470:
children of intermarriage are much more likely to intermarry themselves and much more likely than people with two Jewish parents to describe themselves religiously as atheist, agnostic or just “nothing in particular.” The Study "also suggests" that an increasing percentage of the children of intermarriages are Jewish in adulthood. Among
Americans age 65 and older who at the time of the survey said they had one Jewish parent, 25% were Jewish. By contrast, among adults under 30 with one Jewish parent, 59% were Jewish at the time of the survey. Therefore "in this sense, intermarriage may be transmitting Jewish identity to a growing number of Americans.". The survey qualifies that "it is snapshot in time and shows show associations, or linkages, rather than clear causal connections" and it is unknown "whether the large cohort of young adult children of intermarriage who are Jewish today will remain Jewish as they age, marry (and in some cases, intermarry), start families and move through the life cycle".
228:". Israelites were permitted to take foreign female prisoners of war as wives, but only under specific conditions: the women could not have come from any city within the Land of Israel, as these cities may have been inhabited by the aforementioned nations, the captive woman was to be a virgin; and was not allowed to have any sexual relations with her captor until after she had mourned her absent parents for a full month; if a soldier became tired of her, he was to give her freedom if she asked for it; he was not to sell her or enslave her since this was a marriage under compulsion. Also the Torah has an example that a Jewish soldier should not marry a captive non jewish woman as a wife because the son would rebel against his father as happens to
447:)—do not generally regard the historic corpus and process of Jewish law as intrinsically binding. Progressive rabbinical associations have no firm prohibition against intermarriage; according to a survey of rabbis, conducted in 1985, more than 87% of Reconstructionist rabbis were willing to officiate at interfaith marriages, and in 2003 at least 50% of Reform rabbis were willing to perform interfaith marriages. The Central Conference of American Rabbis, the Reform rabbinical association in North America and the largest Progressive rabbinical association, consistently opposed intermarriage at least until the 1980s, including their members officiating at them, through resolutions and responsa. In 2015, the
396:(Mourning) for someone who has married outside the faith because unless to prevent assimilation both the father and the mother teach both their sons and daughters to accept the Iron Yoke of the Torah, the chances are not good the child will be raised in the Jewish faith; hence the sitting of Shiva is mourning for successive generations of children who will not be raised Jewish. Hence to the Orthodox Jews Intermarriage is the "Silent Holocaust"(see below). The only legal way for children of such relationships to be part of a Jewish community, is for them of their own free will to willingly accept the Iron Yoke of the Torah with help from Orthodox Jewish guidance.
328:– a person who was abandoned as a child without their parents being identified – was classified as a non-Jew, in relation to intermarriage, if they had been found in an area where at least one non-Jew lived (even if there were hundreds of Jews in the area, and just one non-Jew); this drastically contrasts with the treatment by other areas of Jewish religion, in which a foundling was classified as Jewish if the majority of the people were Jewish in the area in which the foundling was found. If the mother was known, but not the father, the child was treated as a foundling, unless the mother claimed that the child was an Israelite (the claim would be given
124:
479:
were interfaith; among Reform Jews 50% were interfaith; and, among Non-Denominational Jews 69% were interfaith. Among those who were religiously Jewish only 36% had interfaith marriages while 79% of
Atheist jews have interfaith marriages. Those who had been married longer also had lower rates of intermarriage. The rates of intermarriage have been consistent since 2000 but had decreased from a low of 17% of marriages being interfaith before 1970.
27:
766:
1110:
993:
428:, we should not reject them. We should continue to give our love and by that retain a measure of influence in their lives, Jewishly and otherwise. Life consists of constant growth and our adult children may yet reach a stage when Judaism has new meaning for them. However, the marriage between a Jew and non-Jew is not a celebration for the Jewish community....
559:. On the other hand, more tolerant and liberal Jews embrace interfaith marriage as an enriching contribution to a multicultural society. Regardless of attitudes to intermarriage, there is now an increasing effort to reach out to descendants of intermarried parents, each Jewish denomination focusing on those it defines as
478:
In a Pew
Research poll conducted in 2013 found that religious and non religious Jews 58% of marriages were interfaith, but that there was significant differences in the prevalence of interfaith marriages by denomination. Among Orthodox Jews 2% of marriages were interfaith; among Conservative Jews 27%
370:
follow the historic Jewish attitudes to intermarriage, and therefore refuse to accept that intermarriages would have any validity or legitimacy, and strictly forbid sexual intercourse with a member of a different faith. Orthodox rabbis refuse to officiate at interfaith weddings, and also try to avoid
469:
The largest Reform
Synagogue in New York- Central Synagogue, performs "interfaith" marriages. Such marriages are conducted to strengthen Jewish continuity (with the aim that the non-Jewish spouse will convert to Judaism). The 2013 study by Pew Research "What happens when Jews intermarry?" found that
219:
marriage, on the other hand, was almost universally condemned, as it was perceived that such a union could result in the perversion or abandonment of
Israelite religion. Since the notion of these interethnic marriages were inextricably tied to the potential mixing of Israelite and foreign religions,
548:
reported an intermarriage rate of 52 percent among
American Jews. The possibility that this might lead to the gradual dying out of Judaism is regarded by most Jewish leaders, regardless of denomination, as precipitating a crisis. For this reason, as early as the mid 19th century, some senior Jewish
465:
answers the question "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of
Judaism?" on its website, stating, "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the
383:
do reach out to intermarried Jews, especially Jewish women (because
Orthodox Jewish law considers the children of Jewish women to be Jews regardless of the father's status). For Orthodox Jews marriage of a Jewish man with a Jewish woman is a reunion of two halves of the same Soul; thus for the
528:
In the early 19th century, in some less modernised regions of the world, exogamy was extremely rare—less than 0.1% of the Jews of
Algeria, for example, practiced exogamy. In the early 20th century, even in most Germanic regions of central Europe there were still only a mere 5% of Jews marrying
552:
In the United States of
America, other causes, such as more people marrying later in life, have combined with intermarriage to cause the Jewish community to decrease dramatically; for every 20 adult Jews, there are now only 17 Jewish children. Some religious conservatives now even speak
588:
In Christian–Jewish relations, interfaith marriage and the associated phenomenon of Jewish assimilation are a matter of concern for both Jewish and Christian leaders. Most mainstream Christian churches accept and may even promote the conversion of Jews. However, a number of
317:, were regarded by the classical rabbis as having occurred only after the foreign spouse had converted to Judaism. Some opinions, however, still considered Canaanites forbidden to marry even after conversion; this did not necessarily apply to their children. The
290:, but they also altered it to forbid marriages involving those who lived in states that would prevent children of the marriage from being raised Jewish. This conference was highly controversial; one of its resolutions called on its members to abolish the
255:
The Talmud holds that a marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew is both prohibited and also does not constitute a marriage under Jewish law – the non-Jew would need to convert in order for the marriage to be legal. From biblical times until the Middle Ages,
178:
found that 42% of all currently married Jewish respondents indicated they have a non-Jewish spouse. Among those who had married since 2010, 61% were intermarried and the percent increases to 72% when Orthodox Jews were excluded from the data.
658:
has also announced an initiative to prevent interfaith relationships, providing a telephone hotline for friends and family to "inform" on Jewish girls who date Arab men as well as psychologists to provide counselling. The city of
629:
Most Israeli Jews oppose mixed relationships, particularly those between Jewish women and Muslim men. A 2007 opinion survey found that over half of Israeli Jews believed intermarriage is equivalent to "national treason". In 2005,
223:
The Bible contains numerous laws which either forbid or restrict interethnic, and thus interfaith, marriage: ancient Israelites were forbidden from intermarrying with any one of seven "nations" that also dwelt within the
678:
study, conducted in 2014-2015, stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.
913:
Going back to biblical times and into the second century BCE through late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the Jewish collectivity seemed rather amenable to exogamy and conversion. This has changed in later
403:
does not sanction or recognize the Jewish legal validity of intermarriage, but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse within the family, hoping that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's
1640:
667:
men. In November 2019, Lehava leader Gopstein was indicted on charges of incitement to terrorism, violence, and racism. Chemla is also dictated of rescuing Jewish Women from marriage with Arabs
411:
Standards of Rabbinic Practice prohibit Conservative rabbis from officiating at intermarriages, and officially forbade Conservative rabbis from attending intermarriages until 2018. In 1995 the
301:
Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a Jew by birth and a convert as an intermarriage. Hence, all the Biblical passages that appear to support intermarriages, such as that of
570:
In some cases, children of a Jewish parent were raised in the non-Jewish parent's religion while maintaining a sense of Jewish ethnicity and identity. An example of such a child is the late
495:
marriage. Unlike Reform Judaism, the Orthodox stream does not accept as Jewish a person whose mother is not Jewish, nor a convert whose conversion was not performed according to classical
1454:
461:
is a Jewish movement that offers a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, and defines Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The
698:
282:
declared that such marriages although not valid under Jewish law were civilly valid and should not be treated as anathema. In 1844, the 1807 ruling was extended by the
499:. Conservative Judaism does not accept patrilineal descent. Some Conservative rabbis will accept Reform conversions even absent traditional halachic criteria.
247:
is described as exhorting his fellow Jews to send away their "foreign" wives and children, and under his tutelage intermarriage came to be highly discouraged.
529:
non-Jews. However, the picture was quite different in other locations; the figure was 18% for Berlin, and during the same period, nearly half of all Jews in
502:
Occasionally, a Jew marries a non-Jew who believes in God as understood by Judaism, and who rejects non-Jewish theologies; Jews sometimes call such people
159:) was historically looked upon with very strong disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains a controversial issue among them today. Many Jews followed the
598:
1644:
267:
In Europe, Medieval Christian rulers regarded unions between Jews and Christians unfavourably, and repeatedly prohibited them under penalty of death.
1979:
1406:
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Interfaith marriages are extremely rare in Israel, reaching about two percent of the population. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same
44:
1949:
1740:
1388:
1369:
1350:
1854:
91:
63:
1214:
1614:
516:– the biblical description of someone who is not Jewish, but who lives within the Jewish community; according to Jewish tradition, such
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785:
412:
1930:
70:
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and its commentaries bring various opinions as to whether intermarriage is a Torah prohibition and when the prohibition is rabbinic.
563:; secular and non-denominational Jewish organisations have sprung up to bring the descendants of intermarried parents back into the
574:, who had a Jewish father, but was a lifelong Episcopalian like his mother, though Goldwater rarely referred to himself as Jewish.
544:
between 1996 and 2001, nearly half (47%) of Jews who had married during that time period had married non-Jewish partners. The 1990
1486:
1179:
Strnad, Maximilian (2015). "The Fortune of Survival – Intermarried German Jews in the Dying Breath of the 'Thousand-Year Reich'".
1828:
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In the past, intermarriage... was viewed as an act of rebellion, a rejection of Judaism. Jews who intermarried were essentially
77:
2054:
1795:
899:
448:
220:
the biblical text uses the condition of having "foreign" spouses to illustrate the concerns surrounding interfaith unions.
59:
1316:
444:
283:
2005:
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510:, an Orthodox Rabbi, has made the controversial proposal that, in these cases, the non-Jewish partner be considered a
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537:
110:
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service. One member of the Brunswick Conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.
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48:
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denominations have publicly declared that they will no longer adhere to this practice. These churches embrace
555:
424:. But now, intermarriage is often the result of living in an open society... If our children end up marrying
270:
Gradually, however, many countries removed these restrictions, and marriage between Jews and Christians (and
84:
2069:
1967:
Israel National News Chemla organization: "Jewish women ensnared into marriage with Arabs" 30 November 2023
329:
2049:
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Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."
261:
128:
856:
2064:
375:, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community, although some
171:"; in Halakha marriage between a Jew and a gentile is both prohibited, and also void under Jewish law.
1732:
894:. Fertility, Reproduction and Sexuality: Social and Cultural Perspectives. Berghahn Books. p. 7.
1270:
642:. The group's name is an acronym for “To Prevent Assimilation in the Holy Land”. A group of Jewish "
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share many of the same responsibilities and privileges as the Jewish community in which they reside.
452:
440:
1385:
1366:
1347:
1123:
1087:
Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.
1006:
1934:
1615:"American Jewry Today - Jewish Population Statistics - 2000 NJPS National Jewish Population Survey"
693:
590:
583:
541:
507:
2059:
1705:
1128:
1011:
867:
37:
1811:
David Cho, "Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage: Jews for Jesus Trains 600 for Street Work",
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the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners.
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594:
310:
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404:
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until the advent of new Jewish movements following the Jewish Enlightenment resulted in the "
1816:
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823:
400:
380:
1909:
8:
688:
675:
408:
372:
175:
1455:"'Judaism Shouldn't Have to Stay Alive Only Because Jews Are Afraid of Everything Else'"
709:
536:
In more recent times, rates of intermarriage have increased generally; for example, the
1914:
1196:
458:
1832:
857:
Ask the Rabbi query - Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov for Chabad.org 22 August 2022
1872:
1200:
1047:
895:
891:
Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with the New Biotechnologies
631:
325:
204:
1855:"Israeli press review: Minister calls marriages with non-Jews 'a second Holocaust'"
1188:
614:
602:
549:
leaders denounced intermarriage as a danger to the continued existence of Judaism.
376:
367:
278:
induced the Jews bespoused by such marriages to dissolve them. In 1807, Napoleon's
240:
123:
1792:
1335:, Irwin H. Fishbein, Rabbi, D. Min., Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling,
1192:
243:
renewed concerns for maintaining the "purity" of the ethnic Israelite population.
203:, are described taking non-Israelite women as wives or consorts, and the books of
1966:
1799:
1597:
1392:
1373:
1354:
1320:
937:
703:
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launched a school programme in schools to warn Jewish girls against dating local
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571:
421:
393:
279:
774:
2030:
Chabad.org: On Intermarriage - The Basis for Jewish Opposition to Intermarriage
1314:
1119:
1065:
1002:
668:
618:
436:
340:
318:
275:
225:
1691:
1235:
957:
392:(gentile man) would be considered a disgrace. Some Orthodox families will sit
191:
contains numerous examples of interethnic marriage. Numerous figures, such as
2043:
1114:
997:
770:
654:
in an effort to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men. The municipality of
371:
assisting them in other ways. Secular intermarriage is seen as a deliberate
1771:
1376:
CCAR Responsa (Vol. XCII, 1982, pp. 213–215), American Reform Responsa 149.
610:
488:
336:
188:
1753:
1407:"Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students"
1336:
655:
635:
212:
1357:
CCAR Responsa (Vol. XC, 1980, pp. 86–102), American Reform Responsa 146.
1113: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
996: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
451:
voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making
1950:"Lehava head Bentzi Gopstein indicted for incitement to terror, racism"
1060:
660:
512:
295:
229:
208:
1793:
Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews
647:
530:
291:
133:
388:" (gentile woman) or a Jewish woman to have any relationship with a
26:
2034:
503:
1333:
Summary of Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling 2003 Survey
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Marriages between Jews and "German-blooded" people were banned in
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1532:
1528:
1524:
769:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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356:
306:
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233:
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1980:"The Israeli Charity "Helping" Jewish Women in "Arab Captivity""
482:
733:
643:
639:
385:
352:
160:
137:
1641:"National Jewish Population Survey: 1990 - My Jewish Learning"
1733:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
271:
200:
196:
748:"Jewish Americans In 2020: Marriage, families and children"
314:
244:
1215:"New Chabad Representatives Broach Intermarriage Directly"
624:
834:
425:
389:
699:
Association for the Protection of Mixed Families' Rights
887:
487:
Different movements in Judaism have different views on
384:
Orthodox a Jewish man to have any relationship with a "
1754:
Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue
1679:
Referate über die der Ersten Synode Gestellten Anträge
435:
The more liberal American Jewish movements—including
2035:
Supporting Interfaith Families Exploring Jewish Life
1931:"Israeli drive to prevent Jewish girls dating Arabs"
599:
counter-missionary and anti-missionary organizations
415:
published the following statement on intermarriage:
260:(marriage outside the community) was common, as was
174:
A 2020 survey conducted in the United States by the
2003:
1395:
CCAR Responsa (1979), American Reform Responsa 147.
359:are clear that the institution of Jewish marriage,
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1709:
1561:Census of the Baverian Kingdom, Statistics Bureaux
1617:. Judaism.about.com. 11 June 2009. Archived from
1487:"Chapter 2: Intermarriage and Other Demographics"
2041:
796:Deuteronomy 20:15-17; Joshua 9:1-2; Joshua 24:12
1768:"Should Christians Attempt to Evangelize Jews?"
1643:. Smyjewishlearning.atypica.com. Archived from
1268:
1104:
1102:
1025:Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"
987:
985:
983:
638:, founded the anti-miscegenation organisation
207:describe widespread intermarriage of Jews and
16:Jewish religious views on interfaith marriages
1386:Prayer for Couple Contemplating Intermarriage
1258:Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov 08/01/2019
786:Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov 08/19/2022
577:
483:The exact definition of 'interfaith' marriage
1730:
1404:
888:Birenbaum-Carmeli, D.; Inhorn, M.C. (2009).
538:US National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01
1118:
1099:
1001:
980:
1295:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
1172:
523:
413:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
1892:"Israel's vile anti-miscegenation squads"
250:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2006:"11. Intergroup marriage and friendship"
1889:
1452:
728:
726:
122:
1977:
625:Opposition to mixed marriages in Israel
288:any adherent of a monotheistic religion
2042:
1910:"'Protecting' Jewish girls from Arabs"
1247:On Intermarriage Rabbi Eliezer Shemtov
1178:
634:, a disciple of the ultra-nationalist
1367:Rabbi Officiating at a Mixed Marriage
723:
553:metaphorically of intermarriage as a
363:, can only be effected between Jews.
2004:Pew Research Center (8 March 2016).
1890:Freedman, Seth (29 September 2009).
1765:
1473:"What happens when Jews intermarry?"
449:Reconstructionist Rabbinical College
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1677:Geiger and Aub,Leipsic Synod 1869;
671:also opposes Interfaith marriages.
445:World Union for Progressive Judaism
346:
13:
1947:
1743:from the original on 7 March 2013.
1453:Ettinger, Yair (14 January 2019).
491:, and thus on what constitutes an
284:Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick
14:
2081:
2023:
1978:Gontarz, Nir (22 December 2018).
1666:What Is Wrong with Intermarriage?
1348:Reform Judaism and Mixed Marriage
1313:, The Jewish Outreach Institute,
1271:"Update to Standards of Practice"
1122:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1005:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
868:Intermarriage Jewish Encyclopedia
546:National Jewish Population Survey
1928:
1311:Survey of the American Rabbinate
1132:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1108:
1015:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
991:
824:Woman captured in War Aish Torah
805:Numbers:31 17-18; Judges 21:9-21
764:
401:Conservative Movement in Judaism
182:
163:and all of resulting Jewish law
60:"Interfaith marriage in Judaism"
25:
1997:
1971:
1960:
1941:
1922:
1902:
1883:
1865:
1847:
1821:
1805:
1786:
1759:
1747:
1724:
1698:
1684:
1671:
1659:
1633:
1607:
1602:Census of New South Wales, 1901
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1518:
1505:
1479:
1465:
1446:
1424:
1405:Lisa Hostein (1 October 2015).
1398:
1379:
1360:
1341:
1326:
1304:
1288:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1229:
1207:
1181:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
1160:
1148:
1136:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1053:
1041:
1028:
1019:
967:
951:
931:
919:
881:
872:
861:
850:
839:
621:actively work to encourage it.
443:(collectively organized in the
357:classical sources of Jewish law
36:needs additional citations for
1549:Census for Prussian Statistics
828:
817:
808:
799:
790:
779:
775:Legends of the Jews pp.100-101
758:
740:
463:Society for Humanistic Judaism
149:Interfaith marriage in Judaism
1:
2055:Judaism-related controversies
1831:. Aishdas.org. Archived from
1193:10.1080/23256249.2015.1082806
1169:(Palestinian Talmud only) 1:9
716:
646:" men started patrolling the
473:
1770:. abrock.com. Archived from
1731:Clymer, Adam (29 May 1998).
1036:Israelitische Religionslehre
136:, depicting the marriage of
7:
1815:, 17 August 2004; Page B01
1756:(World Council of Churches)
1706:"Jewish Outreach Institute"
682:
274:) began to occur. In 1236,
129:The Wedding Feast of Samson
10:
2088:
1299:Statement on Intermarriage
835:The Torah position on Rape
581:
578:Christian–Jewish relations
211:, and to a lesser extent,
1708:. joi.org. Archived from
1301:, Adopted on 7 March 1995
605:encourage Jews to reject
453:Reconstructionist Judaism
1802:(religioustolerance.org)
1319:3 September 2009 at the
694:Jewish views of marriage
584:Christianity and Judaism
542:United States of America
330:the benefit of the doubt
294:prayer, which opens the
1275:The Rabbinical Assembly
1236:In laws and Shabbat Law
1129:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1012:The Jewish Encyclopedia
597:. Additionally, Jewish
524:Impact and consequences
1434:. Shj.org. 13 May 2013
1338:(retrieved 6 May 2009)
1323:(retrieved 6 May 2009)
975:Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol
878:Ezra Chapters 9 and 10
595:dual-covenant theology
251:Later laws and rulings
145:
1798:12 March 2017 at the
1596:specifically, 44% in
1513:Demography of Algeria
1269:Rabbinical-Assembly.
846:Woman captured in war
591:Progressive Christian
540:reports that, in the
405:conversion to Judaism
262:conversion to Judaism
126:
1918:. 18 September 2009.
1573:Statebook of Austria
1515:, Paris, 1860, p. 71
1432:"13 Tough Questions"
1391:21 July 2011 at the
1372:21 July 2011 at the
1353:21 July 2011 at the
948:) 4:363; 5:359; 7;27
942:Geschichte der Juden
814:Deuteronomy 21:10-14
381:Modern Orthodox Jews
373:rejection of Judaism
45:improve this article
2070:Interfaith marriage
1813:The Washington Post
1766:Brockway, Allan R.
1585:Statistics Yearbook
1575:8:283, Vienna, 1900
1491:Pew Research Center
1034:Ludwig Philippson,
946:History of the Jews
752:Pew Research Center
689:Interfaith marriage
676:Pew Research Center
617:organizations like
409:Rabbinical Assembly
176:Pew Research Center
2050:Jewish marital law
1954:The Jerusalem Post
1915:The Jerusalem Post
1873:"Racism in Israel"
1829:"Aishdas Torahnet"
1774:on 24 January 2010
1737:The New York Times
1712:on 3 February 2011
1692:"Beta-Gershom.org"
1078:Genesis Rabbah, 65
926:Codex Theodosianus
459:Humanistic Judaism
239:The crisis of the
146:
2065:Negative Mitzvoth
1604:, Bulletin No. 14
901:978-1-84545-941-3
632:Ben-Zion Gopstein
441:Reconstructionist
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1948:Sharon, Jeremy.
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1929:Cook, Jonathan.
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56:Find sources:
50:
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34:This article
32:
28:
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22:
19:
2009:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:
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1935:The National
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1896:The Guardian
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1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
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1772:the original
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1710:the original
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1651:10 September
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
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1625:10 September
1623:. Retrieved
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1124:"Foundling"
958:Leopold Löw
669:Yad L'Achim
656:Petah Tikva
636:Meir Kahane
286:to include
213:Philistines
2044:Categories
1989:27 October
1839:21 January
1668:Chabad.org
1438:22 October
1061:Yosef Karo
717:References
661:Kiryat Gat
607:conversion
497:Jewish law
493:interfaith
474:Prevalence
355:and later
339:under the
296:Yom Kippur
230:King David
209:Samaritans
71:newspapers
1817:full text
1778:3 January
1411:J. weekly
1221:5 January
1201:163076737
1155:Kiddushin
928:, 16:8, 6
734:Kiddushin
648:Jerusalem
531:Australia
361:kiddushin
326:foundling
292:Kol Nidre
134:Rembrandt
1796:Archived
1741:Archived
1511:Ricoux,
1497:25 April
1416:17 March
1389:Archived
1370:Archived
1351:Archived
1317:Archived
1280:26 April
1096:III:16:2
1069:III:4:10
1048:Berakhot
683:See also
613:, while
504:Noahides
426:non-Jews
2011:19 July
1984:Haaretz
1537:Bohemia
1533:Austria
1529:Bavaria
1525:Prussia
1459:Haaretz
1167:Ketubot
1143:Ketubot
1117::
1000::
964:, 2:176
914:periods
665:Bedouin
307:Asenath
272:Muslims
258:exogamy
234:Absalom
215:. Inter
193:Abraham
169:Haskala
165:Halakha
142:Delilah
85:scholar
1681:p. 193
1539:, etc.
1199:
1059:Rabbi
907:8 July
898:
773::
644:Lehava
640:Lehava
567:fold.
565:Jewish
561:Jewish
437:Reform
407:. The
386:Shiksa
353:Talmud
303:Joseph
199:, and
161:Talmud
138:Samson
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1716:6 May
1197:S2CID
977:, 112
601:like
394:shiva
217:faith
201:David
197:Moses
92:JSTOR
78:books
2013:2024
1991:2019
1841:2011
1780:2010
1718:2009
1653:2013
1627:2013
1499:2024
1440:2015
1418:2015
1282:2022
1223:2020
909:2023
896:ISBN
399:The
379:and
351:The
315:Boaz
311:Ruth
245:Ezra
232:and
187:The
140:and
64:news
1189:doi
1157:74a
1145:13a
1050:28a
737:68b
609:to
390:goy
332:).
313:to
305:to
155:or
132:by
47:by
2046::
1982:.
1952:.
1933:.
1912:.
1894:.
1875:.
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1600:;
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324:A
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1191::
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224:"
144:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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