001:1871–2016
994:Population
895:Demography
804:quarantine
786:Settlement
765:Saint John
365:Irreligion
80:newspapers
6650:Australia
6513:Baltimore
6466:Caribbean
6439:Argentina
6339:Québécois
6186:Bulgarian
6138:Norwegian
6133:Icelandic
6102:Ukrainian
6071:Slovenian
6056:Hungarian
5943:Jordanian
5925:West Asia
5900:Malaysian
5880:Cambodian
5845:Pakistani
5795:Taiwanese
5790:Mongolian
5773:Hong Kong
5760:East Asia
5694:Uruguayan
5674:Colombian
5664:Brazilian
5659:Argentine
5618:Dominican
5608:Barbadian
5601:Caribbean
5430:Ethiopian
5361:Québécois
4940:154595085
4564:20 August
4486:Jan 2007.
4100:Akenson,
3975:Akenson,
3015:Tipperary
2997:rebellion
2952:angishore
2752:Miramichi
2717:Newcastle
2650:Miramichi
2619:Waterford
2591:O'Connell
2543:Killarney
2503:Dunnville
2483:Connellys
2479:Connaught
2471:Ballymote
2467:Ballyduff
2453:Gaeltacht
2158:Tipperary
2081:Québécois
1898:does not
1856:3,822,660
1846:4,354,155
1836:4,544,870
1826:4,627,000
825:schools.
809:Québécois
726:Waterford
669:4,627,000
658:4,544,870
647:4,354,155
636:3,822,660
625:3,767,610
614:3,783,355
603:3,622,290
592:1,151,955
581:1,581,730
570:1,753,351
559:1,439,635
548:1,267,702
537:1,230,808
526:1,107,803
515:1,074,738
314:Languages
207:2,095,460
179:4,627,000
110:July 2024
6627:Scotland
6568:Syracuse
6558:St. Paul
6543:New York
6471:Barbados
6432:Americas
6378:Hawaiian
6329:Acadians
6307:Scottish
6221:Yugoslav
6211:Romanian
6191:Croatian
6176:Albanian
6150:Estonian
6041:Austrian
5980:Assyrian
5975:Armenian
5948:Lebanese
5885:Filipino
5780:Japanese
5684:Peruvian
5633:Jamaican
5623:Guyanese
5587:American
5573:Americas
5548:Nigerian
5543:Ghanaian
5506:Sudanese
5483:Egyptian
5471:Tunisian
5466:Moroccan
5456:Algerian
5425:Eritrean
5378:Scottish
5356:Acadians
5246:349–366.
4489:Archived
4021:July 26,
3931:: 93–107
3194:See also
3175:before.
3171:de facto
3141:settlers
3124:Canadian
3118:Prairies
2986:Irishmen
2967:Catholic
2788:emeritus
2623:Westport
2607:Shamrock
2595:Oranmore
2551:Listowel
2547:Limerick
2539:Killaloe
2535:Kennedys
2407:and the
2311:the Ward
2299:Corktown
2201:Kingston
2093:Premiers
2074:Papineau
2070:Gatineau
2059:Montreal
1969:Montreal
1958:Montreal
1663:100,260
1657:107,390
1651:110,370
1645:106,220
1627:135,835
1621:150,705
1615:159,195
1609:147,245
1591:178,585
1585:195,365
1579:201,655
1573:195,865
1555:139,205
1549:145,475
1543:156,655
1537:155,725
1519:143,950
1513:151,915
1507:155,455
1501:156,145
1497:Manitoba
1483:291,545
1477:406,085
1471:428,570
1465:446,210
1447:461,065
1441:539,160
1435:565,120
1429:596,750
1411:562,895
1405:618,120
1399:643,470
1393:675,130
1235:Religion
1228:13.427%
1216:13.834%
1204:13.937%
1192:12.897%
1180:13.207%
1168:14.016%
1156:14.476%
1108:10.276%
1096:11.017%
1084:11.861%
1072:12.606%
1060:14.913%
1048:18.407%
1045:988,721
1036:22.137%
1033:957,403
1024:24.282%
1021:846,414
678:Source:
424:Canadian
342:Religion
6643:Oceania
6575:Uruguay
6523:Chicago
6476:Jamaica
6365:Oceania
6297:English
6292:Cornish
6287:British
6280:Flemish
6275:Belgian
6252:Spanish
6242:Maltese
6237:Italian
6216:Serbian
6181:Bosnian
6155:Latvian
6143:Swedish
6128:Finnish
6097:Russian
6012:Turkish
6007:Kurdish
6000:Israeli
5990:Iranian
5895:Laotian
5850:Punjabi
5800:Tibetan
5768:Chinese
5669:Chilean
5628:Haitian
5592:Mexican
5373:English
5368:British
5327:by band
5233:(2009)
4952:(1993).
4306:Fenians
4104:(1984).
3333:(2009)
3151:leader
3143:in the
3111:Mi'kmaq
3086:Ireland
3062:Halifax
3009:British
2992:. The
2956:sleveen
2782:History
2713:Chatham
2703:ports,
2579:Munster
2567:McGarry
2559:Maguire
2527:Kearney
2519:Hagarty
2499:Dundalk
2435:Present
2376:During
2205:Toronto
2181:malaria
2125:Ontario
2066:Pontiac
2020:Jesuits
1979:in the
1919:removed
1904:sources
1785:Nunavut
1774:19.12%
1768:18.99%
1762:21.95%
1756:19.74%
1738:12.05%
1732:11.84%
1726:11.88%
1702:27.87%
1699:37,170
1696:29.19%
1693:39,170
1690:30.37%
1687:41,715
1684:27.57%
1681:38,505
1666:19.73%
1660:21.45%
1654:21.76%
1648:20.74%
1630:18.87%
1624:20.94%
1618:21.63%
1612:20.15%
1588:21.63%
1582:22.25%
1576:21.56%
1558:14.45%
1552:15.25%
1546:15.53%
1540:14.55%
1522:13.04%
1510:13.24%
1504:12.59%
1450:15.68%
1444:16.56%
1438:15.84%
1425:Alberta
1414:14.55%
1408:15.17%
1402:14.88%
1378:15.61%
1372:16.53%
1366:16.35%
1360:15.82%
1353:Ontario
1144:4.783%
1132:7.334%
1120:9.614%
966:and on
919:and on
798:in the
730:Wexford
606:+214.4%
504:988,721
493:957,403
482:846,414
452:History
432:Ireland
320:English
309:106,225
292:135,835
275:201,655
258:446,215
241:596,750
237:Alberta
224:675,135
203:Ontario
94:scholar
6634:Russia
6610:Europe
6518:Boston
6503:Mexico
6459:Quebec
6449:Canada
6444:Brazil
6334:Breton
6324:French
6257:Basque
6123:Danish
6066:Slovak
6061:Polish
6051:German
6026:Europe
5995:Jewish
5968:Yemeni
5963:Syrian
5857:Romani
5840:Nepali
5823:Indian
5785:Korean
5735:Kazakh
5730:Afghan
5558:Yoruba
5478:Coptic
5461:Libyan
5451:Berber
5435:Somali
5410:Africa
5310:Canada
5208:
5180:
5157:
5118:
5080:(1999)
5041:
4938:
4849:Beaver
4643:
4616:
4606:
4441:
4403:
4364:
4332:
4283:: the
4267:
4236:NORAID
4221:
4130:(1999)
4078:(2007)
3821:
3794:
2859:, and
2833:Ulster
2757:As in
2741:Boston
2711:) and
2603:Ripley
2571:Moffat
2563:Malone
2515:Galway
2495:Dublin
2487:Dalton
2423:is to
2421:Boston
2209:typhus
2197:Bytown
2147:Ulster
1992:Verdun
1981:typhus
1873:Quebec
1851:13.94%
1841:13.83%
1831:13.43%
1821:Canada
1810:3.56%
1804:4.16%
1801:1,220
1798:4.37%
1795:1,385
1792:4.89%
1789:1,740
1771:5,455
1765:5,735
1759:7,315
1753:6,930
1735:4,470
1729:4,860
1723:4,845
1720:12.3%
1717:5,060
1594:19.9%
1516:13.4%
1486:4.09%
1480:5.46%
1474:5.54%
1461:Quebec
1396:14.8%
796:Quebec
650:+13.9%
595:−27.2%
573:+21.8%
562:+13.6%
540:+11.1%
496:+13.1%
422:) are
332:·
330:
328:French
324:·
322:
254:Quebec
140:French
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6601:Japan
6596:India
6548:Omaha
6498:Chile
6346:Irish
6319:Dutch
6312:Welsh
6196:Greek
6076:Swiss
6046:Czech
5958:Saudi
5938:Iraqi
5833:Tamil
5750:Uzbek
5745:Tatar
5740:Tajik
5613:Cuban
5383:Welsh
5339:Métis
5334:Inuit
4936:S2CID
4678:(PDF)
4667:(PDF)
4614:JSTOR
4358:Wiley
3921:(PDF)
3149:Métis
3097:. In
3070:Irish
3005:Irish
2960:after
2583:Navan
2555:Lucan
2475:Cavan
2340:With
1861:12.9%
1749:Yukon
1468:5.6%
1298:2001
1295:2006
1292:2011
1289:2016
1006:Year
672:+1.8%
661:+4.4%
639:+1.5%
628:−0.4%
617:+4.4%
584:−9.8%
551:+3.0%
529:+3.1%
518:+8.7%
507:+3.3%
428:Irish
416:Irish
380:Irish
334:
326:
183:13.4%
148:Irish
101:JSTOR
87:books
6589:Asia
5933:Arab
5910:Thai
5713:Asia
5553:Igbo
5206:ISBN
5178:ISBN
5155:ISBN
5116:ISBN
5039:ISBN
4783:2013
4719:2018
4686:2018
4641:ISBN
4604:ISBN
4566:2017
4439:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4374:RCMP
4362:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4299:and
4265:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4023:2011
3937:2018
3855:XXIX
3819:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3434:2024
2976:The
2954:and
2731:and
2687:The
2621:and
2611:Tara
2203:and
2191:The
2162:Cork
2160:and
2113:and
2098:and
2072:and
2029:The
2002:and
1902:any
1900:cite
1807:950
1432:15%
1336:Pop.
1326:Pop.
1316:Pop.
1305:Pop.
1255:The
1221:2016
1209:2011
1197:2006
1185:2001
1173:1996
1161:1991
1149:1986
1137:1981
1125:1971
1113:1961
1101:1951
1089:1941
1077:1931
1065:1921
1053:1911
1041:1901
1029:1881
1017:1871
759:and
728:and
719:Cork
666:2016
655:2011
644:2006
633:2001
622:1996
611:1991
600:1986
589:1981
578:1971
567:1961
556:1951
545:1941
534:1931
523:1921
512:1911
501:1901
490:1881
479:1871
468:Pop.
464:Year
73:news
5014:,"
4983:,"
4928:doi
4600:360
4372:he
4279:in
3884:,"
3135:of
2739:or
2164:).
1913:by
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